Sulphate(SO42-)

Make salt soln

Carbonate(CO32 )
Take salt and add dil. H2SO4 (colourless gas &brisk effervescence) Make salt soln & add Bacl2 (white ppt)

Acetate(CH3COO-)
Take salt and add dil. H2SO4 (no gas evolved)

Chloride(Cl- )
Take salt & add dil. H2SO4 (No gas evolved)

Add Bacl2 (white colour ppt)

Take salt &add conc.H2SO4 (colorless gas)

Take salt & add conc. H2SO4 (colourless gas with pungent smell produces white fumes when glass rod moistened with NH4OH held near the mouth Make aq. Soln of salt &dil HNO3,silver nitrate,NH4OH (white ppt observed when AgNo3 added & dissolved when NH4OH is added) Nacl + H2SO4=NaHSo4 + Hcl Nacl + AgNo3=Agcl +NaNo3 Agcl +NH4OH=[Ag(NH3)2cl] +H2O

Na2SO4 + Bacl2 = BaSo4 + 2Nacl

Na2Co3+ H2SO4=Na2So4 +Co2+H2O Na2Co3 +bacl2=BaCo3 + 2Nacl

Again take salt & add Fecl3.

Divide into 2 parts Heat first part (red ppt) Add dil. HCl to second part (colour disappear) Ester test take salt & make salt soln &add 2-3 drops of conc.H2SO4 & then ethyl alcohol (sweet smelling compound formed) 2CH3COONa + H2SO4=2CH3COOH+N a2SO4

Ammonium(N H4+)
Take a salt & add NaOH (pungent smell of ammonia) Add nesslars Reagent (Brown ppt) NH4+ + NaOH =NH3 + H2O + Na+

Lead (Pb2+)
Take a salt & add NaOH (no brown ppt) (zero gp (NH4+) absent)

Aluminium( Al3+)
Take a salt & add NaOH (no brown ppt) (zero gp (NH4+) absent)

Strontium(Sr Barium(B 2+ ) a2+)

Take a salt & add NaOH (no brown ppt) (zero gp (NH4+) absent) Take a salt & add NaOH (no brown ppt) (zero gp (NH4+) absent)

Calcium2+)
Take a salt & add NaOH (no brown ppt) (zero gp (NH4+) absent)

Take salt & make salt soln.now add dil. HCl. (white ppt) (gp 1 present) Boil the ppt in water &filter it Divide in 3 parts Cool the firt part (white crystal of Pbcl2 appear which dissolve on heating) (Pb2+ confirmed) Add KI to 2nd part (yellow ppt) (Pb2+ confirmed) Add potassium chromate soln to 3rd part (yellow ppt) (Pb2+ confirmed)

Take salt & make salt soln.now add dil. HCl. (no white ppt) (gp 1 Pb2+ absent)

Take salt & make salt soln.now add dil. HCl. (no white ppt) (gp 1 Pb2+ absent

Take salt & make salt soln.n ow add dil. HCl. (no white ppt) (gp 1 Pb2+ absent

Take salt & make salt soln.no w add dil. HCl. (white ppt) (gp 1 Pb2+ absent

Pb2+ +2HCl=Pbcl2+2H+

Pass H2S gas in soln (no coloured ppt) (gp 2 cu2+ absent) Add NH4cl & Nh4OH

Pass H2S gas in soln (no coloured ppt) (gp 2 cu2+ absent) Add NH4cl & NH4OH (no white ppt) 3rd gp Al3+ absent

Pbcl2 +2KI=PbI2+2KCl

(white gelatinous ppt observed) (gp 3 present) Dissolve ppt in dil. NaOH & add few drops of

Pass H2S gas in soln (no coloured ppt) (gp 2 cu2+ absent) Add NH4cl & NH4O H (no white ppt) 3rd gp Al3+ absent

Pass H2S gas in soln (no coloured ppt) (gp 2 cu2+ absent) Add NH4cl & NH4OH (no white ppt) 3rd gp Al3+ absent