Chapter #5: Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution IDENTIFICATIONS: Great Awakening The Great Awakening was an explosive

religious revival that took place in the 1730s and 1740s. It spread throughout the colonies quickly, beginning in Massachusetts by Jonathan Edwards. He vividly described to his listeners the need for dependence on Gods grace. Also important was George, Whitefield, who was a gifted orator, added to the Great Awakening with his powerful speeches. The Great Awakening was the first mass movement to take place in America and led to a more unified feeling. George Whitefield George Whitefield took part in the Great Awakening alongside Edwards, but was a great orator unlike his partner. His speeches, also devoted to the ideals of human helplessness and the ever-so-powerful gods, moved people to tears and often to believe in his ideals. His speeches were both emotionally appealing and powerful to the point where they would often lead to extreme actions both during and after orating. Jonathan Edwards Jonathan Edwards was an intellectual pastor from Massachusetts who was largely responsible for the start of the Great Awakening. He emphasized the complete dependence on Gods grace and displayed the foolishness in salvation through good works. Although he was not as great an orator as Whitefield was, he preached with reason and vivid imagery. New Lights New lights, the opponents of the old lights, supported the Great Awakening for what it did to revive the American religion. Congregationalists and Presbyterians were split over this issue. Old Lights Old lights refer to Orthodox clergymen who were greatly skeptical of the emotions and what they believe were the theatrics of the revivalists, namely Edwards and Whitefield. Congregationalists and Presbyterians were split over this issue. Age of Reason/Enlightenment The Age of Reason, or otherwise known as the Enlightenment, was essential is providing emphasis upon democracy, liberty, and religious tolerance all evident in the colonies after the Enlightenment. This would also result in the integration of these ideals in the famous Declaration of Independence in the future. Benjamin Franklin was especially famous for advertising these ideals in colonial times. John Peter Zenger John Peter Zenger was a newspaper printer who was charged with libel. The eventual not-guilty verdict proved to be an early victory for the ideal of freedom of the press and showed that newspapers were free to write the truth, may it have been criticism, about both public and powerful officials. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS:

Conquest by the Cradle Know: Thirteen Original Colonies 1. What was the significance of the tremendous growth of population in Britain's North American colonies? The thirteen original colonies were once of small populations, but the fertility of both black and white Americans led to a great increase in the overall population. What was once English dominance in population led to three colonists for every English subject. The effect was a great shift in political power from the British to the American colonists. A Mingling of Races Know: Pennsylvania Dutch, Scots-Irish, Paxton Boys, Regulator Movement 2. What was the significance of large numbers of immigrants from places other than England? Large numbers of immigrants led to a melting pot of cultures that highly benefitted the colonies. The immigration of Germans led to more religious diversity, prosperity in various industries, and integration of language and customs into American culture. The Scots-Irish contributed with about twelve future presidents and people who were willing to take quick action, adding fire to the future American Revolution. The multicultural nation of America was unlike anything that the world has seen before. The Structure of Colonial Society Know: Social Mobility 3. Assess the degree of social mobility in the colonies. Social mobility took a dive as various wars contributed to the creation of many class barriers. From wars rose merchant princes who tended to be at the top of the social ladder and owned much of the wealth in cities. Another class that emerged was that of the widows and orphans, who were considered poor and had to depend completely on charities. Planters continued to grow in power due to their ownership of slaves. While indentured servants began to see brighter futures as time went on, convicts, paupers, and black slaves were destitute almost their entire life and failed to achieve anything of substance. Makers of America: The Scots-Irish Know: The Session 4. How had the history of the Scots-Irish affected their characteristics? Because the Scots-Irish were used to being poor and treated badly, that was exactly what their attitude was like by the time they arrived in the colonies. They rarely cared about how they cultivated the land and simply moved on after the land was used up. What seemed to be their only bond was religion through Presbyterian churches. Workaday America Know: Triangular Trade, Naval Stores, Molasses Act 5. Describe some of the more important occupations in the colonies. Because agriculture was the leading industry in the colonies, being a farmer was an important job. In addition, fishermen did well, although not as well as farmers did. Traders of the triangular trade also did well as they exchanged industrial goods, then sold them for enormous profits. Manufacturers were of little importance at this time, although lumbering was very important. Horsepower and Sailpower Know: Taverns 6. What was it like to travel in early America? It was very difficult to travel in early American due to the lack of roads. Roads, if there were any at all, still then, were littered with tress, mud, overturns, and runaway horses. People began to travel alongside banks of rivers, which happened to be cheap and pleasant although slow and undependable.

Dominant Denominations Know: Established Church, Anglicans, Congregationalists, Presbyterians 7. How did the denominations in America affect relations with Great Britain? The Anglican Church failed to have any effect on the colonies in America, leading to a huge dip in its reputation. The Congregational Church was also much less popular in the colonies than in Britain. Most colonists chose to worship or not and what religion they worshipped of their own free will. This led to a more strenuous relationship with Great Britain due to Americans reluctance to convert to certain British churches. The Great Awakening Know: Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield, Old Lights, New Lights, Baptists 8. How was the religion encompassed in the Great Awakening different from traditional religion? What was important about the difference? The religion that was shown in the Great Awakening emphasized the need to depend of Gods grace and belittle the importance of salvation through good works. The work of both Edwards and Whitefield in the Great Awakening led to more emotional outbreaks and greater emphasis on direct spiritually. Schools and Colleges Know: Latin and Greek 9. What kind of education could a young person expect in colonial times? A young aristocratic person could expect education as long as they were male and one of leadership. Puritan New England emphasized education, but particularly emphasized the importance of reading the Bible. While there were fairly adequate elementary schools in the middle and southern colonies, they were of a grim and gloomy and attitude. A Provincial Culture Know: John Trumbull, Charles Wilson Peale, Benjamin West, John Singleton Copley, Benjamin Franklin 10. Did Americans distinguish themselves in the arts during the colonial period? Explain. Americans could not distinguish themselves in the arts during the colonial period due to the accomplishments of the Europeans. This was due to the lack of capital and the incorrect atmosphere present in the Americas. As far as architecture and literature went, they were presented by those just as incompetent as those who bothered to try distinguishing themselves in the arts in America. Pioneer Presses Know: John Peter Zenger 11. Why was the jury verdict in the Zenger case important? The jury verdict was an achievement for freedom of the press and the emergence of democracy. It allowed open public discussion in what was already a diverse society in colonial New York. This also allowed newspapers to print criticisms of powerful and public officials. The Great Game of Politics Know: Royal Colonies, Proprietary Colonies, Self-governing Colonies, Colonial Assemblies, Power of the Purse, Town Meetings, Property Qualifications 12. How democratic was colonial America? Colonial America was relatively democratic, evident through the presence of self-governing charters, two-house legislative bodies, and majority-elected governors. On the other hand, colonial assemblies had various ways to prove their independence and authority over the others through blackmail and other methods.

Chapter #6: Duel for North America Big Picture Themes IDENTIFICATIONS: Samuel de Champlain Samuel de Champlain was the leader of a newfound French empire that was establish at Quebec, near the St. Lawrence River. He happened to be a soldier and explorer whose nickname of Father of New France was due to his bravery and leadership. He began the allies of the Huron Indian tribes, leading to eventual conflict with the Iroquois tribes. William Pitt William Pitt was a leader during the French and Indian who appeared at a dire time. He was able to utilize his resources and defeat the French in the Battle of Quebec. As a result of his efforts, the British were able to repel the French from colonizing North America. Pontiac Pontiac was an Indian chief who staged an uprising known as Pontiacs Rebellion. Although he was successful at first in massacring the British and driving them out, the British retaliation with the use of smallpox ensured that there would little more after their initial actions. Albany Plan of Union The Albany Plan of Union took place in 1754 in which the colonies were brought together in order to unite against the French in an effort to bolster their defenses. Although colonial home rule was brought up at this meeting, it was rejected, thankfully, by both the colonies and the English motherland. Proclamation of 1763 The Proclamation of 1763 was issued by the English government in an effort to stop American colonists from expanding westward any further than they had. Although the government issued this in order to come at a peace with the Indians, the colonists viewed it as an unfair proclamation and became angry, adding to the fire that would become the American Revolution. Pontiacs Rebellion Pontiacs Rebellion was a rebellion staged an Indian chief named Pontiac in order to storm the British out of Ohio Country. Although the rebellion was somewhat successful at first due to their sieges and overrunning of British posts, it was crushed mercilessly as the British distributed blankets with smallpox. Disease once again decimated the Indians. Paxton Boys The Paxton Boys were Scots-Irish who formed a vigilante group that targeted Indians after the French and Indian War and Pontiacs Rebellion. Their distaste of the Indians led to a massacre and eventual conflict that would erupt between the Paxton boys and some of the colonies. Five Nations of the Iroquois

The Iroquois, although neutral for most of the French and Indian War, did take part in some of the attacks on the French due to their long-lasting grudge. The Iroquois were threatened by the constant expansion of the British colonists in North America and found themselves annoyed. Salutary Neglect Salutary neglect refers to the generation of peace that followed the defeat of the French and Spanish by the British in war. During this time, the British allowed the American colonies ample time to prepare for independence. French and Indian War The French and Indian War was the fourth of the Anglo-French wars in which the English and French would fight for the last time over control over North America. In two decisive battles, the English were able to defeat the French and establish colonial dominance, leading to the end of the French Empire in North America. The Battle of Quebec 1759 The Battle of Quebec in 1759 turned out to be a decisive battle in history as it led to the final battle of the French and Indian War in which the French surrendered, therefore ending its empire in the Americas. This would be the final assertion of English domination of colonies in North America. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: France Finds a Foothold in Canada Know: Huguenots, Samuel de Champlain, New France 1. How was the colony of New France different from the British North American colonies? The colony of New France was different from the British North American colonies due to their unusual friendship with one of the Indian tribes. The government of New France was under direct control of the king and was almost entirely autocratic, unlike most or all of the British North American colonies at one point or another. In addition, Huguenots, or French Protestants, were denied any religious refuge. New France Fans Out Know: Beaver, Coureurs de Bois, Voyageurs, Robert de La Salle 2. What factors led to the French settlement of New France? New Frances domination of the beaver-pelt industry led the French and the Indians to span out across the territory of the United States. In addition to this were the efforts of the French Catholic missionaries who tried to convert most of the Indians to Christianity. Still other explorers, such as Antoine Cadillac and Robert de La Salle, pushed to create French colonies in North America. The Clash of Empires Know: Treaty of Utrecht, War of Jenkins's Ear, James Oglethorpe, Louisbourg 3. Describe the early wars between France and Britain. France and Britain, in an early conquest to gain control of North America, fought the wars of King Williams War and Queen Annes War in which the Indians and Spanish sided with the French. The English crushed the opposing sides, leading to an unfair peace treaty and the eventual War of Jenkins Ear. Once Again, the English defeated the French but found themselves at a disadvantage when they discovered that the French were able to recover lost land. George Washington Inaugurates War with France Know: Fort Duquesne, George Washington, Fort Necessity, Acadians 4. How did George Washington spark the French and Indian War?

George Washington was sent as a lieutenant colonel in charge of Virginian militiamen in order to discover whether the French were truly building forts on disputed lands. The shots fired upon the militia and French troops meeting began a war known was the French and Indian War. Global War and Colonial Disunity Know: Benjamin Franklin, Albany Plan of Union, "Join or Die" 5. What was meant by the statement, America was conquered in Germany? The statement above means that the battles in Germany dictated which countries would eventually be able to be fit to colonize America. Because the countries that opposed Prussia spent most of their resources and failed to defeat the enemy, they were unable to send adequate forces to America. This meant that Britain would keep the colonial advantage. Braddock's Blundering and Its Aftermath Know: Edward Braddock 6. What setbacks did the British suffer in the early years of the French and Indian War? The British suffered attacks by the Indians and the French. The army, led by Braddock, was unable to respond with speed due to its dragging of heavy artillery and the inexperience of the men. Braddock himself was eventually mortally wounded and George Washington was wounded as well. Adding to their misfortunes, the British unwisely invaded Canada. Pitt's Palms of Victory Know: William Pitt, James Wolfe, Battle of Quebec 7. What was the significance of the British victory in the French and Indian War? The British victory in the French and Indian War ensured that the French Empire would no longer stand in America. Although a large population of French stayed in Canada, they were forced to give up most of their land and colonies to various countries, including Spanish. The victory was due to William Pitts success in the Battle of Quebec. Restless Colonials 8. How did the French and Indian War affect the relationship between the colonies and with the mother country? The French and Indian War led to a tension between the colonies and the English mother country. This was in part to many of the differences evidenced by the war, including types of governments, nationalities, geographical barriers, religions, and social classes. Also contributing to this amount of tension was the unity that the colonies had taken part in. They found that most colonies had the same ideals and had a common culture that would eventually bring them together to fight against England. Wars Fateful Aftermath Know: Treaty of Paris, Pontiac, Daniel Boone, Proclamation of 1763 9. How did French defeat lead to westward expansion and tension with Native Americans and the British? The French defeat led to conflicts with the Indians, and the defeat of the Indians led to a feeling of confidence in the colonists. They continued to expand westward, forcing the English government to issue the Proclamation of 1763 in order to stop the colonists from further expanding in order to come at terms with the angered Indians.

Chapter #7: The Road to Revolution 1. Following the French and Indian War, the British crown needed money and figured the Americans could help pay for the war.

2. Also, the economic policy of mercantilism dictated that England try to keep its hard money within the British Empire. So, laws were passed to restrict American trade. 3. The taxes and regulations that followed were not received well by the Americans, notably the Stamp Act. 4. Conditions deteriorated and radical patriots brought matters to a head in events such as the Tea Party and Boston Massacre. Even though most Americans would be considered moderates at the time, the radical patriots were the ones making things happen. 5. The culmination of the patriots activities came at Lexington and Concord, when the American Revolution began. IDENTIFICATIONS 2. Also, the economic policy of mercantilism dictated that England try to keep its hard money within the British Empire. So, laws were passed to restrict American trade. 3. The taxes and regulations that followed were not received well by the Americans, notably the Stamp Act. 4. Conditions deteriorated and radical patriots brought matters to a head in events such as the Tea Party and Boston Massacre. Even though most Americans would be considered moderates at the time, the radical patriots were the ones making things happen. 5. The culmination of the patriots activities came at Lexington and Concord, when the American Revolution began. IDENTIFICATIONS Lord North Lord North was the prime minister of Great Britain during its conflict with the developing colonies of America. He tried to placate the colonies by repealing the Townshend Act and Tea Act. It did not turn out well, and he caused more tension between England and the colonies. George Grenville George Grenvill was the British prime minister during the years subsequent to the Seven Years War. He placed the Navigation Laws scritcly on the colonies just so he could collect funds for the debt after this war. He also persuaded Parliament to pass the Sugar Act and Quartering Act to yet again collect more money and keep control of the colonies. Letter from a Farmer in Pennsylvania Letter from a Farmer in Pennsylvania is a series of essays written by John Dickinson. These essays were read everywhere in the thirteen colonies and helped unite the colonists opposing the Townshend Acts. Gaspee Incident The Gaspee Incident was significant because it lead up the the American Revolution. A British customs ship named Gaspee was sailing in shallow waters near Rhode Islands shore. A group of men attacked this ship, boarded it, and looted the ship. After doing these things, the group of men finally burned this ship. Charles Townshend Charles Townshend was a wonderful speaker who seized control of the British ministry. He persuaded Parliament to pass the Townshend Acts. The passing of this act lead colonists to a great protest and rebellion.

Baron Von Steuben Baron Von Steuben was a stern drillmaster who spoke no English when he came to America. He finally taught the men that the bayonets were not for cooking, and whipped them men into shape so that they would be ready to fight in the war. Mercantilism Mercantilism justified British control over the colonies. Mercantilists believed that wealth was power and the a countrys economic wealth could be measured by the amount of gold or silver in its treasury. The colonists were expected to furnish products needed in the mother country (Britain) such as tobacco, sugar, ands ships masts; to refrain from making for export certain products; to buy imported manufactured goods exclusively from Britain; and not to indulge in bothersome dreams of economic self sufficiency or self government. "Virtual" representation An idea that every member of Parliament represented all British subjects, even those American sin Boston or Charleston who had never voted for a member of Parliament. Sons of Liberty The Sons of Liberty was an organization of the handful of colonists who believed that Britain was doing horrible things toward the colonies. They were the ardent spirits that fought and resisted against the different acts England forced on the colonists. These Sons of Liberty paired up with the Daughters of Liberty. Admiralty courts The admiralty courts were horrible British courts in America where juries were not allowed and the burden of proof was on the defendant. The courts were also used to strictly enforce taxes on the colonists. Committees of Correspondence The Committee of Correspondence was a network of letter writers and forerunners of the Continental Congress. They helped deliver the news of what was happening to the different colonies so every colony was up to date. First Continental Congress The First Continental Congress was a convention where representatives met for 7 weeks in response to the Intolerable Acts. John Adams helped persuade people to revolt and wrote a Declaration of Rights that appealed to the British American colonies, the king, and the British people. They wanted to call for a complete boycott on English goods. Loyalists (Tories) Loyalists were British North Americans who remained as loyal subjects to the British Empire even thourghout the American Revolution. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The Deep Roots of Revolution 1. Why does the author say that the American Revolution began when the first settlers stepped ashore? The author says this because when the first settlers stepped on to shore and entered a new country, they would defend and fight for that country. It would be the peoples to protect and live on. Mercantilism and Colonial Grievances Know: Mercantilism, Navigation Laws, Royal Veto 2. Explain the economic theory of mercantilism and the role of colonies. The theory of mercantilism said that the colonies existed only for British benefit and that the colonies had to bring profit to the mother land. Colonists were expected to work and continue to work hard to provide for the

needs of England instead of thinking on their own and starting their own government. The colonies could only buy stuff from England and make certain things for export. 3. How did Parliament enact the theory of mercantilism into policy? Parliament enacted mercantilism by passing laws from time to time. The first of these laws was the Navigation Law of 1650. These laws controlled imports and exports in the colonies and caused prices to go up from taxes. The British policy also inflicted a currency shortage on the colonies. The Merits and Menace of Mercantilism Know: Salutary Neglect, John Hancock, Bounties 4. In what ways did the mercantilist theory benefit the colonies? The mercantilist theory benefitted the colonies because London paid liberal bounties to colonial producers of ship parts which caused the colonies economy to become better. England markets also bought a lot of the tobacco grown in Virginia, and there was protection from the worlds best navy and army of redcoats without a fee. 5. What economic factors were involved in leading colonists to be displeased with the British government? There were many bothersome liabilities with the mercantile system because it created a more rigid economic initiative and placed a ranking dependency on British agents and creditors. Americans felt used by the British. The Stamp Tax Uproar Know: George Grenville, Sugar Act, Quartering Act, Stamp Act, Admiralty Courts, Virtual Representation 6. Why were the colonists so upset over relatively mild taxes and policies? The colonists were so upset over relatively small taxes and policies because it took away a lot of their money and seemed to be contradicting local liberties they thought they had. Forced Repeal of the Stamp Act Know: Stamp Act Congress, Non- importation Agreements, Homespun, Sons of Liberty, Declaratory Act 7. In what ways did colonists resist the Stamp Act? The colonists resisted the Stamp Act by not buying British goods and creating a large commotion. On the day that the tax was to go in effect, stamp agents were forced to resigned, causing the act to be nullified. The Townshend Tea Tax and the Boston "Massacre" Know: Townshend Acts, Indirect Tax, Boston Massacre, John Adams 8. How did the Townshend Acts lead to more difficulties? The Townshend Act lead to more difficulties because the colonists would not buy tea from England. The colonists thought it was a trick to make then pay taxes that went to England. This also started the Boston Massacre which soon led up to the revolution. The Seditious Committees of Correspondence Know: George III, Lord North, Samuel Adams, Committees of Correspondence 9. How did Committees of Correspondence work? The Committee of Correspondence worked through a network of writers and forerunners of the Continental Congress. They helped deliver news of what was happening to all 13 colonies. Tea Brewing in Boston Know: British East India Company, Boston Tea Party 10. What was the cause of the Boston Tea Party, and what was its significance?

The Boston Tea Party was caused by the Tea Act forced on the colonists. The Boston Tea Party was significant because it was one of the main events leading to the revolution. The British started getting a taste of how the Americans were reacting and rebelling. Parliament Passes the "Intolerable Acts" Know: Boston Port Act, Massachusetts Government Act, Administration of Justice Act, Quartering Act of 1774, Quebec Act 11. What was so intolerable about the Coercive (Intolerable) Acts? The Intolerable Acts were intolerable because the Act closed down the Boston Harbor. Because the harbor was closed, the economy started to decline, self government was very limited and had to be approved. This Act was directed against Massachusetts to try to control them. Bloodshed Know: First Continental Congress, Declaration of Rights, The Association, Tar and Feathers, Minute Men, Lexington and Concord 12. What was the goal of the First Continental Congress? The goal of the First Continental Congress was to help repeal the offensive legislation and return America to its happy days before taxes. They sent a list of grievances to Parliament, but this list was rejected. Imperial Strength and Weakness Know: Hessians, Tories 13. What were British strengths and weaknesses at the outset of the war? Strengths more money and a bigger army. More skilled but France was there wanting revenge. Enough supplies More Trained Weaknesses Only there for pay Slacked off at some points Did not have a reason to fight American Pluses and Minuses Know: George Washington, Ben Franklin, Marquis de Lafayette, Continentals 14. What were the American strengths and weaknesses at the outset of the war? Strengths Knew what they were fighting for Wanted to protect family and land Great leaders Weaknesses Not enough supplies Not well trained outnumbered A Thin Line of Heroes Know: Valley Forge, Baron von Steuben, Continental Army 15. What role was played by African-Americans in the Revolution? African Americans helped by playing a huge role. More than 5000 of them fought as part of the way in order to gain their own freedom. If they fought in the war, they were able to leave slavery and become free

Chapter #8: American Secedes from the Empire Big Picture Themes IDENTIFICATIONS: Second Continental Congress The Second Continental Congress was a meeting in Philadelphia in which representatives from all thirteen colonies met in order to draft new appeals to the king in Britain and raise money for an army and a navy. One of the more importance decisions of the Congress was the drafting of George Washington to head the army. Hessians Hessians were European mercenaries from the German state Hesse. The hiring of the Hessians by King George III shocked the colonists because of the appalling reputation that the Hessians had. They were good soldiers but put looting before duty, eventually leading to many of the Hessians settling down in America due to the excess of lands. Thomas Paine/Common Sense Thomas Paine is the author of the then-radical pamphlet Common Sense. In this pamphlet, he did not only push for independence, but also for the creation of a republic. He emphasized the enigma of why a tiny island in Britain should control the large continent of America. His idea of a republic, however, was seen with varying opinions. George Washington A Virginian, Washington was placed in charge of the army by the Second Continental Congress. Although he found failure due to his lack of military knowledge and experience, Washington was well known for his morals, courage, and discipline. Marquis de Layfette Marquis de Lafayette was well known as Frenchmen who provided aid to the American cause during the Revolutionary War. He added to the cause with both soldiers and money to support the colonial army. Baron Von Steuban Baron Von Steuben was a Prussian drillmaster who was known for being profane yet was able to shape the colonial forces into a formidable army through his strict and patient ways. John Burgoyne General Burgoyne was the leader of the forces at Saratoga, and he was famed for being forced to surrender his entire army to General Horatio Gates. In essence, he is responsible for the French entrance into the Revolutionary War and much of British problems afterwards. Benedict Arnold Benedict Arnold was a American General who eventually defected to the British. He played key roles in the Battle of Fort Ticonderoga and the Battle of Saratoga. He was successful in many of his military campaigns, yet failed to impress those of Continental Congresses like Washington did. Treaty of Paris, 1783 The Treaty of Paris ended the Revolutionary War while settling disputes between colonists and the British. It settled land disputes and set borders. The British ceded lots of land, while the Americans gained lots of land and lost almost none. However, the Americans did have to agree to terms regarding the Loyalists. Battle of Trenton The Battle of Trenton consisted of the American capturing and forcing the Hessians to surrender after Washington crossed the Delaware River.

Battles of Lexington and Concord The Battles of Lexington and Concord were the first battles of the Revolutionary War. They showed the effectiveness of the "minute men" against the trained and more efficient British soldiers. Battle of Saratoga The Battle of Saratoga was a deciding turn in the war for the colonies as the British were forced to surrender. This battle led to the decision of the French to provide aid for the American cause. Battle of Yorktown The Battle of Yorktown was important because the defeat of the British army at Yorktown coupled with the economic disaster created major problems for the British king and his continuation of the war. Cornwallis' surrender at Yorktown showed the superiority of the French and colonial armies combined power. Articles of Confederation This agreement established the United States of America and served as the first constitution. Although it was seen as effective at the beginning, it turned out to be missing essential parts and was replaced by the US Constitution.

GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Congress Drafts George Washington Know: Second Continental Congress, George Washington 1. Why was George Washington chosen as general of the American army? George Washing was chosen as general primarily for political reasons, as Americans were becoming suspicious about the New England army being formed in Boston and Virginia happened to be the largest and most populated of the colonies. Inadvertently, The Congress chose a man who wasn't a military genius but instead moral, courageous, and disciplined. Bunker Hill and Hessian Hirelings Know: Ethan Allen, Benedict Arnold, Fort Ticonderoga, Bunker Hill, Redcoats, Olive Branch Petition, Hessians 2. George III "slammed the door on all hope of reconciliation." How and why? George III made the chance of any reconciliation with the British government impossible because he refused the Olive Branch Petition and soon declared the colonies in rebellion by the time that the Battle of Bunker Hill had ended. The situation became worse when King George III hired Hessians in order to crush the colonies. The Abortive Conquest of Canada Know: Richard Montgomery 3. Did the fighting go well for Americans before July of 1776? Explain. The Americans had their share of wins and losses before July of 1776. They failed to invade and take control of Canada, although the attempt was nearly successful. This failure also led to the death of one general and the wounding of another. They had two successes in the south, however, both of which benefitted the colonists greatly. Thomas Paine Preaches Common Sense 4. Why was Common Sense important? Common Sense was important because it reminded the colonists that Britain was treating them unfairly and that the colonies were big enough to take on Britain. It was primarily focused on promoting a republican government for the colonies, although this was taken in with a various display of opinions by even the patriots. Paine and the Idea of "Republicanism" Know: Republic, Natural Aristocracy 5. Why did Paine want a democratic republic? Paine wanted a democratic republic because he felt that all power should be from the opinions of the public. His suggestion of a republic appealed to many of the American colonists, due to the customs of town meetings and annual elections that took place within the colonies. The elected committees of correspondence also showed signs that the American colonists were ready to accept a republic government. Jefferson's "Explanation" of Independence Know: Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence, Natural Rights 6. What does the Declaration of Independence say? The Declaration of Independence consisted of two main parts. Thomas Jefferson took from John Locke the unalienable rights of humans, past the concept of British rights, to write the first part. The second part was a list of complaints compiled by the colonists regarding British rule, including military dictatorship and the cutting off of trade. Patriots and Loyalists Know: Patrick Henry 7. What kinds of people were Loyalists? Loyalists were colonists loyal to the king and numbered about a fifth of the population. Most loyalists were people of wealth, education, culture and caution due to their staunch belief that any change would be devastating to what

was a comfortable lifestyle. Loyalists included anyone who worked for the king and areas where the Anglican Church held a lot of power and influence. Makers of America: The Loyalists 8. What happened to Loyalists after the war? Loyalists, after the war, found themselves with various futures. They were not made slaves, but instead had to face punishments worse than shame. These punishments made it difficult for Loyalists who decided to stay in America, and they faced many obstacles surviving in a society that saw them as traitors. The Loyalist Exodus 9. What happened to Loyalists during the war? The least aggressive treatment of the Loyalists consisted of letting them stay in the colonies while confiscating their lands. Many Loyalists took to helping the British cause by becoming spies, inciting Indians, and keeping Patriots at their homes. Other Loyalists were driven out of the country itself. Burgoyne's Blundering Invasion Know: John Burgoyne, Benedict Arnold, Saratoga, Horatio Gates 10. Why did the Americans win the battle of Saratoga? Why was it significant? The Americans won the Battle of Saratoga by trapping the British army and putting them in a position in which the army could neither advance nor retreat. As a result of the surrender of British General Burgoyne to Horatio Gates, the colonial cause was immediately revived. After this battle, the French began to give foreign aid.

Revolution in Diplomacy? 11. Why did the French help America win independence? The French still wanted revenge for the loss that they had suffered in the Seven Years War at the hand of the British, and they thought that the defeat of the British would eventually lead to French control of Canada. With a common enemy and a peace treaty secured with the help of Benjamin Franklin, the French and Americans were in place to defeat the British. The Colonial War Becomes a Wider War Know: Armed Neutrality 12. Why was foreign aid so important to the American cause? Foreign aid was very important to the Americans because of the lack of firepower that the Americans had against the British army. The French provided much needed soldiers, money, ammunition, and other resources. Without such help, the Americans definitely would not have won the Revolutionary war. Blow and Counterblow Know: Nathaniel Greene, Charles Cornwallis 13. Would an American Patriot, reading news of the war in 1780, have been happy about the way the war was going? Explain. An American patriot would be pleased with the way that the war was going from then on. Because of the entry of the French soldiers in 1780, a patriot would expect much more victories and easier battles to fight. For example, British General Cornwallis found himself tired out at the hands of Nathaniel Greene and his army. The Land Frontier and the Sea Frontier Know: Iroquois Confederacy, Fort Stanwix, George Rogers Clarke, John Paul Jones, Privateers 14. Was frontier fighting important in the outcome of the war? Frontier fighting was very important in the outcome of the war. It often kept the moral of the soldiers up when victories for the colonial army were short. It also pressured the British into persuading their Parliament into ending the war on good terms with the Americans. Yorktown and the Final Curtain Know: Charles Cornwallis, Yorktown 15. If the war did not end at Yorktown, then why was it important? Yorktown was important because the defeat of the British army at Yorktown coupled with the economic disaster created major problems for the British king and his continuation of the war. Cornwallis' surrender at Yorktown showed the superiority of the French and colonial armies combined power. Peace at Paris Know: Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, John Jay, Treaty of Paris 16. What did America gain and what did it concede in the Treaty of Paris? America gained independence, most importantly, and generous land boundaries that allowed for expansion. As for the colonists, they had to promise to leave the Loyalists alone and return the property that was confiscated. They also promised to pay debts to the British. A New Nation Legitimized Know: Whigs 17 Did Americans get favorable terms in the Treaty of Paris? Explain. Americans had very favorable terms in the Treaty of Paris. In an attempt to close wounds between the Americans and the British, the British agreed to reopen trade routes and prevent wars. In addition, the colonists were able to reach a peace with the French. All of this came with the newfound freedom and the ability to do well with it. Whose Revolution? 18. Which of the interpretations of the Revolution seems most true to you? Least true? Explain.

The interpretation regarding the progressive interpretation of the Revolution by Nash and Countryman seems the most true to me. The growing social and economic space between colonists was evident in the preRevolutionary years. It seems reasonable that such divides between classes could lead to tensions that contributed to the tension evidenced in the Revolution. The Bailyn theory regarding ideological and psychological factors seems least true due to the small number of ideals going around at the time of the Revolution. In looking at those that did exist, they were not that extreme and were not likely to cause such radical actions.