A constitution of atoms with specific reactivity. A map between its reactants and their set of products.

For monoproduct reactions. Subscript i indicates stereo relation in these atoms. Superscript j indicates reactable of the functional group (i.e. how many of them present.). k < j is the yield. F(P) dot P(F) F(P) dot P(Q)

F P FP; FP G FG P Umpolung Fi + Pi Pi(Fi); Pi(Fi) + Gi FiGi + Pi Protective. Fi cannot be commuted out of Pi cage.

Abscission

Goals of Research in Total Synthesis and Methodology 1. Framework of Hydrocarbon or Heteroatomic species 2. Count of Functional Groups (Functional Quality and Quantity) 3. Stereo isotopes Methodology is the research to pioneer / improves any of the above three.

Elements of the frequently encountered operational chain Construction of Framework Functional groups interconversion Stereo isotopes affects each other mutually in planning a reaction scheme.

Retrosynthetic Analysis (Disconnection) Principles 1. Some functional groups or stereo conditions can only be incorporated by some unique and hence necessary functional group interconversion / incorporation pathways. 2. If several pathways are plausible, choose the shortest high yielding pathway. 3. Formation of synthons (Fruit of Retrosynthetic Analysis: pool of spontaneous physically possible precursors from experiment) may be useful (Pg. 4 cation) 4. Seldom consider synthons formed from CH bond. Always start with CX and CC first Trosts Evaluation 1. Atom economy 2. Selectivity

Chemoselectivity (polyfunctional compound, which functional group react desirably? Solved by Selective Monoprotection) Isomer Selectivity (Monofunction compound, desirable isomer product)

To enhance our memory, we classify some typical Strategies in synthesis: 1. Umpolung (German: Reversal) To temporarily reverse the characteristic (original w.r.t. its electron distribution under a null field) reactivity (the usual mechanism) of a group and restore such group after the reaction. Aim: to achieve a reaction not plausible under original reactivity due to its reactivity (either unyielding / multiple reaction or no reaction at all.). 2. Protection Similar to umpolung, 3. Interconversion