«TWTOHU1» ÷ nonan knnra,

nmxounman n npouonncnnc ccpnn nc-

1opnko-nonn1nuccknx nocnomnnannü
n :anncok 1onapnma Onncpa Xouna.
O1o1 1pyu, nanncannmü n ocnonnom n
ncpnou 1981-1982 rouon, nknmuac1
nc1opnuccknc :annckn, nocnomnna-
nnn, a 1aknc npon:ncucnnmc an1o-
pom noupo6nmc anann:m nc1opnn o1-
nomcnnü mcnuy KUA n KUK, kak
n mcnuy an6ancknm n mrocnancknm
rocyuapc1namn. ±o6pan uac1u knnrn
nocnnmcna ncpnouy c ncpnmx npn-
mmx kon1ak1on {1941 r.) nnno1u uo
okonua1cnunoro pa:pmna KUA c Tn-
1o n 1n1onnamn {1948 r.). Hannoc
mcc1o n nac1onmcm 1pyuc :annmac1
1aknc 6opu6a AUT :a nckpm1nc n
pa:rpom ncnpcpmnnoü an1nmapkcnc1-
ckoü n an1nan6anckoü ucn1cnunoc1n
1n1onckoro pykonouc1na n cro arcn-
1ypm n ncpnou c 1949 roua n uo na-
mnx uncü.
Knnra «Tn1onnm» nmxoun1 na
an6anckom n na pnuc upyrnx n:mkon.
Ccmnkn n npnmcuannn n konnc c1pa-
nnn ÷ n:ua1cnuckoro yupcnucnnn.
OHB£P XOµXA
T WT OH U1
Hcmopu+ectue sanuctu
WHCTWTVT MAFKCWCTCKO - AEHWHCKWX WCCAE±OHAHWH
UFW UK AUT
W3±ATEAbCTHO «8 HEHTOFW»
TWFAHA - 1983
O H B £ P X O µ X A
UO±HWMAHCb H1HE CTAFOH HFAƱ1
Hmcc1o nc1ynncnnn
Kpa1knü nc1opnuccknü o6:op * Fcmcnnc an6an-
cknx kommynnc1on o nc1ynncnnn n cnn:u c KUK *
Uapn Ccp6nn n knn:un Hcpnoropnn ÷ rnannmc nn-
nonnnkn ropuknx o1nomcnnü an6anckoro napoua c
ccp6cknm, ucpnoropcknm n upyrnmn napouamn n
npomnom * Ouno n: ncnnuaümnx nccnpancunnnoc1cü
nmncmncro c1onc1nn n Enponc ÷ n 1913 rouy An-
6annm npon:nonuno pa:ucnnnn naunoc * Hcnnkoccp6-
cknü rcnonnu n an6ancknx kpanx Krocnannn n nc-
pnou mcnuy unymn noünamn * Uoucmy an6ancknc
kommynnc1m nc1ynnnn n cnn:u c KUK n ncpnou
Hannonanuno-ocno6oun1cnunoü 6opu6m?
Hpnnnroc an6ancxnxn xoxxynncraxn ncrox 1941 io(a
pcmcnnc ncrynnri n nnrcpnannonanncrcxnc cnn:n c Koxxy-
nncrnuccxon naprncn Kiocnannn ionopnno o crcncnn :pc-
nocrn xoxxynncrnuccxoio (nn»cnnn roio npcxcnn n An6annn.
uyumnc npc(crannrcnn xoxxynncrnuccxnx ipynn cmc n 1939
io(y nxnmunnnci n 6opi6y c qamncrcxnxn :axnarunxaxn.
Cxcno n pcmnrcnino no(nnxanci nimc xc»(oyco6non npa»-
(i n po:nn n rncp(o n(n no nyrn ocnonannn Koxxynncrnuc-
cxon naprnn An6annn, onn rax »c cxcno n :pcno no(nnxa-
nnci nimc crapon npa»(i, pa:(opon n iny6oxon nponacrn,
no:nnxmnx na nporn»cnnn ncxon n ornomcnnnx namcn crpa-
ni c miocnancxnxn cocc(nxn.
3
Oro n:nccrnin, ncocnopnxin n o6mcnpn:nannin qaxr,
uro na:inari iopixnxn ornomcnnn xc»(y (nyxn namnxn
crpanaxn (o 1941 io(a ÷ ¬roio xano. Onn n ncnox n:o6n-
nonann caxixn crpamnixn (paxaxn n rpaic(nnxn, xapaxrc-
pn:onanmnxncn aipcccnnxn, y6nncrnaxn n ipa6c»ox, xpono-
nponnrncx n npccrynncnnnxn, n orxpirym concpmanmnxncn
n «conpcxcnnon» £nponc n ymcp6 rcppnropnnx n cy(i6c xa-
noio, no xpa6poio n ncno6c(nxoio napo(a, an6ancxoio na-
po(a.
Hcni:n nnnnri napo(i n ¬rox iopixox ipy:c, co:(a-
nanmcxcn na nporn»cnnn (ccnrnncrnn; rcx 6oncc n ¬rox nn-
xoi(a n nn n xaxox cnyuac nc 6in nnnoncn an6ancxnn napo(.
Bnnonnon 6ina n ¬rox :axnarnnuccxan n anrnan6ancxan no-
nnrnxa napcn Ccp6nn n xnn:cn ¹cpnoiopnn, nonnrnxa nacn-
nnn, ¬xcnancnn n icnonn(a, xoropym onn, npn orxpirox nnn
cxpirox no(crpcxarcnicrnc n no((cp»xc Bcnnxnx (cp»an
roio npcxcnn, npono(nnn n ornomcnnn an6ancxoio napo(a n
an6ancxnx :cxcni.
Mi concpmcnno nc cunracx ny»nix yiny6nnricn n ncro-
pnm, nocxonixy nonan n crpamnan rpaic(nn, xoropan nauana
pa:iipinaricn n ymcp6 an6ancxoxy napo(y, oco6cnno co
nropon nononnni npomnoio ncxa, nccx n:nccrna.
Koi(a crano y»c ncno, uro «6oninon Iocqopa» nc»an
na cxcprnox o(pc, nauann 6icrpo pacrn xax na(c»(i n no:-
xo»nocrn an6ancxoio napo(a :anocnari nc:anncnxocri, xoro-
pon on (o6nnancn n ncxax c opy»ncx n pyxax, rax n cio
6opi6a :a ro, uro6i ¬ror (cni nacrynnn xax xo»no cxopcc.
Ho nxcnno roi(a, xoi(a (cni n:6anncnnn An6annn or npxa
orroxancxoio iocno(crna 6in nc(ancx, nonic, cnnpcnic npain,
npccnc(onanmnc o(nnaxonic c ocxanaxn ncnn, no(yxann,
uro nacran (cni non:nri cnon xoirn n rcno xancnixon An6a-
nnn. Koponn n napn Hrannn n Ancrpo-Bcnipnn, Ipcnnn n Ccp-
6nn, ¹cpnoiopnn n Ioniapnn pnnynnci :axnarnri, uro xo»-
no 6ino :axnarnri n: roio, uro onn na:inann «ncpnqcpncn
Ocxancxon nxncpnn». Oro 6ino co croponi cocc(cn cnnmxox
rn»cnon n iopixon «naipa(on» (o6nccrnoxy n ncnoxopnxoxy
an6ancxoxy napo(y, noroxaxn xponn no:(nnimcxy npounym
4
crcny, uro6i npcipa(nri (anincnmcc npo(nn»cnnc ocxan-
cxnx nonunm n nanpanncnnn £nponi. Oro 6ino caxon nonnm-
mcn ncnpn:narcninocrim x roxy napo(y, xoropin xax n 6nr-
nax n cpa»cnnnx cocc(nnx napo(on, :amnmanmnxcn or narncxa
ocxanon, rax n n nx (nn»cnnn n noccrannnx :a cno6o(y nc
»ancn cnonx nyumnx cinon, xoropic or(anann »n:ni rax
»c, xax or(anann 6i cc :a cno6o(y cnocio napo(a.
Oco6cnno npocrno na6pocnnnci na an6ancxnc :cxnn ccp6-
cxnc n ucpnoiopcxnc op(i, no(crpcxacxic pcaxnnonnixn
xnnxaxn roio npcxcnn; onn y6nnann, ipa6nnn n pa:pymann
ncc, uro nx nona(ano na cnocx nyrn. Xponnxa roio npcxcnn
nonna caxix crpamnix nponcmccrnnn. Oxa:anmnci no( oincx
xnoiouncncnnix npaion, xoropic 6oponnci ro xa»(in :a
cnon co6crncnnic nnrcpcci, ro n cionopc xc»(y co6on (nn
(cncnnn (o6iun, an6ancxnn napo( orncrnn na nonoc cno»nn-
mcccn nono»cnnc ncnpcpinnon noopy»cnnon 6opi6on. O(na-
xo cnni 6inn rax pa:(cncni, uro, nponnnan noroxn xponn,
an6ancxoxy naccncnnm npnxo(nnoci co »iyucn 6onim n ccp(-
nc noxn(ari ncnic xpan cnocn Po(nni na ipannnc c Ccp6n-
cn n ¹cpnoiopncn. Hoxnxo ricnu y6nrix n pa:opcnnix,
(ccnrxn ricnu an6anncn 6inn niinani c po(nix :cxcni,
onn ornpannnnci na mi nnn »c ¬xnipnponann n £npony n
A:nm. µannic ionopnr o rox, uro n xonnc npomnoio croncrnn
n pc:ynirarc :axnara Ccp6ncn, ¹cpnoiopncn n Ancrpo-Bcn-
ipncn xpannnx o6nacrcn Koconi 6ino nacnnicrncnno nicc-
ncno n noccncno n iny6n o(nnx ronixo Koconcxoio n Uxo(-
pnncxoio nnnancron oxono 3OO OOO an6anncn.
£crccrncnno, ¬ror ncnn(annin icnonn( n ¬ra ipo:nnman
nccn An6annn, napacranman onacnocri ni:nann caxym nmrym
ncnanncri n no(nnnn ncm crpany na 6opi6y :a orpa»cnnc
n ocxanon, n «mxny
1
, xoropin 6in xy»c ocxanmnni», xax
______________________________________
1 Cnono, xoropix naccncnnc Koconi n (pyinx an6ancxnx xpacn n
Kiocnannn na:inacr ccp6cxnx, ucpnoiopcxnx n (pyinx monnnncron,
nipa»an ncnanncri x yincrarcnicxon n ¬xcnnyararopcxon nonnrnxc,
npono(nxon nxn n cio ornomcnnn.
5
¬ro napo( or:inancn o ccp6cxnx :axnarunxax n ror ncpno(.
Cnannan «An6ancxan Hpn:pcncxan unia» 6ina ocnonana n pa:-
ncprinana cnom ncn:ina(nxym ncropnuccxym (cnrcninocri
nxcnno n ¬ror rn»cnin ncpno(, :a(anmnci ncnim nccrn
6opi6y n :a :anocnannc cno6o(i n nc:anncnxocrn, n n :amnry
rcppnropnaninon ncnocrnocrn nannn, n n :amnry :axonnoio
npana napo(a, xoropoxy ipo:nno ncrpc6ncnnc.
¹cio ronixo nc npc(npnnnxann an6ancxnc narpnori, an-
6ancxnn napo(, uro6i npc(ornparnri ncxo(nnmym c ccncpa
onacnocri' Onn ioroni 6inn conccx :a6iri npomnoc n nc-
o(noxparno npn:inann x (py»6c n (o6pococc(crny c 6par-
cxnxn ccp6cxnx, ucpnoiopcxnx, xaxc(oncxnx n (pyinxn
napo(axn.
Ho ¬ro qaxr, uro »a»(a monnnncron, xoponcn n xnn-
:cn cocc(nnx crpan nc :nana npc(cnon, ncnc(crnnc ucio onac-
nocri c ccncpa cranonnnaci ncc 6oncc ipo:nmcn n ncc 6oncc n
6oncc npnnnxana anrnan6ancxnn xapaxrcp. Onn noompnnnci
caxon ucpnon cnponcncxon pcaxnncn. Cnocn nonnrnxon Ccp-
6nn crana n co:nannn cno6o(onm6nnoio an6anna cnxnonox
:axnnroio npaia.
O6c croponi nponnnann noroxn xponn, n namnx iopnix
ymcninx n na namnx pannnnax ocrannnn cnon xocrn ricnun
n ricnun ccp6on, ucpnoiopncn n (pyinx, n, ccrccrncnno, na
¬ron nponnron xponn nc xoi n:onrn nncrox (py»6i, na ncn
xoina n:onrn n pacrn ronixo xonmuxa ncnanncrn n npa»(i.
O(naxo nc an6anni nponnnann cnom xponi na :cxnc Ccp6nn
nnn ¹cpnoiopnn, nc an6anni mnn oincx n xcuox na cocc(-
nnc crpani n napo(i. Hanpornn. An6anni orcrannann cnon
po(nic xpan, cnonx (crcn n »cn, cnon (oxa, cnoc (o6po.
Oro nono»cnnc npo(on»anoci nnnori (o 1912 io(a, xoi(a
ncnc( :a ncnnxon no6c(on ÷ npono:inamcnncx Hc:anncnxocrn
An6annn ÷ 6ina concpmcna o(na n: caxix nonnmmnx nc-
cnpanc(nnnocrcn nincmncio ncxa n £nponc: An6annn 6ina
no(cncna na(noc: Kocona n (pyinc an6ancxnc xpan 6inn na-
cnnicrncnno npncoc(nncni x Kiocnannn. Koncuno, no(cnnri
na(noc rcno crpani n napo(a n nononnny cio ncxyccrncnno
6
npncoc(nnnri x (pyioxy co:n(annm, raxon axr nc xoi cny-
»nri «xocrox x npnxnpcnnm», «(py»6c», «6parcrny».
Ho, xax 6y(ro ¬roio 6ino cmc xano, n nocnc 1912-1913
io(on nccxn qopxaxn n no nccx ornomcnnnx ycnnnnaci an-
rnan6ancxan nonnrnxa xapaicopincnnucn n nccn nainon ncnn-
xoccp6cxon pcaxnnn. Honnrnxa ncrpc6ncnnn, (ncxpnxnnannn
n (cnannonann:annn an6ancxoio naccncnnn, oxa:anmciocn no(
ccp6cxnx niox, (ononnnnaci rannixn nnanaxn anncxcnn (py-
inx xpacn An6annn. Tannin non(oncxnn µoionop 1915 io(a,
xoropin (na io(a cnycrn 6in oinamcn n ocy»(cn ncnnxnx
ucnnnix ÷ nonoc o6nnuammcc cnn(crcnicrno ncn:xcnno an-
rnan6ancxon nonnrnxn nc ronixo pcaxnnonnix Bcnnxnx (cp-
»an roio npcxcnn, no n roi(amncio miocnancxoio iocy(ap-
crna, nopo»(cnnn nxncpnann:xa. µa»c n nocnc ny6nnunoio
ocy»(cnnn ¬roio :axnarnnuccxoio µoionopa ncnnxoccp6cxnn
monnnn:x nc no6nc(ncn n nc noxpacncn. Cnycrn ncxoropoc
npcxn Kiocnannn cmc pa: (c-mpc canxnnonnponana cnon
«npana» na( :axnaucnnixn cm an6ancxnxn rcppnropnnxn n
pcmnrcnino crana na nyri (cnannonann:annn nopa6omcnnoio
cm an6ancxoio naccncnnn.
B ro »c npcxn ona ncxana (pyinx nyrcn x ocymccrnncnnm
cnocn crapon xcuri o noinomcnnn nccn An6annn. Hxcnno
ccp6cxnc napn nicrynnnn n no((cp»xy 3oiy, c6c»anmcio n:
An6annn n nmnc 1924 io(a, nxcnno onn npc(ocrannnn cxy
y6c»nmc, cxonornnn (nn ncio nacxnnxon, noopy»nnn cio,
(ann cxy cnni n co:(ann 6y(ymcxy carpany ncc ycnonnn (nn
concpmcnnn n An6annn xonrppcnonmnnn n (cxa6pc 1924 io(a.
B naipa(y or(an ccp6ax nnauanc (pyinc uacrn an6ancxon rcp-
pnropnn, raxnc xax Bcpxom n Cnnron Hayx, 3oiy, nnc ncn-
xoio coxncnnn, or(an 6i nx co npcxcncx ncm An6annm, cc-
nn 6i 6oniman nipa ncnnxnx xnpa ccio oxonuarcnino nc
6pocnna xoponn-xapnoncrxy n nono qamncrcxon Hrannn n
nc yncna namy crpany na nyri npcnpamcnnn n xononnm nra-
ninncxoio qamn:xa.
Ho n nocnc nccio ¬roio pcaxnnonnic npannrcnicrna Kio-
cnannn, ynpannncxon Ccp6ncn, :arcnnn ncnym iopixym, or-
7
xpirym nnn xaxyqnnponannym, ncropnm n ornomcnnn an6an-
cxoio iocy(apcrna.
Ynn(cn, uro xapry 3oiy npn6pann x cnonx pyxax (py-
inc, ccp6cxnc pcaxnnonnic npannrcnicrna n:nnn cc6c na cny»-
6y cnom aicnrypy nnyrpn crpani n an6ancxym pcaxnnonnym
¬xnipannm n Kiocnannn, onn n: xo»n non nc:nn, uro6i
co:(ari n:pinoonacnoc nono»cnnc nnyrpn an6ancxoio xopo-
ncncrna. 3arcx no( npc(noiox «noccrannn» npornn :oion-
cxon rnpannn ccp6cxnc aicnri o6parnnnci 6i :a noxomim
x rcx »c ccp6cxnx xpyiax, xoropic nccxonixo ncr (o ¬roio
npnncnn 3oiy x nnacrn.
Orn monnnncrnuccxnc xpyin, ncci(a ioronic npnnrn na
«noxomi» namccrnncx, o6yuann ncnic nonxn n (cp»ann nx
n nonnon ioronnocrn n6nn:n an6ancxnx ipannn. B ananiap(c
¬rnx nonxon mnn nacxnnxn ÷ nm(n nnama n xnn»ana,
miocnani n ncmiocnani, xoropic, napn»cnnic n an6ancxym
nannonaninym qopxy, n no(xo(nmnn xoxcnr (on»ni 6inn
ncpnixn ycrpcxnricn x ipannnc. Ho qaxr, uro ¬rn nnani,
nccxorpn na nimnin pcxnn:nr, ocrannci ronixo na 6yxaic.
A ¬ro nc ronixo noroxy, uro qamncrcxan Hrannn n cronnman
:a ncn xc»(ynapo(nan pcaxnnn, ncxo(n n: cnonx nnrcpccon,
nc xoinn (onycrnri, xax n nc (onycrnnn, uro6i an6ancxoc
n6noxo yronnno iono( ncnnxoccp6on, no cmc n noroxy, uro
ccp6cxan aicnrypa n nponaian(a n An6annn xoinn nanrn 6na-
ionpnnrnym nouny ronixo cpc(n or(cninix, concpmcnno ncn-
nnnrcninix ncpcpo»(cnncn, no nnxax cpc(n mnpoxnx cnocn
naccncnnn n rcx 6oncc cpc(n napo(a. Concpmcnnic cm :no-
(cnnnn (anno npcnparnnn Ccp6nm n cnnonnx :na n co:nannn
an6anncn.
£mc 6oncc ycnnnnana ncnanncri n cmc 6oncc ncno:xo»-
nixn (cnana xaxnc 6i ro nn 6inn npn:naxn npnxnpcnnn (c-
nannonann:aropcxan nonnrnxa, xoropym ncnnxoccp6i npono-
(nnn n ornomcnnn Koconi n an6ancxoio naccncnnn n ¹cpno-
iopnn n Maxc(onnn. Haunnan c 1913 io(a, monnnncrnuccxnn
pc»nx ncnnxoccp6cxon 6yp»ya:nn nycxan n xo( caxic 6ccucno-
ncunic nonnrnuccxnc, ¬xonoxnuccxnc, n(conoinuccxnc n nocn-
8
nic xcro(i c ncnim (cnannonann:annn n cnannnn:annn an-
ncxcnponannix an6ancxnx rcppnropnn. Tonixo n ncpno( 1913-
1927 io(on n Koconc n (pyinx an6ancxnx xpanx n Kiocnannn
nocpc(crnox rax na:inacxon «(cnannonann:annn nyrcx qn-
:nuccxoio ynnuro»cnnn» 6ino y6nro 6oncc 2OO OOO an6anncn,
6inn 6pomcni n rmpixi (ccnrxn ricnu (pyinx, 6inn ynnuro-
»cni ncnic an6ancxnc (cpcnnn. Ho(nnxanmnn ionony n ro-
i(amncn £nponc qamn:x naxo(nn n nnnc ncnnxoccp6on (o-
cronnoio npc(mccrncnnnxa n cnyrnnxa. Ccp6 Cron(nnonnu
no(ioronnn nxccrc c Mycconnnn nnan pacuncncnnn An6annn.
1
O(naxo xacconoc napnapcxoc ncrpc6ncnnc an6anncn,
conpono»(anmcccn (pyinxn croni »c napnapcxnxn cpc(crna-
xn, raxnxn xax «(cnannonann:annn nocpc(crnox xononn:n-
pymmcn aipapnon pcqopxi»,
2
«(cnannonann:annn nocpc(-
crnox niccncnnn»
3
n r.(. n r.n., rax»c nc npnnocnno ncnnxo-
ccp6ax »cnacxix pc:yniraron. Hannonaninic uyncrna an6an-
ncn n Koconc n (pyinx xpanx ncni:n 6ino noiacnri nn
nopoxox, nn oincx; 6oncc roio, nan6oniman 6c(a (nn ncnnxo-
ccp6on :axnmuanaci n rox, uro uncncnnocri an6ancxoio na-
_______________________________________
1 Pcui n(cr o c(cnxax xnnncrpa nnocrpannix (cn qamncrcxon
Hrannn ¹nano c npcxicp-xnnncrpox miocnancxoio xoponcncrna Cron-
(nnonnucx, xoropic no npcxn (nycroponnnx ncpcionopon n 1937-1939
io(ax ninamnnann nnani pa:(cna n :axnara An6annn.
2 Coinacno cmc ncnonnix (oxyxcnrax n crarncrnuccxnx (annix,
nocpc(crnox xononn:annn n ncpno( xc»(y (nyxn xnponixn nonnaxn
(1919-1941 ii.) n Koconc 6ino noccncno 6oncc 58 OOO ccp6cxnx n ucpno-
iopcxnx xononncron n co:(ano cnimc 37O noccncnnn (nn xononncron
(no nay+no+y ×ypnaay «Hepnapu+u», ^ 4 u : sa !970 eoo, ^ !0 sa
!97! eoo u «1mp+u+e aa6anoaootute», Hpuumuna, !972).
To »c caxoc, coinacno orucrax Bcpxonnoio (npcxropara Kiocnan-
cxon pcqopxi, n ncpno( 192O-194O io(on ronixo n ncxoropix oxpyiax
Koconi n Maxc(onnn 6ino oro6pano y an6anncn n ncpc(ano xononnc-
rax, cny»amnx, »an(apxax, ucrnnxax n (pyinx 381 245 ia :cxnn.
3 B ncpno( 1913-1941 io(on, n ycnonnnx ncnnxoccp6cxoio iocno(-
crna n rcppopa, n: Koconi n (pyinx an6ancxnx xpacn n Kiocnannn
6ino nacnnicrncnno niccncno oxono 5OO OOO an6anncn (6onimnncrno
ncpcccnnnoci n Typnnm, ocraninic n An6annm n (pyinc crpani).
9
ccncnnn n cio xpanx yncnnunnanaci 6icrpcc ccp6on n ucpno-
iopncn n ¬rnx »c xpanx.
O6ypcnacxic »a»(on :no(cnnnn n n npocrn or (cnn:a
an6anncn: «Yxpcx, no po(nix xpacn nc noxnncx», ncnnxo-
ccp6i npn6cinn x «nayxc» ncrpc6ncnnn, n(conoinn n cpc(-
crnax noipoxa. Kax pa: x ¬roxy ncpno(y n ornocnrcn 6ccuc-
noncunic :no(cnnnn :axncnxcnnix ncnnxoccp6on rnna Baco
¹y6pnnonnua, Aqanacnc Ypomcnnua n (pyinx no(o6nix n:-
ncpion n: rax na:inacxoio Ccp6cxoio xny6a xynirypi n Icn-
ipa(c, ¬roio ucpnoio nopo»(cnnn ccp6cxon pcaxnnonnon
6yp»ya:nn 1937-1939 io(on n, x co»ancnnm, xax xi (on»ni
6inn y:nari iopa:(o no:»c, npc(mccrncnnnxa yupc»(cnnn
o(non n ron »c nnarqopxi n Kiocnannn ncpno(a c 1945
io(a. 3(cci nc xccro n, x roxy »c, nc ncni xonx :anncox
npocrpanno ionopnri o6 ncrpc6nrcninix npoipaxxax n rcopn-
nx ¬rnx ncoxaniry:nanncn, xoropix no:(ncc rnroncxnn pc»nx
(on»cn 6in coxpannri n no(nnri (o caxix nicoxnx yponncn
nayunix yupc»(cnnn «connanncrnuccxon» Kiocnannn. Xouy
ronixo orxcrnri, uro na ocnonc npoipaxxi, n:no»cnnon nxn
na 6yxaic, an6ancxoxy naccncnnm 6in nancccn nonin ncn:-
xcpnxin ypon, a ¬ro n cnom oucpc(i npnncno x (anincnmcxy
pacmnpcnnm nponacrn, co:(annon npa»(on n po:nim, na npo-
rn»cnnn ncnix (ccnrnncrnn npornnonocrannnnmnxn (pyi (py-
iy an6ancxnn napo(, c o(non croponi, n ccp6cxnn, ucpno-
iopcxnn n (pyinc napo(i ÷ c (pyion.
0axr, uro o6 ¬rnx pa:pa6orannix n y»c o(o6pcnnix
«nayunix rpy(ax» n «nnarqopxax» n nx anropax xi roi(a
n :nari nc :nann n cnixari nc cnixann, no :aro xi c 6onim
n ccp(nc cnimann n nn(cnn nx nponc(cnnc n »n:ni. B pn-
(ax namnx xoxxynncrnuccxnx ipynn roi(a 6ino nccxonixo
ronapnmcn n: Koconi. Onn nn6o 6inn cinoninxn ncpcccnc-
nncn, nn6o caxn cxoinn c6c»ari n: Koconi n (o6paricn (o
po(non An6annn, uro6i n:6annricn or npccnc(onannn co cro-
poni ncnnxoccp6on, nocrynnri n xaxym-nn6o mxony nnn yc-
rponricn na xaxym-nn6y(i pa6ory. Hamc npc(cranncnnc o6
ornomcnnnx xc»(y namnxn napo(axn noo6mc n o nono»c-
1O
nnn n Koconc ÷ n uacrnocrn, cranonnnoci cmc 6oncc nonnix
6naio(apn y»acammnx qaxrax n cnn(crcnicrnax ¬rnx rona-
pnmcn.
Hxcnno n raxon o6cranonxc ncrynnnn xi n 1941 io(,
xoi(a no nccn crpanc pa:ncprinanoci conpornnncnnc namcio
napo(a qamncrcxnx :axnarunxax n ncpc( naxn ncranana
cpounan nco6xo(nxocri ocnonari Koxxynncrnuccxym naprnm
An6annn.
Honnrno, uro (o6nnaricn n raxon o6cranonxc cnn:cn c
Koxxynncrnuccxon naprncn Kiocnannn ÷ (cno nc ncixoc
n nc npocroc. Ho nax, xoxxynncrax, npo6ncxa 6ina ncna.
B npnnnnnc nax nnxonx o6pa:ox ncni:n 6ino cnn:inari xox-
xynn:x c monnnn:xox, Koxxynncrnuccxym naprnm Kio-
cnannn ÷ c monnnncrnuccxon n pcaxnnonnon nonnrnxon
miocnancxoio npannrcnicrna n ornomcnnn An6annn.
Hpan(a, xax n, rax n Bacnni Uanro, Kcxani Craqa, a
nocnc ncxoropix xonc6annn n Kouo Tamxo, nicrynnn nnn-
nnaropaxn ycranonncnnn cnn:cn c KHK, :nann oucni xano,
uro6i nc cxa:ari concpmcnno nnucio nc :nann, o »n:nn,
(cnrcninocrn n nono»cnnn n ¬ron naprnn. Mi cnimann, uro
6ina ocnonana ona nocnc Oxrn6picxon connanncrnuccxon pc-
nonmnnn, uro n ncpno( ncpnix 1O-15 ncr cnocn »n:nn ona
ncpc»nna pn( ncpnncrnn, pacnpcn n qpaxnnn, uro npcxn or
npcxcnn pa:nnunic cc (cnrcnn no(ncpiannci xpnrnxc co cro-
poni Koxnnrcpna :a anrnxapxcncrcxnc, rponxncrcxnc, na-
nnonanncrcxnc n (pyinc n:inn(i n nnnnm, uro n nocnc(nnc
io(i ona 6ina pcopiann:onana n ionopnnn, uro crana y»c
na ncpnin nyri. Mi nc :nann nn o(noio n: cc pyxono(nrc-
ncn n (a»c nc :nann, xro onn raxnc, xax nx :nann, no ror
qaxr, uro Koxxynncrnuccxan naprnn Kiocnannn 6ina uncnox
Koxnnrcpna, uro ona nicrynana :a orxpirym 6opi6y npornn
qamncrcxon yipo:i, a nocnc anpcnn 1941 io(a, nocnc xann-
rynnnnn miocnancxoio xoponcncrna, Koxxynncrnuccxan nap-
rnn npn:nana ncc napo(i Kiocnannn cnnornricn noxpyi ncc
na 6opi6y npornn nann-qamncrcxon oxxynannn, ncc ¬ro no-
6y»(ano nac ncrynnri n cnn:n c ncn, xax c 6parcxon naprncn,
11
6oponmcncn :a ro ncnnxoc (cno, xoropoc 6ino n namnx (cnox.
Mi, xax xoxxynncri, (yxann n ncpnnn, uro Koxxynn-
crnuccxan naprnn Kiocnannn, pa: ona no(nnnaci na 6opi6y
:a nonym Kiocnannm, nopncr co nccxn nacnocnnnxn crapon
Kiocnannn n oxonuarcnino noxonunr c nnxn, a crano 6iri,
n c cc monnnn:xox, n c cc (annnmncn, cnnpcnon n nomnon
anrnan6anmnnon. Hcxo(n n: nccio ¬roio, cnn:n c KHK xi
cunrann ucx-ro concpmcnno npannninix n o6(yxannix c
namcn croponi. Tax (yxann xi, npnucx npannnino n (yxann.
Ho, xax n y»c cxa:an, ¬ro ornocnnoci x nax, xoxxy-
nncrax. O(naxo nonxcr nn napo( ¬ry namy xicni n ¬ro
namc crpcxncnnc" Ho((cp»nr nn on ¬ror npc(npnnnxac-
xin naxn mai" Ha(o 6ino or6pocnri npoui ncnic nacnoc-
nnn, cno»nnmnccn na nporn»cnnn (ccnrxon n oec»mtoe ncr,
npnucx, xax n y»c orxcrnn, ¬ro nc 6inn npocro nacnocnnnxn,
cno»nnmnxncn n: cnon nnn :annncnnn, ncr, ¬ro 6inn nacno-
cnnnxn n: noroxon nponnron xponn, n: npcnpamcnnix n nc-
ncnnma ccn n iopo(on, n: cinon n (oucpcn, oxonuarcnino cop-
nannix no nncrc ncr, n: xarcpcn, ocranmnxcn o(nn, xax ncpcr,
n: an6anncn, nonyunnmnx y(ap n xocri, n cnon iny6oxnc
uyncrna cno6o(onm6nn, narpnorn:xa. H nor rcncpi nax
npc(cronno ionopnri nx: xi, an6ancxnc xoxxynncri, 6y(cx
ycranannnnari rccnic, 6parcxnc cnn:n c Koxxynncrnuccxon
naprncn Kiocnannn, c ron naprncn, n uinx pn(ax cocronr
ccp6i, ucpnoiopni, xaxc(onni, xopnari, cnoncnni, 6ocnnxn
n r.(.
H: nimccxa:annoio ncno, noucxy an6ancn ornocnncn x
ccp6y c nc(oncpncx. Ho xi 6inn npcncnonncni pcmnxocrn
c(cnari ¬ror mai, rax xax counn ncnccoo6pa:nix c(cnari cio.
£cnn namn nm(n nc nonxyr nac nnauanc, (yxann xi, ro cxopo
onn y6c(nrcn n nonxyr.
Cnn:n c KHK xi cunrann ccrccrncnnixn, cnn:nxn xc»(y
xoxxynncraxn, xc»(y 6parinxn no o6mnx n(canax. Mi pac-
cunrinann o6xcnnnaricn c nnxn onirox n n:anxno noxoiari
(pyi (pyiy n cnnmcnnon 6opi6c :a cno6o(y n nc:anncnxocri
cnonx crpan; xi paccunrinann npannnino, na ocnonc xapxcn:-
12
xa-ncnnnn:xa, pa:pcmnri c nnxn ncc 6c:o6pa:noc, ocranncn-
noc ncropncn n ornomcnnnx xc»(y namnxn napo(axn. Hapo-
(ax npncymc cno6o(onm6nc. Oco6cnno nam napo( nnxoi(a
nc o6n»an (pyinx, on ncci(a c yna»cnncx ornocnncn x xpa6-
pcnax n napo(ax, 6oponmnxcn c nno:cxnixn :axnarun-
xaxn. Tcncpi napo(i Kiocnannn ncnn 6opi6y c o(nnx n
rcx »c npaiox ÷ c nno:cxnixn nann-qamncraxn n nny-
rpcnnnxn pcaxnnoncpaxn, no¬roxy xi 6inn y6c»(cni n
rox, uro nam (o6pin napo( nonxcr n no((cp»nr nac. Taxnx
o6pa:ox, naxcpcnanci npc(npnnnri raxon axr, xi (cnann nc
ronixo ncpnin mai na nyrn x ycrpancnnm nccx no:xo»nix
npcipa( n (cnc xo6nnn:annn napo(on coorncrcrnymmnx crpan
na ocno6o(nrcninym 6opi6y, no n ncpnin xpynnin n nacron-
mnn mai na nyrn x pa:pcmcnnm rax»c ncropnuccxnx nc-
cnpanc(nnnocrcn n or6pacinannm npoui cno»nnmcncn n
npomnox npa»(i.
Mi nocrannnn cc6c :a(aucn ncc pa:¡ncnnri an6ancxoxy
napo(y, orxpiro cxa:ari cxy namc xncnnc, xax n cxa:ann.
Hac nonnn napo(, nam :axcuarcninin napo(, uin ina:a nn-
xoi(a nc xyrncnn or 6onc:ncnnix npnnnnnon monnnn:xa. Mi
ncpnnn, npnucx 6inn y6c»(cni, uro rax (yxann, rax paccy-
»(ann n miocnancxnc ronapnmn. Bor noucxy xi pcmnnn ncry-
nnri c nnxn n cnn:n. Bpcxn (on»no 6ino no(rncp(nri,
6inn nn onn (cncrnnrcnino xapxcncraxn-ncnnnnaxn, naxcpc-
nannci nn onn npcrnopnri n »n:ni ro, ucx rax mc(pi 6inn
n cnonx :annncnnnx.
Hpnnnxan pcmcnnc ncrynnri n cnn:n c KHK n rc xo-
xcnri, noxnxo nccio npoucio, xi naranxnnannci na oucni
6onimoc rpy(nonpco(onnxoc npcnnrcrnnc. Ho( nnron qa-
mn:xa n n nnrcpccax qamn:xa 6ina «ocymccrnncna» n(cn
roio, uro na ncc na(i npoxnaxnponanoci xax «ocno6o»(cnnc
an6ancxnx xpacn or ccp6cxoio nia», o6pa:onannc «ncnnxon
An6annn». Hc:aucx cxpinari, uro ¬ra (cxaioinn c6nna c
ronxy xnoinx nm(cn n Koconc n nncna n :a6ny»(cnnc rax»c
ncxoropix n An6annn, xoropic na:inann cc6n nannonann-
craxn.
13
Mi, ccrccrncnno, nc xoinn no((anaricn n nc no((annci
raxon ynonxc qamn:xa, no¬roxy ncno n ucrxo cxa:ann na-
po(y: xi nc (on»ni (ari cc6n o6xanyri «ocno6o»(cnncx»
n nponaian(on ¬roio :axnarunxa, ni(ammcio cc6n :a «ocno-
6o(nrcnn»('), a na (cnc nopa6ornnmcio ncm An6annm. Mi nn-
xoi(a nc (on»ni »(ari, uro6i namn (cna, xancnixnc nnn
6onimnc, pa:pcmnn :ncnmnn npai cno6o(i n nc:anncnxocrn
napo(on ÷ nann-qamn:x, nnxoi(a nc (on»ni »(ari xn-
nocrcn or qamn:xa, xoropin non:nn n namc rcno xoirn caxo-
io ucpnoio pa6crna, or roio, xro y6nnacr n pc»cr nyumnx
cinon n (oucpcn napo(a, or ron uyxi, xoropan nocrannna
cc6c ncnim ynnuro»nri ucnoncuccrno. Hcnpnxnpnxan 6opi-
6a c nnx noncm(y n ncnpcpinno ÷ raxona nama ncorno»-
nan :a(aua.
Bcc ¬rn n (pyinc nx no(o6nic nonpoci xi o6cy»(ann
n rc ncrnnc (nn 1941 io(a, xoi(a npnnnnn pcmcnnc ncrynnri
n nnrcpnannonanncrnuccxnc cnn:n c Koxxynncrnuccxon nap-
rncn Kiocnannn. Mi 6inn yncpcni, uro ¬rnx nnocnnn cnon
nxna( n (cno ncnnxon 6opi6i c qamn:xox, nponc(cnnn, na-
pn(y c ocno6o(nrcninon 6opi6on, n connaninon pcnonmnnn,
ron pcnonmnnn, xoropan (on»na 6ina ncc pcmnri.
Tax (yxann xi, c namcn croponi, n rax pcmnnn nocry-
nnri, concpmnn, rcx caxix, axr, no(o6ammnn nacronmnx
n :pcnix xoxxynncrax, xoxxynncrax c ncnix yxox n unc-
rix ccp(ncx.
Bncpc(n nac »(ann npaxrnxa, »n:ni, 6opi6a. ¹ro »c
onn noxa»yr"
Hpan(a, nauano namnx cnn:cn c Koxxynncrnuccxon nap-
rncn Kiocnannn 6ino pa(ocrnix n o6cmammnx. Kax n
no(po6ncc paccxa»y o6 ¬rox nn»c, ¬ro ornocnrcn xo nccxy
roxy ncpno(y, xoi(a cpc(n nac naxo(nncn xoxxynncr-nn-
rcpnannonanncr Mnna(nn Hononnu, oco6cnno x ncpno(y, xoi(a
nocnanni Tnro cmc nc nauann npnc:»ari n An6annm. Ho,
naunnan c xapra 1943 io(a, xoi(a ncpnin nocnancn Tnro,
Ina»o Honanonnu, nicrynnn c ncpnon ncncnon n anrnxapx-
14
cncrcxon npcrcn:ncn n a(pcc namcn naprnn, n n nocnc(ymmcx,
n rcucnnc 5-6 ncr xi mai :a maiox (on»ni 6inn ncrynari
n xonqnnxr c nm(ixn Tnro, (on»ni 6inn cranxnnaricn c
nnxn, ncrynari no n:anxnic npornnopcunn. Orn 5-6 ncr 6i-
nn ncpno(ox n:anxnoio o:naxoxncnnn, xoropoc npoxo(nno
ucpc: o»ccroucnnym, oucni rpy(nym n cno»nym 6opi6y,
ucpc: 6opi6y, nonnym nonymcx n :aionopon, cocranncnnix
miocnancxnx pyxono(crnox c ncnim cnoxnri n npcnparnri nac
n cnonx nocnymnix naxccn.
Bcc (oxyxcnrnponannic qaxri (oxa:inamr, uro pyxo-
no(nrcnn KHK c Tnro no inanc :aximnnnn no(unnnri cc6c
Koxxynncrnuccxym naprnm An6annn, nocrannri cc no( cnon
ncnocpc(crncnnin xonrponi, n pc:ynirarc ucio nama Hanno-
nanino-ocno6o(nrcninan 6opi6a crana 6i xnocrox nx 6opi6i.
Onn :aximnnnn n nnannponann nc:(c nxcri nocnc ocno6o»(c-
nnn An6annn cnonx nm(cn n o6pamaricn c An6anncn rax,
xax nx :a6naiopaccy(nrcn no nccx ornomcnnnx ÷ nonnrn-
uccxox, ¬xonoxnuccxox, nocnnox, opiann:annonnox, xax n n
xc»(ynapo(nox nnanc. Bcn ¬ra (cnrcninocri, ccrccrncnno,
npnxpinanaci nyanim o6mnx ncncn Hannonanino-ocno6o(n-
rcninon 6opi6i npornn :axnarunxon, xoropan ncnaci no( py-
xono(crnox (nyx xoxxynncrnuccxnx naprnn, ncpa:pinno cnn-
:annix c Concrcxnx Com:ox, c Ionimcnncrcxon naprncn n
co Crannnix,
Kiocnani 6inn oucni nicoxoxcpnixn, onn xnoio xnn-
nn o cc6c, 6inn oucni nicoxoio xncnnn o cnocn 6opi6c n
yxannnn namy ocno6o(nrcninym 6opi6y, npnucx (o raxon
crcncnn, uro cunrann, uro 6c: nnx n An6annn nc 6ino 6i nn
xoxxynncrnuccxon naprnn, nn nannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninon
6opi6i. Bcnc(crnnc ¬roio nicoxoxcpnn miocnancxoc pyxono(-
crno npnnn»ano namy ocno6o(nrcninym 6opi6y n nc cunrano
ny»nix nnqopxnponaricn n pcanino :nari namn o6¡cxrnn-
nic ycnonnn, connaninoc n ¬xonoxnuccxoc nono»cnnc, xnac-
conym 6opi6y, onopy :axnarunxa, cnannoc pcnonmnnonnoc
npomnoc an6ancxoio napo(a. Ono n:6ciano raxoio anann:a
cmc n n cnny n:ncunix anrnan6ancxnx nacrpocnnn n ncncn
15
ccp6on n nancnannncxoio ¬xcnancnonn:xa noo6mc. Taxym »c
no:nnnm :annxano n n ornomcnnn an6anncn Koconi miocna-
ncxoc pyxono(crno, xoropoc nc ronixo nc noxoiano nx npn-
nnxari na(nc»amcc yuacrnc n 6opi6c c :axnarunxaxn n ca6o-
rnponano nx 6opi6y, no n ncci(a rcppopn:nponano, y6nnano
n ncrn:ano nx.
Bcc nm(n, xoropix Tnro n pyxono(crno Koxxynncrnuc-
cxon naprnn Kiocnannn npncinann x nax nxo6i na noxomi
n (nn ncpc(aun onira, npnxo(nnn c :apancc no(ioronncnni-
xn nnanaxn, c «(npcxrnnaxn», xoropic onn crpcxnnnci na-
nn:ari nax, a xi (on»ni 6inn ninonnnri, npnxo(nnn xax
«xacrcpa» pcnonmnnn n nannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninon 6opi6i
x cnonx «no(pyunix». Hx na(xcnnocri n nicoxoxcpnc nc
:nann ipannn, naunnan c Ina»o Honanonnua, Byxxanonnua
Tcxno, µymana Myioma, Bcnnxnpa Cronnnua, Hnn: µn:(apc-
nnua n nnnori (o rcx, xoio onn npncnann x nax nocnc ocno-
6o»(cnnn crpani ÷ Hocnna Icpin, Cano 3narnua, Ccpicn
Kpanicpa, icncpana Kynpcmannna n (pyinx.
Ho xnoinx npnnnnnnaninix nonpocax xi oxa:annci
n npornnopcunnx co nccxn ¬rnxn nm(ixn n crann cnopnri
c ncpnix »c xonraxron c nnxn. C namcn croponi, xoncuno,
¬ro nponcxo(nno no (cnonix nonpocax n n ronapnmccxox
(yxc, rax xax xi naxo(nnn ncnpannninixn n ncno(xo(nmnxn
(nn namcn crpani xnoinc nx xicnn n coo6pa»cnnn, xax, na-
npnxcp, ornocnrcnino nono»cnnn n apxnn, naprnnnoio crpon-
rcnicrna, nonnrnxn naprnn n ornomcnnn Hannonanino-oc-
no6o(nrcninoio 0ponra n r.(. Onn »c ncnann(cnn nac n, xax
noxa:ana nx (cnrcninocri, no(icxnnann y nac nan6oncc no(-
xo(nmnx (nn cc6n nm(cn, xoiymnx co(cncrnonari ocymc-
crnncnnm nx naxcpcnnn. Hrax, miocnancxoc pyxono(crno,
uro6i pacuncrnri cc6c nyri, pcmnno y6pari n: cocrana na-
mcio pyxono(crna ncnxoio, xro nc coinamancn c cio nnanaxn,
n (anno ncno pa6ory n ¬rox nanpanncnnn.
Oco6cnno nocnc II Hncnyxa HK KHA, cocronnmciocn n
Icparc n non6pc 1944 io(a, n :a ncci ncpno( co (nn ocno6o»-
(cnnn, nx anrnxapxcncrcxnc n anrnan6ancxnc nina:xn n no-
16
non:noncnnn crann cmc 6oncc orxpirixn, cmc 6oncc
npocrnixn.
Tcx, xro nc ncpc»nn oco6cnno ncpno( (o 1948 io(a, rpy(no
nonnri n rouno npc(crannri cc6c oucni cno»nym 6opi6y, xoro-
pym nax npnxo(nnoci nccrn c rnronnaxn n rc io(i. Hax npnxo-
(nnoci pacxpinari n cxpirnym 6opi6y, xoropym ncnn npornn
nac rc, xro npnxn(inancn n n:o6pa»an cc6n (pyiox, pacxpi-
nari nc ronixo no(nnnnix n npix npaion namcn naprnn n
namcio napo(a, no n :axnnrix npaion xapxcn:xa-ncnnnn:xa,
rcopnn n npaxrnxn pcnonmnnn.
Mi ronixo uro ncrynnnn na nonin nyri, na nyri no-
crpocnnn connanncrnuccxoio o6mccrna n, ccrccrncnno, y nac
nc 6ino onira n ¬rox (cnc. Mo»no 6ino oucni ncixo n
ncnonino omn6aricn n:-:a ncyxcnnn, n «(py:in», xnaranci
:a ¬ro, napouno, yximncnno npc(naian nax cnom «noxomi»,
cnon «onir», ncnuccxn nirannci c6nri nac c ronxy, ynccrn
na nopounic n poxonic nyrn. Hax npnxo(nnoci c rpy(ox,
6opi6on, ncnon nnmcnnn cnpannnricn, xax n cnpannnnci, c
¬rnx :nox.
Oro 6ino namc ncpnoc cronxnoncnnc c conpcxcnnix pc-
nn:nonn:xox. Ho n n ¬rox (cnc y nac nc 6ino onira. £mc
6oncc ocno»nnn 6opi6y ror qaxr, uro npain ¬rn 6inn, rax
cxa:ari, «y nac (oxa». Onn rn»xo n:xcnnnn oxa:annoxy
naxn (oncpnm, namcn xoxxynncrnuccxon uccrnocrn, namcn
nponcrapcxon ncxpcnnocrn x nnx. Hrax, rnroncxan nayrnna
onyrinana n namn pn(i n:nyrpn. To, ucio Tnro n cio nm(n
nc xoinn (cnari «n:nnc», (cnann nx aicnri, (anno no(ioro-
nncnnic µymanox Myioma, Byxxanonnucx Tcxno n Bcnn-
xnpox Cronnnucx n no(nnric n araxy nnyrpn namcio
ncpxonnoio pyxono(crna, nnyrpn namcio Honnr6mpo. Cnc(ona-
rcnino, nax na(o 6ino ncxpiri, rouno onpc(cnnri n pa:ipo-
xnri rnroncxnn :aionop n ycnonnnx nc ronixo orcyrcrnnn
c(nncrna n pyxono(crnc, no n o»ccroucnnon 6opi6i, xoropan
n:nnc n n:nyrpn ncnaci npornn :(oponoio rcna namcn nap-
rnn. Ho xi npnnnnn n ¬ror 6on, n: xoropoio nimnn no6c-
(nrcnnxn.
17
K ncnnxoxy cuacrim naprnn, Po(nni n connann:xa n An-
6annn, rnroncxnn :aionop 6in pa:o6naucn n pa:ipoxncn
nxcnno n ro npcxn, xoi(a xa:anoci, 6y(ro :aionopmnxn y»c
ncc npn6pann x cnonx pyxax. Mi 6inn na no»ax c Koxxy-
nncrnuccxon naprncn n 0c(cparnnnon Hapo(non Pccny6nn-
xon Kiocnanncn. Hncixa Crannna, nanpanncnnic KH Kio-
cnannn, nponnnn cncr na anrnxapxcncrcxym n pcnn:nonncr-
cxym nnnnm n (cnrcninocri rnroncxon xnnxn. µnn nac crann
y»c concpmcnno ncnixn xnoinc (cnnnn, concpmcnnic npornn
namcn naprnn n namcn crpani Tnro c xoxnanncn. Myxn,
ycnnnn, ncy(aun n ycncxn ¬ron 6opi6i (on»ni 6inn crari,
xax n crann, ncnnxon mxonon n(cnnon n nonnrnuccxon :a-
xanxn namnx xoxxynncron n nccio namcio napo(a, oipoxnix
onirox, xoropin (on»cn 6in noxoui nax, xax n noxoi na
(cnc, n nonix, nann:annix nax n nocnc(ymmcx nnnori (o
namnx (ncn 6nrnax, n xo(c xoropix xi ni6nnn n: pyx
y miocnancxon aicnrypi n nocnc(nnn xo:ipi, xoropin ona
xpannna na cnyuan nyumnx nnn xy(mnx (nn ncc (ncn.
O rox, xax nama naprnn ncna ¬ry cno»nym n o»ccro-
ucnnym 6opi6y :a n:o6nnucnnc n pa:ipox rnroncxoio pc-
nn:nonn:xa, ionopnr ncnan ncropnn. Bo xnoinx (oxyxcnrax
n ocnonnix xarcpnanax namcn naprnn, xacammnxcn roio npc-
xcnn n nccio nocnc(ymmcio ncpno(a, npoanann:nponan n
o6o6mcn ncci ¬ror (nancxrnuccxnn nponccc ÷ naunnan c ncp-
nix cnn:cn n nnnori (o xoxcnra oxonuarcninoio pa:pina
naxn ncnxnx cnn:cn n ornomcnnn c Koxxynncrnuccxon nap-
rncn Kiocnannn. 2 nnuno, ncnocpc(crncnno yuacrnonanmnn
n ¬ron 6opi6c c ncpnix »c cc xoxcnron, uacro nnoni n nnoni
o6pamancn x ¬roxy ncpno(y. Ypoxn, n:nncucnnic naxn n:
roio ncpno(a cronxnoncnnn n npnnnnnnaninon 6opi6i n n(c-
onoinuccxox, nonnrnuccxox, ¬xonoxnuccxox, opiann:annon-
nox n (a»c nocnnox nnanax, ocramrcn ncci(a axryaninixn
n nonnoncnnixn. Hpomnoc ncci(a cny»nr nincmncxy n 6y-
(ymcxy. Bor noucxy xi no:npamacxcn x roxy 6-7-ncrncxy
ncpno(y, xoi(a «:a ni(ammnxcn pyxono(nrcncx Tnro» xi
o6napy»nnn :axncnxcnnoio pcnciara Tnro, xoi(a :a «nnrcp-
18
nannonann:xox» cio caxoio n cio nm(cn xi o6napy»nnn na-
nnonann:x n monnnn:x, xoi(a :a nx «(py»6on» xi o6napy-
»nnn oxoni nonoio pa6crna, xoi(a :a nx «xoxxynn:xox»
xi o6napy»nnn pcnn:nm xapxcn:xa-ncnnnn:xa n rcopnn n
na npaxrnxc.
Y»c (anno nauarym npornn miocnancxnx pcnn:nonncron
6opi6y, nocnc ¬roio xi (animc pa:ncpnynn n ncyxnonno pa:-
nnnann, n nc 6inn omcnoxncni n nc orcrynnnn nn n 5O-c io-
(i, xoi(a Xpymcn c xoxnanncn ncrann na nyri n:xcni n no6-
:annn c Tnro, nn n 7O-c io(i, xoi(a Mao H:¬(yn ncran na
xoncnn ncpc( crapix pcnciarox n Icnipa(c. Mi nc orcrynn-
nn n nc 6inn omcnoxncni n n 1981 io(y, xoi(a, nocnc xocon-
cxnx co6irnn, ni:nannix »ccroxnx ncnnxoccp6cxnx monn-
nncrnuccxnx incrox, npccxnnxn Tnro, uro6i cnpannricn c
¬rnx nono»cnncx nnyrpn crpani n onpan(ari cc6n n ina:ax
xnponon o6mccrncnnocrn, cocrpnnann caxin uy(onnmnin :a-
ionop c ncnim ni:nari 6po»cnnn n An6annn n nn:ncpinyri
:(oponoc pyxono(crno namcn naprnn, rouno rax, xax ¬ro rn-
ronni xorcnn c(cnari cmc n Icparc naxanync ocno6o»(cnnn
crpani n non6pc 1944 io(a.
Ha nporn»cnnn nourn 4O ncr miocnancxnc pcnn:nonncri
npocunrinannci n nponannnannci n cnonx orxpirix nnanax n
:aionopax npornn An6annn, no onn cmc nc 6cpyrcn :a yx n nc
xoiyr y6c(nricn n rox, uro rncp(inm Haprnn Tpy(a n
connanncrnuccxon An6annn ncni:n n:nri nn n:nnc noncxaxn,
ncnxoio po(a nponoxannnxn n (anncnncx, nn n:nyrpn, xaxo-
io 6i noncra nn 6inn nx aicnri, xoropix onn ioronnnn n
(cp»ann n pc:cpnc na nporn»cnnn 6oncc 4O ncr nnn »c no-
:anxcrnonann y HPY, KII, Hnrcnnn(»cnc ccpnnca n (pyinx
pa:nc(ox.
Hama naprnn ncna n ncci(a nocnc(onarcnino 6y(cr nccrn
n(conoinuccxym 6opi6y c miocnancxnxn pcnn:nonncraxn, n6o
cn npcxpacno n:nccrno nx nyrpo anrnxapxcncron, monnnn-
cron n :axopcncnon aicnrypi nxncpnann:xa. Bcn ncropnn or-
nomcnnn xc»(y namcn naprncn n miocnancxnx pyxono(crnox
6ina n ocracrcn ncropncn ncnpcpinnix :aionopon rnroncxon
19
xnnxn, nanpanncnnix na no(unncnnc namcn naprnn, nnxnn-
(annm nc:anncnxocrn namcn crpani, ncropncn icponuccxoio
conpornnncnnn An6ancxon naprnn Tpy(a n namcio napo(a
xonapnix nnanax ¬ron xnnxn, cc 6ccxoncunix yipo:ax n
manra»y.
Hxcnno ¬ron ncropnn, oco6cnno ncpnoxy cc ncpno(y n no-
cnnmcni ¬rn xon :anncxn.
Hmat !9S2.
2O
I
OT UEFH1X KOHTAKTOH K UEFH1M
UO±O3FEHWHM W TFEHWHM
Ucpnoc nncumo Tn1o, nncumo «:ano:uanmx conc-
1on» * Upanua o 1n1onckoü npc1cn:nn na 1o, 6yu1o
KUA «ocnonana KUK» * Cnc1o:ap Hykmanonnu Tcm-
no n An6annn: «V mcnn n rononc nucn, nknmuamman
Krocnannm, An6annm, Bonrapnm n 1pcnnm». Æc-
c1okan ccopa c Tcmno nc1om 1943 roua. Koun
±:ou:c ÷ ncpnmü «pckpy1» Tcmno * Tn1o nm1ac1cn
coxpann1u nnaucnnn c1apoü Krocnannn. Wc1pnn-
cknü nonpoc n koconcknü nonpoc * Bynnckan kon-
qcpcnnnn, coc1onnmancn n ucka6pc 1943 roua *
±yman Myroma o6xoun1 mcc1a n naunnac1 ncp6o-
na1u nmucü na cnyn6c mrocnanam.
Hcpnoc npcxn namn cnn:n c miocnancxnxn xoxxynncra-
xn 6inn o6cmammnxn. Occnim 1941 io(a cpc(n nac oxa-
:ancn ucpnoiopcxnn xoxxynncr-nnrcpnannonanncr Mnna(nn
Hononnu.
On 6in n:6pan ccxpcrapcx nnoni co:(annoio Kocon-
cxoio xpanxoxa KHK n ncrox 1941 io(a, nocnc concpmcn-
non n Mnrponnnc oncpannn, 6in apccronan qamncraxn n
nanpanncn n An6annm n naicpi (nn ccininix. Oro 6ino npc-
xn, xoi(a xi, npc(crannrcnn rpcx ocnonnix xoxxynncrn-
uccxnx ipynn An6annn (Kopunncxon, Uxo(pnncxon n «Mo-
21
no(ix») n npnnnnnc y»c (ocrninn coinacnn o co:(annn KH
An6annn, n o(non n: ncpnix conxccrnix oncpannn, npc(-
npnnnrix roi(a c ncnim ynpoucnnn cnn:cn xc»(y ipynna-
xn, 6ina oncpannn no ocno6o»(cnnm Mnna(nna Hononnua
1
or xoircn qamn:xa. Ora oncpannn, xax n no(po6no nncan n
nocnoxnnannnx «Koi(a po(nnaci naprnn», ycncmno concp-
mnnaci, n c ncpnix »c xoxcnron namcio :naxoxcrna c Mn-
na(nnox xi nn(cnn n ncx nacronmcio xoxxynncra c »nnix,
6ocnix (yxox, ncpnoio (pyia namcn naprnn n namcio napo(a,
ioronoio or(ari (a»c cnom »n:ni :a npo(nn»cnnc nncpc(
namcio (cna. Y Mnna(nna Hononnua nc 6ino onira, nco6-
xo(nxoio (nn pyxono(nrcnn nicoxoio yponnn, no y ncio nc
orcyrcrnonann nn ynopcrno yunricn, nn ioronnocri nicxa:i-
nari cnom xicni o6(yxanno n :pcno, 6c: xancnmcio nponnnc-
nnn xannn ncnnunn, nxcmarcnicrna nnn (nxrara no ornomc-
nnm x nax. £crccrncnno, no(xcuan ¬rn n (pyinc raxoio
po(a xauccrna Mnna(nna, xi nponnxannci yna»cnncx x
ncxy, a no xcpc ¬roio, pa:yxccrcn, n x Koxxynncrnuccxon
naprnn Kiocnannn. Hpan(a, (o xonna 1942 io(a xi nc :nann
n nc nn(cnn nn o(noio n: pyxono(nrcncn KHK n nc no(-
(cp»nnann nnxaxnx npnxix nnn xocncnnix cnn:cn c nnxn,
no, xax y»c cxa:an, nocnc :naxoxcrna c Mnna(nnox xi no-
pom ionopnnn (pyi-(pyiy: (on»no 6iri, y ¬ron naprnn no(-
xonannic n onirnic xa(pi, pa: n cc pn(ax pa6oran raxon
xoxxynncr, xax Mnna(nn Hononnu.
_____________________________________
1 Y:nan o rox, uro Mnna(nn Hononnu naxo(nncn n naicpc (nn
ccininix n An6annn, no npc(no»cnnm caxoio ronapnma Onncpa Xo(»a
an6ancxnc xoxxynncri pcmnnn ocno6o(nri cio. «Ocno6o(nri n: naicpn
(nn ccininix xoxxynncra n pa6ornnxa (pyion xoxxynncrnuccxon
naprnn, ÷ cxa:an n ronapnmax», ÷ nnmcr ronapnm Onncp Xo(»a, ÷
«¬ro nnrcpnannonaninin (oni, xoropix xi nc xo»cx n nc (on»ni
npcnc6pciari». Hocnc cio ocno6o»(cnnn, ronapnm Onncp Xo(»a nnmcr
(ancc: «Mnna(nn 6in pa( roxy, uro naxo(nncn cpc(n an6ancxnx ro-
napnmcn-xoxxynncron. .. On nipa:nn cnom nm6oni x 6parcxoxy an6an-
cxoxy napo(y n nocxnmcnnc nx. . . Iin on ucpnoiopncx, no x (o6po-
(crcnnx an6ancxoio napo(a on ornocnncn xax xoxxynncr n nicoxo nc-
nnn nx». (Onncp Xo(»a, «Koi(a po(nnaci naprnn (Bocnoxnnannn)».
Bropoc an6. n:(., crp. 118, 124, Tnpana, 1982).
22
1 Y:nan o rox, uro Mnna(nn Hononnu naxo(nncn n naicpc (nn
ccininix n An6annn, no npc(no»cnnm caxoio ronapnma Onncpa Xo(»a
an6ancxnc xoxxynncri pcmnnn ocno6o(nri cio. «Ocno6o(nri n: naicpn
(nn ccininix xoxxynncra n pa6ornnxa (pyion xoxxynncrnuccxon
naprnn, ÷ cxa:an n ronapnmax», ÷ nnmcr ronapnm Onncp Xo(»a, ÷
«¬ro nnrcpnannonaninin (oni, xoropix xi nc xo»cx n nc (on»ni
npcnc6pciari». Hocnc cio ocno6o»(cnnn, ronapnm Onncp Xo(»a nnmcr
(ancc: «Mnna(nn 6in pa( roxy, uro naxo(nncn cpc(n an6ancxnx ro-
napnmcn-xoxxynncron. .. On nipa:nn cnom nm6oni x 6parcxoxy an6an-
cxoxy napo(y n nocxnmcnnc nx. . . Iin on ucpnoiopncx, no x (o6po-
(crcnnx an6ancxoio napo(a on ornocnncn xax xoxxynncr n nicoxo nc-
nnn nx». (Onncp Xo(»a, «Koi(a po(nnaci naprnn (Bocnoxnnannn)».
Bropoc an6. n:(., crp. 118, 124, Tnpana, 1982).
22
B ¬ror »c ncpno( y nac naxo(nncn n µyman Myioma,
xoropoio xi y»c ncxnoio :nann, n ncpnic nncuarncnnn or
ncio 6inn xopomnc. Cnopy ncr, µyman nc mcn nn n xaxoc
cpanncnnc c Mnna(nnox nn no oniry, nn no :pcnocrn n cno-
co6nocrnx, n rcx 6oncc, no opiann:aropcxnx n pyxono(nmnx
cnoco6nocrnx. Ho ¬roio cxy nnxro nc nxcnnn n nnny. Ka-
:ancn ucnoncxox pcmnrcninix, axrnnnix n nm6nn 6inari
na xccrax, n o6nacrnx. Kax ronixo on y:nanan, uro xro-nn6o
n: nac, uncnon Bpcxcnnoio Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra, co6n-
pancn n o6nacri, µyman ryr »c npocnn ornpannricn c nnx,
uro6i «o:naxoxnricn c xccraxn n nayunricn pa:ionopnon
pcun», xax on nax ionopnn. B ¬rnx cio «nncucnnnx» xi nc
nn(cnn nnucio nnoxoio, nao6opor, c y(ononicrnncx ncnonnnnn
cio »cnannn. Tonapnmn nnoi(a (oxna(inann nax, uro y ncio
6ina xannn aqnmnponari cc6n, ionopnri xcrarn n ncxcrarn
(a»c roi(a, xoi(a cxy cnc(onano 6i n nc :anxnyricn; no
Bncpc on ncpcnyran nannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninic concri y
nac c concraxn
1
n Concrcxox Com:c, no ¬ro n nc ni:inano
y nac no(o:pcnnn. «Cxonixo yxccr, cronixo n (cnacr», (yxann
xi no( xopomnx nncuarncnncx o ncx, n ocropo»no crapannci
ncnpannri ro, uro on noprnn nax cnocn nocncmnocrim, orua-
nnnocrim n ccxranrcrnox. Ho, xax n y»c ionopnn, on conccx
xano npcxcnn npono(nn cpc(n nac, rax uro xi 6onimc nccio
onacannci roio, xax 6i on no ncocropo»nocrn nc nonan no
npa»ccxnc pyxn, n nax n n ionony nc npnxo(nno (yxari o
rox, nc cxpinacrcn nn uro-nn6y(i :a cio no(uac crpannixn
nocrynxaxn. Cnonox, (o xonna 1942 io(a xi 6inn caxoio
xopomcio xncnnn xax o naxo(nnmnxcn cpc(n nac (nyx rona-
pnmax miocnanax, oco6cnno o Mnna(nnc, rax n o KH Kio-
cnannn.
________________________________________
1 B ro npcxn, xoi(a pcaxnnn o6nnnnna Hannonanino-ocno6o(n-
rcninoc (nn»cnnc n rox, uro ono 6ino no(xynncno «xpacnixn», µyman
Myioma, xoropoio c nocropiox no((cp»nnan Mcxxcr Ucxy, ni(nnnyn
n(cm o rox, uro nannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninic concri na(o na:inari
«concraxn», xax n Concrcxox Com:c. HK KHA orncpi cc n (an yxa:annc
nn n xocx cnyuac nc ynorpc6nnri ¬ror rcpxnn, xoropin co(cncrnonan
6i nponaian(c npaia.
23
Hxcnno x ¬roxy npcxcnn x nax npnmna nccri o rox, uro
n An6annm npn6in n cxopo 6y(cr y nac nocnancn HK Kox-
xynncrnuccxon naprnn Kiocnannn. Mi nc :nann cio no nxcnn,
nax ronixo cxa:ann, uro ¬ro 6in xa(ponin pa6ornnx, npnc:-
»anmnn npnxo n: Inannoio Ura6a miocnancxoio pyxono(crna
c na»nixn (nn namcn naprnn cnc(cnnnxn. Mi nopa(onannci
¬roxy coo6mcnnm noroxy uro, xax n nn»c cxa»y, xi y»c
7-8 xccnncn »(ann, ccnn nc ucpc: nocnanna, rax no xpanncn
xcpc nm6ix (pyinx no:xo»nix nyrcx, orncra na npoci6y,
xoropym xi ucpc: miocnancxoc pyxono(crno nanpannnn Ko-
xnnrcpny o npn:nannn namcn xono(on Koxxynncrnuccxon
Haprnn. Mi npnnnnn ncc xcpi (nn roio, uro6i (pyi cxan
xax xo»no 6oncc 6c:onacno, n n nocnc(nnx uncnax (cxa6pn
1942 io(a nocnancn HK KHK 6naiononyuno (o6pancn (o
un6nnora (6nn: Oni6acana). Oro 6in Ina»o Honanonnu.
Hpn6irnc ¬roio nocnanna n An6annm o:naxcnonano co6on
n ncpnin oqnnnaninin xonraxr pyxono(crna namcn naprnn
n caxoio Mnna(nna Hononnua c pyxono(crnox Koxxynn-
crnuccxon naprnn Kiocnannn. K co»ancnnm, ¬ror ncpnin xon-
raxr :naxcnycr co6on n nauano rpcnnn n cronxnoncnnn xc»-
(y (nyxn namnxn naprnnxn.
Hrax, xoio n: cc6n npc(crannnn n uro nax npnncc ncp-
nin nocnancn Tnro, Ina»o Honanonnu"
Upanua o ncncnoü npc1cn:nn
Ha ncpnox Concmannn axrnna KHA, cocronnmcxcn n an-
pcnc 1942 io(a
1
, xi pcmnnn ocnc(oxnri Koxnnrcpn o co:(a-
nnn Koxxynncrnuccxon naprnn An6annn, o cc ncpnix ycncxax
n (cnc opiann:annn n cnnoucnnn cc pn(on, n yxpcnncnnn cc
»n:nn, xax n o cc 6ocnon npoipaxxc n o6mnx ucprax. Kpoxc
_________________________________
1 Cx. «Hcropnn An6ancxon naprnn Tpy(a», n:(. na pyc. n:.,
crp. 93-95, Tnpana, 1982.
24
roio, xi o6pamannci x pyxono(crny Koxnnrcpna c npoci6on
npnnnri KHA n Koxxynncrnuccxnn Hnrcpnannonan n coo6-
mann cxy o namcx naxcpcnnn co:nari n 6nn»anmcc npcxn
Hcpnym nannonaninym xonqcpcnnnm KHA. Mi :axnmunnn,
uro nannyumnx nyrcx (nn coo6mcnnn Koxnnrcpny ¬rnx pcmc-
nnn n npc(no»cnnn 6ino pyxono(crno KH Kiocnannn, n xi
nopyunnn ronapnmax Bacnnm Uanro
1
n µymany Myioma (o-
crannri nx ry(a, i(c naxo(nnoci miocnancxoc pyxono(crno.
Mi rax»c nipa:nnn »cnannc o rox, uro6i HK KHK, ccnn
on courcr ¬ro no:xo»nix, nocnan x nax cnocio npc(crannrcnn
npncyrcrnonari n xauccrnc npninamcnnoio na Hcpnon na-
nnonaninon xonqcpcnnnn namcn naprnn.
µyman Myioma cran no(npiinnari or pa(ocrn, y:nan o
xnccnn, xoropym xi no:naiann na ncio. 2 no(yxan, uro on
6onimc nccio pa(onancn npc(crannnmcxycn cxy cnyuam ncrpc-
rnricn c inannixn pyxono(nrcnnxn naprnn n noxnacraricn
ncpc( nnxn nccixa rpy(nix n onacnix nyrcmccrnncx, xax n
nicoxon xnccncn, xoropym xi cxy nopyunnn. ¹ro »c xacacrcn
Bacnnn Uanro, ¬roio ncroio xacrcpa ycncmnix xoncnnparnn-
nix (cncrnnn, ro on, no o6ixnoncnnm, concpmcnno cnoxonno
n ccpic:no ncrpcrnn :a(annc n cran yxna(inaricn.
Hrax, xi ornpannnn ronapnmcn n Kiocnannm n xac roio
»c io(a, a n nmnc, x namcxy y(nnncnnm, Bacnni Uanro ncp-
nyncn.
÷ Hy" ÷ cnpocnn n cio. ÷ Hcy»cnn ni rax 6icrpo
ninonnnnn :a(annc"
÷ Tonixo nauano' ÷ orncrnn on cnoxonno. ÷ Mnc oc-
ranoci co6nm(ari o6iuan namnx iop, n 6onimc nnucio. 2
(ocrannn µyua
2
»nnix n :(oponix (o ¹cpnoiopnn, i(c xi
ycranonnnn cnn:i c miocnancxnx naprn:ancxnx orpn(ox, no-
___________________________________
1 O(nn n: 6inmnx pyxono(nrcncn xoxxynncrnuccxnx ipynn-yuacr-
nnn Concmannn no ocnonannm KHA. Ha Hcpnon nannonaninon nap-
rnnnon xonqcpcnnnn 6in n:6pan xan(n(arox n uncni HK KHA. Hoin6
n cxnarxc c npaiox n qcnpanc 1944 io(a nc(ancxo or Uxo(pi. Hapo(-
nin Icpon.
2 Hccn(onnx µymana Myioma.
25
cnc ucio on cxa:an xnc: «Bcpnnci o6parno' Mnccnm n cax
ncnonnm'».
Xorn on 6in ucnoncxox c(cp»annix, ncnnxo(ymnix n
orxponcnnix, n cio orncrc n no(xcrnn (onm nc(ononicrna.
÷ Xopomo, uro ri ncpnyncn, ÷ cxa:an n, n xnonnyn cio
no nncuy. ÷ Hax ryr pa6ori xori or6annnn'
÷ Coinaccn, ronapnm Tapac,
1
÷ cxa:an on, ÷ ronixo
n (yxam, uro, ornpannnn xcnn, nam Hcnrpaninin Koxnrcr
nxcn n nn(y, uro cio na»nic npc(no»cnnn (on»cn 6in (ocra-
nnri no na:naucnnm an6ancxnn xoxxynncr . . .
2 uyncrnonan, uro Bacnni 6in npan, n ncc-raxn n no-
crynxc µymana nc nn(cn xaxoio-nn6o rn»xoio napymcnnn. 2
(yxan, uro »cnannc xnunricn, 6pari na cc6n «rn»cnic» n
«oco6ic» :a(annn (n xonnc xonnon, n (annox cnyuac on 6in
npocro-nanpocro nocininix) n o6pamari ronixo na cc6n nnn-
xannc rcx, xoropix on (on»cn 6in ncrpcrnri n r.(., ÷ ncc ¬ro
no6y(nno cio cxa:ari Bacnnm Uanro «ncpnnci'». Ho:(ncc
n y6c(nncn, uro :a ¬rnx, xax n :a cio crpannixn noc:(xaxn
«no xccrax», :a cio (onion, (nnnmcncn 5-6 xccnncn, «npona-
»cn» nocnc npn6irnn n mra6 Tnro, cxpinannci rcxnic ncnn
n (cncrnnn, xopomo o6(yxannic n :annannponannic nx ca-
xnx n rcxn, xro cio nocnan x nax c xnccncn. unmi no:(ncc
xi nonnnn n xax cnc(ycr oncnnnn ncc ¬ro. Bc(i roi(a 6ino
ronixo nauano, npcxn, xoi(a nax cmc nc npc(crannncn cnyuan
ncrynnri n ncnocpc(crncnnic cnn:n n xonraxri c pyxono(crnox
KH Kiocnannn.
H nor nocnc cronixnx xccnncn o»n(annn ncpnin nocna-
ncn miocnancxoio pyxono(crna npn6in, n, no npan(c ionopn,
npnncc nax noncrnnc na»nic n pa(ocrnic nccrn: npn:na-
nnc namcn naprnn Koxnnrcpnox n (npcxrnni Hcnonnnrcni-
noio Koxnrcra Hnrcpnannonana o namcn Hannonanino-oc-
no6o(nrcninon 6opi6c. Ina»o Honanonnu npnncc rax»c nnci-
xo or Tnro HK namcn naprnn, cnn(crcnicrno o rox, uro on
6in npc(crannrcncx HK KHK na Hcpnon nannonaninon xon-
_______________________________
1 O(nn n: nccn(onnxon ronapnma Onncpa Xo(»a n io(i Hanno-
nanino-ocno6o(nrcninon 6opi6i
26
qcpcnnnn KHA, n cmc, ccnn n nc omn6amci, o(ny nnn (nc 6po-
mmpxn on npnnc: c co6on, n, ccrccrncnno, n µymana Myioma.
Mi ncrpcrnnn iocrn co nccxn nouccrnxn, xaxnxn ronixo
xo»cr 6iri ncrpcucn ucnoncx n rpy(nix ycnonnnx no(nonin,
x roxy »c n 6c(non nauy»xc no( (y6onon xpimcn n Uxnnc
1
Oni6acana. Mi nxcnn c nnx (py»ccxym 6ccc(y, n xo(c xoro-
pon ocnc(oxnnn cio o nono»cnnn (cn y nac, a on nac ÷ o
nono»cnnn n cio naprnn, o 6opi6c n Kiocnannn n oco6cnno o
rpy(nox nono»cnnn n ¹cpnoiopnn.
Bocnoni:onanmnci cnyuacx, xi, xoncuno, or nccn (ymn
no6naio(apnnn cio :a ro, uro on npo(cnan croni xyunrcni-
nin n rpy(nin nyri, uro6i (o6paricn (o nac, uro6i ninon-
nnri ¬ror nnrcpnannonaninin (oni.
B pa:ionopc on nponnnnn ocxorpnrcninocri n 6naiopa:y-
xnc, n, :a ncxnmucnncx nc:naunrcninoio rpcnnn, nxcnmcio
xccro n ncpnic (nn, ncc c nnx mno nopxanino. Tpcnnc 6ino
nacucr roio, uro nncan n concronan Tnro n cnocx nncixc.
÷ Hncixo ronapnma Tnro, ÷ cxa:an nax Ina»o cny-
crn (na-rpn (nn nocnc cnocio npnc:(a, ÷ co(cp»nr na»nic n
nco6xo(nxic (nn nac opncnrannn n concri. 2 :nam cio co-
(cp»annc n xi xo»cx o ncx noionopnri.
÷ µa, ÷ :aionopnn n, ÷ xi npounrann nncixo n nnn-
xarcnino o:naxoxnnnci n c concraxn ronapnma Tnro, :a
xoropic xi cxy 6naio(apni. Bnpoucx, ronapnm Ina»o, ni
npo6y(crc y nac (o co:ina namcn naprnnnon xonqcpcnnnn,
rax uro ni co6crncnnonnuno n 6nn»c o:naxoxnrcci c nono-
»cnncx (cn y nac, n 6y(irc yncpcni, uro nnucio ncncnoio
y nac nc ocrancrcn.
÷ ua(no, na(no, ÷ nacrannan Ina»o, ÷ no nc(i pcui
n(cr o6 opncnrannnx n concrax ronapnma Tnro. Bi coinacni
c nnxn nnn ncr"' ÷ cnpocnn on raxnx ronox, cnonno ncpc(
nnx 6inn cio no(unncnnic' (On 6in xoxnccapox nnn xo-
xan(npox xaxoio-ro naprn:ancxoio coc(nncnnn n ¹cpnoiopnn.)
2 nnxax nc xorcn ncnoprnri (py»ccrncnnym arxocqcpy,
_____________________________
1 µcpcnnn n Oni6acancxox panonc.
27
no¬roxy yni6xon o6omcn (ypnon ¬qqcxr cio nonpoca n cno-
xonno cxa:an cxy:
÷ Hc ronixo rcncpi, xoi(a nama naprnn cmc xono(a,
no n n 6y(ymcx ona ncci(a nnnxarcnino n nournrcnino 6y(cr
npncnymnnaricn x xncnnm n ronapnmccxnx concrax (py-
:cn. Oro, 6cccnopno, ornocnrcn n x nncixy ronapnma Tnro,
O(naxo, ronapnm Ina»o, xi xopomo nonnxacx o6cronrcni-
crna n ycnonnn, n xoropix ¬ro nncixo nanncano. Kax nax
n:nccrno, ono nanncano n xonnc ccnrn6pn, (ocranncno naxn
x nax n (cxa6pc, a xacacrcn ono nonpocon, :annxanmnx namy
naprnm n ncpno( (o anpcnn 1942 io(a. Ono rax»c xacacrcn
rcx nonpocon, xoropic xi caxn paccxarpnnann na ncpnox Co-
ncmannn naprnnnoio axrnna, cocronnmcxcn n anpcnc xccnnc
n o xoropix xi ucpc: µymana ocnc(oxnnn n pyxono(crno
namcn naprnn.
÷ 3naunr, no-namcxy, ronapnm Tnro nccio nnmi nonro-
pnn ro, uro panimc 6ino cxa:ano naxn' ÷ pa:(pa»cnno npo-
n:ncc Ina»o.
÷ 2 nc ro cxa:an. B xarcpnanc, nanpanncnnox Koxnn-
rcpny, xi o6¡ncnnnn, xax y nac (cna. Tnro »c, ncxo(n n:
¬roio xarcpnana, (acr nax pn( concron. Mi 6naio(apnx cio
:a nnrcpcc n :a6ory.
÷ Tonixo n ¬rox :axnmuacrcn ncnnocri ¬roio nncixa" ÷
cnpocnn Ina»o rcx »c ronox.
÷ Honxnrc nac npannnino, no»anyncra, ÷ :axcrnn n.
÷ Tcncpi nnnapi 1943 io(a n, pa:yxccrcn, c anpcnn 1942 io(a
xi nc ronrannci na xccrc. Hanpornn, xi crapannci npannni-
no pa:pcmnri nc ronixo npo6ncxi roio ncpno(a, no n npo-
6ncxi, no:nnxmnc no:(ncc, n ccio(nn, cncpnn namy pa6ory
c (npcxrnnaxn Koxnnrcpna, xoropic ni ronixo uro npnnc-
cnn nax, nc xo»cx nc pa(onaricn roxy, uro xi nocrynann
(cncrnnrcnino rax, xax ny»no 6ino nocrynari.
B npo(on»cnnc namcn 6ccc(i n ocranonnncn xonxpcrno
na rox, uro nax nncan Tnro n cnocx nncixc, nponnqopxnpo-
nan cio o nono»cnnn (cn n, no npan(c ionopn, npocnyman
nac, Ina»o ncpcy6c(nncn. Ha ¬rox nonpoc ¬ror 6in ncucp-
nan n na nporn»cnnn ncnix ncr nc npnxo(nnoci 6onimc yno-
28
xnnari o «ncpnox nncixc» Tnro. Mo»cr, conccx n nc cronno
ynoxnnyri :(cci o6 ¬rox nncixc, no qaxr, uro nnocnc(crnnn
miocnancxan nponaian(a pcxnaxnponana cio xax «cnacnrcninoc
nocnannc», xax «ncnnin nxna( Tnro n (cno naprnn n Hanno-
nanino-ocno6o(nrcninon 6opi6i An6annn» n r.(. n r.n., :acra-
nnncr xcnn cmc pa: uyrouxy ocranonnricn na ¬rox rax na-
:inacxox ncnnox (oxyxcnrc.
Ha(o cxa:ari, uro nannyuman oncnxa, xoropym xo»no
(ari ncpnoxy nncixy
1
Tnro ÷ ¬ro na:nari cio «nncixox :a-
no:(anix concron». H nor noucxy: B (cxa6pc 1942 io(a (xo-
i(a xi nonyunnn nncixo) Tnro «concronan» namcn naprnn
ouncrnri cnon pn(i or nponc:mnx ry(a npnncp»cnncn ipyn-
nonmnni n qpaxnnonnocrn n cnccrn c nnxn cucri'
Kax n:nccrno, cmc xo npcxcnn Anpcnicxoio naprnnnoio
concmannn n oco6cnno no:(ncc, xo npcxcnn ¹pc:niuannon
naprnnnon xonqcpcnnnn, n nmnc 1942 io(a (xoi(a Tnro, no-
»anyn, conccx n nc :nan o rox, uro 6ina co:(ana KHA), xi
ycncmno cnpannnnci c ¬rnx (cnox.
Hocrapanrcci ycranonnri cnn:n c npc(crannrcnnxn pa:-
nnunix iopo(cxnx ipynn n rcucnnn n co:(ananrc coo6ma Ha-
nnonanino-ocno6o(nrcninin 0ponr' ÷ 6in (pyion concr
Tnro.
Ho xax n (cxa6pc 1942 io(a, xoi(a x nax npnmno nnci-
xo Tnro, rax n 22 ccnrn6pn 1942 io(a, xoi(a on npnnnncn
nncari cio, cio «concr» xoi ni:nari y nac ronixo yni6xy. uo-
:yni o6¡c(nncnnn napo(a xi ni(nnnynn cmc 7 anpcnn 1939
io(a, a napo( n xono(c»i npono(nnn (cxoncrpannn n nicry-
nncnnn nporccra; n non6pc 1941 io(a ncpnix oqnnnaninix
npn:inox nnoni co:(annon namcn naprnn 6in npn:in x
cnnoucnnm napo(a na Anrnqamncrcxym 6opi6y, a no:(ncc
cm 6inn (ani no(po6nic (npcxrnni no ¬roxy nonpocy n
(ocrninyri :naunrcninic ycncxn n ¬rox nanpanncnnn. Oro
___________________________________
1 Oro nncixo xpannrcn n HHA. B paxxax pa:ny:(annon anrnan6an-
cxon nponaian(i caxo miocnancxoc pyxono(crno ony6nnxonano ¬ro
nncixo, n uacrnocrn, n n rax na:inacxon «Icnon xnnic ÷ Kiocnan-
cxo-an6ancxnc ornomcnnn», µox. ^ 83, Icnipa(, 1961.
29
o6mcn:nccrnin ncropnuccxnn qaxr, uro 16 ccnrn6pn 1942
io(a xi co:nann Hc:cxym xonqcpcnnnm, i(c 6inn :ano»cni
nonnrnuccxnc n opiann:annonnic ocnoni Hannonanino-ocno-
6o(nrcninoio 0ponra n 6y(ymcn napo(non nnacrn, 6in n:-
6pan Anrnqamncrcxnn nannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninin concr,
a opiann:annn 0ponra pocna n xpcnna c xa»(ix (ncx'
£crccrncnno, nc:nannc nono»cnnn y nac xi nc nxcnnnn
Tnro n nnny, no xi rax»c nc 6inn nnnonni n rox, uro n:n-
nnci :a (cno, nc (o»(anmnci cio concron. Hao6opor, nama
omn6xa 6ina 6i ncnpocrnrcninon, ccnn 6i xi ni»n(ann
«opncnrnponox» n:nnc.
Ho ccnn «opncnrnponxa» ornocnrcnino 0ponra, panno xax
n ornocnrcnino nannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninix concron, ni:na-
na y nac yni6xy, ro nn»c cnc(ymmnn concr ni:nan cxcx y
nac, ronapnmcn n: pyxono(crna, a nxccrc c naxn n y Mn-
na(nna.
Tponxncra 3an 0yn(o, yxa:inan nax Tnro n: Inaxoua n
ccnrn6pc 1942 io(a, na(o pa:o6naunri ncpc( uncnaxn KHA
n n:nccrnri cc uncnon o rox, uro on nnnncrcn orxpirix npa-
iox Hnrcpnannonana n naprnn'
Oro na:inacrcn nnna xypy yuar' Tponxncra 0yn(o xi
caxn pa:o6naunnn xax raxonoio cmc n 1939 io(y, xoi(a on
npn6in n An6annm, cmc roi(a xi oxonuarcnino cncnn cuc-
ri c nnx.
1
«Mo»cr, Tnro nc :nan o6 ¬rox, no(yxann xi nnauanc,
no¬roxy on rax n nnmcr».
Ho xi ryr »c cnoxnarnnnci: Mi nocnann Tnro Pc:onm-
nnm Yupc(nrcninoio concmannn naprnn, i(c 3an 0yn(o or-
xpiro n 6c: o6nnnxon xnannqnnnponancn «or¡nnncnnix xnac-
conix npaiox». Tnro nncan n cnocx nncixc, uro npounran
Pc:onmnnm. Toi(a ucx ¬ro o6¡ncnnri" Hcy»cnn on npony-
crnn ¬ror a6:an" Hnn »c pa: cxy na(o 6ino uro-ro nncari,
n:nn (a nanncan, uro cxy :a6naiopaccy(nnoci"' Crpanno' Ho
cmc 6onimcc y(nnncnnc (on»cn 6in ni:nari y nac nonpoc
_________________________________
1 Onncp Xo(»a, «Anino-axcpnxancxan onacnocri (nn An6annn»,
an6. n:(., crp. 3O1-321, Tnpana, 1982.
3O
Tnro-0yn(o n ccnrn6pc 1944 io(a. Cnni namcn Hannonanino-
ocno6o(nrcninon apxnn, xoropic ncnn 6on :a ocno6o»(cnnc
Ccncpnon An6annn, nonxann 3an 0yn(o, xoropin cocronn
n xaxon-ro 6an(nrcxon manxc no inanc c Iann Kpmc:ny n
aninnuanaxn. Mi or(ann npnxa: (ari 0yn(o :acny»cnnoc
naxa:annc. Ho nor nc»(anno-ncia(anno ror »c caxin Tnro
n cio nm(n, xoropic n 1942 io(y (anann nax :ano:(anin
concr cnccrn cucri c 0yn(o, crann rcncpi n cio :amnry n
(a»c norpc6onann, uro6i xi ncpc(ann cio nx.
O rox, xax xi nocrynnnn n (annox cnyuac, n nncan n
n (pyiox xccrc, xax n n xnnic «Anino-axcpnxancxan onacnocri
(nn An6annn», rax uro ncr ny»(i n(anaricn n no(po6nocrn.
Hrax, xi ocranonnnnci na nncixc 1942 io(a. Taxonix 6ino
ono c nauana (o xonna ÷ nncixox cnnmxox :ano:(anix
concron. Tonixo n caxox xonnc, xax 6i xnxoxo(ox, xax 6i
«xcrarn», Tnro npc(¡nnnnn n cnc(ymmcc rpc6onannc: «Pc:o-
nmnnn Konqcpcnnnn (on»na 6iri xax xo»no 6oncc xparxon
. . . Hpnmnnrc nax xapaxrcpncrnxy nonix uncnon Hcnrpani-
noio Koxnrcra, nx nxcna n qaxnnnn, rax xax xi (on»ni
ornpannri nx Koxnnrcpny» ("').
Mi y(nnnnnci raxoxy rpc6onannm n crann cnpamnnari
(pyi (pyia, :aucx xoiyr nona(o6nricn Koxnnrcpny xapaxrc-
pncrnxn uncnon HK AHT ("'), no, nocxonixy nc xoinn ¬roio
o6¡ncnnri, xi caxn namnn «npnunny»: n raxnx (cnax Tnro
pa:6npacrcn' Hancpnoc, raxoc y ncio yxa:annc'
Hrax, nor xaxnx 6ino nncixo Tnro, xoropoc miocnan-
cxan nponaian(a pacncnnnacr xax «na»nin nxna(» n (cno
nponc(cnnn npannninon nnnnn namcn naprncn' Oro npnno-
(nrcn n xauccrnc «apiyxcnra» n onpan(annc nx npnrn:annn na
ro, 6y(ro KHA nxcnno nx o6n:ana cnonx pocrox' Ho cncnora
n ncnoxcpnic monnnncrnuccxnc nncrnnxri npnno(nr nx x
caxopa:o6naucnnm. Iy(i onn xna(noxponncc, xorn 6i n pa(n
cnocio »c npa»(c6noio npnrn:annn, onn nnxoi(a nc ynoxn-
nynn 6i o6 ¬rox nncixc.
Ono ccri nconponcp»nxoc (oxa:arcnicrno roio, uro no
xpanncn xcpc (o xonna 1942 io(a, xoi(a x nax npnmno ¬ro
nncixo, Koxxynncrnuccxan naprnn An6annn nc nonyuana nn-
31
xaxon noxomn, nnxaxnx yxa:annn, nnxaxnx opncnrnponox
or HK KHK. Ono cnn(crcnicrnycr rax»c o rox, uro n «co-
ncri» n «(npcxrnni» xonna 1942 io(a npnmnn n An6annm
x manounoxy pa:6opy, a cnc(onarcnino, nnxaxon noni:i nc
npnnccnn.
Ho ncpncxcn x nauany 1943 io(a, x rcx (nnx, xoi(a
cpc(n nac 6in Ina»o Honanonnu, n nocxorpnx nncccnnin
nx «nxna(». Oro qaxr, uro, ncpc(an nax ro, uro cxy 6ino
nopyucno, on ncn cc6n c(cp»anno n naxo(nncn, rax cxa:ari,
«n orcrynncnnn» c rcx, uro6i ninonnnri n cnoc nocnc(ncc
:a(annc, pa(n xoropoio on npncxan: npnncrcrnonari Hcpnym
nannonaninym xonqcpcnnnm namcn naprnn or nxcnn HK
KHK. On cnonxn co6crncnnixn ina:axn nn(cn, xax xi (cn-
no n nomno rpy(nnnci n 6oponnci, nn(cn namn pncxonannic
noc:(xn n: Oni6acana n Tnpany n o6parno, namn concmannn
n ncrpcun n, npano, nn n o(nox cnyuac nc nixa:inan npn-
:naxon nc(ononicrna. Koncuno, 6inn cnyuan, xoi(a n on npn-
nnxan yuacrnc n o6cy»(cnnn roio nnn (pyioio nonpoca, xi
caxn cnpamnnann cio o xaxox-nn6o n: nonpocon, xoropic
xi naxcpcnannci rpaxronari n (oxna(c na xonqcpcnnnn,
n on orxpiro nipa»an cnoc xncnnc. On nc 6nccrcn cnonxn
cy»(cnnnxn, n n ncxopc y6c(nncn, uro on, oco6cnno n nonpo-
cax opiann:annn, pyxono(crna n naprnnnon »n:nn noo6mc,
nc rax y» pa:6npancn. Iiri xo»cr, ¬ro or roio, uro on :ann-
xancn npcnxymccrncnno nocnnixn nonpocaxn. Kax 6i ro
nn 6ino, :a ncc npcxn (o co:ina xonqcpcnnnn Ina»o (cp-
»ancn n npc(cnax cnonx xoxncrcnnnn, nc xorcn nann:inari
nax cnoc xncnnc no xaxoxy-nn6o nonpocy, rax »c xax n nc
nxcn uro-nn6o (anari nax, xoi(a xi cnpamnnann cio. Ko-
pouc ionopn, on nponcn cpc(n nac 2-3 xccnna n nopxaninix
ornomcnnnx, uacro conccx nc (anan cc6n :nari, no rcx nc
xcncc n (py»ccxon arxocqcpc.
H nor nxcnno ¬ror caxin Ina»o Honanonnu na Hcpnon
nannonaninon xonqcpcnnnn,
1
n npncyrcrnnn (cnciaron, c¡cxan-
____________________________________
1 Hpoxo(nna n un6nnorc, nc(ancxo or Oni6acana, c 17 no 22
xapra 1943 io(a. Oro 6ina Hcpnan naprnnnan xonqcpcnnnn. Inannoc
32
mnxcn co nccx xonnon An6annn, conccx nco»n(anno nycxacr
ncpn:
÷ Koxxynncrnuccxan naprnn An6annn ocnonana (nyxn
miocnancxnxn xoxxynncraxn'
On naxcxan na Mnna(nna Hononnua n µymana Myioma.
Bccixa rniocrnoc nncuarncnnc or raxoio inynoio :an-
nncnnn o6opnan Mnna(nn Hononnu. On ncran cpa:y nocnc
Ina»o n, o6parnnmnci x ncxy n x nax, cxa:an:
÷ Hnxro nc (on»cn (yxari, ÷ no(ucpxnyn on n uacr-
nocrn, ÷ uro Koxxynncrnuccxan naprnn An6annn ocnonana
naxn, (nyxn ronapnmaxn n: Koxxynncrnuccxon naprnn Kio-
cnannn. Hcr, npan(a raxona, uro Koxxynncrnuccxym naprnm
An6annn ocnonann caxn ni, an6ancxnc xoxxynncri, n ccnn
xo»no ionopnri o xocn ponn nnn »c o ponn xaxoio 6i ro
nn 6ino (pyioio nocroponncio, rax ¬ra poni :axnmuacrcn
nc n ucx-nn6o (pyiox, xax n rox, uro n ornomcnnnx xc»(y
6parcxnxn naprnnxn na:inacrcn nnrcpnannonaninon n 6par-
cxon noxomim. Bi 6i ncc panno ocnonann namy Koxxynn-
crnuccxym Haprnm, xax n ocnonann cc, (a»c n ccnn 6i nac
:(cci nc 6ino
1
.
Hocnc raxoio cnninoio :annncnnn Ina»o Honanonnu no-
6nc(ncn, na(yn iy6i, no nc :anxnyncn nn roi(a n nn n rc
ncxnoinc (nn, xoropic on npo6in y nac nocnc xonqcpcnnnn.
Mi, npn nccx namcx y(nnncnnn n oucni nnoxox nnc-
uarncnnn, xoropoc npon:ncn na nac cio naxcx, nc npn(ann
:naucnnn raxoxy cio nicxa:inannm, xoropoc nax, xoxxy-
nncrax, npn(cp»nnammnxcn cnonx n:inn(on na ncmn, noxa-
:anoci npocro cnyuannon onnomnocrim, no¬roxy xi nc counn
pa:yxnix (animc piricn n rox, xax n noucxy Ina»o yponnn
raxoc :annncnnc. Mi y»c :nann cio yxcrncnnic cnoco6no-
________________________________
xccro n cc pa6orc :annxan nonpoc no(ioronxn napo(a xo ncco6mcxy
noccrannm n cio opiann:annn. Ona npnnnna pcmcnnc o co:(annn An-
6ancxon Hannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninon apxnn. Ha xonqcpcnnnn 6in n:-
6pan Hcnrpaninin Koxnrcr KHA, cio Honnr6mpo, a Icncpaninix
Ccxpcrapcx KHA 6in n:6pan ronapnm Onncp Xo(»a. (Cx. «Hcropnn
An6ancxon naprnn Tpy(a», n:(. na pyc. n:., crp. 115-127, Tnpana, 1982).
1 H: nporoxona Hcpnon xonqcpcnnnn KHu. HHA.
33
crn, :nann rax»c cio xapaxrcp, no¬roxy no(yxann, uro n ¬ra
ncncnocri nc nixo(nna :a paxxn cio 6ccnouncnnix nicxa:i-
nannn n rc:ncon, xoropic on npcxn or npcxcnn no:nonnn
cc6c.
Tcx nc xcncc y nac no:nnx pn( nc(oyxcnnn. Ina»o y»c
6oncc (nyx xccnncn »nn cpc(n nac, cxonixo pa: xi 6ccc(o-
nann c nnx, x roxy »c, xax n y»c ionopnn, y nac 6in c nnx
n o(nn cnyuan rpcnnn. ¹cx »c roi(a o6¡ncnnri, uro on
(onycrnn ¬ry onnomnocri nc :a ¬rn (na c nnmnnx xccnna,
a nxcnno na Hcpnon naprnnnon xonqcpcnnnn"' £cnn 6i
¬ro 6ino «nicxa:inanncx» nnn «xicnim», «nco»n(anno»
npnmc(mcn npocro cxy na yx, ro ccrccrncnncc 6ino 6i ni-
pa:nri cio n cnyuannon 6ccc(c nnn n cnyuanno no:nnxmcx
rpcnnn. A on c(cnan ¬ro nxcnno, xoi(a nc ionopnn n nc
nicrynan or cnocio nxcnn, a xoi(a npnncrcrnonan or nxcnn
HK KH Kiocnannn. ¹cx »c ¬ro o6¡ncnnri" Hpon:omno nn
¬ro ncuannno nnn »c Ina»o 6ino npnxa:ano c(cnari no-
(o6noc :annncnnc ncpc( inannix opianox namcn naprnn,
nycri ¬ro 6y(cr (a»c xax 6y(ro cnyuanno"
Ho ¬ro 6inn nnmi no(o:pcnnn, no:nnxmnc y nac n rc
(nn, n nc 6ino npnunni nnn xaxoio-nn6o (pyioio qaxra,
uro6i xi no(yxann, uro ¬ro nc 6ino nnunix :annncnncx
cio, Ina»o. Tnro n nimcynoxnnyrox nncixc nc (cnan nn
xancnmcio naxcxa na ¬ro, a cax Ina»o, nocnc ncxc(ncnnoio
ornopa Mnna(nna, :arxnyncn, n xi na ¬rox counn (cno nc-
ucpnannix, 6y(yun yncpcnnixn, uro ¬ro 6ino npocro on-
nomnocrim nocnanna.
µcna rax o6cpnyrcn n nacrancr raxon (cni, xoi(a xi
y6c(nxcn n rox, uro, xax nnoxoc nncuarncnnc, rax n namn
no(o:pcnnn n xaprc 1943 io(a no nono(y naxcxa Ina»o Ho-
nanonnua, nc 6inn nnmcni ocnonannn. Hrax, nacrynnr (cni,
xoi(a Tnro n cio npn6nn»cnnic orxpiro n npocrno, napn(y
co cronixnxn o6nnncnnnxn n xncncrnnuccxnxn n:ximncnnn-
xn npornn nac, pa:(ymr o(ny n: caxix ncncnix n 6c::acrcn-
unnix npcrcn:nn ÷ npcrcn:nm na ro, 6y(ro Koxxynncrnuc-
cxan naprnn An6annn co:(ana nxn, miocnanaxn'
C roio xoxcnra, xoi(a onn orxpiro nicrynnnn ncpc( na-
34
xn c no(o6non npcrcn:ncn, n no ccn (cni, xi nc ronixo c
no:xymcnncx, xax ¬roio :acny»nnacr raxan inynocri, no n
cnoxonno n na (ono(ax orncpiann ¬ry qa6pnxannm rnronncn,
o6¡ncnnnn npnunni ncmcn n oco6cnno pacxpinann n o6nn-
uann cxpinanmnccn :a ncn nc6naionn(nic, ax6nnno:nic n
icicxonncrcxnc nx :axicni. O6 ¬rox ionopnrcn no nccx (o-
xyxcnrax namcn naprnn, xacammnxcn ¬ron npcrcn:nn. 2 nnu-
no n pn(c cnonx pcucn, (oxna(on n crarcn, xax n n cnonx
:anncxax ocnonarcnino n:naian npan(y o ncn. Ho, nocxonixy
inannix o6¡cxrox ¬rnx :anncox n nocnoxnnannn nnnnmrcn
namn ornomcnnn c rnronnaxn, cunram yxccrnix cmc pa: oc-
ncrnri npan(y o6 ¬ron npcrcn:nn. Hco6xo(nxocri ¬roio cmc
6onimc (nxrycrcn rcx, uro xax pa: ¬ra npcrcn:nn nocny-
»nna rnronnax ocnonon, inannix qyn(axcnrox, na xoropox
nocrpocna ncn nx anrnan6ancxan nponaian(a n (cnrcninocri.
B ncpnym oucpc(i, npcrcn:nn rnronncn na ro, 6y(ro Kox-
xynncrnuccxan naprnn An6annn co:(ana nxn, nccocronrcnina
c 1oukn :pcnnn 1copc1nucckoü, npnnnnnnanunoü. B ¬rox cxi-
cnc ona npc(crannncr co6on nonnmmcc orpnnannc :axono-
xcpnocrcn pa:nnrnn noo6mc n npnnnnnon, na ocnonc xoropix
po»(amrcn, co:(amrcn n yxpcnnnmrcn xoxxynncrnuccxnc nap-
rnn ÷ n uacrnocrn.
H:nccrno, uro xapxcn:x-ncnnnn:x ocnonnix, onpc(cnn-
mmnx qaxropox no:nnxnoncnnn n pa:nnrnn nm6oio nnncnnn
ncci(a cunran nnyrpcnnmm npnunny, nnyrpcnnnn qaxrop. Hc
xo»cr cocrannnri ncxnmucnnc n: ¬roio :axona rax»c n npo-
nccc nonnncnnn n yxpcnncnnn xoxxynncrnuccxon naprnn, nc
xoi cocrannnri ncxnmucnnc n nponccc ocnonannn namcn Kox-
xynncrnuccxon Haprnn. Hc 6y(i nnyrpcnncio, an6ancxoio
qaxropa, nc 6y(i na:pcnmnx nnyrpcnnnx ycnonnn, rax nc ro,
u1o (na nnn (ccnri ucnoncx, no (a»c ccnn 6i ncc miocnan-
cxoc pyxono(crno npnmno n An6annm, ono nc cxoino 6i
ocnonari xoxxynncrnuccxym naprnm. Hrax, KHA 6ina ocno-
nana nc noroxy, uro ¬roio :axorcn nnn ¬roio norpc6onan
ncxnn Tnro n: Kiocnannn, a noroxy, uro cc po»(cnnc 6ino
noncnnrcninix rpc6onanncx an6ancxoio napo(a, an6ancxoio
xoxxynncrnuccxoio (nn»cnnn, xoropoc 6oncc o(noio (ccnrn-
35
ncrnn (o6nnanoci ¬roio, noncnnrcninix rpc6onanncx ncropn-
uccxoio xoxcnra, xoropin ncpc»nnana nama crpana, noncnn-
rcninix rpc6onanncx npomnoio, roi(amncio n 6y(ymcio
caxon An6annn
1
.
Cnn(crcnicrno roxy cmc raxon qaxr: pa: Tnro c xox-
nanncn 6inn nacronixo «cnninixn» n «cnoco6nixn», uro xo-
inn «n:nnc» ocnonari xoxxynncrnuccxym naprnm n An6annn,
ro noucxy »c onn nc c(cnann ¬roio, cxa»cx, n 1935 nnn n
1937 io(y, n 1939 nnn n 194O io(y"' Hnn »c, xo»cr, ronixo
n 1941 io(y onn «orxpinn», uro na ipannnc c Kiocnanncn
cymccrnycr, oxa:inacrcn, n An6annn, xoropan, nn(nrc nn,
»(ana, uro6i Tnro, ¬ror «rnopcn» cxa:an «(a 6y(cr naprnn»,
rax »c xax xnp, no 6n6nnn, »(an, uro6i «ncnnxnn rnopcn»
cxa:an «(a 6y(cr cncr»"'
£cnn n cnn:n c ¬rnx nonpocox n xo»no xoc-uro cxa:ari,
ro nc no namcn nnnc xccro ocracrcn ronixo (nn nponnn.
Hnucio 6onimc nc :acny»nnacr ncncnan noinxa no(o6nix
«rnopnon».
Hpcrcn:nn rnronncn n (annox cnyuac orna(acr nc roni-
xo c rouxn :pcnnn rcopnn. Caxa npak1nka ocnonannn Kox-
xynncrnuccxon naprnn An6annn nnnncrcn (pyinx apiyxcnrox,
xoropin xi 6pocacx nx n nnno. Oro noncrnnc cxcxornopno:
rnronni, c o(non croponi, ipoxoinacno npc(¡nnnnmr cnom
«ncnonnncxym» npcrcn:nm na ro, uro Koxxynncrnuccxan nap-
rnn An6annn «co:(ana nxn», a, c (pyion ÷ n no(rncp»(cnnc
¬roio npnno(nr xapnnxonin «apiyxcnr»: ror qaxr, uro n co-
ncmannn no ocnonannm namcn naprnn yuacrnonan n miocnan-
cxnn xoxxynncr Mnna(nn Hononnu, a nxccrc c nnx n µyman
Myioma n xauccrnc cio ncpcno(unxa n conpono»(ammcio.
Hama naprnn nnxoi(a nc cxpinana n nc orpnnana yua-
crnn ¬rnx (nyx ronapnmcn n cc Yupc(nrcninox concmannn,
xax n nx npncyrcrnnn cpc(n nac nocnc ¬roio, rax »c xax nc
orpnnana n nc cxpinana ucio-nn6o (pyioio n: nx »n:nn n
___________________________________
1 Cx. «Hcropnn An6ancxon naprnn Tpy(a», n:(. na pyc. n:.,
crp. 54-83, Tnpana, 1982.
36
pa6ori n An6annn. Oro Tnro n xoxnannn yximncnno cxpi-
nann n orpnnann inannic croponi ¬roio nonpoca, a nxcnno:
Bo-ncpnix, miocnancxoc pyxono(crno ncci(a o6xo(nno
xonuanncx ror cymccrncnnin qaxr, uro Mnna(nn Hononnu
nc 6mn nocnan n An6annm nn Tn1o, nn pykonouc1nom KU Kro-
cnannn. On ymcn n no(nonic n Koconc n: pn(on ucpnoiopcxo-
an6ancxoio naccncnnn. ucrox 1941 io(a on 6in apccronan
nraninncxnxn qamncraxn n cocnan n An6annm n naicpi (nn
ccininix n Hcunnc. Mi concpmnnn nancr na ¬ror naicpi n
ocno6o(nnn cio n: ncnonn. H ¬ro 6ino xax pa: n rc xoxcnri,
xoi(a xi, npc(crannrcnn rpcx inannix xoxxynncrnuccxnx
ipynn, y»c (oionopnnnci co6paricn c ncnim ocnonannn Kox-
xynncrnuccxon naprnn An6annn. B ror ncpno(, xax n no(po6-
no nncan n xonx nocnoxnnannnx «Koi(a po(nnaci naprnn»,
xi npnnnnn nnnnnarnny ncrynnri n cnn:i c Koxxynncrnuc-
cxon naprncn Kiocnannn n nipa:nnn »cnannc roio, uro6i
ona npncnana x nax ronapnma, xoropin 6i npncyrcrnonan
n noxoian nax n npc(cronnmcx ncnnxox co6irnn. Hocxonixy
nax npc(crannncn cnyuan ocno6o(nri Mnna(nna Hononnua n
pa: on naxo(nncn n An6annn, xi nonpocnnn cio ocranaricn
y nac ncxoropoc npcxn n xauccrnc «rpcricio», nocroponncio
nnna. µoionopnnmnci c nnx, xi nonpocnnn rax»c coina-
cnn pyxono(crna KH Kiocnannn. Coinacnc 6ino ncpc(ano
nax ucpc: µymana Myioma x xonny oxrn6pn 1941 io(a, n
nocnc ¬roio Mnna(nn Hononnu cmc rccncc cnn:ancn c naxn
n c namcn pa6oron, rax uro yuacrnonan n n Yupc(nrcninox
concmannn.
Bo-nropix, Mnna(nn Hononnu nc ronixo nc 6in nocnan
x nax mra6ox Tnro, no n n namcx Yupc(nrcninox concma-
nnn npnnnxan yuacrnc, nc nmcn nnkakoü opncn1nponkn, un-
pck1nnm, pacnopnncnnn n 1.u. or miocnancxoio pyxono(crna
«o xaxon-nn6y(i oco6on ponn» n ¬rox co6irnn. Oro xi
caxn, an6ancxnc xoxxynncri, yuacrnnxn concmannn, pyxono(n-
nn cio pa6oron cnauana (o xonna rax, xax yunn nac xapxcn:x-
ncnnnn:x. Y nac nc 6ino nnxaxnx «yxa:annn» nnn «opncnrn-
ponox» n:nnc ÷ nn or miocnancxon naprnn, nn (a»c or Kox-
xynncrnuccxon naprnn Concrcxoio Com:a n nn or xaxon-nn6o
37
(pyion naprnn. Caxa anrnan6ancxan nponaian(a rnronncn,
no xpanncn xcpc (o ccio(nn, nc qa6pnxonana xaxoio-nn6o
«(oxyxcnra», «(oxa:inammcio» o6parnoc.
B raxox cnyuac, xaxnx ¬ro o6pa:ox xoxxynncrnuccxan
naprnn xo»cr 6iri ocnonana uncnox (pyion naprnn, rcx 6o-
ncc ccnn on nc 6in ncnocpc(crncnno nocnan cm n ccnn y ncio
nc 6ino or ncc xaxoio-nn6y(i yxa:annn nnn opncnrnponxn"'
Oro nocrn»nxo nnmi noinxc rnronncn.
B-rpcrinx, cax Mnna(nn, xax n nncan o6 ¬rox nimc n
xax ¬ro on cax (oxa:inan :a ncc npcxn npc6inannn n An-
6annn, nnkorua nc npnnncmnan cc6c «:acnyrn», ko1opmc cmy
nc npnnauncnann, ua n nc mornn npnnauncna1u. Hanpornn,
on c no:xymcnncx n pcmnrcnino orncpian ncnxnc naxcxn,
ncnxym xnrpym nccri, x xoropix nocnanni Tnro npn6ciann
n nonirxax npnnncari cxy poni, xoropym nc n cocronnnn
nipari nc ro uro or(cninin nocroponnnn ucnoncx, no (a»c
n ncnan nocroponnnn naprnn.
Cnonox, Koxxynncrnuccxan naprnn An6annn ocnonana
ronixo rcxn, xro xoi n xoxy npnna(nc»ano ocnonari cc, an-
6ancxnxn xoxxynncraxn.
Hrax, ¬ra npcrcn:nn miocnanon nnnncrcn nc ucx nnix,
xax nonirxon npnnncari cc6c nc:acny»cnnic :acnyin.
Ho n ncocna6nox pncnnn 6cnipa(cxnx pcnn:nonncron n:nri
na cc6n poni, xoropan nx nc npnna(nc»nr, nc cnc(ycr nn(cri
npocro xannm xnacraricn, crn»ari (o6poc nxn n ncnoni:onari
cio n xauccrnc nonon 6nnxn na nx ipy(n, o6ncmannon op(cnaxn
«:a ncnnxnc no(nnin». Hcr, xax (oxa:inacr ncnan ncropnn, onn
npnnncann cc6c poni «ocnonarcnn» KHA c rcx, uro6i nx «rno-
pcnnc» ncno cc6n ncpc( nnxn xax pc6cnox ncpc( po(nrcnnxn,
uro6i ono pocno n nocnnrinanoci n nx (yxc, a crano 6iri,
uro6i ono npcnparnnoci n cncnoc n nocnymnoc opy(nc na
cny»6c «napmuu-+amtu»
!
, y KH Kiocnannn. Hcropnn ornomc-
nnn KHA c KHK, oco6cnno naunnan c ncra 1943 io(a n
nnnori (o nauana 1948 io(a n no:(ncc, nnnncrcn ncropncn
6opi6i c nopa6ornrcnicxnxn, :axa6annmmnxn crpcxncnnnxn,
_________________________________
1 Ha ccp6cxo-xopnarcxox n:ixc: naprnn-xarcpn.
38
nonirxaxn n :aionopaxn KHK n miocnancxoio iocy(apcrna
npornn namcn naprnn, npornn nonoio an6ancxoio napo(noio
iocy(apcrna, npornn icponuccxoio conpornnncnnn pyxono(crna
nocnc(nnx, xoropoc nc ronixo nc no(unnnnoci nx, no nocro-
nnno n nc xonc6nnci (anano npc(arcnicrny pcmnrcninin or-
nop. Bnpoucx ¬ro xi ynn(nx norox.
Cnc(ycr orxcrnri :(cci, uro nacxonixo a6cyp(na n 6cc-
nouncnna npcrcn:nn miocnanon na ocnonannc KHA, nacronixo
a6cyp(na n 6ccnouncnna n (pyian nx npcrcn:nn, ÷ npcrcn:nn
na ro, 6y(ro nama naprnn o6n:ana KH Kiocnannn cnonx
pocrox, ynpoucnncx n nnnncn n io(i Hannonanino-ocno6o(n-
rcninon 6opi6i. Ory npcrcn:nm onn rax»c o6ocnoninamr na
ponn nx nocnanncn n An6annn.
Kax n y»c cxa:an, (o xonna 1942 io(a nn pyxono(crno
KHA, nn Mnna(nn n nn xro-nn6o (pyion n: nac nc nxcnn
nnxaxon ncrpcun, nc nonyuann nnxaxoio nncixa nnn xarcpnana
or KHK; xi (a»c nc nxcnn nnxaxnx nccrcn o rox, xax (cna
y ronapnmcn n: 6parcxon naprnn.
Ornx nnxax nc xouy cxa:ari, uro xi o6n(cnnci na nnx
:a ro, uro 6oncc o(noio io(a nc 6ino o nnx nn cnyxy nn
(yxy n onn nc oxa:inann nax nnxaxon noxomn. Hcr, xi
npc(crannnnn cc6c rpy(nic ycnonnn, n xoropix nx npnxo(n-
noci nccrn 6opi6y, n xi or nccn (ymn »cnann nx ycncxon
n nx 6opi6c na 6naio 6parcxnx napo(on Kiocnannn, na 6naio
Koxxynncrnuccxon naprnn Kiocnannn, na 6naio ocno6o(n-
rcninon 6opi6i xnponon anrnqamncrcxon xoannnnn. Pa:yxc-
crcn, ¬rnx n nc xouy cxa:ari, uro xi nc ncnirinann ny»(i
o6xcnnnaricn onirox c ronapnmaxn no n(cany, rcx 6oncc
n ycnonnnx, xoi(a nama naprnn 6ina cmc xono(a, namn ro-
napnmn nconirnic, a ycnonnn, n xoropix xi 6oponnci, ncci-
xa rpy(nic.
O(naxo, nc (cnari concpmcnno nnucio n n ro »c npcxn
npnrn:ari na ncc, xax ¬ro 6ino n xonxpcrnox cnyuac c pyxo-
no(crnox KHK, c ¬rnx xi nnxoi(a nc 6inn n nc 6y(cx
coinacni.
Tpy6a(ypi Tnro, uro6i y6c(nri nm(cn n «cnocx nxna(c»,
ynoxnnynn nax n o ponn Ina»o Honanonnua, oco6cnno na Hcp-
39
non nannonaninon xonqcpcnnnn KHA. Oro rax»c nnnncrcn
npnrn:anncx, o xoropox nm(n c uncrix ccp(ncx n :(panix
cxicnox conccx nc (on»ni ynoxnnyri. Ina»o Honanonnu, :a
ncxnmucnncx roio, uro cxa:an nacucr ocnonannn KHA, nc
nnocnn nnxaxoio (pyioio «nxna(a» nc ro uro n namy noni:y,
no (a»c n n noni:y rcx, xro npncnan cio x nax.
Tax »c xax n ncc (pyinc (cna, n no(ioronxy n nponc(c-
nnc Hcpnon naprnnnon xonqcpcnnnn n:nnn na cc6n xi caxn,
an6ancxnc xoxxynncri, n (oncnn cc (o xonna, 6y(yun y»c
opiann:onannixn n naprnm, xoropan :a io( c nnmnnx naxo-
nnna n:nccrnin onir n oinc 6opi6i. 2 no(po6no nncan o
namcn pa6orc no no(ioronxc xonqcpcnnnn
1
, no¬roxy ncr
na(o6nocrn nonropnri ro, uro y»c n:nccrno. Xouy ronixo
xoc-uro (o6annri: no:(ncc, oco6cnno n rn»cnon cnryannn, xoro-
pym co:(ann y nac nm(n Tnro (o n n xo(c non6picxoio (1944
io(a) 6cparcxoio Hncnyxa, xcnn, no n (pyinx, o6nnnnnn, n
uacrnocrn, n «rn»xon» omn6xc, xoropym xi (onycrnnn, xon,
na Hcpnon nannonaninon xonqcpcnnnn ÷ n nponc(ypc ni-
6opon n Hcnrpaninin Koxnrcr naprnn'
¹ro »c n: cc6n npc(crannncr ¬ra «omn6xa», xoropan na-
cronixo 6ina npcyncnnucna, uro nocnancn Tnro, Bcnnxnp Cro-
nnnu, cpa:y no npn6irnn n An6annm n xonnc aniycra 1944
io(a, cran nonropnri nax o6 ¬rox, xax 6y(ro xi na(cnann
6onimoio npc(a"'
Hponc(ypa ni6opon na Hcpnon nannonaninon xonqc-
pcnnnn KHA, oco6cnno npn roi(amnnx ycnonnnx, nc cocrannn-
na xaxon-nn6o ipy6on omn6xn, a inannoc, ona ocymccrnnn-
naci 6c: xaxnx-nn6o npc(n:nrocrcn. Tonixo xan(n(arypi 6inn
____________________________________
1 B xnnic «Koi(a po(nnaci naprnn (Bocnoxnnannn)» ronapnm
Onncp Xo(»a n uacrnocrn nnmcr: «3a(auy no opiann:annn ¬ron xon-
qcpcnnnn n no(xo(nmcc npcxn n n no(xo(nmnc xoxcnri xi ni(nn-
nynn cmc na concmannn no ocnonannm naprnn. Bonpoc o6 ¬ron xon-
qcpcnnnn xi (o ¬roio nocrannnn na o6cy»(cnnc n n naprnnnix ax-
rnnax... n ¬ro conpono»(anoci pocrox 6ocnix oncpannn n (cncrnnn
n (cpcnnnx n iopo(ax, nononncnncx pn(on naprn:ancxnx uacrcn n
orpn(on, (anincnmnx yxpcnncnncx nannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninix co-
ncron, cmc 6oncc mnpoxon n nnrcncnnnon nonnrnuccxon n n(conoin-
uccxon pa6oron cpc(n mnpoxnx xacc napo(a n r.(.».
4O
ni(nnnyri nc na:inan nxcn, a xoncnnparnnno, nyrcx :aurc-
nnn nx xapaxrcpncrnxn. B ncn orxcuanoci, uro npc(naiacrcn
raxon-ro ronapnm c raxnxn-ro xauccrnaxn, c raxnxn-ro nono-
»nrcninixn n c raxnxn-ro orpnnarcninixn croponaxn, c ra-
xnx-ro npomnix, c raxnxn-ro cxnonnocrnxn, c raxnxn-ro
n:¡nnaxn n raxox-ro ornomcnnn n r.(. µcnciari o(o6pnnn
rcx, xoropix counn nyumnxn.
µonycrnx, uro ¬ro 6ina omn6ounan nponc(ypa, no, n
xonnc xonnon, ¬ro 6ino nnyrpcnnnx (cnox namcn naprnn, xpo-
xc roio, ona 6ina nann:ana nax ycnonnnxn iny6oxoio no(nonin.
Ba»no ro, uro xi pyxono(crnonannci npnnnnnox, coina-
cno xoropoxy xa»(in xoxxynncr ccri pyxono(nrcni, n nc-
xpcnno cunrann, uro (cxoxparnuncc 6ino 6i nc na:nari
nm(cn no nxcnn, a nccio nnmi ynoxnnyri nx xauccrna, uro
oipannunnano no:xo»nocrn cy6¡cxrnnnoio cy»(cnnn o nnx.
Mi cunrann, uro rax 6ino nyumc, n rax n c(cnann. Kpoxc
roio, npn:naricn, y nac nc 6ino ny»noio onira n cnn:n c
nponc(ypaxn ni6opon n raxnc nicmnc opiani. Hn xi, nn
Mnna(nn n nc (yxann, uro nocrynann ncnpannnino. £(nncrncn-
nix cpc(n nac ucnoncxox, nxcnmnx onir n ¬rox (cnc, 6in
Ina»o Honanonnu, no on nnucio nc cxa:an nax. Mc»(y rcx
npcxn (oxa:ano, uro Tnro n cio nocnanni yxnarnnnci :a ¬ry
«omn6xy» nc noroxy, uro 6inn o:a6oucni napymcnncx na-
xn «nponc(ypnoio nopn(xa». Inannan npnunna :axnmuanaci
n (pyiox: xoncnnparnnnic ni6opi nc y(onncrnopnnn rpc6o-
nannc Tnro, a nc(i on rpc6onan, uro6i xi npncnann cxy
nxcna n qaxnnnn, xax n xapaxrcpncrnxn uncnon namcio Hcn-
rpaninoio Koxnrcra.
Hxcnno ¬rnx xi ncuannno :a(cnn :a »nnoc Tnro, xoro-
pin no:(ncc, ornpannnn n An6annm Cronnnua, nc npcxnnyn
naxa:ari cxy c(cnari nax crpoioc nnymcnnc :a namy xapron-
cxym «omn6xy» 1943 io(a.
µcno (omno (o roio uro, xoi(a x Cronnnuy npnxxnynn
n Haxo Cnnpy, Koun µ:o(:c, Ccnqyna Mancmona
1
n (pyinc,
_________________________________________
1 Hpncxan n An6annm n nauanc ncra 1943 io(a. 3noynorpc6nncr
rcx, uro cmc c xonna 1924 io(a 6in nonnrnuccxnx ¬xnipanrox n
41
¬ra «nponc(ypnan omn6xa» nonnocrim :arxnna ncocnopnxin
ycncx caxon xonqcpcnnnn. Kax n:nccrno xonqcpcnnnn npo-
xo(nna nopxanino, (cnciari, nccxorpn na rpy(nic ycnonnn,
6inn n:6pani coinacno nccx nopxax n no (cxoxparnuccxon
nponc(ypc. µyx (oxna(on n (ncxyccnn 6in xax ncni:n :(o-
ponix, xa»(in nxcn npano ncranari, :a(anari nonpoci, no-
(anari pcnnnxy, nicrynari, xpnrnxonari n nnocnri npc(no-
»cnnn.
Bnpoucx o6nnncnnc Tnro nacucr «nponc(ypi ni6opon»
ornocnrcn x (pyioxy ncpno(y, na xoropox n no(po6ncc ocra-
nonnmci nn»c. 3(cci xnc xorcnoci 6i nccio nnmi no(ucpx-
nyri npan(y o rox, uro (o Hcpnon nannonaninon xonqcpcn-
nnn KHA, cnc(onarcnino, (o xapra 1943 io(a, noxomi HK
KHK namcn naprnn 6ina concpmcnno nccymccrnymmcn. Mi,
xoncuno, nnxoi(a nc o6xonnnnnci 6i o6 ¬rox, ccnn 6i Tnro
n cio npn6nn»cnnic nc npcrcn(onann n nc rpy6nnn co nccx
xpim o6 o6parnox.
Tn1oncknü «c1panc1nymmnü nocon» pac1nrnnac1
nn1n cnocü cc1n na Bankanax
Tonixo uro :axonunnaci pa6ora Hcpnon nannonaninon
xonqcpcnnnn, npnucx :axonunnaci ona ycncmno, n xi npn-
nnnnci :a pcmcnnc nocranncnnix cm 6onimnx :a(au. µcnc-
iari pa:omnnci no o6nacrnx, orpn(ax n 6aranionax. To »c
caxoc, nonyunn ny»nic yxa:annn n opncnrnponxn, ornpann-
naci na xccra (nn ncnocpc(crncnnoio pyxono(crna (cnaxn
6oniman uacri ronapnmcn, n:6pannix n Hcnrpaninin Koxn-
rcr n n Honnr6mpo Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra naprnn. Hxcnno
n o(nn n: ¬rnx (ncn, xoi(a n pa6oran na( xaxnx-ro xarcpna-
_____________________________________
6onimym uacri ¬xnipannn nponcn n Concrcxox Com:c, no no:npamc-
nnn n An6annm n:o6pa»an cc6n nocnanncx Koxnnrcpna n npcrcn(onan
na ro, uro cio xncnnc 6ino oqnnnaninix xncnncx Mocxni.
42
nox (xa»crcn, n :annxancn nocnc(ncn pc(axnncn rcxcra pc-
:onmnnn xonqcpcnnnn), nco»n(anno n npn concpmcnno ncn:-
nccrnix o6cronrcnicrnax n un6nnorc (Oni6acan) cnonno n:
:cxnn nipoc xaxon-ro miocnan. 2 ionopm «cnonno n: :cxnn
nipoc» cxopcc nc noroxy, uro (o ¬roio xi nc :nann, xro on
raxon, orxy(a on npnxo(nn, xy(a n :aucx cxan ¬ror ucno-
ncx n rc rpy(nic npcxcna, nc»cnn n:-:a xnonor, xoropic on
nax (ocrannn, ocno»ncnnn, xoropic on nax co:(an, o6nn-
ncnnn, xoropic on na nac no:ncn, 6ccxoncunix nonymcx, xo-
ropic on paccrannnn nax c xoxcnra :naxoxcrna c nnx, a
:arcx n na nporn»cnnn ncnix ncr. Anrnan6anncx n anrn-
xapxcncrox ncpnon pyxn, or¡nnncnnix n npix ncnnxoccp6-
cxnx monnnncrox, na(xcnnix n cnnpcnix ÷ raxnx npc(-
cran on ncpc( naxn n rpn-ucripc xccnna cnycrn nocnc ncpnon
ncrpcun, n rpy(non occnim roio »c io(a, n n 1945 n n 1947
io(ax. Oror nonnrnuccxnn xaqncr (n nncxonixo nc ncpc6ap-
mnnam, na:inan cio rax), rax »c, xax ¬ro nccnon n ncrox
1943 io(a «nco»n(anno» nomcn n pyxono(crno namcn naprnn
n noccnn ccxcna pa:(opa n (nncpcnn, nocnc ocno6o»(cnnn
«nco»n(anno» namcn nyri nponnxnyri (a»c n ncpxonnic op-
iani namcn apxnn n (nxronari rax cnom nonm. Hpon(yr io-
(i, (cna non(yr cnonx ucpc(ox n, xoi(a (nn nac ¬ro y»c
conccx :a6irin ucnoncx, on rax »c nco»n(anno, xax n n
xaprc 1943 io(a, cnona nonnnrcn ncpc( naxn n (pyiym ucp-
nym noui, no na ¬ror pa: :a ricnun xnnoxcrpon or An6annn,
n Mocxnc. Ho:(no, :a nonnoui :a:ncnnr rpcno»nin rcnc-
qonnin :nonox n ionoc Anacraca Mnxonna coo6mnr xnc, uro
co xnom xoucr ncrpcrnricn Cncro:ap Byxxanonnu Tcxno
1
, uc-
noncx xapra 1943 io(a'
2 (on»cn 6in ncxopc y6c(nricn n rox, uro cio crcncnnocri
n na(xcnnocri ncpnix xoxcnron namcio :naxoxcrna nc o6¡n-
cnnnnci rcx, uro n :acrannn cio uyrouxy no(o»(ari (xax y»c
ionopnn, n 6in :annr xaxnx-ro xarcpnanox). Hcr, ¬ro 6ina
cio nocronnnan narypa.
__________________________________
1 Cx. Onncp Xo(»a. «Xpymcnni (Bocnoxnnannn)», crp. 146-149,
n:(. na pyc. n:., Tnpana, 198O.
43
÷ Bo:npamanci n: Maxc(onnn n ipcuccxnx xccrnocrcn c
ncnim npo6paricn n ¹cpnoiopnm n Kocony, n y:nan, uro
ni :(cci. «µananrc-xa nocxorpnx, ucx :annxamrcn ¬rn an-
6anni», ÷ no(yxan n n pcmnn nanccrn nax xparxnn nn:nr,
÷ crcncnno cxa:an on n no(o»(an, no nccn nn(nxocrn, nona-
ian, uro n crany 6naio(apnri cio. 2 ronixo npoxonuan, uro6i
(ari cxy nonnri, uro cxy na(o 6ino ncnpannri nipa»cnnc
. . . «¬rn an6anni».
Ho on nnuyri nc cxyrnncn. On cxa:an nax (xonqn(cn-
nnanino'), uro 6in inannix nocnanncx pyxono(crna KHK n
Icncpaninoio mra6a Kiocnancxon nannonanino-ocno6o(nrcni-
non apxnn no Maxc(onnn. µancc on orxcrnn:
÷ Hocxonixy Maxc(onnn n cnny cnocn npomnon n ni-
ncmncn ncropnn nnnncrcn «y:nonix» nonpocox na Ianxanax,
xnc npnxo(nrcn rax nnn nnauc :annxaricn nccn ¬ron rcppn-
ropncn, i(c ncpcnncramrcn Ioniapnn, Ipcnnn, Maxc(onnn,
An6annn, Ccp6nn. Tpy(nic npcxcna n oucni rpy(nic npo-
6ncxi, no nnucio nc no(cnacmi, cnpannxcn c nnxn, ÷ :axon-
unn on ncrynncnnc rcx »c ronox, xoropix n nauan, n cran
na6nm(ari :a rcx, xaxon ¬qqcxr npon:ncno na nac :naxox-
crno c ¬rnx «rn»cnix 6pcxcncx», xoropoc ncropnn n:nannna
na nncun ¬roio 3O-ncrncio ucnoncxa'
Bicoxoxcpnc n unancrno ÷ nor ncpnoc nncuarncnnc,
xoropoc cpa:y cno»nnoci y xcnn o «ucnoncxc Ianxan». Kax
6i ro nn 6ino, on 6in y nac iocrcx, 6iri xo»cr, ycranocri
n rpy(nocrn (oncnn cio (o 6cnoio xancnnn, rax uro na o(nn
xoxcnr on nc oxa:ancn n cocronnnn xonrponnponari cc6n. Ho-
¬roxy, uro6i cxniunri arxocqcpy, n:nn cnono n. Ho6naio(a-
pnn cio :a cnyuannin nn:nr, cxa:an, uro xi pa(i ncrpcuax
c xoxxynncraxn n: 6parcxnx naprnn n, nc:anncnxo or no-
cron, xoropic onn :annxamr n cnonx naprnnx, xi npn(acx
6onimoc :naucnnc o6xcny xncnnnxn c nnxn, n:anxnon no-
xomn, nyumcxy n:anxnoxy o:naxoxncnnm.
÷ Hc xouy nac :a(cp»nnari, nocxonixy ni co6npacrcci
n (aninnn nyri,÷ cxa:an n cxy, n (o6annn: ÷ Tonixo yurnrc
o(no: £cnn nax npnnc(crcn cnona no6inari n An6annn, 6oni-
mc nc pncxynrc, xax n ¬ror pa:. Hax 6y(cr ncnpnnrno y:-
44
nari, uro i(c-ro n An6annn cxnaucn qamncraxn xoxxynncr
n: 6parcxon naprnn, rcx 6oncc ronapnm, xoropoxy nopyucno
rax xnoio xnccnn, o xoropix ni nax ionopnnn. «C(ananrcci»
nax, cxa:an n cxy, yni6anci, ÷ n namn ronapnmn, xoropic
nc:(c npncyrcrnymr, (ocrannr nac, xy(a nax ny»no.
Iino ncno, uro cxy crano npnnrno. Ho6naio(apnn xcnn
:a npc(no»cnnym noxomi n ryr »c (o6annn:
÷ 2 ÷ nyrcmccrncnnnx, n: o(noio xpan n (pyion.
Bcrpcua ¬ra nc nxo(nna n xon nnani, n rcx nc xcncc xnc
oucni noxoino 6i n pa6orc xoc-xaxoc o:naxoxncnnc c nono-
»cnncx y nac. Mo»no o6xcnnnaricn xncnnnxn n ornocnrcni-
no nono»cnnn n Maxc(onnn, Ioniapnn, Ipcnnn. 2 n(y xax
pa: orry(a, n nc (yxam, uro nxnnc npo6ncxi 6c:inrcpccni
(nn nac. Coinacni"'
Hc 6ino nnxaxnx ocnonannn orxa:inaricn or cno6o(-
noio o6xcna xncnnnxn. Tcx 6oncc uro nocnc xonx cnon cra-
no oucnn(no, uro on xax-ro cnn:nn crcncni na(xcnnocrn.
Bnauanc n c(cnan cxy xparxnn o6:op »n:nn n (cnrcni-
nocrn namcn naprnn co npcxcnn cc ocnonannn, paccxa:an
nxparnc o pa6orc c qponrox, c nannonanino-ocno6o(nrcni-
nixn concraxn, xax n o namnx orpn(ax, 6aranionax n (pyinx
naprn:ancxnx qopxnponannnx. Hcxno»xo no(po6ncc paccxa-
:an cxy o pa6orc Hcpnon nannonaninon naprnnnon xon-
qcpcnnnn n cc oucni na»nix pcmcnnnx, oco6cnno o nonon,
6oncc nicoxon qa:c, n xoropym y»c ncrynnna nama 6opi6a,
o6 opiann:annn n yxpcnncnnn namcn Hannonanino-ocno6o-
(nrcninon apxnn, o npc(cronnmcx co:(annn Icncpaninoio
Ura6a apxnn n r.(.
Hccnpocra n ionopnn c nnx concpmcnno cnoxonno, orxpo-
ncnno, crapanci orxcuari xax (ocrninyric ycncxn n 6opi6y,
xoropym npnmnoci nccrn :a nx (ocrn»cnnc, rax n cna6ocrn
n nc(ocrarxn n namc xpnrnuccxoc ornomcnnc x nnx. Hocrynnn
n rax, uro6i npono»nri nyri iocrm n (ari cxy nonnri, uro
nxcnno n raxox (yxc xi pa:ionapnnacx c ronapnmaxn n
roio »c ronapnmccxoio (yxa rpc6ycx or nnx. O(naxo ncc
¬ro ocranoci nnmi (o6pix »cnanncx.
÷ H: n:no»cnnn, c(cnannoio ronapnmcx Icncpaninix
45
Ccxpcrapcx, ÷ nauan Tcxno, xax 6y(ro ionopnn na xaxon-nn-
6y(i xc»naprnnnon ncrpcuc, ÷ nn»y, uro ni npo(nnnynnci
nncpc(. Oro (ocrannncr xnc y(ononicrnnc. Koc-xaxnc :axc-
uannn (ncpcno(nn, xa»crcn, Paxa(an ¹nraxy) y xcnn ccri or-
nocnrcnino nponc(cnnon naxn (o cnx nop pa6ori, no npc»(c
nccio xnc xorcnoci 6i c(cnari nax o6:op o6cranonxn n Ma-
xc(onnn n xacaricn roio, xax nonnxamr xapaxrcp 6opi6i
6oniapcxnc n ipcuccxnc ronapnmn.
Bccx rcx, uro on na6onran n xo(c ¬ron ncpnon 6ccc(i,
xax n n (nyx nnn rpcx (pyinx cnyuanx ncrox roio »c io(a,
on crpcxnncn ni(anari cc6n nc npocro :a «¬xcncpra» 6an-
xancxnx npo6ncx, a :a «ncnnxoio nonnrnxa» Ianxan, :a ucno-
ncxa, cnoco6noio ryr »c npnnrn x «na»nix n pcmammnx
nino(ax n :axnmucnnnx»' Kax no cnocxy rony, rax n no cnocn
ucrxon xancpc «nocnc(ncn nncrannnn», no xancpc ionopnri on
npon:no(nn nncuarncnnc ucnoncxa, n pyxax xoropoio naxo-
(nnnci nnrn Ianxan, raxoc nncuarncnnc, 6y(ro or ncio o(noio
:annccnn nincmncc n 6y(ymcc 6anxancxnx crpan'
Oco6cnno nopa:nno nac n ¬rox ucnoncxc nnnoc orcyr-
crnnc yna»cnnn x pyxono(nrcnnx (nyx 6parcxnx naprnn ÷
Ioniapnn n Ipcnnn, xax n ynorpc6ncnnc nx c nauana (o xon-
na rcpxnnon «ma6non» n «ma6nonnocri». Bcxopc xi y:nann,
x ucxy on xnonnn.
÷ Ioniapcxnc ronapnmn, ÷ cxa:an on, n uacrnocrn, ÷ nc
nocrynamr coo6pa:no c cnryannnxn, a ma6nonno no(pa»amr
npomnoxy oniry, niyucnnoxy no xnniax. Onn »(yr, noxa nc
ncnixnyr :a6acronxn n (cxoncrpannn n iopo(ax, xax n Poccnn
n 1917 io(y, uro6i nnmi nocnc ¬roio ncrynnri n nonym qa-
:y, n qa:y noopy»cnnoio noccrannn' Oro :naunr nono»nri
xoncn 6opi6c c :axnarunxaxn, concpmcnno nc nauan cc. To
»c caxoc (cnamr ipcxn. Onn cocpc(orounnnci n o(nnx ronixo
iopo(ax n »(yr n na(c»(c na ro, uro nx y(acrcn n:nri nnacri
no:(ncc, nyrcx napnaxcnrcxnx ncpcionopon. Oro inynocrn'
÷ 6c: :a:pcnnn conccrn pc:xo cxa:an on (ncxopc xi (on»ni
6inn npnnixnyri x raxon rcpxnnonoinn, xoropan ncci(a 6ina
na n:ixc y ¬roio ccp6a-ucpnoiopna). ÷ H:nccrno, ÷ npo-
(on»an on, ÷ uro ucnoncx, y xoropoio ionona na nncuax,
46
(on»cn nn(cri (animc cnocio noca, nc nna(an, o(naxo, n
ma6nonnocri, nc ynycxan n: nn(y n nc yxannn ro, uro na-
xo(nrcn, rax cxa:ari, no( nocox. 2, ÷ xnunnno cxa:an on, ÷
nxcm n nn(y onir namcn naprnn n namcio Icnmra6a. Mi n
iopax n nc(cx 6onimym 6opi6y, nc o»n(an :a6acronox n
(cxoncrpannn 6oniap n ipcxon' Oro npnxcp, xoropoxy na(o
cnc(onari, oco6cnno n ycnonnnx Ianxan, ÷ cxa:an on, ÷ n
xi nnxoxy nc 6y(cx orxa:inari n ncx'
Hoxonuan, on o6parnncn xo xnc:
÷ Bor xnc npnnrno cnymari, uro n y nac nauanaci 6opi-
6a n iopax, naprn:ancxan 6opi6a. Oro xopomnn npn:nax, no
na(o roponnricn. Bi noxa uro cmc ocracrcci c orpn(axn n
6ocnixn (py»nnaxn. Ipocirc 6ocnic (py»nni n iopo(ax,
:anonnnnrc iopi naprn:anaxn. H6o, xax n y»c cxa:an, cocpc-
(orounri 6opi6y n o(nnx ronixo iopo(ax, :naunr nnacri n
ma6nonnocri, cncno xonnponari onir (pyinx, ncc panno, uicn
pcnonmnnn ¬ror onir . . .
Cnnmxox pa:nn:no ncn cc6n ¬ror :a:nanmnncn xoxxynncr'
Ionopnn nn on rax naxanino n unannnno noroxy, uro ¬ro
6ino n cio npnniuxc, nnn »c, xo»cr, on cunran nac «xono-
(nnxox» n nonaian, uro c naxn xoi ionopnri ncnxoc, uro cxy
:a6naiopaccy(nrcn" 2 nc xoi no:nonnri cxy npo(on»ari ra-
xnx ronox n raxnxn cnonaxn.
÷ Mi, ÷ npcpnan n cio, ÷ ncnocpc(crncnno nc :naxoxi
c 6parcxnxn naprnnxn Ioniapnn n Ipcnnn, nax nc npc(crannn-
nnci cnyuan n no:xo»nocri no(po6no :naxoxnricn c nx ni-
ncmnnx nono»cnncx. Tax uro, nc cunram yxccrnix (a»c n
ionopnri :(cci o nnx n nx nnnnn. Ho, nocxonixy ni nicxa:a-
nnci, xnc ro»c na(o nipa:nri cnoc xncnnc.
÷ 2 cxa:an ¬ro nnmi n xauccrnc npnxcpa, nc :a(ananci
ncnim o6cy»(ari nx (cna, ÷ nonirancn onpan(aricn Tcxno.
÷ Oro npocro cno6o(noc co6ccc(onannc.
÷ 2 ro»c cno6o(no 6y(y ionopnri, ÷ cxa:an n cxy n
npo(on»nn: ÷ Hamn uyncrna n namc xncnnc o nnx, xax (nyx
xoxxynncrnuccxnx naprnnx, uncnax Koxnnrcpna 6inn n oc-
ramrcn raxnxn »c, uro n n ornomcnnn namcn naprnn n nm-
6on (pyion xoxxynncrnuccxon naprnn. Mi ncci(a 6inn ca-
47
xoio nicoxoio xncnnn oco6cnno o raxnx pyxono(nrcnnx, xax
ronapnm µnxnrpon. 2 ionopm ¬ro noroxy, uro nac nc xo»cr
nc y(nnnnri ro, xax Bi oro:nannci o pyxono(crnc Ioniapcxon
xoxxynncrnuccxon naprnn.
÷ Mi rax»c c yna»cnncx ornocnxcn x ronapnmy µn-
xnrpony, ÷ oro:nancn Tcxno, ÷ no n (annox cnyuac on ro-
»c nicrynacr :a nponc(cnnc ma6nonnon nnnnn n nonpocax
6opi6i c :axnarunxaxn. Iiri xo»cr, ¬ro o6¡ncnncrcn rcx,
uro on pa6oracr n Mocxnc, npn Koxnnrcpnc, n nc :nacr (py-
ioio onira, xpoxc onira npc»nnx pcnonmnnn n 6opi6i Kpac-
non apxnn. Hxcnno :(cci ma6nonnocri . . .
÷ Cnnmxox y» uacro ynorpc6nncrc ni rcpxnn «ma6non»
n, nacxonixo n nonnxam, ¬rnx ni no(pa:yxcnacrc n ncpnym
oucpc(i onir Oxrn6picxon pcnonmnnn, ÷ pc:xo ncpc6nn n
cio. ÷ Hnn »c n omn6amci"'
÷ B ncxoropon crcncnn n cio, no (ananrc pa:6cpcxcn.. .
÷ Bi y» npocrnrc xcnn, ÷ cnona npcpnan n cio, ÷ no
(nn nac Oxrn6picxan pcnonmnnn n ncci cc onir nnnnmrcn
ucx-ro cnnmcnnix. Mo»cr, xi cmc nc nnnxnn n cymnocri
(cna xax ni, ÷ nc 6c: nponnn o6parnncn n x ncxy, ÷ no
nax xopomo n:nccrno o(no: Pcnonmnnn, n oco6cnnocrn Ox-
rn6picxan, ¬ro ncnnxoc (cno, ¬ro xnponoc nxn, xnponoc nn-
ncnnc, xoropoc npc»(c nccio nanoxnnacr o xopcnnix ncpcno-
porax n o6mccrnc. Ona nxnmuacr n cc6n nc ronixo :a6acronxn
n (cxoncrpannn, xax ¬ro ni cxa:ann, ona co(cp»nr n cc6c
npc»(c nccio nocnc(nnn 6on c npnxcncnncx raxnx anropnrcr-
nix cpc(crn, xax nnnronxn, nyncxcri, nymxn. Tax uro (nn
nac pcnonmnnn ccri 6opi6a, nc(ymancn nocrcncnno, no nc-
npcpinno n nccxn qopxaxn, cnoco6axn n cpc(crnaxn, naun-
nan c caxix ¬ncxcnrapnix n nnnori (o ncco6mcio noopy»cn-
noio noccrannn.
÷ Oroio xi nc orpnnacx, ÷ npcpnan xcnn on, ÷ no
ni nycrnnnci n rcopnm. 2 nxcn n nn(y nincmnmm 6opi6y.
÷ 2 ro»c cc nxcm n nn(y, ÷ cxa:an n, ÷ a nc npocro
o6nacri rcopnn. 2 xorcn cxa:ari, uro xi no nccn namcn nn-
nnn onnpacxcn npc»(c nccio na nc:axcnnxin onir Oxrn6pi-
cxon pcnonmnnn n yunxcn na ncx, ccrccrncnno, crapanci xax
48
xo»no iny6»c n:yunri n npnxcnnri cio coo6pa:no c ni-
ncmnnx npcxcncx, c ycnonnnxn n o6cronrcnicrnaxn nincm-
ncn cnryannn.
2 :axcrnn, uro on ronixo n »(an, uro6i n xonunn. On
xn:nnonix npyrox pa:(pa»cnno n ncrcpncnnno xnccran ca-
noin.
÷ Oro nnnoc nc(opa:yxcnnc, ÷ cxa:an on. ÷ 2 ionopnn
o (pyiox, no (ananrc ocrannx ¬ry rcxy. µcno n rox, uro . . .
÷ £mc ornocnrcnino roio, uro ni cxa:ann o 6oniapcxnx
ronapnmax n oco6cnno o ronapnmc µnxnrponc, ÷ ncpc6nn
n cio. ÷ Honropnm, xi nc no((cp»nnann nnxaxnx npn-
xix cnn:cn c nnxn n xonxpcrno nc :nacx nx nono»cnnn n
nx (cn. Ho cunram, uro ni omn6acrcci, yrncp»(an, uro
ronapnm µnxnrpon npornn ncxc(ncnnoio pa:nnrnn nmnpi
noopy»cnnon 6opi6i npornn nann-qamncrcxon oxxynannn.
÷ 2 ionopm o rox, uro nn(cn n cnixan, ÷ pc:xo oro-
:nancn Tcxno.
÷ Hccxonixo xccnncn roxy na:a(, ÷ no:pa:nn n cxy,
÷ x nax nocrynnnn (npcxrnni Koxnnrcpna ornocnrcnino nnnnn
namcn naprnn n Hannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninon 6opi6c. 2 ync-
pcn, uro n onpc(cncnnn ycranonox n (npcxrnn, (anacxix Ko-
xnnrcpnox, nccoxoc cnono n o(no n: inannix xccr npnna(nc-
»nr n ronapnmy µnxnrpony.
÷ Icccnopno' ÷ orncrnn Tcxno. ÷ On :annxacrcn Ko-
xnnrcpnox ncnocpc(crncnno.
÷ Toi(a, ÷ npo(on»an n, ÷ xax nonnxari namn cno-
na, ccnn n npncnannix nax (npcxrnnax nc ionopnrcn «»(nrc
n iopo(ax», «:annxanrcci ronixo :a6acronxaxn», a ionopnrcn
«pa:nnnanrc n pacmnpnnrc 6opi6y, xo6nnn:ynrc ncc cnni na
noopy»cnnym 6opi6y npornn qamncrcxoio :axnarunxa»"'
Ho6aiponcnmnn Tcxno npo(on»an nacrannari na cnocx,
no(ucpxnnan, uro on :nan nc nocrynnnmnc x nax (npcxrnni,
a «xonxpcrnym pcaninym (cncrnnrcninocri n nnnnn 6oniap-
cxnx ronapnmcn».
2 nc (an cxy npo(on»ari (animc ionopnri o (pyinx, n
on cax orcrynnn, nonropnn, uro xocnyncn on ¬ron rcxi nc
49
(nn roio, uro6i «:nocnonnri n a(pcc rpcrinx», a npocro pa(n
«xoncynirannn xc»(y ronapnmaxn».
Hacrana oucpc(i «xoc-xaxnx :axcuannn» o namcn pa6orc.
C ncpnix »c «:axcuannn» n :axcrnn, uro on nc 6in ncocnc(ox-
ncn o nono»cnnn (cn y nac, xax ¬ro on npnxn(inancn nnauanc.
Hpoxin cc6c por n «c(cnan nax npnnrnoc» ornocnrcnino nc-
noio pn(a ycncxon, on namcn yxccrnix ncpcuncnnri cnon
«:axcuannn».
÷ Bo-ncpnix, ÷ cxa:an on, ÷ n pa6orc naprnn na6nm-
(annci ccxranrcxnc rcn(cnnnn n no:nnnn ornocnrcnino co-
rpy(nnuccrna n c6nn»cnnn co cnonxn n ipynnaxn nm(cn, noni-
:ymmnxcn nnnnnncx y napo(a; no-nropix, na(o cmc rccncc
cnn:inari xapaxrcp ocno6o(nrcninon 6opi6i c nonpocox ynn-
uro»cnnn crapoio pc»nxa, ro ccri c o6pa:onanncx nannonani-
no-ocno6o(nrcninix concron; n-rpcrinx, naprn:ancxnc orpn(i
n ipynni nc cnc(ycr cunrari «orpn(axn naprnn»; n ucrncp-
rix, . . .
÷ Ocy(nri rponxncra 3an 0yn(o, xax npaia naprnn' ÷
ryr »c ncrannn n.
Tcxno 6in norpnccn n pacrcpnn xonx nxcmarcnicrnox,
no ncxopc n:nn cc6n n pyxn.
÷ µa, ÷ cxa:an on, ÷ o ncx ro»c 6y(y ionopnri'
÷ Tonapnm Tcxno, ÷ cnoxonno :aionopnn n, ÷ ro, uro
ni ionopnrc, xi unrann (na-rpn xccnna roxy na:a( n nncixc,
xoropoc ronapnm Tnro npncnan nax, x roxy »c xi (onio
o6cy»(ann ¬rn nonpoci n c Ina»o. Bn(nxo, ni rax»c 6inn
xopomo ocnc(oxncni o nnx. Hax ncni:n nc nipa:nri y(onnc-
rnopcnnc no nono(y roio, uro ni nponnnncrc croni 6onimon
nnrcpcc x namcxy (cny.
÷ A uro, ni nc xornrc, uro6i xi nnrcpcconannci" ÷
pa:(pa»cnno cnpocnn on. ÷ Hc ny»(acrcci n noxomn" Hnn
»c cunracrc ncyxccrnixn namn :axcuannn"
2 oucni xparxo paccxa:an n cxy o rox, xax xi o6cy»(ann
n xax xnannqnnnponann co(cp»anmcccn n nncixc Tnro, n,
uro6i xoc-xax c6nri c ncio cncci, concpmcnno orucrnnno cxa-
:an cxy:
5O
÷ B npnnnnnc c rcxn :axcuannnxn xo»no 6ino n cun-
raricn, no xi nx nonyunnn cnnmxox no:(no. Honyunnn xi nx
n raxoc npcxn, xoi(a (nn nac concpmcnno nc cymccrnonann
6onimc npo6ncxi, x xoropix onn ornocnnnci. Tcx 6oncc
o nnx nc cronno 6i ionopnri ccnuac.
÷ Mo»cr 6iri, ÷ cxa:an Tcxno, ÷ no nnauanc, xoi(a
ionopnnn o nnnnn naprnn, ni ncc npcxn ynorpc6nnnn rcp-
xnn «namn naprn:ancxnc ipynni», «namn naprn:ancxnc or-
pn(i». Bi ionopnrc xax Icncpaninin Ccxpcrapi naprnn, rax
uro nn"
÷ Koncuno' ÷ orncrnn n.
÷ B raxox cnyuac nonyuacrcn, uro orpn(i n 6aranioni
ni cmc cunracrc «orpn(axn naprnn'». Oro rax»c omn6xa ccx-
ranrcxoio xapaxrcpa. Onn nnnnmrcn noopy»cnnixn cnnaxn
napo(a, a nc npocro naprnn . . .
÷ Hc:aucx :annxaricn nipon cnon, ÷ npcpnan n cio.
÷ Ionopn «namn ipynni n orpn(i», xi ncci(a nxccx n nn(y
napo( n naprnm. Onn, 6c:ycnonno, nnnnmrcn noopy»cnnixn
cnnaxn napo(a, rax xax nx pn(i :anonnncr napo( ÷ xpccri-
nnc, pa6ounc, xono(c»i. Ho xi, ÷ npo(on»an n, ÷ concp-
mcnno nc cunracx omn6xon n (a»c nc xo»cx :axcuari omn6-
xn, xoropym ni no(xcuacrc n rox, uro orpn(i n (pyinc nap-
rn:ancxnc qopxnponannn xi rccno cnn:inacx c naprncn.
Hama Koxxynncrnuccxan Haprnn nnnncrcn nx c(nncrncnnix
n nc:axcnnxix rnopnox, opiann:aropox n pyxono(nrcncx.
Mi nnucio, nn o(noio or(cncnnn con(ar, nc ionopn y»c o
6oncc xpynnix coc(nncnnnx nc nonyunnn n nacnc(crno or
crapon apxnn 6inmcio xoponn. Tax uro ncc cnni, ymc(mnc n
iopi, nnnnmrcn nno(ox npannninon nnnnn namcn naprnn,
cc (crnmcx n n ¬rox ornomcnnn xi nc (onycxacx omn6xn,
na:inan naprn:ancxnc orpn(i «namnxn». Hcpc( naxn cronr
rcncpi nonic na»nic :a(aun: 6y(cx opiann:onari xpynnic
coc(nncnnn, naunnan c 6pnia(, co:(a(nx Icncpaninin Ura6
namcn Hannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninon apxnn. Ornx qopxnpo-
nannn n ¬rnx opianon xi nnxax nc xo»cx nonnxari n orpi-
nc or naprnn, or cc ponn xax nx rnopna n pyxono(nmcn cnni.
Iin crpannin nopox y ¬roio co6ccc(nnxa: ncnxnn pa:,
51
xoi(a oxa:inancn n ncnonxox nono»cnnn, on niionapnnan
xaxoc-ro «na(no, na(no», n ryr »c na(xcnno ncpccxaxnnan na
nonym ncrxy. Tax 6ino no npcxn nccx 6ccc(, xoropic xi nxc-
nn c nnx.
÷ 2 nc orpnnam ponn namcn naprnn, no ionopnri rax
÷ ncnpannnino, n6o n raxox cnyuac nonyuacrcn, uro orpn-
(i cocronr n: o(nnx ronixo xoxxynncron, ÷ no:pa:nn on.
÷ Oro a6cyp(, ÷ :axcrnn n. ÷ Hamn orpn(i n 6ara-
nioni nonni nonnon, n nx pn(i ncnpcpinno nononnnmrcn.
Hcy»cnn ni (yxacrc, uro ncc onn xoxxynncri' Hcr, ronapnm
Tcxno, ¬roio 6iri nc xo»cr. Koxxynncri n(yr n ananiap(c,
onn ÷ ncpc(onan uacri nonnon, onn ÷ nx ni(ammnccn no-
»axn, no onn nc cocrannnmr ncci cocran namnx nonnon.
÷ 3naunr, nonyuacrcn rax, uro, no xpanncn xcpc, namn
mra6i cocronr n: o(nnx ronixo xoxxynncron' Oro (pyioc
namc :axcuannc x nax. Pa: apxnn nnnncrcn napo(non, n mra6
(on»ni nxo(nri ncxoxxynncri, n ncni:n ocrannri ¬ry pa-
6ory n pyxax ronixo xoxxynncron.
÷ Ora «omn6xa» rax»c nc ni(cp»nnacr xpnrnxn, ÷ ryr
»c orncrnn n. ÷ Ioncc roio, xoiy coo6mnri nax, uro no(a-
nnnmmym uacri xoxan(noio cocrana namnx orpn(on cocra-
nnnmr nc xoxxynncri, a uccrnic narpnori, 6onni, »cnam-
mnc nn(cri Po(nny cno6o(non n nc:anncnxon n co:narcnino
nocnpnnnnmnc nnnnm namcn Koxxynncrnuccxon Haprnn. £crc-
crncnno, no nccn ¬ron pa6orc n xauccrnc caxoio inannoio xi
orxcuacx ror qaxr, uro ncnrpaninix mra6ox, pyxono(nmnx
mra6ox, onpc(cnnmmnx nnnnm, pyxono(nmnx Hannonanino-
ocno6o(nrcninix 0ponrox, pa6oron nannonanino-ocno6o(n-
rcninix concron n nccn namcn 6opi6on, nnnncrcn naprnn. Mi
¬roio nc orpnnacx, nanpornn, cunracx inannix qaxropox n
caxix na»nix namnx (ocrn»cnncx.
Bcxopc n (on»cn 6in y6c(nricn n rox, uro Tcxno nc
6ccnoxonnn nn ro, xax xi opiann:onann qponr, nn pa6ora
c nannonanncraxn, nn poni xoxxynncron n ¬ncxcnron, nc co-
cronnmnx n naprnn, n mra6ax. On nonropnn ro, uro xi y»c
npounrann n nncixc Tnro, nn(nxo, uro6i noxa:ari, uro «yxcn
(cnari xonxpcrnic :axcuannn», no nocnc namnx no:pa»c-
52
nnn nc cran cnopnri. On xnonnn concpmcnno x (pyioxy.
÷ O6n:arcnino na(o co:(anari xpynnic mra6i, ÷ cxa-
:an on n npo(on»cnnc namcn 6ccc(i, ÷ n6o 6c: mra6on nc
o6on(cmicn' Bi, ronapnm Onncp, cxa:ann, uro pyxono(nmnx,
ncnrpaninix mra6ox nnnncrcn naprnn. Coinaccn, no nc(i
naprnn ccri naprnn, a mra6 ccri mra6' Y nocnc(ncio cnon
qynxnnn, cnon poni, oco6cnno n nanpanncnnn opiann:annn
n xoop(nnnponannn 6ocnix (cncrnnn. Bi ocrannci c o(nnxn
ronixo mra6axn orpn(on n 6aranionon. Bi cnnmxox orcracrc.
I(c y nac mra6i 6pnia(, i(c y nac Icncpaninin Ura6"'
÷ Mi nac cnymacx, ronapnm Tcxno, ÷ npcpnan n cio
pc:xnx ronox, ÷ ronixo npomy yuccri, i(c ionopnrc n o ucx
ionopnrc. 2 n ronapnmccxox (yxc paccxa:inan nax o xo(c na-
mcn 6opi6i n namnx naprn:ancxnx qopxnponannnx nnnori
(o Hcpnon nannonaninon naprnnnon xonqcpcnnnn. 2 pac-
cxa:inan nax rax»c o xonxpcrnix :a(auax, nocranncnnix ¬ron
xonqcpcnnncn n nanpanncnnn co:(annn 6oncc xpynnix 6oc-
nix orpn(on n, n ¬rox nnanc, n o co:(annn n cxopox npcxc-
nn Icncpaninoio Ura6a namcn apxnn.
÷ µa, no i(c »c onn y nac"' ÷ c xaxnx-ro nco6¡ncnn-
xix rcpncnncx ncpccnpocnn on.
÷ Onn y nac n iopax' ÷ orncrnn n nonimcnnix ronox.
÷ B (cpcnnnx n iopo(ax An6annn, nc:(c, i(c opiann:onina-
crcn n xo6nnn:ycrcn, cpa»acrcn ncnin napo( co cnocn nap-
rncn no inanc. H nc 6ccnoxonrcci nacucr 6naiononyunoio
xo(a namnx (cn, ronapnm Tcxno. Bcc non(cr rax, xax na(o,
6y(cr c(cnano n ny»noc npcxn, a nc rax, xax :a6naiopaccy-
(nrcn xnc, nax nnn xoxy-nn6o (pyioxy.
÷ 2 nac nonnxam, n nac nonnxam, ronapnm Onncp, ÷
nco»n(anno cnn:nn on ron, ÷ no nor, n ucx (cno: (anno n
pa:pa6arinam n iononc ncnnxym n(cm. Ona oxnarinacr Kio-
cnannm, An6annm, Ioniapnm n Ipcnnm.
÷ Ona (cncrnnrcnino ncnnxan, pa: oxnarinacr ncc 6an-
xancxnc crpani, ÷ c ncixon nponncn oro:nancn n.
÷ µa, ncc 6anxancxnc crpani' ÷ Honropnn on c nccxpi-
nacxix y(ononicrnncx n npo(on»an: ÷ Y xcnn n iononc n(cn
53
ncnnxoio mra6a, mra6a, cronmcio, rax cxa:ari, na( mra6a-
xn, n(cn ncco6mcn opiann:annn, ni xcnn nonnxacrc"
÷ Mi nac cnymacx, xi nac cnymacx, ÷ orncrnn n, uro-
6i nc cxa:ari, uro nc nonnxam, o ucx ni ionopnrc.
÷ Oror mra6, ÷ npo(on»an on, ÷ 6y(cr +e×6aatan-
ctu+ mra6ox, nnn, (ananrc na:oncx cio xparxo ÷ 6aatan-
ctu+, n n cunram, uro on (on»cn cocronri n: npc(crannrcncn
icncpaninix mra6on nccx 6anxancxnx crpan. Ha ncio 6y(yr
no:no»cni na»nic qynxnnn, 6y(yr . . .
2 or(anan cc6c orucr n rox, uro xoxcnr 6in nc (nn
nponnn n uro na cio xicnn na(o 6ino o6pamari nnnxannc,
no¬roxy co6pan cc6n n pyxn n pcmnn co nccx :acny»cnnix
nnnxanncx nicnymari «n(cm». On, nn(nxo, :axcrnn nco»n-
(anno nponcmc(mcc no xnc n:xcncnnc n cpa:y »c nonn:nn
¬nqopnuccxnn ron cnocn pcun:
÷ Honxnrc xcnn, ÷ cxa:an on. ÷ Bcc ¬ro n ionopnn
noroxy, uro cnyuan npnncn xcnn x nax. H(cn y xcnn noxa
cmc n iononc, ona y xcnn, rax cxa:ari, cmc npocxr. 2 o6xcnn-
nancn xoc-xaxnxn xncnnnxn c ronapnmcx n: ipcuccxon naprnn
n c o(nnx n: 6oniapcxon, no nx ro»c ncpc(anan cc nor rax,
xnxoxo(ox. Hpocro, uro6i no:6y(nri xicni. Mnc npn(crcn
cmc (opa6arinari, orpa6orari cc, a norox y»c n:no»nri, i(c
cnc(ycr. Ho, ÷ npo(on»an on, ÷ uro6i :ancpmnri n ¬ry
6ccc(y, n cnona nacrannam na rox, o ucx ionopnn nimc: nax
na(o xax xo»no cxopcc co:(ari mra6i, oco6cnno Icnmra6.
Oro oucni na»no. Bor npc(nono»nx, uro xi (oionopnnnci
c 6oniapcxnxn n ipcuccxnxn ronapnmaxn o xonxpcrn:annn
n(cn «Ianxancxoio mra6a». Hpc(nono»nx, uro ni ro»c co-
inacni. B raxox cnyuac xax »c ni 6y(crc yuacrnonari n ncx,
ccnn y nac cmc ncr icncpaninoio mra6a"' Oro n n nxcn n nn-
(y, ÷ cxa:an on n no(nnn ina:a n o»n(annn xocio pcainpo-
nannn.
÷ Inannoc ¬ro ro, uro6i y nac 6in pyxono(nmnn mra6,
naprnn, ÷ orncrnn n. ÷ C ncm no inanc n ny»nin xoxcnr
6y(yr co:(ani n xoxan(i n mra6i (pyinx, 6oncc xpynnix
coc(nncnnn n coorncrcrnnn c norpc6nocrnxn n rcxnaxn pa:-
54
ncprinannn 6opi6i. ¹ro »c xacacrcn xoxcnra, xoi(a onn
6y(yr co:(ani, ro ¬roio, (yxacrcn xnc, ni nc rpc6ycrc
or nac, no xnc rax»c nc:aucx ionopnri nax o6 ¬rox. Oro (cno
Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra namcn naprnn n Icncpaninoio Co-
ncra Hannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninoio 0ponra.
÷ Ka»crcn, ni xcnn nnoxo nonnnn' ÷ :axcrnn Tcxno,
xoropin (o cnx nop cnyman xcnn c onymcnnixn ina:axn.
÷ 2 ionopnn ncc ¬ro n paxxax n(cn, xoropan y xcnn n io-
nonc. Oro xcnn :annxacr . . .
÷ Cxa:ari nax npan(y, nax nnxoi(a n n ionony nc npnxo-
(nna raxan n(cn, ÷ orncrnn n, ÷ rax uro nc xoiy :annri
no:nnnm no ¬roxy nonpocy nc ro uro or nxcnn HK naprnn,
no (a»c nnuno or cnocio nxcnn. Tcx 6oncc, uro ni caxn,
xax y»c -ionopnnn, cmc nc (opa6orann cc, cnc(onarcnino, ona
cmc npocxr n namcn iononc. Iiri xo»cr, no:(ncc ni cmc
nyumc xonxpcrn:npycrc cc, 6iri xo»cr, ni npoxoncynirnpy-
crcci n c ronapnmaxn n: namcn naprnn n (pyinx 6parcxnx
naprnn.
÷ O6n:arcnino, o6n:arcnino' ÷ cxa:an Tcxno.
÷ Tonixo y»c nc na xo(y n xnxoxo(ox' ÷ cxa:an n
cxy, ycxcxanci, n npo(on»an: ÷ £cnn ncpc( naxn 6y(cr no-
cranncn ¬ror nonpoc, xi 6y(cx cio o6cy»(ari n cxa»cx
cnoc xncnnc. ¹ro »c xacacrcn namcio nocnc(ncio 6ccnoxon-
crna, 6ccnoxoncrna o rox, xax 6i ni, ocraninic, nc nomnn n
¬ror «mra6», a xi ocrannci nnc ncio, rax xax y nac cmc
ncr Icncpaninoio Ura6a apxnn, ro 6y(irc cnoxonni' K
roxy »c, ÷ ncc »c ycxcxanci (o6annn n, ÷ (yxam, uro yua-
crnc nnn ncyuacrnc namcio mra6a n ncx nc paccrpannacr
namy n(cm.
÷ O, ncr' Pcui n(cr o 6anxancxox c(nncrnc. O raxox
6parcxox com:c xc»(y namnxn napo(axn n namnxn crpa-
naxn . . .
÷ Mi nnxoi(a nc 6y(cx xcmari nnucxy, uro cny»nr o6-
mcn 6opi6c npornn nann-qamncrcxnx :axnarunxon, ÷ cxa:an
n cxy. ÷ Ho (ananrc ocrannx ¬ror nonpoc. Bi caxn iono-
pnnn, uro cmc pano o6cy»(ari cio. Hax caxnx npc(cronr
pcmari 6oncc ncorno»nic npo6ncxi.
55
÷ Coinaccn' Mi cmc ynn(nxcn, ÷ cxa:an Tcxno, ncran
n n:nannn pancn na nncun.
On niinn(cn 6oncc xpaunix, ucx xoi(a npnmcn. Ho nccn
nn(nxocrn, paccunrinan cnimari or nac ronixo cnono
«axnni'». B caxox (cnc, na ¬ron ncpnon ncrpcuc xi ornc-
cnnci nccixa no-ronapnmccxn, n (a»c 6onimc, ucx na(o
6ino, rcpncnnno n (o6po»cnarcnino x ncxy n cio xicnnx.
Ymcn on rax »c nco»n(anno, xax n npnmcn. Ka»crcn, nc-
xnoio cnycrn nocnc ¬roio on cnona nonnnncn n namcx mra-
6c n cnona ncuc: n nanpanncnnn Maxc(onnn nnn Ipcnnn,
uro6i onnri no:nparnricn o(nn nnn (na pa:a x xonny nmnn
nnn nauany aniycra roio »c io(a. 2 nnxoi(a rouno nc :nan,
cxonixo pa: npnxo(nn n yxo(nn Tcxno or nac n ncpno( xc»-
(y xaprox n aniycrox 1943 io(a. Iiri xo»cr, ¬ro o6¡n-
cnncrcn rcx, uro no npcxn ¬rnx noc:(ox on crannn o(ny roni-
xo npo6ncxy, ionopnn o(no ronixo cnono ÷ «6anxancxnn
mra6'». Bo npcxn o(noio n: ¬rnx nonnncnnn n ncuc:nonc-
nnn, xa»crcn x xonny nmnn, on ionopnr xnc:
÷ ¹ro, ccnn n no:ixy c co6on n 0cccannm n ronapnma
Koun µ:o(:c
1
" Mi ycrponx c ipcuccxnxn ronapnmaxn ncrpc-
uy ornocnrcnino «mra6a», on nonyrno cxo»cr xax-nn6y(i pa:-
xnri cc6c noin nocnc (onioio rmpcxnoio :axnmucnnn'
Hc 6ino ocnonannn orxa:ari cxy. Onn ymnn, ncuc:nn nc-
(cnn (nc n cnona no:nparnnnci n An6annm. Ho nccn nn(n-
xocrn, nx :nc:(i connann, nc(i nccxonixo (ncn cnycrn, xo-
i(a Tcxno «nona(o6nnoci» concpmnri (pyiym npoiynxy no Ipc-
____________________________________
1 Ha I Hannonaninon xonqcpcnnnn KHA, cocronnmcncn n xaprc
1943 io(a, Koun µ:o(:c, xorn n cn(cn n rmpixc, 6in n:6pan uncnox
Honnr6mpo HK KHA n na ncio 6ina no:no»cna o6n:annocri ccxpcrapn
naprnn no opiann:annonnix nonpocax. Bin(n n: rmpixi n nauanc
ncra roio »c io(a, no npcxn noc:(ox no Ipcnnn c Byxxanonnucx
Tcxno 6in :ancp6onan nx n npcnparnncn n cncnoc opy(nc n nocnym-
noio aicnra 6cnipa(cxoio pyxono(crna. Cnom aicnrypnym, anrnan6an-
cxym n anrnxapxcncrcxym (cnrcninocri on pa:ncprinan nocnc(ona-
rcnino (o rcx nop noxa nc 6in pacxpir n nc nonyunn :acny»cnnoc
naxa:annc n naprnn n xonnc 1948 io(a; n 1949 io(y 6in ocy»(cn opia-
naxn napo(noio npanocy(nn.
56
nnn ornocnrcnino «mra6a», on cnona :axorcn n:nri c co6on
Koun µ:o(:c.
÷ Ti c(cnacmi n Koun «6anxancxnx'». ÷ xax 6i n
myrxy cxa:an cxy Mnna(nn.
÷ Pa: n:nnnci :a ¬ro (cno, ÷ orncrnn cxy Tcxno, ÷
ny»no cio npo(on»nri.
Bo:nparnnnci onn x xonny nmnn nnn nauany aniycra. B
¬ror ncpno( xi naxo(nnnci n Kynaxc (Kopunncxan o6nacri).
Oro 6ina xon nocnc(nnn ncrpcua c Tcxno n io(i Hannonani-
no-ocno6o(nrcninon 6opi6i. B ro »c npcxn ¬ro 6ina ncrpcua,
no npcxn xoropon nax npnmnoci ncrynnri c nnx n ocrpic
(c6ari, nicnymari or ncio caxic rn»xnc o6nnncnnn n orno-
mcnnn nnnnn namcn naprnn. Ora ncrpcua o:naxcnonana co-
6on nauano orxpiroio n opiann:onannoio nxcmarcnicrna n
(anncnnn KHK na nac. Ka:anoci, 6y(ro cc nocnanni no cnocn
co6crncnnon nonc npn6ciann x raxoxy nxcmarcnicrny n (a-
nncnnm, a qaxrnuccxn, xax nincnnnoci nnocnc(crnnn, onn
opncnrnponannci n pyxono(crnonannci nc cnocn iononon, a
iononon miocnancxoio pyxono(crna, Tnro n xoxnannn. Bnpo-
ucx o6 ¬rox n 6y(y ionopnri nn»c. £mc ocracrcn ncnincncn-
non (anincnman cy(i6a «(nn»ymcn» n(cn Tcxno, cy(i6a
«6anxancxoio mra6a».
«Konxpcrn:nponan n(cm», pa:¡c:»an no 6anxancxnx crpa-
nax (npan(y ionopn, pa:¡c:»an on xnoio, ynopno, nn c ucx
nc cunranci 6pancn :a nm6oc npc(npnnrnc, xax 6i ono nn
6ino pncxonannix, pcmnrcnino (o6nnancn ocymccrnncnnn
cxa:annoio, 6in ynpnx, xax xyn, 6cccrpamcn, xopouc ionopn,
cnocio po(a µyman Myioma, no 6oncc cnoco6nin, iopa:(o
6oncc ronxonin npn ninonncnnn cnocn xnccnn), on crcncnno
nonnnncrcn n An6annn nxccrc c xaxnx-ro (pyinx ronapnmcx.
÷ Hpc(crannrcni Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra Koxxynncrnuc-
cxon naprnn Ipcnnn, ÷ npc(crannn on cio, na:nan xaxoc-ro
nxn nnn nccn(onnx, xoropoio n rax n nc :anoxnnn.
Mi no:(oponannci c o6onxn npnmnixn n, uro6i co-
:(ari Tcxno «arxocqcpy», n cnpocnn cio n myrxy:
÷ Hy, xax Ianxani"'
57
÷ Iypnnr, ÷ orncrnn Tcxno, n 6ino ncno, uro ¬rnx n
c(cnan cxy npnnrnoc. ÷ Iypnnr n xnnnr'
÷ Ocropo»no, a ro, ucio (o6poio, xoiyr n n:opnaricn'
÷ :axcrnn n.
Tcxno 6in nnymnrcninin, cnocnpannin n cnocnoninin,
pc(xo on ocrannnn xccro (nn noninix 6ccc(. Bcc ÷ (a»c
n npnncrcrnnc n no:(panncnnc c 6naiononyunix npn6irncx
npnnnxann n ncx oxpacxy oqnnnaninix qopxyn. Koi(a on
ionopnn nnn n:naian xaxym-nn6o xicni, co:(ananoci nncua-
rncnnc, 6y(ro on (nxronan nporoxon. Tax 6ino n na ¬ror pa:.
÷ Hc(annnn n(cn «6anxancxoio mra6a» y»c co:pcna, ÷
:aionopnn on, ÷ n n cunram ncnccoo6pa:nix, uro6i na ¬ron
ncrpcuc xi, npc(crannrcnn rpcx naprnn, xorn n n orcyrcrnnn
6oniapcxoio 6para, c(cnann ncpnin inannin mai x nonno-
mcnnm mra6a n »n:ni. Mi y»c (oionopnnnci c 6oniapcxnxn
ronapnmaxn, n onn, nancpnnxa, npnxyr yuacrnc n cnc(ymmcn
ncrpcuc. A rcncpi nor xax nonnxam n ¬ro (cno . . .
2 :axcrnn, uro on oucni na»nnuan. Tcx 6oncc, uro rc-
ncpi on crannn nac ncpc( concpmnnmnxcn qaxrox ornocn-
rcnino raxoio nonpoca, xoropoxy xi nc npn(anann concpmcn-
no nnxaxoio :naucnnn. Ho¬roxy n ocropo»no npcpnan cio:
÷ Tonapnm Tcxno, ni npo(cnann (nnnnin n yroxnrcni-
nin nyri. µananrc or(oxnyri, a norox xi nan(cx npcxn ni-
cnymari namy n(cm.
÷ Hcr, ÷ ryr »c no:pa:nn on, ÷ (cno nc n rox, uro6i
o(noio xcnn nicnymari. Oro na»nan ncrpcua no nccixa xap(n-
naninoxy nonpocy.
÷ B raxox cnyuac, ÷ cxa:an n, ÷ xax »c xo»no co-
6paricn rax, nc»(anno-ncia(anno na raxym ncrpcuy no nonpo-
cy, xoropin xi rax»c cunracx oucni na»nix"' Bi caxn
:nacrc npannna opiann:annn . . .
÷ Kaxnc rax npannna' ÷ cnocn n:nccrnon ipy6ocrim
npcpnan on xcnn. ÷ Tcncpi nocnnoc npcxn, (cna nc xoiyr
»(ari nponc(ypi'
÷ 2 co»ancm o rox, uro ni rax crannrc nonpoc, ÷ cxa-
:an n cxy. ÷ £cnn 6i ¬ro 6ino npocro nponc(ypnix nonpo-
58
cox, ro nc xnc na(o 6ino yuacrnonari n ¬ron 6ccc(c. Ho (a-
nanrc ocrannx ¬ror nonpoc. Bi(nniacxan naxn npo6ncxa
oucni na»nan, n xnc ncno:nonnrcnino cccri na raxym ncrpc-
uy c npc(crannrcnnxn (nyx 6parcxnx naprnn, nc nxcn ncnoio
npc(cranncnnn o rox, uro 6y(cx o6cy»(ari, nc nxcn (nn
¬roio rax»c xncnnn n opncnrnponox co croponi xonx ro-
napnmcn, no xpanncn xcpc, ronapnmcn n: Honnr6mpo . . .
µonio xi npo(on»ann no:pa»ari (pyi (pyiy (o rcx nop,
noxa nc (oionopnnnci ncc ¬ro cunrari npc(napnrcninon xon-
cyniranncn n npc(napnrcninix o6xcnox xncnnnxn n npocro
ronapnmccxox nopn(xc 6c: xancnmnx oqnnnaninix o6n:a-
rcnicrn n npn ycnonnn, uro nicxa:annic n xo(c (ncxyccnn
xncnnn nn n xocx cnyuac nc 6y(yr nxcri :naucnnn oqnnn-
aninix no:nnnn. Hocnc ¬roio xax 6y(ro npo6y(nncn n rona-
pnm n: KH Ipcnnn, xoropin (o roio npcxcnn nn c(nnoio
cnona nc nixonnnn. Kax xi y:nann nnocnc(crnnn, ¬ro 6in uc-
noncx, xoropin ncrpcuancn c Tcxno no npcxn noc:(ox nocnc(-
ncio «no Ianxanax», no xoropin nc 6in ynonnoxoucn HK
KHI o6cy»(ari raxon nonpoc; 6oncc roio, pyxono(crno cio
naprnn nnucio nc :nano o rox, uro on :annxacrcn no(o6non
npo6ncxon. Hcn:nccrno, xax ¬ro y(anoci Tcxno y6c(nri n
nonncui cio n raxoc ananrmpncrnuccxoc npc(npnnrnc' Kcrarn,
xax xi y:nann no:(ncc, ¬ror «npc(crannrcni HK KHI» nc
6in (a»c o6iunix xa(ponix pa6ornnxox KH Ipcnnn. Iin
nn nnc(cn n :a6ny»(cnnc cax Tcxno, nnn »c on npnncn cio,
uro6i «or nxcnn (nyx naprnn» nann:ari nax cnom n(cm ÷
¬roio xi rax n nc y:nann. Bnpoucx ¬ro nc nxccr :naucnnn.
Hrax, nauann xi ronapnmccxym «xoncynirannm», xoropan
ornnna y nac nccxonixo oucni ncnnix uacon, no xaxoxy-ro
nonpocy, xoropin rax n xonunncn, xax n nauancn ÷ xax «(nn-
»yman n(cn» n iononc n ncnnx ucnoncxa, 6po(nnmcio no 6anxa-
ncxnx crpanax c rcxnixn nnanaxn.
2 nc naxcpcn (onio ocranannnnaricn na cyrn n xapaxrcpc
roio, uro Tcxno na:inan «6anxancxnx mra6ox», xax n na
rox, uro 6ino cxa:ano na nponc(cnnon xoncynirannn. O(naxo,
nocxonixy o6 ¬rox nonpocc n, n uacrnocrn, o rcxnix :axi-
cnax, xoropic Tnro c xoxnanncn cxpinann :a nnx, ionopn-
59
noci npcxn or npcxcnn, a rax»c nnn(y roio, uro, nacxonixo n
cnixan, Tcxno nnnori (o nocnc(ncio npcxcnn 6c: :a:pcnnn
conccrn crapancn cxcmari rax»c nxn namcn naprnn n xoc
nnunoc nxn c ¬ron npo6ncxon, xnc npn(crcn (anari ncxoro-
pic noncncnnn:
Kax n y»c ionopnn, ncrpcuy, nponc(cnnym c Tcxno n
«ronapnmcx» n: KH Ipcnnn, xi c caxoio nauana oxapaxrcpn-
:onann npocro xax npc(napnrcninym ronapnmccxym xoncyni-
rannm, ronixo n nccio. Mi (oionopnnnci rax»c o rox, uro6i
xicnn, n:no»cnnic na ¬ron xoncynirannn, npc(napnrcnino o6o-
iarnr rax»c xicnnxn, xoropic xoinn 6iri y ronapnmcn n:
Ioniapcxon xoxxynncrnuccxon naprnn, n ronixo nocnc ¬roio
npc(crannri nx pyxono(crny nccx ucripcx 6parcxnx naprnn,
npnucx nc n nn(c :axnmucnnn nnn ycranonox, a npocro n xauc-
crnc xicncn, xoropic (on»ni 6inn 6iri npoanann:nponani
xa»(on naprncn n or(cninocrn n caxocronrcnino. Mi (oio-
nopnnnci rax»c o rox, uro pc:ynirari o6cy»(cnnn xa»(on
naprncn 6y(yr (onc(cni (o cnc(cnnn nccx ucripcx 6parcxnx
naprnn n ronixo n cnyuac o(o6pcnnn ¬ron n(cn nccxn ¬rnxn
naprnnxn xo»no 6ino nponccrn ncrpcuy npc(crannrcncn nccx
ucripcx naprnn (nn oqnnnaninoio o6cy»(cnnn n pcmcnnn
npo6ncxi.
Ho co6irnn pa:ncpnynnci rax, uro pyxono(crno namcn
naprnn conccx nc «npoanann:nponano» ¬ry npo6ncxy. Houcxy"
Bo-ncpnix, n xo(c n:no»cnnn Tcxno «cnocn n(cn» nc-
rpy(no 6ino no(xcrnri ncnin pn( rcxnix roucx, a na xon
nonpoci nnn pcnnnxn on nn6o nc 6in n cocronnnn orncuari,
nn6o nxcn yxa:annc yxnonnricn or orncra. A xc»(y rcx ¬ro
6inn nccixa cymccrncnnic nonpoci. Hanpnxcp, y nac nc 6i-
no nnucio npornn roio, uro6i, xorn 6i nocpc(crnox xaxoio-
nn6o conxccrnoio opiana, npono(nnaci pa6ora n nanpanncnnn
co(cncrnnn 6ocnix oncpannnx, npc(npnnnxanmnxcn naprn-
:ancxon apxncn xa»(on n: crpan, n nanpanncnnn o6xcna oni-
rox n nnqopxannnxn, nponaian(i ycncxon (pyi (pyia n (a-
»c opiann:annn conxccrnix (cncrnnn, oco6cnno n noipannu-
nix panonax, nnannponannn o(nonpcxcnnix y(apon no npaiy
xa»(on n: crpan n or(cninix, no(xo(nmnx cnyuanx n r.(. n
6O
r.n. O(naxo Tcxno, xoropin iny6oxo «o6pa6oran» n(cm n
cnocn iononc, :axo(nn iopa:(o (animc:
÷ Hcr, ÷ ionopnn on, ÷ ¬ro (on»cn 6iri mra6, na(c-
ncnnin 6oncc mnpoxnxn, 6oncc :naunrcninixn xoxncrcn-
nnnxn. On (on»cn 6iri xc»6anxancxnx mra6ox, nxcmmnx
npano pcmari o «xpynnix» oncpannnx nccx apxnn 6anxancxnx
crpan . . .
Kax pa: ¬roio xi nc xoinn nn nonnxari, nn o(o6pnri.
Ura6, xoropoxy no(unnnnnci 6i naprn:ancxnc apxnn nccx
ucripcx crpan' Hpannnino nn 6ino ¬ro" K roxy »c ocy-
mccrnnxo nn 6ino ¬ro, oco6cnno npn oucni cno»nix ycno-
nnnx roio ncpno(a"' Kaxnc qynxnnn ninonnnn 6i n raxox
cnyuac icnmra6 xa»(on n: crpan" Kax ocymccrnnnnoci 6i
coinaconannc (cncrnnn" Kro (on»cn 6in pyxono(nri ¬rnx
«cncpxmra6ox»" £cnn mra6ox coorncrcrnymmcn crpani py-
xono(nn HK naprnn (annon crpani, ro xoropan naprnn py-
xono(nna 6i «6anxancxnx mra6ox»" Hc cnc(onano nn co:(ari
rax»c «mra6 naprnn»" Hnn »c na(o 6ino nocrynari no xnc-
nnm Tcxno, xoropin cunran, uro «naprnn ccri naprnn ÷
mra6 ccri mra6», cnc(onarcnino, orpnnari n or6pocnri npoui
pyxono(nmym poni naprnn n mra6ax n xoxan(onannnx"'
Hc xoiy cxa:ari, uro xi cmc n rc xoxcnri nonnnn, uro
:a n(ccn ¬roio «mra6a» cxpinannci ¬ioncrnuccxnc n icicxo-
nncrcxnc ncnn pyxono(crna KHK, crpcxnnmciocn ycranonnri
cnoc iocno(crno na( Ianxanaxn. Oro xi nonnnn nnocnc(-
crnnn, o(naxo cmc n rc xoxcnri, noxnxo ccpic:nix no(o-
:pcnnn, no:nnxmnx y nac n cnn:n c xapaxrcpox «mra6a», (yp-
noc nncuarncnnc npon:ncnn na nac n ncxoropic nipa»cnnn
Tcxno. On ro n (cno cnanocnonnn «:axcuarcninin onir»
Icnmra6a miocnancxon HOA, «cio ncnirannic cnoco6nocrn»
6pari na cc6n n ycncmno npono(nri xpynnoxacmra6nic cpa-
»cnnn, «ioronnocri» ¬roio mra6a «nnocnri ny»nin nxna( n
(cno ocymccrnncnnn nonon n(cn» n r.(. n r.n. On (omcn (o
roio, uro onir miocnancxon HOA na:nan «6ccnpcnc(cnr-
nix», «o6pa:nox 6opi6i n iopax», «c(nncrncnnon qopxon
ycncmnon nonni n ycnonnnx Ianxan» n r.(. n r.n. H: nccio
¬roio y nac no:nnxno no(o:pcnnc n rox, uro n n(cc «con-
61
xccrnoio mra6a» on ycxarpnnan no:xo»nocrn no(unnnri ¬ror
«mra6» miocnancxoxy mra6y, a, crano 6iri, no(unnnri apxnn
6anxancxnx crpan Kiocnannn.
O(naxo xi xoinn no(o:pcnari n ¬rox ronixo cio caxoio.
B ror ncpno( nax n ionony nc xoina n npnxo(nri xicni o
rox, uro caxo pyxono(crno ncnon naprnn o6ypcnan yiap
monnnn:xa n icicxonn:xa. C (pyion croponi, Tcxno ynopno
:annnnn, uro ¬ro 6ina «ronixo cio» n(cn.
Hxcnno ¬rn no:nnxmnc y nac no(o:pcnnn n nocny»nnn
inannon npnunnon roio, uro xi nnxoi(a ccpic:no nc ornocn-
nnci x ¬roxy nonpocy. Mc»(y rcx xi »(ann nocxorpcri,
xax ornccyrcn (pyinc 6parcxnc naprnn x ¬roxy nonpocy, a
rax»c y:nari «xncnnc» caxoio HK KHK. Ho x occnn 1943
io(a nxccrc c Tcxno ncuc: n cio nponannnmnncn nnan. Ioni-
mc nax nn pa:y nc ionopnnn o6 n(cc «6anxancxoio mra6a»,
a norox xi (on»ni 6inn y:nari, uro (pyinc naprnn rax»c
no npany orxnonnnn cc.
Bor rax nauanaci n :axonunnaci ¬ra ncropnn ncrox 1943
io(a n, xax n y»c ionopnn, nocxonixy ncc 6ino npc(ano :a6-
ncnnm, n: nccn ¬ron ncropnn n naxnrn ocranoci o(no caxo-
(ypcrno Tcxno, ucnoncxa nponannnmciocn «mra6a». Koi(a on
(nxronan n ucxannn cnona o npc(cronmnx «no(nniax» ¬roio
«xnnxoio mra6a» na Ianxanax, xa:anoci, 6y(ro cax 6oi non-
ni npnmcn n iocrn x nax n Kynaxy. Ho cn(cnmnn ncpc(
naxn «6oi» ninycxan n: ycr n ninnxan n: noprqcnn nc
ipoxi n xonnnn, a npnxa:i n (npcxrnni.
Hpnniuxa nccrn no:xo»no 6oncc rounym :annci o :ann-
xanmnx xcnn nonpocax, o pa:nnunix co6irnnx, o npono(nn-
mnxcn xnom 6ccc(ax n concmannnx yrncp(nnaci no xnc cmc
n xono(ocrn, no ona (animc ycnnnnaci oco6cnno n io(i non-
ni, nccxorpn na rpy(nic ycnonnn. H nocnc ¬ron ncrpcun,
noxnm, n ryr »c n:no»nn na 6yxaic inannic nicxa:annic
xicnn, :nan, uro onn nax npnio(nrcn, ccnn nona(o6nrcn pac-
cxorpcri ¬ror nonpoc n pyxono(crnc naprnn. Ho nonyunnoci
rax, uro, co6npanci n nyri «no Ianxanax», Tcxno no(xo(nr
xo xnc n ionopnr:
÷ Tonapnm Onncp, n :axcrnn, uro no npcxn ncrpcun ni
62
ncnn no(po6nic :anncn. K co»ancnnm, n ¬roio nc (cnan, rax
xax n ocnonnox ionopnn. Tcncpi xnc npn(crcn no6ccc(onari
c 6oniapcxnxn n (pyinxn ronapnmaxn. £cnn nac nc :arpy(-
nnr, (anrc xnc namn :anncn, uro6i ncnoni:onari nx na xonx
ncrpcuax.
÷ Hnuyri nc :arpy(nnr, ÷ cxa:an n cxy, ÷ no, no-ncp-
nix, onn na an6ancxox, a no-nropix, ¬ro cxopcc nccio n:no-
»cnnc nicxa:annix :(cci xicncn, ucx nporoxon.
÷ Tcx nyumc, ncpcno(unxn n nc ycranyr, ÷ cxa:an on,
n n :axcrnn, uro nnno cio npocnnno.
Ho:(ncc n (yxan, uro ¬rn xon :anncn ncuc:nn rax »c,
xax n caxa ncuc:nynman n(cn Tnro n Tcxno. Ho n omn6ancn
÷ Tcxno xpannn nx n apxnnc, uro6i n o(nn npcxpacnin (cni
niramnri nx orry(a n, x miocnancxon xnnic ricnun o(-
noio xncncrnnuccxoio n:ximncnnn, (o6annri cmc o(ny xnc-
ncrnnuccxym ni(yxxy: Onncp Xo(»a oxa:inacrcn, 6in coina-
ccn c n(cnxn Tcxno' «Bor nax no»anyncra n pyxonnci»'
Bnpoucx or Tcxno, ¬roio ccp6a-nc:ynra, nnucio nnoio
n ncni:n 6ino o»n(ari, xpoxc o6nnncnnn, xncncrnnuccxnx
ni(yxox n ynxi no(o6noio po(a axopaninix (cnnnn. Kax
n y»c ionopnn, npn ncpnox »c :naxoxcrnc c nnx, y nac
cno»nnoci ncxopomcc nncuarncnnc o6 ¬rox ucnoncxc, a uc-
ripc-nnri xccnncn cnycrn, x xonny nmnn nnn nauany aniycra
1943 io(a, xi (on»ni 6inn ncrynnri c nnx n oucni ocrpin
xonqnnxr. Hrax, on cnona npnmcn x nax n Kynaxy raxnx
»c caxo(ypox n nicoxoxcpnix, uro n panimc, o(naxo na
¬ror pa: on nc ni6pocnn nax na cron nonpoca o «6anxan-
cxox mra6c». On ipo:no npnmcn c (pyion xnccncn ÷ pcmn-
rcnino o6pymnricn na nnnnm namcn naprnn. On 6in nxccrc
c Koun µ:o(:c; no npcxn (nyx noc:(ox, conxccrno concp-
mcnnix no Ipcnnn, onn namnn (pyi n (pyic caxoio cc6n
n c(py»nnnci
1
.
________________________________
1 C. B. Tcxno n cnocn xnnic. «Rcvolucia ko|a tccc» («Tcxyman
pcnonmnnn»). Mcmoafi. Bcogfad, 1971, nnmcr: «Hocnc :acc(annn HK
KH Maxc(onnn, n cnona ornpannncn n Ipcnnm. Kax n n npomnin pa:,
co xnom 6in n Koun µ:o(:c. Oro :naunr, uro xi o6a crann «¬xcncp-
raxn» no Ipcnnn. B xonnc xonnon, xc»(y naxn pa:nnnanaci (py»6a.
63
«Bcrynncnnc» 6ino y»c qopxynon, xoropym xi niyunnn
nan:ycri:
÷ Bo:npamanci n: Ipcnnn, nocxonixy xnc 6ino no (o-
poic, n cmc pa: :amcn nonn(aricn c naxn (o ornpanncnnn
n Kocony, Maxc(onnm n Ioniapnm. Ho xcnn n ronapnm
µ:o(:c nonpocnn :anrn x nax. «3axo(n, ionopnn on xnc,
nnauc namn ronapnmn pacccp(nrcn na nac».
÷ Tonapnm Tcxno rax ononunncn na ipcuccxoc pyxo-
no(crno' ÷ Tyr »c :axcrnn Koun µ:o(:c. ÷ Kaxnc (c6ari,
ny n :a(an on cxy ncpny' Hy n (an on cxy naxno6yuxy'
2 npninacnn cio no(po6no nponnqopxnponari nac.
÷ 3aucx ni :a(cp»nnacrc ronapnma, xoropoxy npc(-
cronr (oninn nyri" ÷ o6parnncn Mnna(nn x Koun µ:o(:c.
÷ Bi caxn xoinn 6i nnqopxnponari nac, pa: ni counn ¬ro
ny»nix.
÷ Hy n ny' Pa:nc xoiy n n:no»nri (cna xax ronapnm
Tcxno, ÷ concpmcnno nannno nporccronan Koun. ÷ Bcm
6ccc(y on-ro n ncn.
Mc»(y rcx Tcxno, xax 6y(ro n nc :axcrnn no(rcxcra
cnon Mnna(nna, c»an iy6i, nono»nn pancn na xoncnn n
npncrynnn x o6iunix n:pinax. H:nnn ynxy :axcuannn n
a(pcc nnnnn KH Ipcnnn (x co»ancnnm, namcn :a uro xna-
raricn, rax xax ipy6ic npnnnnnnaninic omn6xn KH Ipcnnn
6inn oucnn(ni n n:nccrni n nax n ror ncpno(), ocraninym
uacri incna n:nnn na nac:
÷ Houcxy n cxa:an nax ¬ro"' ÷ cnpocnn on n o(nn
xoxcnr, cnonno yunrcni-nc(anr, n 6pocnn na nac n:inn( «cni-
coxa». ÷ Cxa:an, ÷ npo(on»an on, ÷ rax xax y xcnn ccri
:axcuannn n n nam a(pcc, n a(pcc namcn nnnnn. Bamc or-
nomcnnc x Ianni Kox6crap ncnpannninoc, omn6ounoc.
÷ Kax" B xaxox nanpanncnnn" ÷ cnpocnn n cio.
÷ Cnonox, ÷ crcncnno orncrnn on, ÷ ono 6ino n oc-
racrcn onnoprynncrnuccxnx, nc(onycrnxix.
________________________________
Xorn on xano ionopnn na ncrpcuax c ipcuccxnxn npc(crannrcnnxn,
n :axcrnn, uro µ:o(:c no((cp»nnan xcnn nc ronixo noroxy, uro n
6in uncnox HK KHK, x xoropon on nnran 6onimoc (oncpnc, no n
noroxy, uro xi 6inn c(nnoximncnnnxaxn», crp. 356-357.
64
÷ C(cnannoc naxn :axcuannc oucni ccpic:noc, ¬ro o6-
nnncnnc, ÷ incnno o6parnncn n x Tcxno. ÷ Ha ucx ni
ocnoninacrc cxa:annoc"
÷ Ha namcx nonycrnrcnicrnc n rcpnnxocrn x Ianni
cmc n ncpnic xoxcnri cio nonnncnnn na cncnc, ÷ xax o6i-
uno :aionopnn Tcxno. ÷ Bi 6inn :acrninyri nx npacnnox,
a norox nc :nann, xaxym :annxari no:nnnm. Bxccro roio
uro6i o6¡nnnri cxy nonny, ni npc(no»nnn cxy cron ncpc-
ionopon.
Mnna(nn Hononnu nauan rcpc6nri yci n (cnan npn ¬rox
(nn»cnnn, ionopnnmnc nc cronixo o panno(ymnox ornomc-
nnn x npnmnoxy, cxonixo o nc(ononicrnc cio cnonaxn, Haxo
Cnnpy c onymcnnixn ina:axn, nc :nan xy(a (cnari pyxn, na-
xinan npyrnx, Ccnqyna, cnonno «npoqcccop», npnnnxan no:i
c xaqc(pi, roi(a xax Koun µ:o(:c cn(cn ncpc( «6anxann-
xox», cnonno yucnnx ncpc( ¬x:axcnannonnon xoxnccncn.
÷ Tonapnm Tcxno, ÷ cxa:an n cxy, ÷ xi c yna»cnncx
ornocnxcn x KHK n x nax, xax cc xa(ponoxy pa6ornnxy.
Ho, nonxnrc xcnn, xi nnxax nc xo»cx coinacnricn c rcx,
uro ni ionopnrc. H ncc-raxn xi nc cunracx nac oucni nnno-
narix, rax xax nax nc npc(crannnnnci cnyuan n no:xo»-
nocri nyumc :naxoxnricn c xo(ox co6irnn y nac. Bi cxa:a-
nn, uro xi 6inn, xon, :acrninyri npacnnox nonnncnncx
Ianni na cncnc' Hc :nam, na ocnonc ucio ni ninocnrc ra-
xoc :axnmucnnc; 6iri xo»cr, :(cci nc xccro (nn (ncxyccnn,
no, uro6i ni xoinn cnoxonno ornpannricn n nyri, cxa»y nax
nccxonixo cnon: Hc n xonnc 1942 io(a, xoi(a nonnnnnci ncp-
nic npn:naxn :apo»(cnnn Ianni, a cmc (o ocnonannn naprnn
n oco6cnno nocnc non6pn 1941 io(a xi npon:no(nnn rma-
rcninic anann:i n npnnaiann ncccroponnnc ycnnnn, uro6i
c6nn:nri c nnnncn naprnn nc ronixo napo(nic xacci, no n
(pyinc narpnornuccxn nacrpocnnic ¬ncxcnri, nannonanncron,
xonc6nmmnxcn, :a6ny(nnmnxcn n (pyinx. Mnoinc n: nnx no-
nnnn nac n ncrann na nam nyri 6opi6i, (pyinc xonc6annci,
rpcrin, nccxorpn na namn ycnnnn, nicrynnnn npornn nac,
niranci xcmari nax. Tcx nc xcncc xi npo(on»ann pa6ory
c ¬ron nocnc(ncn xarciopncn, o(naxo qamn:x n orxpiran
65
pcaxnnn ro»c pa6orann c nnxn, no n npornnonono»nox na-
npanncnnn. Crano ncno, uro onn nc 6y(yr c6nn»aricn c na-
xn, crano ncno rax»c, uro onn caxn opiann:ymrcn nnn »c
nx copiann:ycr qamn:x n npornnoncc namcn nnnnn, Hanno-
nanino-ocno6o(nrcninoxy 0ponry, Hannonanino-ocno6o(n-
rcninon 6opi6c. Hrax, i(c ryr «npacnnox»"' µpyioc (cno ro,
xax onn opiann:ymrcn xonxpcrno n xaxoc na:nannc (a(yr
cnocn ipynnnponxc. Oroio xi yia(ari nc xoinn, no nonaiam,
uro ¬roio ni nc cunrann 6i «npacnnox».
÷ Ocrannx ¬ror acncxr, ÷ npcpnan xcnn Tcxno, ÷ n
nocxorpnx uro 6ino (animc. Pa:nc nc or(amr onnoprynn:xox
namc ncnnxo(ymnoc ornomcnnc x Ianni n nonirxn (oiono-
pnricn c nnx"
÷ Hcr, ÷ ryr »c no:pa:nn n, ÷ ¬roio nnxax ncni:n
na:inari onnoprynn:xox. Oro qaxr, uro xi nnxoi(a, nn
na o(nn xoxcnr nc cronnn n nc cronx :a xoxnpoxncc c Ian-
ni, c namcn croponi nc 6ino n ncr nnxaxnx onnoprynncrn-
uccxnx n npnxnpcnuccxnx axron no ornomcnnm x ncxy. Ha-
npornn, c caxoio nauana nax ncno 6ino, :aucx 6ina co:(ana
¬ra opiann:annn, o6 ¬rox xi ionopnnn n naprnn n napo(c
n nc crponnn na ¬ror cucr nnxaxnx nnnm:nn. Ho nxcnrc
n (nn(y nnarqopxy namcn Hc:cxon xonqcpcnnnn. Hc :nam,
÷ cnpocnn n cio, ÷ ni n xypcc cc"
÷ Cnixan o ncn, ÷ xono(no orncrnn ror.
÷ B Hc:c, ÷ npo(on»an n, ÷ n ccnrn6pc 1942 io(a
nama naprnn nponcna xonqcpcnnnm, na xoropon 6inn :ano-
»cni nonnrnuccxnc n opiann:annonnic ocnoni Hannonani-
no-ocno6o(nrcninoio 0ponra, 6in co:(an Anrnqamncrcxnn
Hannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninin Concr n 6inn nipa6orani n
npnnnri oucni na»nic pcmcnnn. ¹ro6i nax ¬ro 6ino ncncc,
÷ orxcrnn n, ÷ cxa»y, uro n Hc:c n ccnrn6pc 1942 io(a
xi c(cnann nxcnno ro, uro c(cnana nama naprnn n Inxauc
nourn (na xccnna cnycrn, n xonnc non6pn 1942 io(a.
Tcxno pa:(pa»cnno qipxnyn. £xy conccx nc nonpann-
noci cpanncnnc, xoropoc n nponcn nccnpocra. Ho on nnucio
nc cxa:an, rax xax ncucio 6ino cxa:ari.
÷ Ha ¬ron xonqcpcnnnn, ÷ npo(on»an n, ÷ xi no
66
npany n:no»nnn nnarqopxy nonnrnuccxoio n opiann:annon-
noio o6¡c(nncnnn nccio napo(a n caxocronrcninin qponr,
nono»nn n ocnony o6¡c(nncnnn ocnonnoc ycnonnc: 6opi6y c
:axnarunxox. Ianni Kox6crap, xoropin 6in co:(an no:(ncc
xax pcaxnnn na Hannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninin 0ponr, nc-
:anncnxo or cnonx ncrnnnix naxcpcnnn, (cxaioinn n o6xa-
na pa(n nicrynnn c no:yniaxn «6opi6i», «nc:anncnxocrn»,
«¬rnnuccxon An6annn» n r.(. £crccrncnno, ¬rnxn no:yniaxn
cxy y(anoci nnccrn n :a6ny»(cnnc ncxoropix nm(cn. Bo»axn
Ianni co:(ann n ncxoropic «orpn(i» n crapamrcn co:(anari
(pyinc. Hpan(a, onn nc npc(npnnnxann n nc co6npamrcn
npc(npnnnxari xaxnc-nn6o 6ocnic (cncrnnn npornn nraninn-
ncn, no 6c:¬qqcxrnon nx (cxaioinn nc ocracrcn. B raxnx
ycnonnnx c caxoio nauana nicrynnri npornn nnx c opy»ncx,
¬ro nxcno 6i iopixnc n rn»cnic nocnc(crnnn. Pcui n(cr nc
o rox, uro n raxox cnyuac xi noccranonnnn 6i npornn nac
1O nnn 2O nn(cpon Ianni. Onn c caxoio nauana 6inn npornn
nac, onn nnxoi(a nc 6inn n nc 6y(yr na namcn croponc. µc-
no n ron uacrn :a6ny(nnmciocn naccncnnn n n pn(c ¬ncxcn-
ron n: cpc(nnx cnocn, xoropic nocnpnnnnn no:ynin Ianni
n xoropix xi o6n:ani no uro 6i ro nn crano ncpcrnnyri
na cnom cropony. Bicrynn xi c caxoio nauana c 6onimnx
ronopox npornn Ianni, xi co:(ann 6i y ¬rnx nm(cn nc-
npannninic n:inn(i, noccranonnnn 6i nx npornn cc6n. Hy
uro, raxym no:nnnm ni na:inacrc omn6xon"
÷ Ho xax »c ni xo»crc coinacnricn c raxnx xo(ox co-
6irnn" ÷ npoionopnn Tcxno. ÷ ¹ro6i o6c croponi cnn-
nnci" Oroio n nc nonnxam, ¬roio n nnauc nc xoiy na:inari,
xpoxc xax onnoprynn:xox, xax y»c cxa:an.
÷ ¹ro :a «cnnnnnc»"' ÷ Tyr »c no:pa:nn n. ÷ Oroio
nnxoi(a nc 6ino n nc 6y(cr. £cnn xi n crapannci y6c(nri
pa:nnunic nannonanncrnuccxnc cnni n ipynni nxnmunricn
n 6opi6y, ro ¬ro nc :naunr, uro naprnn xoucr pacrnopnricn,
ona nc pacrnopnrcn nc ro, uro n nnx, no (a»c no 0ponrc. Oro
naprnn pyxono(nr 0ponrox, n nc:anncnxo or roio, non(cr
nnn ncr Ianni Kox6crap no 0ponr, nama naprnn nnxoi(a nc
coinacnrcn no(cnnri c xcx 6i ro nn 6ino cnom pyxono(n-
mym poni.
67
÷ Mo»cr 6iri, xo»cr 6iri, ÷ cxa:an Tcxno, ÷ no n
nacrannam na cnocx: na(o 6ino c caxoio nauana npornno-
nocrannnricn Ianni nccxn cpc(crnaxn. A ni c nnx :anipi-
nann.
Crpacrn pa:iopcnnci, no n nponnnnn caxoo6na(annc.
÷ Hcr, nncxonixo, ÷ cxa:an n. ÷ Hocrynn xi xax ni
cxa:ann, xi nonann 6i n nonymxy Ianni n rcx, xcx on 6in
co:(an. Crano 6iri, xi nonann 6i na no:nnnn nonnrnxn qa-
mn:xa, xoropin nc:cr n: xo»n non, uro6i c(cp»nnari namy
6opi6y, crapanci pacxonori napo(, ni:nari npa»(y n pn(ax
xpccrinncrna, nnrcnnnicnnnn, xono(c»n n r.(. On niracrcn
ni:nari y nac 6paroy6nncrncnnym nonny. Hax na(o 6ino
npc(ornparnri cc, n xi cc npc(ornparnnn. Hama raxrnxa :a-
xnmuanaci n cnc(ymmcx: na(no, xi yurcx cymccrnonannc na-
mcn opiann:annn, no xaxon nnarqopxon ni pyxono(crnyc-
rcci" Hnarqopxon 6opi6i"' £cnn (a, ro (ananrc 6oporicn
6y(cx na o(nox c(nnox qponrc, n cocranc Anrnqamncrcxoio
Hannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninoio 0ponra, opiann:annn, nxnm-
uammcn n cc6n ncci cpa»ammnncn napo(, ncc rcucnnn n
opiann:annn, nicrynammnc :a 6ccxoxnpoxnccnym n ncxc(ncn-
nym 6opi6y c :axnarunxaxn. Hpo6nix xaxncx nnnncrcn 6opi-
6a, 6opi6a c :axnarunxox, ncxc(ncnnan, 6ccnpcpinnan n op-
iann:onannan 6opi6a, nor ¬ro, ronapnm Tcxno, ÷ npo(on»an
n, ÷ 6ino n ocracrcn namnx opy»ncx pa:o6naucnnn Ianni
Kox6crap n pa:ipoxa nonnrnxn cio nn(cpon. Oro 6ino n oc-
racrcn npo6nix xaxncx (nn nccx. A ¬ra nnnnn nxcna n nxccr
6onimon ¬qqcxr. Bo»axn Ianni n:onnpymrcn. Hapo(, xoro-
pin nc rcpnnr qamn:x, nonnxacr n ncc 6onimc n 6onimc
6y(cr nonnxari nac. 3a6ny(nnmnccn, nn(n, uro nx no»axn
npocro 6imr 6axnymn, uro onn nnucio (pyioio nc (cnamr,
xpoxc xax nc(yr 6opi6y c xypaxn, noxn(amr nx n npncoc(n-
nnmrcn x nax. Taxona, :naunr, nama nnnnn. H (yxam, uro
nocrynacx xi nc nnoxo, nc (ypno.
÷ Hy n rcpncnnc y nac' ÷ cxa:an Tcxno, oxa:anmnci n
ncnonxox nono»cnnn. ÷ H rcx nc xcncc n nacrannam na
cnocx. Taxnx o6pa:ox ni nn6o 6y(crc pacrnopcni n Ianni,
nn6o ocrancrcci nccio nnmi iopcrxon nm(cn, n roi(a Ianni
68
nocrannr nac ncpc( ni6opox: nn6o c naxn, nn6o xi nanpa-
nnx na nac opy»nc.
÷ ¹ro xacacrcn roio, uro xi xo»cx ocraricn nccio
nnmi iopcrxon nm(cn, ro o6 ¬rox nc 6ccnoxonrcci, xcrarn
cxa:ari, n npocro co»ancm o rox, uro nax npnxo(nr n ionony
raxan no:xo»nocri. ¹ro »c xacacrcn roio, uro Ianni xo-
»cr nanpannri na nac opy»nc, rax rncp(o :nanrc: y nac
nymxa iorona.
÷ Hycri npcxn (oxa»cr' ÷ cxa:an Tcxno, cnonno :no-
ncmnn opaxyn.
÷ Koncuno, ÷ orncrnn n, ÷ n 6y(irc yncpcni, uro npc-
xn (oxa»cr npannninocri c(cnannoio naxn.
÷ Hnn roio, uro n ionopm' ÷ :nonixarcnicxn (o6annn
Tcxno n cnnino xnccrnyn npyrox no canoiax.
÷ ua(no' ÷ npoionopnn n. ÷ Ho xnc (yxacrcn, uro
nax, xax xoxxynncry, nnxoi(a nc :axorcnoci 6i, uro6i 6inn
no(rncp»(cni namn cnona. Hc rax, uro nn"
÷ Koncuno, xoncuno' ÷ nponc(nn on cxno:i :y6i.
Iccc(a mna x xonny. O6c croponi 6inn o6ocrpcni, n:a-
nxnoc nc(ononicrno 6ino oucnn(no. Ho n nc xoi (onycrnri,
uro6i 6ccc(a c nnx :axonunnaci na ¬rox.
÷ £mc o(no o6cronrcnicrno y(nnnncr xcnn, ÷ cnoxon-
no :aionopnn n. ÷ 3a nocnc(nnc ucripc-nnri xccnncn xi
«cnyuanno» ncrpcuannci nccxonixo pa:. Bnauanc ni c(cnann
nax :axcuannc no nono(y «ccxranrcxon» nnnnn n ornomcnnn
rcx »c ¬ncxcnron, xacarcnino xoropix ni o6nnnncrc nac
rcncpi n «onnoprynn:xc». Mi nax cxa:ann, uro nc cunracx
yxccrnix nn ncpnoc, nn nropoc. Ho, nocxonixy pcui n(cr o
(nyx npornnonono»nix o6nnncnnnx n cnn:n c o(nnx n rcx
»c nonpocox, (yxam, uro o(no n: nnx ni rcncpi orncpiacrc.
Kaxoc n: nnx ni (yxacrc n:nri o6parno, :axcuannc o «ccx-
ranrcrnc» nnn :axcuannc o6 «onnoprynn:xc»"'
÷ Bi nponn:npycrc' ÷ xpnxnyn on, ÷ a ¬ro nc(o-
nycrnxo n ornomcnnnx xc»(y ronapnmaxn. Ho n orncuy nax
6c: nponnn: n nacrannam na o6onx'
÷ 2 concpmcnno nc nponn:nponan' ÷ orncrnn n cxy.
÷ Pcui n(cr o (nyx npornnonono»nix oncnxax o(non n 1oü
69
»c nnnnn, o(non n ron »c npo6ncxi n o(nnx n rcx »c nn-
nox. Oro nccocronrcnino.
÷ C (nancxrnuccxon rouxn :pcnnn, n nonaiam, uro mio-
cnancxnn ronapnm npan, ÷ :aionopnn cnonx ronxnx ionocox
«npoqcccop» Ccnqyna Mancmona. (On ncpnyncn n: ¬xnipannn
xccnna (na na:a(, n xi ncrpcuann cio rcnno n (a»c xoonrn-
ponann cio n xan(n(ari Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra naprnn. 2
6y(y ionopnri nn»c o ncx, o cio npomnox n cio «(cnnnnx»,
no¬roxy :(cci ocranonnmci na (annox ronixo cnyuac.)
÷ To, uro n o(nn xoxcnr nnnncrcn nponnncnncx ccxran-
rcrna, ÷ npo(on»an «npoqcccop», ÷ no:(ncc xo»cr npcnpa-
maricn n nponnncnnc onnoprynn:xa n nao6opor. 2 ionopm
¬ro c rouxn :pcnnn rcopnn, n6o, ccrccrncnno, cmc nc n:nncn
:a (cna na npaxrnxc . . .
Cxopo Ccnqyna Mancmona no:ixcrcn :a (cna «n na npax-
rnxc», no ¬ro 6y(cr norox. To, uro n ¬ror ncpno( 6ccnoxon-
no xcnn, ¬ro nonpoc, na xoropin n noxa uro cmc nc xoi (ari
rounoio orncra: :aucx ¬rn «nocnanni» KHK nc(yr cc6n rax
nccnpanc(nnno n na(xcnno" 3aucx raxnc «:axcuannn» n o6nn-
ncnnn, xoropic nco»n(anno npon:nonino npcnpamamrcn (pyi
n (pyia"' £mc 6onimc (on»ni 6inn 6ccnoxonri xcnn raxnc
nonpoci uyri no:»c, xoi(a, nocnc roio xax Ianni Kox6crap,
ncpcnonnnn uamy, orxpiro ncpcmcn n o6¡nrnn qamn:xa, xi
nauann c nnx orxpirym 6opi6y. Hxcnno Tcxno n cio rona-
pnmn, xoropic n nmnc n aniycrc 1943 io(a o6nnnnnn nac n
«onnoprynn:xc», n ccnrn6pc n oxrn6pc roio »c io(a o6nnnnnn
nac n «ccxranrcrnc»' Hrax, ucx »c o6¡ncnnri no(o6nic co-
ncpmcnno npornnonono»nic no:nnnn"'
2 ncc 6onimc n 6onimc no(o:pcnan, uro nocnanni KHK
npnxo(nnn x nax, o6ypcnacxic xanncn no uro 6i ro nn crano
«nanrn» y nac omn6xn, nanrn nx n rax, i(c nx nc 6i-
no, n, n cnyuac ncno:xo»nocrn naxo(nri nx raxnx ny-
rcx, ni(yxinari nx. Hycri ncc ncpcncpncrcn nncpx (nox,
nycri 6cnoc 6y(cr na:nano ucpnix, (ocrarouno nnmi roio,
uro6i «nanrn» omn6xy n ucrxo orxcrnri cc' Ho noucxy »c
rax" ÷ cnpamnnan n caxoio cc6n. ÷ Iiri xo»cr, onn nc
:namr npan(i" Mo»cr, onn nc :namr namcio pcaninoio nono-
7O
»cnnn" Mo»cr, rc, xro nx nnqopxnpycr, ncpc(amr ncc nc-
ncpno, mnnopor-naninopor" Hnn »c, xo»cr 6iri, pa: onn
npnxo(nr n:(ancxa, xornr npc(crannri (cno rax, 6y(ro onn
npnxo(nr «cncpxy», «n: ncnrpa», c «Onnxna» xapxcn:xa-ncnn-
nn:xa"'
2 (yxan, uro ncc ¬rn qaxropi cxa:inannci na ¬rox, n
rcx nc xcncc inannon npnunnon, no6y»(anmcn nm(cn Tnro
o(no :a (pyinx no:no(nri na nac ncncnic, concpmcnno ncco-
cronrcninic o6nnncnnn, 6ina xannn noxa:inari cc6n, yxnn-
uari, ni(anari cc6n :a ncrnnnix xy(pcnon. B raxnx cnyuanx
xi, ccrccrncnno, nacrannann na cnocx, n nc n:xcnnnn n nc
n:nparnnn cnom nnnnm pa(n roio, uro6i c(cnari npnnrnoc
npncnannix x nax iocrnx' Hnauc ÷ nax xoncn. Onn ncnn
:anncn n :anonnnnn cnon (oxna(nic :anncxn, xpcnxo c»nxa-
nn cyxxn, uro6i nc norcpnri nx, n xi :nann, uro nx (o-
xna(i (ocrannnnnci n mra6 Tnro. Hy nycri onn n nnmyr, uro
xornr n xax xornr. Mi nnrann yna»cnnc x Tnro n pyxono(crny
HK KHK n nc xoinn no(o:pcnari nx n ucx-nn6o nnoxox. K
roxy »c xi :nann: xopomo nnn nnoxo, n xonnc xonnon, nc
Tnro n nc xro-nn6o (pyion n:nnc 6y(cr o nac cy(nri. Mi or-
ncuann ncpc( cnocn naprncn, ncpc( cnonx napo(ox. 3a no:-
xo»nic omn6xn xi ronixo ncpc( nnxn (on»ni 6inn or-
unraricn (o c(nnoio. Hyri 6opi6i :a no6c(y, x xoropon xi
pcmnrcnino ncnn napo( ÷ caxoc nyumcc n caxoc ncocnopn-
xoc o6¡ncncnnc nccio. Bor xax o6¡ncnnnn xi roi(a npnunni
roio, noucxy miocnancxnc nocnanni ni(yxinann o nac nc6i-
nnni n, ccrccrncnno, xi npo(on»ann cnon nyri, 6y(yun ync-
pcnni, uro n (onn npan(i nc 6ino nn n nx o6nnncnnnx n
«onnoprynn:xc», nn n nx o6nnncnnnx n «ccxranrcrnc».
Bpcxn nonnocrim no(rncp(nno, uro n ¬rox namcx cy»-
(cnnn 6ina o(na nnmi omn6xa: nnauanc nnny xi n:nannnann
ronixo na nocnanncn, no nc na rcx, xro nx nocinan ÷ na
Tnro n xoxnannm. Bpcxn no(rncp(nno rax»c, uro xi 6inn
concpmcnno npani, ionopn, uro o6nnncnnn na nac no:no(nrcn
n rcxnix, ncxoxxynncrnuccxnx ncnnx, o(naxo ¬rn ncnn 6inn
iopa:(o 6oncc (ancxo n(ymnxn n 6oncc npa»(c6nixn, ucx
xi (yxann o nnx nnauanc.
71
Ho, ccnn nnauanc xi no:xymannci nxn, rax xax 6inn
yncpcni, uro onn nccnpanc(nnno o6n»ann nac, ro no:(ncc xi
(on»ni 6inn y:nari norpncammnc ncmn. Ho:(ncc xi (on»-
ni 6inn y:nari, uro nxcnno n ro npcxn, xoi(a xi 6ccc(o-
nann c xonc6nmmnxncn narpnoraxn n nannonanncraxn, cra-
panci ynccrn nx na nyri 6opi6i (n:-:a ¬roio xi n 6inn «on-
noprynncraxn'»), npnncp»cnni «pcmnrcninon 6opi6i npornn
onnoprynn:xa» ÷ Tnro n cio npncnic nc ronixo ncnn ncpcio-
nopi n (oionapnnannci c npc(crannrcnnxn miocnancxoio ¬xn-
ipannonnoio xoponcncxoio npannrcnicrna, no ncrynnnn n nc-
pcionopi . . . (a»c c ncxcnxnxn qamncraxn, c ncnnuanmnxn
npccrynnnxaxn ucnoncuccrna c ncnim cionopnricn, (oiono-
pnricn c nnxn'
Y nac n An6annn ncxnn nnuro»nin Ann Kcninmpa ycra-
nonnn cnn:i c qamncrcxnx icncpanox µanixano n :axnmunn
c nnx «coinamcnnc o ncpcxnpnn»
1
c nraninncxnxn qamncraxn
n 6opi6c npornn nac, no xi, y:nan o6 ¬ron no(nocrn, no(nnnn
rpcnoiy n pa:o6naunnn corpy(nnuccrno ¬roio 6an-xcp:anna c
nn(cpaxn qamn:xa'
Kax n noucxy Tnro c xoxnanncn nocrynnnn raxnx o6pa-
:ox ÷ nc xoc (cno nincnnri. Oro (cno caxnx miocnanon n,
xax n:nccrno, onn caxn n nponcccc nnxoi(a nc npcxpaman-
mcncn xc»(oyco6nni n o(nn npcxpacnin (cni nino(nr (pyi
(pyia na uncrym no(y. Tax 6ino n nocnc(ncc npcxn n c pn-
(ox (oxyxcnron, no(rncp»(ammnx (anno ony6nnxonannic
:annncnnn o ncpcionopax Tnro c ncxcnxnxn :axnarunxaxn
2
.
Bo npcxn xopomnx ornomcnnn xc»(y naxn n KHK xi
_____________________________
1 Ho nopyucnnm ncnrpaninoio xoxnrcra Ianni Kox6crap, o(nn n:
cio nn(cpon, Ann Kcninmpa, no(nncan n xaprc 1943 io(a c inannoxo-
xan(ymmnx nraninncxnxn qamncrcxnxn oxxynannonnixn noncxaxn,
P. µanixano, rannin nporoxon o corpy(nnuccrnc npornn nannonanino-
ocno6o(nrcninix cnn.
2 Pcui n(cr oco6cnno o xnnic oqnnnaninoio 6noipaqa Tnro, Bna-
(nxnpa µc(ncpa «Þovi pfilozi za biogfafi|u 1. B. Ti ta». (µpyinc (onon-
ncnnn x 6noipaqnn Tnro) (2) Ri|cka, 1981. Hcnan inana ¬ron xnnin
ucpc: no(nnnnic (oxyxcnri pncycr rounym xaprnny coinamcnnn, no
nnunoxy npnxa:y Tnro :axnmucnnoio n xaprc 1943 io(a xc»(y nocnan-
naxn Icnmra6a KHOA n npc(crannrcnnxn ncpxonnoio xoxan(onannn
nanncrcxon apxnn n Kiocnannn.
72
c yna»cnncx cnimann o »ccroxnx n xpononponnrnix cpa»c-
nnnx, nponc(cnnix n Cyrccxcxon (onnnc n xac-nmnc 1943
io(a. Mi cnimann o6 ncxnmunrcninox icpon:xc, nponnncn-
nox rax miocnancxnxn naprn:ancxnxn 6pnia(axn, cnimann
o 6ccnpnxcpnon cxcnocrn n xy»ccrnc ccp6cxnx, ucpnoiopcxnx,
xopnarcxnx, cnoncncxnx n (pyinx naprn:an, xoxan(npon n xo-
xnccapon. Ionopnnn, uro ¬rnxn cnnaxn pyxono(nn cax Tnro
n uro n rc (nn on 6in (a»c pancn.
Ho :arcx xi y:nann, uro ncn xponi, nponnran n Cyrccxc,
in6cni ricnu (o6nccrnix naprn:an n naprn:anox n ¬ron 6nrnc
nnnnnci pc:ynirarox n:xcni caxoio Tnro. ununic nocnanni
Tnro, rpn n: inannix pa6ornnxon miocnancxoio Icnmra6a,
npccnonyric Mnnonan Iinnnc, Koua Hononnu, Bna(nxnp Bc-
nc6nr, no ycnonnnx ncxcnxoio xoxan(onannn c 6cnixn qna-
iaxn n pyxax nomnn na ncpcionopi c inanapnxn ncxcnxon
apxnn, no(nncann c nnxn coinamcnnc «o ncpcxnpnn» n ncp-
nynnci x Tnro c nanncrcxnxn :ancpcnnnxn. «Honxono(cn» Tn-
ro no(yxan, uro nacran uac paccunraricn c nnyrpcnnnxn npo-
rnnnnxaxn, c ucrnnxaxn n ycramaxn, on nnyman pa6ornnxax
cnocio mra6a, uro nc na(o onacaricn nanncrcxoio nacrynnc-
nnn. Hpnrynnnaci 6(nrcninocri, inannix npaiox 6inn na:-
nani ycramn. H noxa mra6 Tnro »nn ¬nqopncn no6c(i, a
naprn:ancxnc 6pnia(i :annxannci crpocnon no(ioronxon (Tn-
ro ioronnncn npnnnri napa( ncrynncnnn na rpon), nanncrcxnn
mra6 cxpirno cocpc(orounnan cnon (nnn:nn n oxpy»nn n y:-
xon nomnnc ncc inannic cnni miocnancxon HOA. Hacronixo
6onimon 6ina ¬nqopnn, ni:nannan Tnro y mra6on, uro, (a»c,
xoi(a crann nocrynari nccrn o6 yncnnucnnn ncxnaxn ipyn-
nnponox cnn, nm(n Tnro cxcnnnci na( ¬rnxn (oncccnnnxn n
na( rcxn, xro nx npnnocnn.
Hxcnno n ¬rn xoxcnri n nauanaci rpaic(nn. Cnc»nc nc-
xcnxnc noncxa, no((cp»nnacxic annanncn n aprnnncpncn, yc-
rponnn nacronmym 6onnm. H:xcna Tnro o6omnaci xponim
6OOO ccp6cxnx, 6ocnnncxnx, ucpnoiopcxnx, xopnarcxnx, cnoncn-
cxnx n (pyinx xy»ccrncnnix naprn:an n naprn:anox. Cax
inannin anrop ¬ron xpaunon ncropnn, Tnro, xax on cax npn-
:nancn, cnaccn ronixo cnyuanno . . . 6naio(apn 6yni(oiy, 6na-
73
io(apn cnocxy nnunoxy 6yni(oiy, xoropin 6pocnncn na inan-
noxoxan(ymmcio n npnxpin cio cnonx rcnox'
Tnro ocrancn n »nnix, uro6i npo(on»nri n xpynnin :a-
ionop, cocranncnnin nx npornn namcn naprnn n namcio
napo(a. Ho n y»c ionopnn, roi(a xi nc :nann n (a»c npc(cra-
nnnri cc6c nc xoinn, uro6i pyxono(nrcni, xaxnx 6in n na-
mcx npc(cranncnnn Tnro, xoi concpmari no(o6nic ncmn. 3a
ro, uro xi y:nanann n uro xi cunrann ncnpannninix, nnny
n:nannnann na miocnancxnx nocnanncn, xax ¬ro 6ino n cnyuac
c Ina»o Honanonnucx nnauanc, c Tcxno nccnon n ncrox 1943
io(a n n ncnox pn(c (pyinx cnyuacn. Ho 6y(cx npo(on»ari
c Tcxno.
Hocnc ocrpoio cnopa no nonnrnuccxnx nonpocax, npo-
ncmc(mcio xc»(y naxn n Kynaxc, y nac 6in, rax cxa:ari,
cxcmnon nnnn(cnr n c »cnon Tcxno, Mnnnncn, xoropym n ro
npcxn on 6pan c co6on n xauccrnc ccxpcrapmn. Hcpc( cnonx
or¡c:(ox «6anxancxan ionona» :axorcna :a6pari c(nncrncnnym
y nac pannm. Mi, xoncuno, nc xoinn cc or(ari. Ho, xoi(a
Tcxno ynopno nacrannan, n ocnonnox n nn(c npoci6i, no-ro-
napnmccxn, n pa:ionop nxcmanaci Mnnnna, xoropan n xaxon-
ro xcpc anropnrapnix ronox crana y6c»(ari nac n rox, uro
nax pannn nc ny»na 6ina, a (nn Tcxno ona nxcna 6onimoc
:naucnnc. 2 pa:iopnunncn n ncnc»nnno cxa:an cn:
÷ Hy ri rax :axonun, ucio ri nxcmnnacmicn, crana
cnonno Icpani(nna
1
. . .
Ona ocxop6nnaci n :annaxana. 2 npnncc cn n:nnncnnn.
Tcxno cran ycnoxonri cc, o6¡ncnnn, uro «Onncp cxa:an ¬ro
n myrxy». Ornx nnnn(cnr 6in ncucpnan.
Tcxno noxnnyn Kynaxy oucni nc(ononinin. Hc ycnoxo-
nnn cio nn o(o6pnrcninic cnona cio «(pyia», Koun µ:o(:c, nn
o(o6pnrcninic pcnnnxn «rcopcrnuccxoio xapaxrcpa» Ccnqy-
ni Mancmona. O6a onn ÷ c(nncrncnnic namn ronapnmn,
xoropic n ron nnn nnon xcpc o(o6pnnn o6nnncnnn Tcxno.
I(c 6y(cr norcxa, ¬ro xi (on»ni 6inn y:nari no:(ncc.
Co npcxcnn ¬roio xonqnnxra n nnnori (o ocno6o»(cnnn
_______________________________
1 Xcna 6inmcio xoponn An6annn, Axxcra 3oiy.
74
An6annn xon ina:a 6onimc nc nn(cnn Cncro:apa Byxxanonnua.
Mi n:anxno co:(ann caxoc (ypnoc xncnnc (pyi o (pyic.
0axr, uro on 6onimc nc npnxo(nn, nnn »c cxy nc pa:pcmann
npnxo(nri n nam mra6 nn «cnyuanno», nn «oqnnnanino».
O(naxo or «an6ancxoio nonpoca» n paxxax n:nron nx na cc6n
«6anxancxon xnccnn» Tcxno nc xoi orxa:aricn. A nocnc ¬roio,
nc nxcn no:xo»nocrn ncnocpc(crncnno cranxnnaricn c naxn,
cnoc anrnan6ancxoc (cno on npo(on»nr «n:(ancxa» n xocncn-
no: cnonxn nonnixn xncncrnnuccxnx ni(yxox n o6nnncnnn
nncixaxn, pa:¡c:»an no namnx noipannunix panonax, ncry-
nan n cnop c namnxn pa6ornnxaxn n naprn:anaxn n ¬rnx pan-
onax n r.(. On co:(acr nax 6ccxoncunic npo6ncxi, rpy(nocrn
n npcnnrcrnnn, cocrannr :aionopi n paccrannr nonymxn, no
n nponcccc 6opi6i :a paccrponcrno nccx cio nponcxon xi
cmc nyumc y:nacx ncrnny n o «xnccnn Tcxno», n o rcx, xro
no:no»nn na ncio ¬ry xnccnm.
Hcpnmc 1yun nau c1apoü panoü
Hccxorpn na ncpnic rpcnnn n (ypnoc nncuarncnnc, xoro-
poc cno»nnoci y nac o (nyx nocnannax miocnancxoio pyxono(-
crna n ncpnon nononnnc 1943 io(a n nnnori (o aniycra roio
»c io(a, xi nnxax nc oxna(nnn npc»nnc uyncrna n nc n:xc-
nnnn npc»ncc (py»ccxoc ornomcnnc x KHK n cc pyxono(-
crny. Mi ncci(a cunrann, uro nc:aucx 6ino cxcmnnari py-
xono(crno naprnn n rcx 6oncc caxym naprnm c o(nnx nnn
(nyxn cc pa6ornnxaxn, crpa(anmnxn xoxnncxcaxn nicoxoxc-
pnn n unancrna, caxo(ypcrnox n xanncn (nxrara.
Hxcnno noroxy, uro paccy»(ann rax, xi na xa»(ox
cnocx maiy crapannci no(nnricn nimc no:nnxanmnx rpcnnn
n nc(ononicrna. Tmarcnino o6(yxinann namn (cncrnnn n co
nccn xoxxynncrnuccxon ncxpcnnocrim 6oponnci :a ynpouc-
nnc 6parcxon (py»6i n conn(apnocrn co cnpanc(nnnon 6opi-
6on napo(on Kiocnannn n Koxxynncrnuccxon naprnn Kio-
cnannn. B namcn nponaian(c, na co6pannnx, concmannnx n
75
(pyinx xcponpnnrnnx c xoxxynncraxn n xaccaxn xi orxpiro
ionopnnn o (py»6c c napo(axn Concrcxoio Com:a, c (pyinxn
6parcxnxn napo(axn n n ¬rox nnanc n c napo(axn Kiocna-
nnn. Bccxcpno nponaian(nponann ycncxn nx 6opi6i, cunran
nx cnonxn ycncxaxn.
Oro 6ino oucni xopomcc (cno c namcn croponi, o(naxo
nc cnc(ycr (yxari, uro n ¬rox nanpanncnnn ncc y(ananoci
nax ncixo n 6c: rpy(nocrcn. 0amncrcxan nponaian(a, xax n npo-
naian(a npc(arcnicxnx npannrcnicrn xycraq xcpnnxon c xoxna-
nncn, n:nnnana noroxn anrncnannncxon »cnun, niracxnnana
n:-no( cyxna n ny6nnxonana n ncuarn crapic pa:(opi n nc-
npnn:ni n ornomcnnnx xc»(y namnxn napo(axn, nponnnana
xpoxo(nnoni cnc:i o npc»ncn xponn n crpa(annnx »nrcncn
an6ancxnx xpacn Ccncpa n ycnonnnx icnonn(a ncnnxoccp6on.
Bcc ¬ro nc xoino ocraricn 6c:¬qqcxrnix. Oron nponaian(c
cmc 6onimc cnoco6crnonan ror qaxr, uro pcaxnnn xannnynn-
ponana rax na:inacxix qamncrcxnx «ocno6o»(cnncx» Koco-
ni, xax n coc(nncnnc cc n ncxoropix (pyinx an6ancxnx xpacn
co crnonox cnocn po(nni, oxxynnponannon nann-qamncraxn.
Hoxnxo ¬roio, n ncpnic »c xccnni nocnc ocnonannn naprnn
(nn nac cno»nnoci nccixa nc6naionpnnrnoc o6cronrcnicrno:
xoi(a nccnon 1942 io(a n pyxn qamncron nonana o(na n:
ocnonnix 6a: ncuarn HK naprnn n Tnpanc, CHM
1
:ao(no c
namnxn qaxnnnnxn y:nan rax»c o Mnna(nnc Hononnuc n
µymanc Myioma.
Ia:crcnxn qamn:xa n xonna6opannonncron crann n:nn-
nari na nac »cnui, na:inan nac «no(xynncnnixn» Mocxnon
n ccp6axn. Orn ia:crcnxn «ni(nnnynn» Mnna(nna n µymana
nn 6onimc nn xcnimc, xax na nocr «nn(cpon» namcn Koxxy-
nncrnuccxon Haprnn('), a nac o6nnnnnn n 6opi6c :a «npncoc-
(nncnnc» An6annn x Ccp6nn' (B no(onoporc ¬ron inycnon npo-
naian(i oxa:ancn nnocnc(crnnn rax»c Ianni Kox6crap, a
no:(ncc . . . , crpamno (a»c (yxari o6 ¬rox . . . , rouno xax
nraninncxnc qamncri, raxnc xax Hapnann, n xax an6ancxnc
qamncri, raxnc xax Mcpnnxa n Ann Kcninmpa, o(nnaxonic
_________________________________
1 Scfvizio Infofmazi oni Mi l itafi . (Bonncxan pa:nc(inarcninan cny»-
6a qamncrcxon Hrannn).
76
rcpxnni npnxcnnnn n ornomcnnn namcn naprnn, rax o6:i-
nann cc Tnro n cio npn6nn»cnnic xacarcnino ponn Mnna(nna
n µymana')
2 npnncn ncc ¬rn qaxri (nn roio, uro6i noxa:ari, uro
(cno, :a xoropoc c caxoio nauana n:nnaci nama naprnn, ro
ccri (cno co:(annn n yxpcnncnnn nnrcpnannonanncrcxon
(py»6i c napo(axn Kiocnannn n c Koxxynncrnuccxon nap-
rncn Kiocnannn, nc 6ino ncixnx, nanpornn, 6ino ono oucni
rpy(nix n (cp:noncnnix npc(npnnrncx. Mi n:nnnci :a ¬ro
(cno, ncn:npan nn na uro, n nnxoi(a nc onacannci roio, uro
napo( nc nonxcr nac, uro ¬rnx xi xo»cx orronxnyri or
cc6n xacci, uro xi xo»cx yrparnri nnnnnnc n nnmnricn
pyxono(nmcn ponn no qponrc n n 6opi6c. Hapo( nonnxacr
rc6n, ccnn ri yxccmi o6¡ncnnri cxy npan(y, a inannoc, ccnn
ri cax ocracmicn cn ncpnix (o xonna. Oro qaxr, uro xy(poc
cnono namcn naprnn 6ino nocnpnnnro an6ancxnx napo(ox.
£mc n io(i nonni xi :ano»nnn npounic ocnoni (nn ycra-
nonncnnn n 6y(ymcx rccncnmnx, caxix 6parcxnx ornomcnnn
xc»(y namnxn napo(axn n namnxn naprnnxn.
Iopa:(o 6oncc mcxornnnon n cno»non npc(crannnnaci n
¬ror ncpno( npo6ncxa (pyinx an6ancxnx xpacn, nacnnicrncn-
no npncoc(nncnnix x Kiocnannn (o n nocnc ncpnon xnpo-
non nonni, n xoropic cmc n 1941 io(y nann-qamn:x n cnonx
ncnnx nnoni coc(nnnn co crnonox Po(nni.
Mi, xax an6anni n xoxxynncri, ncci(a n nnonnc co:na-
rcnino cunrann 6onimon ncropnuccxon nccnpanc(nnnocrim
pacuncncnnc namcn Po(nni n 1913 io(y. To »c caxoc, xax
xoxxynncri n xax an6anni, xi no npany cunrann nc ncrnn-
nix pa:pcmcnncx (cna, a nipon n 6onimnx o6xanox ro,
uro c(cnann nann-qamncri n 1941 io(y n cnn:n c an6ancxnx
nannonaninix nonpocox.
Kocona n (pyinc an6ancxnc xpan npncoc(nnnnnci x crno-
ny cnocn Po(nni (nn ncnoio pn(a onpc(cncnnix ncncn, a
nc (nn ncnpanncnnn nccnpanc(nnnocrn npomnoio. Ornx «npn-
coc(nncnncx», no-ncpnix, y(onncrnopnnnci crapic ax6nnnn
n crpcxncnnn qamncrcxon Hrannn :axnarnri xax xo»no 6o-
ncc o6mnpnic rcppnropnn na Ianxanax. Bo-nropix, ¬rnx «npn-
77
coc(nncnncx» ncpapxn qamn:xa, ni(anan cc6n :a «ocno6o-
(nrcncn», crpcxnnnci orronxnyri an6ancxoc naccncnnc, oco-
6cnno Ccncpnix xpacn, or Hannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninon
6opi6i. Hocpc(crnox raxoio «pa:pcmcnnn» onn oco6cnno
crapannci ncnrpann:onari n 6pocnri n o6¡nrnn qamn:xa rcx
nannonanncron n (pyinc narpnornuccxn nacrpocnnic ¬ncxcn-
ri, xoropic n xaqcrcpnnx £nponi nnn xa6axax npcxcn 3oiy
xnnnnci n ncpcxnnnnci n rox, uro iopcnn »cnanncx ynn-
(cri Po(nny noccoc(nncnnon' Tcncpi qamn:x ionopnn nx:
«nor nonnnynrcci qamn:xy n cny»nrc cxy, n6o on npnncc
nax noccoc(nncnnc rax, xax npnnocnr :pcnoc n6noxo n xna-
(yr cio na xoxo( n cnaninc. . . »' Hrax, ¬ro qamncrcxoc
«npncoc(nncnnc» npcno(nocnnoci pa:nnunix xnncnnnioncxnx
an6ancxnx npannrcnicrnax, nocnymnix opy(nnx qamn:xa
n nccn an6ancxon pcaxnnn (nn roio, uro6i onn ncnoni:onann
cio xax roiy «narpnorn:xa» n cnocn nponaian(c, paccunran-
non na na(ynarcnicrno napo(a, n oco6cnno n cnocn npona-
ian(c npornn namcn Koxxynncrnuccxon Haprnn, xoropan
npn:inana nccx ÷ or xana (o ncnnxa xo ncco6mcn 6opi6c
:a cno6o(y.
B ro »c npcxn ¬rnx «npncoc(nncnncx» c noxomim opy-
»nn qamn:x n nann:x coxpannnn ncc npc(noin (nn npo-
(on»cnnn no ncc npcxcna crapix pa:(opon n pacnpcn xc»-
(y cocc(nnxn napo(axn na Ianxanax. A ¬ro nc ronixo
noroxy, uro n ¬ro «npncoc(nncnnc» 6ino concpmcnno nopou-
nix, npon:noninix n nonnix yximncnno ocranncnnix oua-
ion 6y(ymnx pacnpcn n cronxnoncnnn, no cmc n noroxy, uro
n paxxax qamn:xa ono nc nxcno nnxaxon nouni no( co6on
n nc (anano nnxaxnx iapanrnn na 6y(ymcc. £io oucni ncixo
xo»no 6ino n:xcnnri, cxorpn no nnrcpccax qamncrcxnx :ax-
narunxon n no xon¡mnxrypax. B ycnonnnx qamncrcxon ox-
xynannn nc nxcnn nnxaxoio :naucnnn n nnxaxoio cxicna
ipannni xc»(y iocy(apcrnaxn n crpanaxn ÷ ncc onn »nnn
n rcppopc, nccx nx ipo:nna 6onnn inrncponcxon n xycco-
nnnoncxon nxncpnn.
Mo»no ncpcuncnnri n npnnccrn xnoio (pyinx qaxro-
pon n npnunn, o6¡ncnnmmnx xapaxrcp «npncoc(nncnnn», npo-
78
n:nc(cnnoio nann-qamncraxn n An6annn n 1941 io(y, n na
ncropnuccxox qonc roio npcxcnn ¬ro ocracrcn o(non n:
:a(au namnx ncropnxon. 2 npnncn nnmi ncxoropic n: nnx
ronixo (nn roio, uro6i no(ucpxnyri, noucxy xi, an6ancxnc
xoxxynncri, nc no((annci pa:ny:(annon nponaian(c, xoro-
pan ncnaci n ror ncpno( n cnn:n c ¬ron mcncrnninon npo6nc-
xon namcn ncropnn.
Mi orxpiro ionopnnn naprnn n napo(y, uro nam nanno-
naninin nonpoc noo6mc, a crano 6iri n nonpoc o Koconc
n (pyinx an6ancxnx xpanx, npncoc(nncnnix x crapon Kio-
cnannn, nnxoi(a nc xoinn 6iri pa:pcmcni nann-qamn:xox.
Hnxax ncni:n 6ino »(ari, uro6i nonunma, xoropic »inn
n pa:opnnn ncm An6annm, «ocno6o»(ann» n «:axpcnnnnn»
uacri cc.
Hc no((ananrcci (cxaioinuccxnx xaxnnannnx npannrc-
ncn-npc(arcncn n nn(cpon Ianni Kox6crap, co nccx xpim
rpy6nmnx o «ncnnxon An6annn» n o6 «¬rnnuccxon An6annn»,
ionopnnn xi napo(y. Hnxoi(a nc xoiyr nicrynari :a (cno
an6ancxoio napo(a rc, xro ncc npcxcna nicrannnn na ayxnnon
ncm An6annm, npo(anan cc rcx, xro 6onimc nx nnarnn. Hx
«narpnorn:x» ÷ npocro 6ncq. µcna namcn crpani n na-
mcio napo(a nc xoiyr 6iri pa:pcmcni naxcnxn qamncron.
Tonixo 6ccnpcpinnan 6opi6a c qamncraxn n nx coo6-
mnnxaxn, yxa:inann xi napo(y, o6ccncunr pa:pcmcnnc na-
mcn nannonaninon npo6ncxi, cocrannon uacrim xoropon nn-
nncrcn n ncnpanncnnc ncropnuccxnx nccnpanc(nnnocrcn. 3a
¬ro, ionopnnn xi cxy, 6opcrcn nama Koxxynncrnuccxan
Haprnn, no raxoxy nyrn nc(cr napo(i cnocn crpani n Kox-
xynncrnuccxan naprnn Kiocnannn.
Hapo( nonnn nac n 6c: ncnxnx xonc6annn nxnmunncn n
pcmnrcninym 6opi6y, 6y(yun yncpcnnix, uro xi ncnn cio no
npannninoxy nyrn.
¹ro »c xacacrcn naccncnnn Koconi n (pyinx an6ancxnx
xpacn n Kiocnannn, (cno npc(crannnnoci 6oncc rpy(nix.
Ono nco»n(anno oxa:anoci ncpc( qaxrox «pa:pcmcnnn» cno-
cn caxon cymccrncnnon npo6ncxi: 6ino c6pomcno ccp6-
cxoc npxo, cio xpan npncoc(nnnnnci x crnony, or xoropoio
79
6inn orxonori, 6ina co:(ana a(xnnncrpannn n: an6anncn,
nm(n c:(nnn n: Tnpani n Hpnmrnny n o6parno, orxpinnci
mxoni na an6ancxox n:ixc, crann nixo(nri ia:cri n nc-
uararicn xnnin na an6ancxox n:ixc n r.(. n r.n. Oro 6ino
cnocio po(a «ocno6o»(cnnc», no :aro «ocno6o»(cnnc» or
crapoio npxa, uro6i no(nacri no( nonoc npxo, no( npxo
qamn:xa.
Hxcnno n raxnx ycnonnnx n 6in nocranncn nonpoc o
xo6nnn:annn an6ancxoio naccncnnn ¬rnx xccrnocrcn na 6opi-
6y c :axnarunxox, ni(ananmnx cc6n :a «ocno6o(nrcnn». Toni-
xo (pyioc, iopa:(o 6oncc npounoc, concpmcnno npannninoc,
ncpnoc n o6na(c»nnammcc pcmcnnc nonpoca xoino no6y(nri
naccncnnc Koconi ncxc(ncnno n nccxn cnnaxn no(nnricn na
6opi6y c :axnarunxox-«ocno6o(nrcncx».
Taxoc pcmcnnc 6ino no nncuy ronixo namnx xoxxynn-
crnuccxnx naprnnx.
Oro xoino 6iri (ocrninyro (nyxn nyrnxn:
Hcpnin nyri ÷ Koxxynncrnuccxan naprnn An6annn (on»-
na 6ina, concpmcnno ocrannn n croponc qamncrcxoc «pcmc-
nnc», pa:ncpnyri pa6ory cpc(n naccncnnn Koconi n orxpiro
o6parnricn x ncxy c npn:inox: ncrananrc n no( pyxono(crnox
Koxxynncrnuccxon naprnn An6annn 6cnrc nonix :axnarunxon,
nann-qamn:x, npncoc(nnnnrcci x Anrnqamncrcxoxy nanno-
nanino-ocno6o(nrcninoxy 0ponry An6annn, co:(ananrc orpn(i,
6aranioni n 6pnia(i, xoropic cpa»annci 6i no( xoxan-
(onanncx Icncpaninoio Ura6a An6ancxon Hannonanino-ocno-
6o(nrcninon apxnn, ncrananrc »c na nocnc(nnn 6on, xoro-
pin n:6annr nac or nia nonoio, xax n ncnxoio (pyioio :ax-
narunxa.
Bropon nyri ÷ napo( Koconi (on»cn 6in no(nnricn na
6opi6y no( pyxono(crnox KH Kiocnannn, n nonnox c(nn-
crnc c napo(axn Kiocnannn, no( xoxan(onanncx Icncpani-
noio mra6a Kiocnancxon HOA.
O6a ¬rnx nyrn (on»ni 6inn o6ccncunri ocymccrnncnnc
o(non c(nncrncnnon ncnn: nocpc(crnox noopy»cnnon 6opi6i
niinari nann-qamncrcxnx :axnarunxon n n pc:ynirarc cc
cnpanc(nnno, pa: n nancci(a, xax ¬ro xcuran n »cnan napo(,
8O
pa:pcmnri namy nannonaninym npo6ncxy, a norox n ncc oc-
raninic npo6ncxi.
Bnc ncnxoio coxncnnn, ncpnin nyri nxcn xnoiouncncn-
nic n 6onimnc npcnxymccrna n (cnc xo6nnn:annn napo(a
Koconi n (pyinx an6ancxnx xpacn na 6opi6y. Oro, n cnom
oucpc(i, ccrccrncnno, co:(ano 6i iopa:(o 6onimc npcnxy-
mccrn n no:xo»nocrcn rax»c (nn nponaian(i n noo6mc (nn
6opi6i namcn naprnn no nccx ocraninix uacrnx Po(nni. B
ro »c npcxn xo6nnn:annn na 6opi6y xacc xoconncn, noxa:an-
mnx cc6n nacronmnxn 6oiaripnxn n 6nrnax n cpa»cnnnx,
6ina 6i nxna(ox n n 6opi6y napo(on Kiocnannn n Ianxan
n ncnox.
Ho, xax n:nccrno, 6in ni6pan nropon nyri. Koxxynncrn-
uccxan naprnn Kiocnannn norpc6onana, uro6i naccncnnc Ko-
coni n (pyinx an6ancxnx xpacn Kiocnannn no(nnnoci na
6opi6y no( cc pyxono(crnox n cpa:y »c nocnc nonni caxo
onpc(cnnno nonpoc o cnocx 6y(ymcx n coorncrcrnnn c ncnnn-
cxnx nono»cnncx o npanc na caxoonpc(cncnnc. Mi namnn
¬ro rpc6onannc pa:yxnix n cnpanc(nnnix.
Mi namnn cc raxnx ornm(i nc noroxy, uro «¬roio rpc-
6onana KHK». KHK xoina rpc6onari or nac, xax n norpc6o-
nana, xnoioio, no xi c caxoio nauana coinacnnnci nnmi na
rc cc rpc6onannn, xoropic xapxcncrcxan noinxa naxo(nna
cnpanc(nnnixn. Tax 6ino n n (annox cnyuac. B ¬rox nc cxa-
:anoci n «coo6pa»cnnc» o rox, uro, «ccnn napo( Koconi no(-
nnxcrcn no( pyxono(crnox KHA, ¬roio nanpn( nn nonxcr
ccp6cxan nnn ucpnoiopcxan pcaxnnn, a ¬ro (ocrannno 6i
xnonori Koxxynncrnuccxon naprnn Kiocnannn». Anrnxox-
xynncrnuccxan pcaxnnn n pcaxnnn npornn nannonanino-ocno-
6o(nrcninon 6opi6i 6ina nc ronixo n Kiocnannn, no n n
An6annn. Tax uro ¬ror qaxr (ocrannn 6i xnonori o6cnx cro-
ponax, a nax (a»c cmc 6onimc, n6o ornocnrcnino xoconcxo-
io nonpoca y an6ancxon pcaxnnn 6ina n pyxax xapra ncrnni.
Hrax, 6oncc nccxnc npnunni n coo6pa»cnnn npnncnn nac
x ni6opy, c xoropix xi coinacnnnci.
Mi :nann, uro Koxxynncrnuccxan naprnn Kiocnannn
6ina naprncn, co:(annon n crpanc, cocronmcn n: xnoinx na-
81
nnn n napo(nocrcn, xoropic n:-:a iopixoio npomnoio mio-
cnancxoio iocy(apcrna nc o6na(ann nnxaxnx c(nncrnox nny-
rpn miocnancxoio xoponcncrna. Hao6opor, n pc:ynirarc »c-
croxon yincrarcnicxon n monnnncrnuccxon ncnnxoccp6cxon
nonnrnxn n ornomcnnn (pyinx napo(nocrcn n nannn nnyrpn
6inmcio xoponcncrna, ncyxnonno ycnnnnannci nonan n crapan
po:ni, npa»(a n pacnpn. B(o6anox ycnnnn 6yp»ya:nn n pcax-
nnn xa»(on uacrn crpani x orxony, or(cncnnm nnn ycrano-
nncnnm cnocn icicxonnn na( ocraninixn uacrnxn ncci(a
6inn 6oncc ucx oucnn(nixn n nipann cnom poni. A caxoc
inannoc n rox :axnmuacrcn, uro nocnc nann-qamncrcxon ox-
xynannn n anpcnc 1941 io(a miocnancxoc xoponcncrno ncpc-
crano cymccrnonari. Maxc(onnn 6ina no(cncna xc»(y Ion-
iapncn n Hranncn; Ccp6nm, uacri Cnoncnnn n (pyinc xpan
ocrannna cc6c qamncrcxan Icpxannn; ¹cpnoiopnn, Kocona,
µanixannn, Xopnarcxoc no6cpc»ic n m»nan uacri Cnoncnnn
6inn ncpc(ani Hrannn; rax na:inacxoc nc:anncnxoc xop-
narcxoc iocy(apcrno, nopo»(cnnc nann:xa, nxnmunno n cc6n,
noxnxo Xopnarnn, n (pyinc rcppnropnn, oropnannic or (py-
inx xpacn 6inmcio miocnancxoio xoponcncrna, n r.(. Y raxoio
ncxyccrncnno cxnccnnoio iocy(apcrna-axaniiaxi, xaxnx 6i-
no miocnancxoc xoponcncrno, nc xoino 6iri (pyion yuacrn,
xpoxc nccno:xo»nix orxonon, mronanin n ncxyccrncnnoio
npnxncnnannn.
Ho xoxcnr 6in nc (nn o6cy»(cnnn nonpoca o rox, ny»-
no nn 6ino coxpannri co:(annoc miocnancxnx xoponcncrnox
«c(nncrno». Oro 6in n (on»cn 6in 6iri nonpocox 6y(ymcio.
Kap(nnaninin nonpoc :axnmuancn rcncpi n o6ccncucnnn o6¡c-
(nncnnn nccx ¬rnx napo(nocrcn na o6mym n pcmnrcninym
6opi6y :a cnoc ocno6o»(cnnc. Oro xoina n (on»na 6ina c(c-
nari Koxxynncrnuccxan naprnn. Ho, nocxonixy Koxxynncrn-
uccxan naprnn Kiocnannn 6ina co:(ana n (cncrnonana na
qc(cparnnnix ocnonax, n rcncpi, nc:anncnxo or roio, uro
Kiocnannn 6ina pa:pymcna, naprnn (on»na 6ina coxpannri
npc»nmm crpyxrypy cnocio crponrcnicrna n qynxnnonnpo-
nannn. Hnauc ncni:n 6ino nocrynari. B npornnnox cnyuac
caxa naprnn (on»na 6ina nn6o pacnacricn, pacuncnnricn n
82
pcopiann:onaricn na ocnonc 6inmnx iocy(apcrn, cocrannnn-
mnx crapoc miocnancxoc xoponcncrno, nn6o ncpccrari cymc-
crnonari. Ora yipo:a 6ina ncxnnycxon.
Kax n:nccrno, nocnc anpcnn 1941 io(a n:nccrnin ncpno(
npcxcnn naprnnnan opiann:annn Maxc(onnn, xax cocrannan
uacri KHK, npcpnana ncnxnc cnn:n c HK KHK n ncrynnna
n cnn:i c HK Ioniapcxon xoxxynncrnuccxon naprnn.
Hpnxo ionopn, ¬ro :naunr, uro n ¬ron uacrn crapon
Kiocnannn KHK ncpccrana cymccrnonari. £cnn 6i n xi
nocrynnnn rax »c c naprnnnon opiann:anncn Koconi n (py-
inx an6ancxnx xpacn, ro, xorn ¬ra opiann:annn 6ina nc6oni-
mon, KHK ncpccrana 6i cymccrnonari n n Koconc n (pyinx
xpanx 6inmcio miocnancxoio xoponcncrna, npncoc(nnnnmnx-
cn x An6annn. B (anincnmcx roio »c caxoio xoinn norpc6o-
nari nraninncxan xoxnaprnn n ornomcnnn rcppnropnn, xo-
ropic 6inn npncoc(nncni x Hrannn, KH Bcnipnn n orno-
mcnnn rcppnropnn, xoropic 6inn npncoc(nncni x Bcnipnn n
r.(. Cnc(onarcnino, ncpcncxrnna 6ina raxona, uro (o6pan uacri
KHK (on»na 6ina pacnacricn n nonrn n cocran xoxxynncrn-
uccxnx naprnn, (cncrnonanmnx n crpanax, x xoropix 6inn
npncoc(nncni uacrn 6inmcio miocnancxoio xoponcncrna. Oc-
raninan »c uacri cc (on»na 6ina nn6o ncuc:nyri, nn6o
pcopiann:onaricn n or(cninic xoxxynncrnuccxnc naprnn n
Ccp6nn n Xopnarnn. Oro n rc xoxcnri 6ino 6i onacnix
nannponanncx 6c: xaxnx-nn6o nono»nrcninix pc:yniraron.
Ioncc roio, no(o6nic pcopiann:annn 6inn concpmcnno ncno:-
xo»nixn, x roxy »c npcxn n ycnonnn 6inn raxoni, uro nc
6ino no:xo»nocrn (a»c o6cy»(ari no(o6nic nonpoci. Hrax,
n nnrcpccax ncorno»non n xap(nnaninon npo6ncxi (annoio
xoxcnra ÷ opiann:annn ncco6mcn 6opi6i npornn nann-
qamncrcxnx :axnarunxon ÷ ny»no 6ino npnnnri npc»nnn
craryc KHK n cnoco6crnonari cio coxpancnnm. Hnauc, or
¬roio nocrpa(ana 6i nc ronixo KHK. Hpc»(c nccio nocrpa-
(ana 6i 6opi6a napo(on Kiocnannn: onn nnn ocrannci 6i
6c: pyxono(crna, nnn, npn orcyrcrnnn pyxono(crna xoxxynn-
crnuccxon naprnn, nx xoinn no(nnri na 6opi6y pcaxnnn,
83
µpa»a Mnxannonnu c xoxnanncn, anino-axcpnxancxnc com:-
nnxn n (p.
Bcponrno, nxcnno rax paccy»(an n Hcnonnnrcninin Ko-
xnrcr Koxnnrcpna, npnnnxan pcmcnnc o rox, uro6i naprnn-
nan opiann:annn Maxc(onnn nopnana ycranonncnnic nocnc
anpcnn 1941 io(a cnn:n c Ioniapcxon xoxxynncrnuccxon nap-
rncn n ncrynnna n cnn:i c Koxxynncrnuccxon naprncn Kio-
cnannn, cocrannon uacrim xoropon ona 6ina y»c (anno.
Hxcnno rax paccy»(ann n xi c caxoio nauana, onpc(cnnn
cnom no:nnnm n nonpocc o rox, xro (on»cn 6in opiann:o-
nari 6opi6y naccncnnn Koconi n (pyinx an6ancxnx xpacn,
xoi(a-ro npncoc(nncnnix x crapon Kiocnannn, n xro (on-
»cn 6in ncnocpc(crncnno pyxono(nri ¬ron 6opi6on. Ho, no(-
ucpxnnam, (a»c n(n na raxym ycrynxy KHK n ncpno( nonni,
xi nc (onycrnnn napymcnnn xori cxonixo-nn6y(i ncnnncxo-
crannncxnx npnnnnnon nannonaninoio nonpoca n, n oco6cn-
nocrn, ocnonnoio npnnnnna ÷ npnnnnna o npanc na caxo-
onpc(cncnnc nnnori (o or(cncnnn. Oror npnnnnn, o xoropox
KHK :annnnna, uro 6y(cr ocymccrnncn na ocnonc (o6pon
nonn nccxn nannnxn n napo(nocrnxn 6inmcio miocnancxoio
xoponcncrna, rcx 6oncc (on»cn 6in 6iri ocymccrnncn na-
po(ox Koconi n (pyinx an6ancxnx xpacn, xoi(a-ro npncoc(n-
ncnnix x ncxy. A ¬ro noroxy, uro nonpoc o6 ¬rnx xpanx n
:accnnnmcx nx an6ancxox naccncnnn xopcnnix o6pa:ox or-
nnuancn or nonpoca o Maxc(onnn, Ccp6nn, Cnoncnnn, ¹cpno-
iopnn n r.(. £cnn xacarcnino xa»(on n: ¬rnx crpan pcui mna
o napo(ax n crpanax o(non n ron »c nannn, cocrannnnmnx
caxocronrcninym c(nnnny n npc(cnax nnn :a npc(cnaxn cra-
pon Kiocnannn, ro c Koconon n (pyinxn an6ancxnxn xpanxn
(cno o6cronno concpmcnno nnauc. Oxn 6inn uacrim o(noio
n roio »c napo(a, o(non n ron »c nannn, xoropic nc ronixo
ncxyccrncnno, no, a ¬ro caxoc inannoc, npon:nonino 6inn npnco-
c(nncni x Kiocnannn. Hx crnonox 6ina An6annn, onn 6inn ua-
crim ¬roio crnona. B cocranc Kiocnannn onn nc cocrannnnn ca-
xocronrcninon nannn, caxocronrcninon c(nnnni, xax ncxoro-
pic (pyinc. Hxcnno no¬roxy, (a»c ccnn 6i naccncnnc ¬rnx
84
an6ancxnx xpacn no(nnnoci cmc n rc xoxcnri na 6opi6y
no( pyxono(crnox (cncrnonanmcn na Po(nnc-xarcpn Koxxy-
nncrnuccxon Haprnn, ro or ¬roio nncxonixo nc nocrpa(ann
6i nn KHK, nn 6ocnoc c(nncrno ocraninix napo(on 6in-
mcio miocnancxoio xoponcncrna. Ho, xax n y»c cxa:an, xi
pcmnnn ycrynnri n ¬rox KHK nnmi noroxy, uro nc xorcnn
(ari nono(a (nn no:nnxnoncnnn ncny»nix n npc(nix (nn
rcx xoxcnron (c6aron n (ncxyccnn. Mi nomnn na raxym
ycrynxy, rax xax n npornnnox cnyuac (pyinc, 6y(i ¬ro (a»c
nannonanncrcxn nacrpocnnic ¬ncxcnri nnyrpn KHK (raxnx
n ncn 6ino xnoio) nnn pa6ornnxn xoxxynncrnuccxnx nap-
rnn cocc(nnx crpan, xoinn ncnoni:onari ¬ro n xauccrnc «npc(-
noia». Hc 6ino npcxn o6¡ncnnri nx, n ucx :axnmuanaci oco-
6cnnocri Koconi n (pyinx an6ancxnx xpacn, nc 6ino npcxn
(nn no(o6nix (c6aron n (ncxyccnn. Hnn, ccnn 6i n nnx no:-
nnxna nco6xo(nxocri, nxn xo»no 6ino :annricn norox. Inan-
nix rcncpi 6ino no(nnrnc napo(on na ncco6mym 6opi6y npo-
rnn qamncrcxon oxxynannn. Ho:(ncc, xoi(a co:(a(yrcn ycnonnn
n no:xo»nocrn, xoi(a x nnacrn npn(yr namn xoxxynncrnuc-
cxnc naprnn, roi(a (a ÷ ncc 6y(cr nocranncno na npannninin
nyri n 6y(cr oxonuarcnino pcmcno n coorncrcrnnn c »cna-
nncx caxnx napo(on.
Tax xi (yxann n rax nocrynnnn. Ho-xocxy, xi (yxann
npannnino n nocrynnnn npannnino, xax :pcnic xoxxynncri,
nponnnnmmnc ocrpoc uyric npn no(xo(c x (cnnxarnix no-
npocax, xax xoxxynncri, xoropic (cno cnocn naprnn n cnocn
crpani nc or(cnnmr or o6mcio (cna, a nnrcpcci npo(nn»cnnn
nncpc( 6opi6i n cnocn crpanc yxcmr (a»c n caxic rpy(nic
xoxcnri rccno cnn:inari c nicoxnxn nnrcpccaxn npo(nn»c-
nnn nncpc( n n (pyinx crpanax 6opi6i :a nannonaninoc n
connaninoc ocno6o»(cnnc.
Pa:yxccrcn, npnnnxan pcmcnnc :annri raxym no:nnnm, xi
yunn ncc rpy(nocrn n xnoiouncncnnic npo6ncxi, xoropic
6y(yr co:(ani nax oco6cnno pcaxnncn. Ho ncni:n (yxari,
uro n n caxon namcn naprnn ncc 6ino nonnro n o(o6pcno
cpa:y n nccxn. Hxcnnci ronapnmn, xoropix ncncixo 6ino
nonnri, noucxy rcncpi xoconcxnn napo( nc (on»cn 6in no(-
85
nnricn na 6opi6y no( namnx pyxono(crnox, 6inn n (pyinc,
oco6cnno nc(ononinic ¬ncxcnri, :axopcncnmnc n crapox (y-
xc ipynnonmnni n xannn ncnnunn, xoropic oxa:inann na nac
(a»c orxpiroc (anncnnc n orxpiro nxcmnnannci, rpc6yn, uro-
6i xi n:xcnnnn cnom no:nnnm.
B xnnic «Koi(a po(nnaci naprnn» n nncan o rox, xax
Kouo Tamxo npnipo:nn nax nanpannri Koxnnrcpny nncixo,
n xoropox on crannn pn( nonpocon n (yxc, npornnopcunnmnx
nnnnn naprnn
1
. O(nnx n: ¬rnx nonpocon 6in nonpoc o namcx
ornomcnnn x Koconc n (pyioxy an6ancxoxy naccncnnm n
Kiocnannn.
÷ ¹ro ¬ro raxoc' ÷ ionopnn Kouo, ÷ Koconc no(un-
nnricn HK KHK"' Bc(i ¬ro an6ancxan :cxnn, :accncnnan an-
6annaxn, n rcncpi, xoi(a y an6anncn cnon Koxxynncrnuccxan
Haprnn, ncr cxicna n rox, uro6i o(nnxn pyxono(nna nama
naprnn, a (pyinxn ÷ miocnancxan.
÷ Inannoc n rox, uro6i napo( xax :(cci, rax n rax,
no(nnncn na 6opi6y; inannoc n rox, uro o6c namn naprnn
÷ xoxxynncrnuccxnc n 6opmrcn :a o6mcc ncnnxoc (cno, ÷
ionopnn n cxy. ÷ To, uro napo( Koconi no(nnxcrcn na 6opi-
6y no( pyxono(crnox KHK, ¬ro xacacrcn ronixo nocnnoio
ncpno(a n (cnacrcn n nnrcpccax 6opi6i.
÷ 2 ¬roio nc nonnxam, n nporccrym, ÷ ncxpnuan Tam-
xo. ÷ B nncixc, o xoropox n rc6c ionopnn, o6 ¬rox rax»c
nannmy Koxnnrcpny' ÷ npnipo:nn on n :axnmucnnc.
÷ Coinaccn, ÷ orncrnn n. ÷ H o6 ¬rox nannmn'
On nanncan nncixo, no, xax n y»c ionopnn i(c-ro n (py-
iox xccrc, no:(ncc on orxa:ancn or ¬roio, n:nn nncixo o6par-
no, a na I Hannonaninon naprnnnon xonqcpcnnnn nicrynnn
(a»c c caxoxpnrnxon n cnn:n c n:no»cnnixn n ncx n:inn-
(axn.
Mi npo(on»ann cnon nyri c xoxxynncrnuccxon yncpcn-
nocrim n rox, uro ycncmnoc :ancpmcnnc 6opi6i namnx na-
po(on n cymccrnonannc namnx xoxxynncrnuccxnx naprnn
________________________________
1 Onncp Xo(»a, «Koi(a po(nnaci naprnn (Bocnoxnnannn)», nropoc
an6ancxoc n:(annc, crp. 367-369, Tnpana, 1982.
86
nnnrcn caxix na(c»nix :anoiox roio, uro cpa:y »c nocnc
nonni nonpoc Koconi n (pyinx an6ancxnx xpacn, «npncoc(n-
ncnnix» x crapon Kiocnannn, 6y(cr pa: n nancci(a n oxon-
uarcnino pa:pcmcn.
Cax HK KHK nc pa: :annnnn, uro ornocnrcnino nanno-
naninoio nonpoca on ocrancrcn ncpnix ncnnncxo-crannncxon
rcopnn o6 ¬ron npo6ncxc: nono»cnnm o npanc nannn na caxo-
onpc(cncnnc nnnori (o or(cncnnn.
Onn ionopnnn n :annnnnn rax o ncnix nannnx 6inmcio
xoponcncrna, cocrannnnmnx rax c(nnic iocy(apcrna, n no¬-
roxy :annncnnn ¬rn nxcnn cmc 6onimcc :naucnnc (nn cnpa-
nc(nnnoio pa:pcmcnnn nonpoca o ron uacrn An6annn, xoropan
6ina ncxyccrncnno n nccnpanc(nnno npncoc(nncna x Kiocna-
nnn. Pa: xa»(on nannn n ncnox 6y(cr no:noncno cno6o(no
pcmari o cnocx 6y(ymcx, rcx 6oncc ¬ro 6y(cr no:noncno uacrn
nannn, nacnnicrncnno npncoc(nncnnon x uy»oxy rcny. Hpn
¬rox n nxcm n nn(y nc 1O nnn 1OO (cpcncni xaxoio-ro na-
nnonaninoio xcnimnncrna, a o6mnpnic xpan, pannic no
cnocn ncnnunnc nononnnc nccn rcppnropnn Po(nni, nxcm n
nn(y nc 5OO nnn 5OOO »nrcncn xaxoio-ro nannonaninoio xcni-
mnncrna, a raxoc naccncnnc, xoropoc no uncncnnocrn cnocn
nc xcnimc ocraninon uacrn an6ancxoio napo(a.
Hrax, xi ncpnnn, uro ncc ¬ro nonnxann rax n miocna-
ncxnc xoxxynncri, n xi yunn ncc rpy(nocrn n npcnnrcrnnn,
xoropic 6y(yr ncranari ncpc( naxn. Hycri Kocona n: 6inoio
n6noxa pa:(opa npcnparnrcn n xpan, i(c 6y(yr yrncp»(cni
(py»6a xc»(y napo(axn n nx 6ocnoc 6parcrno, n xpan, i(c
6y(cr ncnirano yxcnnc xoxxynncrnuccxnx naprnn xy(po n
6naiopa:yxno pcmari ncc npo6ncxi, nonyucnnic n nacnc(-
crno or ncropnn. Mi ycncmno ni(cp»ann namc ncnirannc.
Oucpc(i 6ina :a miocnancxnxn ronapnmaxn na npaxrnxc (o-
xa:ari cnom npc(annocri n ncpnocri cnonx npnnnnnnaninix
:annncnnnx.
Tcx npcxcncx xi cmc 6onimc ycnnnnn namy pa6ory
n namy noxomi n nanpanncnnn pacmnpcnnn 6opi6i n Koconc
n (pyinx an6ancxnx xpanx. H:nccrno, uro cmc n 194O, no oco-
6cnno n 1941 io(y n: namnx xoxxynncrnuccxnx ipynn noc-
87
xano ry(a ncxanoc uncno xoxxynncron xoconcxoio nponcxo-
»(cnnn c ncnim pa6orari n 6oporicn rax. Kiocnani npn-
cnann x nax (nyx ucnoncx, a xi x nnx ÷ copox (nyx, nc
npc(¡nnnnn npn ¬rox nnxaxnx npnrn:annn na ro, uro onn
(on»ni 6inn no((cp»nnari cnn:n c naxn. Hocnc coc(nncnnn
Koconi n ncxoropix (pyinx xpacn c po(nix crnonox, xonna-
6opannonncrcxnc an6ancxnc npannrcnicrna nanpannnn ry(a
cornn iocy(apcrncnnix cny»amnx, yunrcncn n (p. c ncnim
co:(annn rax an6ancxon a(xnnncrpannn, orxpirnn mxon na
an6ancxox n:ixc n r.(. Mi, ncnoni:yn ¬ry ncianinym no:-
xo»nocri, c(cnann ncc no:xo»noc n cxoinn nxnmunri n
cocran ¬rnx nm(cn xnoio couyncrnymmnx n narpnoron, (an
nx yxa:annn nccrn mnpoxym pa:¡ncnnrcninym pa6ory cpc(n
xoconcxoio naccncnnn n noxoui cxy no(nnricn na 6opi6y
:a cno6o(y.
B rcucnnc 1942 io(a nama noxomi n ycnnnn x npo6y»(c-
nnm n no(nnrnm na 6opi6y an6ancxoio naccncnnn ¬rnx xpacn
cmc 6onimc yncnnunnnci. Yunrinan cymccrnonanmnc rax 6oni-
mnc rpy(nocrn, xi, nccxorpn na ro, uro caxa nama naprnn
6ina xono(on naprncn c ornocnrcnino xanix xonnuccrnox
uncnon, pcmnnn ncc-raxn nanpannri n ¬rn :oni pn( (pyinx
ronapnmcn n: namcn naprnn nponcxo»(cnncx n: Koconi,
µn6pi n (p. Kax ucpc: ¬rnx ronapnmcn, rax n ucpc: npona-
ian(ncrcxnc xarcpnani xi npn:inann naccncnnc ¬rnx :on
6pocnri ncnxnc nnnm:nn nacucr rax na:inacxoio ocno6o»(c-
nnn, xoropoc nx nxo6i npnncc qamn:x, n nxnmunricn na-
pn(y c (pyinxn napo(axn Kiocnannn no( pyxono(crnox KHK
n 6opi6y :a ro, uro6i c6pocnri nio qamn:xa ÷ inannoio
npaia, :accnmcio n namnx ouaiax.
Ho(o6nic ycnnnn npnnaiana n c no(o6nixn npn:inaxn
o6pamanaci x naccncnnm Koconi n (pyinx xpacn n KHK,
xoropon no cc »c rpc6onannm 6ina nopyucna xo6nnn:annn
na 6opi6y napo(a ¬rnx xpacn n pyxono(crno nx.
O(naxo ¬ro qaxr, uro o»n(acxix pc:yniraron nc 6ino.
Koncuno, n ¬rnx «xonc6annnx» cxa:inanaci ncn nipa nann-
qamn:xa c rax na:inacxix ocno6o»(cnncx ¬rnx :on, cxa:i-
nannci nnyrpcnnnn pcaxnnn, 6oniman orcranocri, ynacnc(o-
88
nannan n ¬rnx :onax or npomnoio. Mi yunrinann ncc ¬ro.
O(naxo cnc(ycr nc :a6inari n o (pyiox: nxnmucnnm n (on»-
non xcpc n 6opi6y ¬roio naccncnnn xcmana, npnucx ccpic:no,
ncnpannninan, ncucrxan n ncncnan nnnnn, xoropym npono-
(nna no ornomcnnm x ncxy caxa Koxxynncrnuccxan naprnn
Kiocnannn.
Mnoio :annncnnn (cnana ¬ra naprnn o cnocx ornomcnnn
x nannonaninoxy nonpocy, o(naxo ona nn n o(nox n: nnx
nc nipa»anaci ucrxo n nc(nycxicncnno o nocncnocnnnox
6y(ymcx Koconi n (pyinx an6ancxnx xpacn. Oro nc xoino nc
(c:opncnrnponari n nc rpcno»nri an6ancxoc naccncnnc ¬rnx
xpacn, norcpncnmcc xax (o ncpnon xnponon nonni, rax n
nocnc co:(annn miocnancxoio xoponcncrna, 6onimnc nnmcnnn
n ncniranmcc na cc6n caxic (6ccucnoncunic xcro(i ncrpc-
6ncnnn. H: caxix pa:nnunix ncrounnxon x nax nocrynann
cnc(cnnn o rox, uro an6ancxoc naccncnnc n cnonx xpanx n
Kiocnannn nc nnrano (oncpnn x Koxxynncrnuccxon naprnn
Kiocnannn n cc cnony, uro ono c no(o:pcnncx ornocnnoci
x roxy, xax ona nocrynana n Koconc n n (pyinx xpanx.
Mi cunrann pa:yxnix ror qaxr, uro n Koconc n µyxa-
(inncxon Pannnnc (xpan, na:nannin ccp6axn Mcroxncn) 6in
co:(an Kpacnon Koxnrcr KHK (nn ¬rnx :on, no((cp»nnanmnn
ncnocpc(crncnnic cnn:n c HK KHK. Oro npnxo nnn xoc-
ncnno (anano nonnri, uro pyxono(crno KHK paccxarpnnano
Kocony nc xax noxccric Ccp6nn, a rax »c, xax n (pyinc xpan
÷ Maxc(onnm, Ccp6nm, Cnoncnnm n (p.
O(naxo, ccnn co:(annc Kpacnoio Koxnrcra na raxox
yponnc nnnnnoci nono»nrcninix maiox, ro n cio cocranc
n qynxnnonnponannn nc 6ino nourn nnucio an6ancxoio, xorn
no(annnmmcc 6onimnncrno xoconcxoio naccncnnn cocrannnnn
an6anni. Kax n Koxnrcrc, rax n n (pyinx co:(annix rax op-
ianax, npco6na(ann ccp6i nnn ucpnoiopni, xorn n Koconc
ccp6cxoc n ucpnoiopcxoc naccncnnc cocrannnno nc6onimoc
xcnimnncrno. Kiocnani nc ronixo nc cunrannci c narpnorn-
uccxnxn uyncrnaxn an6anncn, c nx nm6onim x cnocn Po(nnc,
nc ionopn y»c o6 nx »cnannn npncoc(nnnricn x Po(nnc-xa-
rcpn, no n naxna(inann na nnx ncuari «ncnnxoan6ancxnx
89
nacrpocnnn. Koncuno, ¬rn n (pyinc qaxropi nc xoinn nc cxa-
:inaricn orpnnarcnino xax na pa:nnrnn n pocrc naprnnnon
opiann:annn Koconi n µyxa(inncxon Pannnni, rax n na pac-
mnpcnnn yuacrnn an6ancxoio naccncnnn n 6opi6c. B ro »c
npcxn 6an(i ucrnnxon cnnpcncrnonann n an6ancxnx (cpcnnnx
n iopo(ax ¬rnx xpacn. Hcpcmnrcninocri n oruy»(cnnocri
naccncnnn ¬rnx xpacn, crpax ncpc( ncna(c»nix 6y(ymnx,
nnxopa(ounan nponaian(a pcaxnnn, n:¡nni n nc(ocrarxn n
opiann:annn n n pa6orc Koconcxo-Mcroxnncxoio xpanxoxa
KHK n r.(. ÷ ncc ¬ro c xa»(ix (ncx ncc 6onimc n 6onimc
y6c»(ano pyxono(nmnx (cnrcncn KHK n ncnccoxocrn nx po-
nn n ¬rnx :onax.
Bimc n ionopnn o ncrpcuax n rpcnnnx c Byxxanonnucx
Tcxno nccnon n ncrox 1943 io(a. Bonpoc o no(nnrnn na 6opi-
6y an6ancxoio naccncnnn Koconi n (pyinx an6ancxnx xpacn
cocrannnn (pyiym 6onimym «:a6ory» Tcxno. On, xax n o6o
nocx, n:nnn ncc, uro y ncio naxonnnoci, ipy6o nicxa:anmnci
o6 «an6annax, xoropic cranonnrcn pc:cpnox npaia», no n n nc
no»ancn cnocio cnonapn.
÷ Y6c(nrc, ÷ cxa:an n cxy, ÷ xoconcxoc naccncnnc.
n rox, uro 6opi6a, xoropym xi nc(cx, npnnc(cr cio x pcmc-
nnm cio npo6ncxi rax, xax ¬roio ono »cnacr, (anrc cxy :a-
ncpcnnn n iapanrnn n ¬rox, noxa»nrc cxy na xonxpcrnix npn-
xcpax n: namcn npaxrnuccxon (cnrcninocrn, uro ni nc(crc
cio nxcnno x raxoxy pcmcnnm, n ni ynn(nrc, uro xoconni
6y(yr n(rn n ananiap(c anrnqamncrcxon 6opi6i. Y an6an-
cxoio napo(a nnxoi(a nc 6ino n npnniuxc o6¡c(nnnricn c
npaiox.
÷ Kax »c nx y6c(nri"' ÷ oro:nancn on, ÷ y nccx nx
na yxc o(na ronixo «ncnnxan An6annn»'
÷ ¹ro y nnx na yxc An6annn, ¬ro 6oncc ucx ccrccrncn-
no, ÷ :axcrnn n, ÷ n nc crapanrcci ni6nri ¬ro n: nx iono-
ni, n6o ¬roio ni nnxoi(a nc (o6icrcci. Hannonaninin no-
npoc ¬ro »n:ncnnin (nn nnx nonpoc, n nxcnno :a ¬ro ny»no
yxnarnricn. Koi(a 6y(yr yncpcni, uro 6opmrcn :a cnpanc(nn-
noc pa:pcmcnnc nannonaninoio nonpoca, onn o6n:arcnino no(-
nnxyrcn na 6opi6y c nincmnnx npaiox An6annn, Kiocnannn
9O
n nccio ucnoncuccrna, c qamn:xox. Bo-nropix, ÷ npo(on»an
n n ycrannncn na ncio ina:axn, ÷ oco6cnno xi, xoxxynncri,
(on»ni 6iri oucni ocropo»nixn n ynorpc6ncnnn rcpxnnon.
Mnc oucni ncnpnnrno, xoi(a n ni xcrarn n ncxcrarn ynorpc-
6nncrc nipa»cnnc «ncnnxan An6annn».
÷ Houcxy"' ÷ cnpocnn on. ÷ ¹cio ryr nnoxoio"'
÷- Bcc nnoxoc, xoropoc nxnmuamr n ncio cio anropi,
pcaxnnoncpi nccx xacrcn ÷ an6anni, ccp6i, qamncri, na-
nncri n cmc xro yio(no. Oror rcpxnn ynorpc6nncrcn ronixo
nxn n n nx nnrcpccax, ÷ orncrnn n cxy.
÷ H:nnnnrc y», no ni oucni xcnn ocxop6nncrc, ÷ npo-
rccronan on. ÷ 2 nac nc nonnxam.
÷ Toi(a n (cncrnnrcnino oucni co»ancm o rox, ÷ or-
ncrnn n, ÷ uro ni, caxin 6onimon «¬xcncpr» no 6anxancxnx
nonpocax, :(cci, cpc(n nac, ionopnrc, uro nc nonnxacrc, n
ucx :axnmuacrcn omn6xa. uo:ynin n nonnrnn «ncnnxan An6a-
nnn» nnn «xanan An6annn», ronapnm Tcxno, n nm6oc npcxn,
xcx 6i onn nn ynorpc6nnnnci, nnnnnnci anrnan6ancxnxn no-
:yniaxn, npornnopcunnmnxn o6¡cxrnnnon ncropnuccxon (cn-
crnnrcninocrn. «Ionimon» nnn «xanon An6annn» nc 6ino n
o ncn nc xo»cr 6iri n pcun. Iina n ccri ronixo o(na
An6annn, xoropan, nc:anncnxo or xaxnnannn pcaxnnn nccx
npcxcn, ro ccri, nc:anncnxo or roio, uro 6ina ypc:ana, ncxa-
ncucna, pacuncncna, ncc-raxn ocracrcn o(non n c(nnon, xax
nannn n crpana, :accncnnan nm(ixn o(non n ron »c xponn,
o(noio n roio »c n:ixa, o(non n ron »c xynirypi, o(non
n ron »c ncropnn, o(noio n roio »c ncnxnuccxoio n nanno-
naninoio cxna(a ÷ an6annaxn.
÷ Coinaccn, coinaccn' ÷ incnno cxa:an on. ÷ Ho ra-
xoc nipa»cnnc n cniman n or nac caxnx, ncrpcuan cio n na-
mnx xarcpnanax nnn 6ccc(ax.
÷ B raxox cnyuac xnc npnxo(nrcn noconcronari nax
nyumc unrari nx n cnymari nac. Mi nnxoi(a nc ni(nniann
n nc 6y(cx ni(nniari nonpoca o «ncnnxon» nnn «xanon An-
6annn». µnn nac ¬ror nonpoc nc no(nc»nr o6cy»(cnnm.
Hao6opor, n namnx 6ccc(ax n xarcpnanax xi 6nuycx n pa-
:o6nauacx ncnxoio po(a pcaxnnoncpon, xoropic no(o6nixn
91
anrnncropnuccxnxn n anrnan6ancxnxn «rnopcnnnxn» crapamr-
cn (oxa:ari cnon «narpnorn:x», n:o6pa»an n: cc6n n ina:ax
napo(a nnaxcnnix 6opnon «:a nannonaninin nonpoc». uo:yn-
iox «ncnnxon An6annn» onn crpcxnrcn oropnari nam napo(
or naprnn n no(opnari Hannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninym 6opi-
6y xax :(cci, rax n n Koconc n (pyinx an6ancxnx xpanx. O(nnx
cnonox, ronapnm Tcxno, ÷ :axnmunn n, ÷ ronixo n no(o6-
nix cnyuanx n n ¬rox cxicnc xi ynorpc6nncx rcpxnn «ncnn-
xan An6annn», no xi nnxoi(a nc (onycrnx co:(annn xncnnn
o rox, 6y(ro, pa: xi o6nnuacx nocnrcncn nccn(ono:ynia «nc-
nnxon An6annn», :naunr xi nicrynacx :a xaxym-ro «xanym
An6annm». 2 y»c ionopnn nax, xi nc cronx nn :a «6onimym».
nn :a «xanym». Mi :a ry An6annm, xoropan xax rcppnropnn
n xax nannn o(na n ronixo o(na.
÷ Honnxam nac, nonnxam, ÷ :axcrnn on, ÷ o(naxo
Ianxani oucni :anyrannic, oucni cno»nic. µyxam, uro nc
xo»cr 6iri ucnoncxa, cnoco6noio no»ox onpc(cnnri ipa-
nnni crpan ¬ron rcppnropnn rax, uro6i y(onncrnopnri nccx
n nccx :arxnyri por.
÷ Oro npan(a, ÷ npoionopnn n. ÷ Ho n cnyuac c An-
6anncn pcui n(cr nc o cxnonc xaxoio-nn6y(i xonxa, o (nc
xaxoio-nn6y(i pyuin, nc o6 o(non nnn nnrn (cpcnnnx cnopnon
npnna(nc»nocrn. Pcui n(cr o ncnix pannnnax, iopax, iopo-
(ax n xpanx, npon:nonino orropinyrix or nx crnona n npn-
coc(nncnnix x uy»oxy crnony. B (annox cnyuac nc crannrcn
nonpoc o npnxcncnnn xnpypinuccxoio no»a, c rcx uro6i
nc cpc:ari ncuannno xaxym-nn6y(i uy»ym »nny. Pcui n(cr
o6 o6mnpnix n ncocnopnxix an6ancxnx xpanx.
÷ Hc xoiy cxa:ari, uro xopomo :naxox c ¬rnxn no-
npocaxn, ÷ cxa:an «6anxannx». ÷ 3nam ronixo, uro nanno-
naninin nonpoc na Ianxanax oucni cno»nin n nax npnxo-
(nrcn (cncrnonari n ¬rnx cno»nix ycnonnnx. 2 6ccnoxomci
o nincmncn 6opi6c. Bonpoc o no(nnrnn Koconi na 6opi6y
oucni xcnn :annxacr.
÷ H (nn nac on cocrannncr o(ny n: caxix ccpic:nix
:a6or, ÷ :axcrnn n. ÷ Ho 6y(irc yncpcni, ccnn ni cyxc-
crc n(on6nri, nronxonari xoconnax xicni o rox, uro nonpoc
92
o6 nx 6y(ymcx 6y(cr pcmcn nxn »c no nx »cnannm, ro ncn
Kocona no(nnxcrcn na 6opi6y. Bi caxn :axorcnn n:nri n
cnon pyxn (cno opiann:annn n pyxono(crna napo(ox ¬rnx
xpacn, a nc(i ccnn 6i on ncrynnn n cnn:n c naxn, ro npo6nc-
xi ¬rn nc no:nnxnn 6i.
Hoxa n ionopnn rax, Tcxno c rpy(ox c(cp»nnan cc6n
n xcnn nopa:nno o(no: ornocnrcnino ¬roio nonpoca on nc
oucni-ro ynopno ornapnponan, nn(no 6ino, uro on xonc6ancn
n ncpcmnrcninocrn. B npnnnnnc on orxpiro npn:nanan xc-
nn npanix, n n caxox (cnc n y(nnnncn, xoi(a on, cnycrn
ncxoropoc npcxn, npn:nan c(nncrncnnix nyrcx (nn no(-
nnrnn Koconi na 6opi6y ncpcxo( cc naprn:ancxnx cnn n
no(unncnnc Icncpaninoio Ura6a An6ancxon Hannonanino-
ocno6o(nrcninon apxnn.
Oro npon:omno no npcxn ron npo(on»nrcninon 6ccc-
(i, xoi(a on ni(nnnyn nax nnarqopxy «6po(nnmcn n cio
iononc» n(cn «6anxancxoio mra6a». Kax n y»c ionopnn, na
¬ron ncrpcuc xa»(in n: nac nicxa:inan cnoc xncnnc concp-
mcnno cno6o(no, 6c: xaxoio 6i ro nn 6ino oqnnnaninoio
o6n:arcnicrna, rax uro, xoi(a pcui :amna o Koconc n n ni-
pa:nn cnoc xncnnc, Tcxno orncrnn:
÷ Bi npani. Haprn:ancxnc cnni Koconi n µyxa(inn-
cxon Pannnni (on»ni no(unnnricn namcxy Icncpaninoxy
Ura6y. unmi raxnx o6pa:ox onn no(nnxyrcn na 6opi6y.
÷ B ¬rox xi nnxoi(a nc coxncnannci, ÷ oro:nancn n.
Hpoxonuan, on (o6annn:
÷ Kax 6i ro nn 6ino, ¬ro nnmi n(cn, npc(no»cnnc,
xoropoc xo»cr 6iri pcann:onano ronixo n paxxax «Ianxan-
cxoio mra6a». O(naxo n nc xoiy (cnari nnucio xonxpcrnoio,
nc y:nan rax»c xncnnc ronapnma Tnro.
Orn (na nocnc(nnx «ycnonnn» cmc 6onimc ycnnnnn y
xcnn no(o:pcnnc n rox, uro :a nccx, uro nax ionopnn ¬ror
miocnan, rannnci rcxnic ncnn. «ununo» on coinamancn c
rcx, uro xoconcxnc naprn:ancxnc cnni (on»ni no(unnnricn
namcxy Icnmra6y (o ucx onn panimc nnxoi(a nc ionopnnn),
no ronixo. . . n ycnonnnx cymccrnonannn «Ianxancxoio mra6a»'
Oro npocro o:nauano: nycri Kocona 6y(cr no(unnnricn namcxy
93
mra6y, no :aro cax nam mra6 (on»cn no(unnnricn (pyio-
xy, 6onimoxy, «Ianxancxoxy mra6y», xoropix, nccoxncnno,
(on»cn pyxono(nri nonin «crparci» nannonanino-ocno6o(n-
rcninix nonn, Hocnn Ipo:-Tnro.(')
Hc npn:nan nn ¬ror «mra6», ryr »c no(yxan n, nocra-
nnri no( cnom xoxan(y, no(unnnri cc6c n nocnnox n nonn-
rnuccxox ornomcnnn ncc namn crpani, Ianxani n ncnox"
Hacxonixo n 6in npan n xonx no(o:pcnnnx, ¬ro no(-
rncp(nnoci nccxonixo xccnncn cnycrn: xax nc( n no(c pa-
cranna n(cn «Ianxancxoio mra6a» n cpa:y ÷ «:ancnan, na-
crouxa, na nnon na(» n n nonpocc Koconi'
«Haprn:ancxnc cnni Koconi n (pyinx an6ancxnx xpacn n
Kiocnannn nn n xocx cnyuac nc (on»ni 6iri nocranncni no(
xoxan(y an6ancxoio mra6a'» ÷ ncpc(ann nax nm(n Tnro.
Ho nc 6ino nn na(o6nocrn, nn xccra (nn (pyinx nnnm-
:nn n (c6aron. C ¬rnx pcmcnncx xi coinacnnnci c caxoio
nauana n ccnn xax-ro 6ino nicxa:ano nonoc xncnnc, ro ¬ro
n nnrcpccax pa:ncprinannn 6opi6i n ¬rnx xpanx. Cax Tcx-
no, xoropin na xni npnrnopnncn, 6y(ro npannnino nonnxan
nyri o»nnncnnn (nn»cnnn n Koconc n (pyinx an6ancxnx xpa-
nx, cxopo (on»cn 6in noxa:ari cnoc nacronmcc nnno ncnn-
xoccp6cxoio n anrnan6ancxoio nannonanncra. Pa:incnannin
iny6oxnxn no(o:pcnnnxn, nixa:annixn naxn n ornomcnnn
n(cn Tnro o «Ianxancxox mra6c» n oco6cnno ocrpix (c-
6arax no nono(y «onnoprynn:xa», on ycnnnn cnon nana(xn
n o6nnncnnn n a(pcc namcn naprnn n cc pa6ornnxon. Ho rc-
ncpi on nana(an na nac «n:(ancxa», n:-:a ipannni, i(c no-
cronnno crpancrnonan n xauccrnc «nocna» Tnro na Ianxanax
n cropo»cnoio nca 6inix nna(cnnn 6inmcio miocnancxoio
xoponcncrna.
K ccpc(nnc ccnrn6pn xnc npyunnn cio nncixo, nonnoc
n(a n »cnun, n xoropox namc naprn:ancxoc xoxan(onannc
n namn naprn:ancxnc cnni, (cncrnonanmnc n µn6pnncxon o6-
nacrn, on na:inan «ncnnxoan6annaxn» n «monnnncraxn» n (a»c
npnxa:inan nax npnnnri crpoinc n cpounic xcpi, nnauc, yipo-
»an on, «(cno xo»cr (onrn (o noopy»cnnoio cronxnoncnnn»'
Kaxoni »c concpmcnnic rax namnxn pa6ornnxaxn n
94
naprn:anaxn 6onimnc noipcmcnnn, ni:nanmnc raxym npocri
y «nocna» Tcxno"
B ccnrn6pc 1943 io(a coc(nncnnn namcn Hannonanino-
ocno6o(nrcninon apxnn, (cncrnonanmnc n µn6pnncxon o6-
nacrn no( xoxan(onanncx ronapnma Xa(»n u¬mn, xonnnc-
nocnix n pcmnrcninix nana(cnncx ocno6o(nnn iopo( µn6pa
n no n:anxo(cncrnnn c xaxc(oncxnxn naprn:ancxnxn or-
pn(axn icponuccxn cpa»annci :a ocno6o»(cnnc Kipuoni,
Tcroni, Iocrnnapa, Pa(ocrymn or nraninnncn n n :amnry
¬rnx ocno6o»(cnnix xpacn or ncxcnxnx n 6oniapcxnx qa-
mncron n nx coo6mnnxon'
Bo nccx ¬rnx xpanx nama naprnn n mra6 Hannonanino-
ocno6o(nrcninon apxnn µn6pnncxon o6nacrn noni:onannci
y xccrnoio naccncnnn 6onimnx anropnrcrox n npccrn»cx,
n rcncpi, xoi(a iopo(a n (cpcnnn ¬rnx xpacn 6inn ocno-
6o»(cni namnxn »c cnnaxn, nam anropnrcr n npccrn» cmc
6onimc nonicnnnci. Oroio nc 6ino c Koxxynncrnuccxon nap-
rncn Kiocnannn n c miocnancxnx mra6ox, n n raxon o6cra-
nonxc xi counn ncnccoo6pa:nix, uro6i namn ronapnmn
(cncrnonann nc rcpnn npcxcnn. Ho namnx yxa:annnx onn
pa:ncpnynn pa6ory no ycranonncnnm n µn6pc anrnqamncr-
cxon (cxoxparnuccxon nnacrn, cpa:y »c opiann:onann nanno-
nanino-ocno6o(nrcninin concr, co(cncrnonann co:(annm xccr-
non xoxcn(arypi, noccranonncnnm naprnnnon opiann:annn n
r.(. B cocran concra n xoxcn(arypi, xpoxc an6anncn, nomnn
n npc(crannrcnn xaxc(oncxoio xcnimnncrna.
Mi nocrynnnn rax noroxy, uro cunrann ¬ro 6parcxnx,
nnrcpnannonanncrnuccxnx corpy(nnuccrnox xc»(y (nyxn
6parcxnxn naprnnxn n 6parcxnxn napo(axn. £cnn 6i xi nc
(anann raxnx yxa:annn nnn ccnn 6i namn ronapnmn nocry-
nann rax, xax ncncn Tcxno, ro (ocrninyrixn naxn n µn6pnn-
cxon o6nacrn no6c(axn nocnoni:onanaci 6i pcaxnnn; x roxy
»c, n napo(c no:nnxnn 6i 6onimnc xax (nn nac, rax n (nn
KHK npo6ncxi. Kax n y»c cxa:an, KHK nc noni:onanaci
nnxaxnx nnnnnncx n nnxaxnx npccrn»cx n µn6pc, 6c: noxo-
mn n 6opi6i namnx cnn ona nc 6ina 6i n cocronnnn uro-nn6o
npc(npnnnxari.
95
Hxcnno ¬ro n nc npannnoci Byxxanonnuy Tcxno, xoro-
pin 6onncn orxona µn6pi or Kiocnannn.
£io nncixo or(anano monnnn:xox n nccycncrnix nico-
xoxcpncx. H:nnn ncci cnon incn na namnx pa6ornnxon n nap-
rn:an, on ipy6ix n caxo(ypnix ronox n:ncman nac o6 or(an-
nox nx npnxa:c: nccx xoxxynncron n naprn:an n: an6ancxnx
rcppnropnn, ncxoi(a npncoc(nncnnix x Kiocnannn, nocrannri
n pacnopn»cnnc xaxc(oncxoio mra6a; Xa(»n u¬mn n cio
cnni (on»ni noxnnyri µn6py, n onn xoiyr cnona ncpnyricn
ry(a ronixo n cnyuac, ccnn ¬roio :axoucr n xoi(a ¬roio :a-
xoucr Tcxno; ronixo uro co:(annin namnxn ronapnmaxn n
µn6pc nannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninin concr (on»cn nopnari
cnn:n c naxn n crari n pacnopn»cnnc Byxxanonnua n r.(. n
r.n. H xax 6y(ro nccio ¬roio xano cmc 6ino, n :axnmucnnc
on o6nnnnn nac, pyxono(crno KHA, n rox, uro xi «nc ninon-
nnnn cnon :a(aun», «npnxa:inan» nax npnnnri xcpi npornn
Xa(»n u¬mn, a :arcx cio npcnocxo(nrcnicrno ocxcnnnanoci
:axonunri cnoc nncixo «nc»nnnon» qopxynon na xancp Tcx-
no: «Bi o6n:ani c(cnari ¬ro xax xo»no cxopcc».
Ipy6an narypa n xpyron xapaxrcp Tcxno y»c 6inn n:-
nccrni xnc, rax uro n nc oucni y(nnnncn rony, xoropix on
o6pamancn x nax. ¹ro »c xacacrcn ni(nnnyrix nx nonpocon
n or(annix nx npnxa:on, n ccpic:no coxncnancn n rox, uro6i
onn 6inn nno(ox o(non ronixo cio iononi n cio xapaxrcpa.
H rcx nc xcncc y xcnn nc 6ino nnxaxnx apiyxcnron (yxari,
uro ncc ¬ro ncxo(nno nc or o(noio Tcxno. B ro »c npcxn n
conccx nc cunran yxccrnix orncrnri cxy rcx »c ronox. Iino
npcxn nc o6ocrpnri ornomcnnn xc»(y naxn, xoxxynncraxn,
a ycnnnri 6opi6y c :axnarunxaxn. B cnn:n c ¬rnx n ryr »c
nanncan nncixo ronapnmy Xa(»n u¬mn, n xoropox naxa:inan
cxy nponnnnri ncnnuanmym ocropo»nocri n nc (onycxari
nnxaxnx omn6ox n ornomcnnnx c miocnancxnxn ronapnmaxn
n n cnn:n c nonpocox xaxc(oncxoio xcnimnncrna n µn6pc
1
.
Bi, naxa:inan n n uacrnocrn, (on»ni nccrn mnpoxym pa-
________________________________
1 Cx. Onncp Xo(»a, H:6pannic npon:nc(cnnn, r. I, n:(. na pyc.
n:., crp. 221-225, Tnpana, 1974.
96
6ory no yxpcnncnnm n xo(c 6opi6i 6parcxnx ornomcnnn xc»-
(y an6annaxn n xaxc(onnaxn, n6o ¬ro n nnrcpccax namnx
6parcxnx naprnn n napo(on. O(naxo, npo(on»an n, xi cun-
racx concpmcnno ncnpannninix, npn xonxpcrnix ycnonnnx,
npnxa: Tcxno o6 y(ancnnn orpn(on HOA n: µn6pi nnmi no
«npnunnc» roio, uro ¬ror iopo( naxo(nrcn n npc(cnax ipa-
nnn crapoio miocnancxoio iocy(apcrna. £cnn xi nocrynnx
rax xax nnmcr Tcxno, n ocrannx µn6py, ro xaxc(onni y»c
nc 6y(yr xo:ncnaxn nono»cnnn; n(o6anox pcaxnnn nancccr
nx, a :ao(no n nax, rn»cnic y(api, a npornn nac ona nonc-
(cr cmc 6oncc ncma(nym 6opi6y. Ho¬roxy, yxa:inan n, xi
(on»ni ycranonnri rax namy nannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninym
nnacri, npc(ocrannri xaxc(onnax npana, xax nanxcnimnncrny,
(o6nricn roio, uro6i n onn nxcnn cnonx npc(crannrcncn n
nannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninox concrc n rcx caxix pacnono-
»nri x cc6c napo( n :anocnari cio (oncpnc. Tonixo roi(a,
xoi(a namn no:nnnn cranyr npounixn, xoi(a no:nnnn mio-
cnancxnx ronapnmcn n Koconc, Maxc(onnn n (pyinx xpanx
ro»c oxpcnnyr, namn cnni xoiyr noxnnyri µn6py, 6y(yun
yncpcnnic n rox, uro (ocrninyric no6c(i nc 6y(yr nipnani
y nac pcaxnncn. Hocnc ¬roio, uro xacacrcn 6y(ymcio ¬rnx :on,
orxcuan n n nncixc, ro ono 6y(cr pcmcno no ycranonncnnoxy
npnnnnny, ro ccri nocnc ocno6o»(cnnn namnx crpan.
B rc »c (nn n nanpannn n Tcxno nncixo
1
, n xoropox, c(cp-
»nnan :axonnoc no:xymcnnc, cnoxonno n n (yxc n:anxo-
nonnxannn o6¡ncnnn cxy namy npannninym rouxy :pcnnn.
Ora npannninan no:nnnn HK KHA cmc 6onimc n:6ccnna
Tcxno. O6ypcnacxin crapix yiapox cnannncxoio monnnn:-
xa, on nnoni nanpannn nncixo HK KHA. Honoc cio nncixo
2
6ino nacxno:i nponn:ano monnnncrnuccxnx (yxox. B caxox
nauanc nncixa on orxcuan, uro «inannix npaiox» n Maxc-
(onnn n n Koconc 6ina «ncnnxoan6ancxan pcaxnnn»('), a nc
_________________________________
1. Cx. Onncp Xo(»a, H:6pannic npon:nc(cnnn, r. I, n:(. na pyc.
n:., crp. 235-238, Tnpana, 1974.
2 Opninnan ¬roio nncixa C. B. Tcxno, nanpanncnnoio HK KHA
23.9. 1943 i., xpannrcn n HHA.
97
ncxcnxnc :axnarunxn ("), n, no cio xncnnm, «ocnonnan :a(a-
ua» :axnmuanaci n «pa:ipoxc» ¬ron pcaxnnn. O(naxo ocy-
mccrnncnnm ¬ron :a(aun, no cnonax Tcxno, xcmann namn
naprn:ancxnc cnni, ocno6o(nnmnc ¬rn xpan ('), n on (oxo(nn
(o :annncnnn o rox, 6y(ro namn naprn:ancxnc cnni no cyrn
(cna ncnn cc6n rax »c, xax n pcaxnnn' £mc pa: norpc6onan
ninonncnnn (annoio nx npnxa:a o6 y(ancnnn nccx an6ancxnx
naprn:an n: µn6pi n cncp»cnnn iopo(cxoio nannonanino-
ocno6o(nrcninoio concra, co:(annoio c noxomim KHA, on
nncan:
«uyumc nxcri nam, miocnancxnn concr, xoropin 6y(cr
npono(nri miocnancxym nnnnm, (a»c n ccnn on nc 6y(cr
noni:onaricn anropnrcrox, ucx nxcri concr, xoropin noni:y-
crcn anropnrcrox, no nc npn(cp»nnacrcn miocnancxon nnnnn'».
¹nran ncnyx ¬ro nncixo ncxoropix ronapnmax n: na-
mcio pyxono(crna, n :axcuan, uro naxo(nnmnncn cpc(n nac
Mnna(nn Hononnu c rpy(ox c(cp»nnan cc6n.
÷ ¹ro Tcxno nicoxoxcpnin n ipy6in, ¬ro n (anno :nan,
÷ cxa:an n o(nn xoxcnr pa:incnannin Mnna(nn. ÷ Ho uro
on raxon ncnnxocnannnnn, ¬ro n n ionony xnc nc npnxo(nno.
÷ Mi ro»c nc xo»cx nc 6ccnoxonricn n nc y(nnnnricn,
÷ cxa:an n. ÷ On nc xaxon-nn6o :aypn(nin pa6ornnx, a
uncn ncpxonnoio pyxono(crna miocnancxon naprnn, ni(ammnn
cc6n :a opiann:aropa nccx xcponpnnrnn na nccx ¬rnx rcppn-
ropnnx ÷ n Koconc n Maxc(onnn, cynci n n (cna An6annn,
Ipcnnn n Ioniapnn.
÷ On no:op pyxono(crna Koxxynncrnuccxon naprnn
Kiocnannn, a nc cc pa6ornnx, ÷ ncnixnyn Mnna(nn. ÷ Tcx,
uro ionopnr n (cnacr, on yponncr npccrn» naprnn.
£mc 6onimc norpnc nac xoncn nncixa Tcxno. On o6nn-
nnn nac, pyxono(crno Koxxynncrnuccxon naprnn An6annn, n
«ncnnxoan6ancxox monnnn:xc» n n «no(pinc» namcio o6-
mcio (cna n «npc(no»cnnn» Tcxno
1
.
_________________________________
1 «Bi o6o nccx yxanunnacrc. Ornx caxix ni rax»c nc(crc cc6n
xax ca6ora»nnx namcio o6mcio (cna, ÷ nncan Tcxno n ¬ron uacrn
98
÷ «... matcfina» c rnonxn npc(no»cnnnxn' ÷ nipyian-
cn Mnna(nn. ÷ Oro nc npc(no»cnnn, a nocri(nic o6nnncnnn.
Hannmy Tnro o6 ¬rox ncio(nc, oxonuarcnino iy6nmcx (cno
nc ronixo y nac, a nc:(c, xy(a crynacr cio noia na Ianxanax.
Mi co nccn ccpic:nocrim npoanann:nponann o6nnnnrcni-
noc nncixo Tcxno na ncrpcuc c ncxoropixn ronapnmaxn n:
namcio pyxono(crna, n, nocnoni:onanmnci cnyuacx, n nponn-
qopxnponan nx o nccx ncno:nonnrcninix nocrynxax Tcxno,
pa:¡ncnnn nx cyri ncrnni. (O inannix nonpocax, ni(nnnyrix
xnom na ¬ron ncrpcuc, n nanncan n ocraninix uncnax namcio
pyxono(crna, naxo(nnmnxcn n o6nacrnx.)
÷ Oco6cnno cio nncixo, nanncannoc n xonnc ccnrn6pn,
÷ cxa:an n, n uacrnocrn, ronapnmax, ÷ oucni (nn nac oc-
xop6nrcnino. Tcxno nnmcr nc xax xoxxynncr, xoi(a na:inacr
nac «ca6ora»nnxaxn» n «monnnncraxn». Ka»(oc cio cnono
or(acr ncnnxocnannnmnnon. Mi crapannci xna(noxponno cny-
mari cio n nc ocno»nnri (cna, no on n npn ncrpcuax c naxn,
n rcncpi cnonxn nncixaxn n cnonx ipy6ix or:inox o na-
mnx ronapnmax n µn6pnncxon o6nacrn, ncpcnonnncr uamy.
Mi (a(nx cxy :acny»cnnin orncr n, ccnn cunracr cc6n xox-
xynncrox, ro nycri on npannnino nonxcr cio n o(yxacrcn.
Oro n cio nnrcpccax, no oco6cnno n nnrcpccax namnx naprnn
n 6opi6i namnx napo(on.
÷ 3nacr nn miocnancxoc pyxono(crno o (cnax Tcxno" ÷
cnpocnn o(nn n: namnx ronapnmcn. ÷ O6nnncnnn oucni rn»-
xnc, nanpn( nn on no cnocn co6crncnnon nnnnnarnnc nnmcr
rax o croni mcxornnnix npo6ncxax.
÷ 3nan ionony Tcxno, xo»no no(yxari, uro ¬ro on
no cnocn co6crncnnon nnnnnarnnc, ÷ orncrnn Mnna(nn.
÷ Y nac ncr nnxaxnx xonraxron c pyxono(crnox miocna-
ncxon naprnn, ÷ cxa:an n ronapnmax, ÷ rax uro 6y(cx cy-
_________________________________
cnocio nncixa or 23 ccnrn6pn 1943 io(a, n npo(on»an: ÷ B ncpnox
nncixc n nncan nax o6 ¬rnx xcpax, a ni n orncr nnmcrc Xa(»n u¬mn
npononc(onari 6pamcmeo xc»(y xaxc(oncxnx n an6ancxnx napo(axn.
Hcy»cnn ni ronixo ¬ro naxo(nrc ny»nix cxa:ari Xa(»n u¬mn. .. " Hc
no(pinanrc xon npc(no»cnnn, xax no(pinann nx n rcucnnc ¬rnx rpcx
xccnncn»'' HHA.
99
(nri nnmi o rox, uro nax n:nccrno. 2 nonaiam, uro, ncxo(n
n: ¬roio, nax nc:aucx nyrari Tcxno nn c 6parcxon Koxxynn-
crnuccxon naprncn Kiocnannn n nn c cc pyxono(crnox. O(naxo
¬ro nc :naunr, uro xi (on»ni xonuari n rcpncri cio nana(xn
n nixicni. Ha ncnxnn cnyuan, cxa:an n, 6y(cx xpannri ncc
nncixa Tcxno, xax n nncixa, xoropic xi nocinacx cxy,
n xax ronixo nax 6y(cr npc(cranncna no:xo»nocri, (onc(cx
nx (o cnc(cnnn Tnro. Hycri on cax cy(nr o naxocrnx Tcxno . . .
Mnc nc:aucx (onimc ocranannnnaricn na iopixon ncro-
pnn cnopon n n:anxnix nana(ox xc»(y naxn n Byxxanonnucx
Tcxno n ¬ror ncpno(, n6o ¬ro oucni (onian ncropnn. K cua-
crim, ncropnn ¬ra nonnomcna n ocnonnox n nncixax, onn xpa-
nnrcn n namcx naprnnnox apxnnc, a oruacrn ony6nnxonani.
(Mo»cr, n Tcxno, n:nccrnin cnonxn ncnnxocnannncxnxn na-
crpocnnnxn, xpannr ¬rn nncixa c ncnim y6c(nri cnonx npc-
cxnnxon n rox, xax n cxonixo on 6oponcn :a npocxrnponannc
n co:(annc nxncpnn «m»nix cnannn», xoropan, no cio xnc-
nnm n no xncnnm nccx cnannnoqnnon, (on»na 6ina 6pari na-
uano na µynancxnx nonnax, nponcrpnnaricn ncrpaxn Anin,
Kapnar n Hnn(a n oco6cnno ocnc»nricn nonnaxn n xnixnxn
ncrpaxn ¹cpnoio, Oicncxoio, Honnuccxoio n A(pnarnuccxoio
xopcn.)
O(naxo, pcui mna o6 nxcmmnxcn y nac (oxyxcnrax n
qaxrax. Bcc onn ncocnopnxo cnn(crcnicrnymr o6 ocxorpn-
rcninocrn n :pcnocrn, xoropic pyxono(crno namcn naprnn
nponnnnno n ro npcxn n cnonx n:anxoornomcnnnx c Koxxy-
nncrnuccxon naprncn Kiocnannn, xax n xacarcnino 6opi6i
6parcxnx napo(on Kiocnannn.
Mi ocrannci (o xonna ncpnixn roxy npnnnnny, uro no-
npoc o ipannnax, o crarycc Koconi n (pyinx an6ancxnx xpacn
6inmcio miocnancxoio xoponcncrna (on»cn 6iri pa:pcmcn
nocnc nonni, no ncci(a nacrannann na rox, uro n rax anrn-
qamncrcxan nannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninan 6opi6a (on»na
npnnnri no:xo»no 6oncc mnpoxnc pa:xcpi. H nocxonixy
KHK :axorcna n:nri na cc6n ¬ro (cno, ro ona o6n:arcnino
(on»na 6ina xax cnc(ycr ocymccrnnri ¬ro. Ho ¬roio ona nc
c(cnana n, x co»ancnnm, nnna :a ¬ro n:nannnanaci na an6an-
1OO
cxoc naccncnnc, xoropoc 6ino nponnxnyro, xon, «ncnnxoan6an-
cxnxn nacrpocnnnxn», nnrano «nnnm:nn o qamn:xc» n «6ino
npc(pacnono»cno crari pc:cpnox nanncron n pcaxnnn», n r.(.
Mi nnxax nc xoinn xnpnricn c raxnxn oncnxaxn. Hc
ronixo xi, no n ncc rc, xro xori cxonixo-nn6y(i :naxox c
an6annaxn n nx ncropncn, cpc(n namnx pc(uanmnx xauccrn
ncci(a orxcuann cno6o(onm6nnin (yx, ncnanncri x npaiax,
ncnpnxnpnxocri xo ncnxoio po(a :axnarunxax. H: ¬roio nn-
xax nc xoinn cocrannnri ncxnmucnnn nn xoconni, nn naccnc-
nnc an6ancxnx xpacn n Maxc(onnn, ¹cpnoiopnn n r.(.
H ccnn rax 6opi6a cmc nc npnnnxana »cnacxix pa:xc-
pon, ro ¬ro ionopnno o 6onimnx n:¡nnax n pa6orc rcx, xro
n:nn na cc6n opiann:onari nx n pyxono(nri nxn n 6opi6c.
Oro crano (nn nac cmc ncncc ncrox n occnim 1943 io(a, n
npn raxon o6cranonxc xi nc xoinn ocranaricn panno(ymni-
xn. B cnn:n c ¬rnx xi npnnnnn pcmcnnc o rox, uro Mnna-
(nn nannmcr nncixo Tnro, i(c n:no»nr cxy xncnnc pyxono(-
crna namcn naprnn, xoropoc nonnocrim pa:(cnnn n cax Mnna-
(nn. B ro »c npcxn xax c noxomim nnccx, rax n npn ncno-
cpc(crncnnix xonraxrax, xoropic xi crapannci opiann:onari
c (pyinxn ronapnmaxn n: KHK, xi cnona nicxa:ann nx
namc xncnnc. £io cyri :axnmuanaci n cnc(ymmcx.-
«Honnrnxa, xoropym ni npono(nnn (o cnx nop n orno-
mcnnn Koconi n (pyinx an6ancxnx xpacn, 6ina ncnpannninan.
Kocona, µyxa(inncxan Pannnna n (p. (on»ni ncxc(ncnno
o6pccrn cnoc nimc(mcc n: 6opi6i pyxono(crno, n xoropox
6onimnncrno no uro 6i ro nn crano (on»ni cocrannnri an6an-
ni; y nnx (on»cn 6iri cnon anrnqamncrcxnn nannonanino-
ocno6o(nrcninin concr, n:6pannin (cxoxparnuccxnx nyrcx,
a nc npo(nxronannin cncpxy, (on»ni 6iri cnon mra6i, no(-
unncnnic miocnancxoxy icncpaninoxy mra6y. B nponcccc
6opi6i co:(anari, opiann:onari n yxpcnnnri xpacnym naprnn-
nym opiann:annm, xoropan no(unnnnaci 6i HK KHK. B
cocranc cnonx orpn(on an6anni (on»ni cpa»aricn no( qna-
iox An6annn, a nx narpnornuccxnc uyncrna, nx nm6oni x
Po(nnc na(o no((cp»nnari n nponaian(nponari napn(y c
uyncrnaxn nnrcpnannonann:xa n 6parcxon (py»6i c (pyinxn
1O1
napo(axn Kiocnannn. Hy»no ncno n orxpiro ionopnri nx,
uro n pc:ynirarc cnocn 6opi6i nocnc ocno6o»(cnnn onn 6y-
(yr, xax n ncc (pyinc, noni:onaricn nonnix n ncocnopnxix
npanox na caxoonpc(cncnnc nnnori (o or(cncnnn. Hycri Kox-
xynncrnuccxan naprnn Kiocnannn xonxpcrnixn qaxraxn n
(cncrnnnxn y6c(nr an6anncn, xax n ncc ocraninic nannn
crapon Kiocnannn n rox, uro ona nc ronixo ocxcnnnacrcn or-
xpiro npono:inamari npnnnnni, no n 6y(cr :amnmari n
npcrnopnri nx n »n:ni.
Mi (yxacx, uro, ccnn an6ancxoxy napo(y Koconi nc 6y-
(yr ncni ¬rn (nanpanncnnn, on nc xo»cr 6iri opiann:onan
n nc xo»cr xax cnc(ycr 6oporicn npornn :axnarunxon, rax
xax (o cnx nop on nc (oncpncr Koxxynncrnuccxon naprnn
Kiocnannn. £cnn miocnancxnc xoxxynncri-nnrcpnannonann-
cri nc 6y(yr paccxarpnnari nannonaninin nonpoc Koconi
cxno:i ¬ry npn:xy, ro an6ancxnn napo( Koconi n nnpc(i nc
6y(cr nnrari x nnx (oncpnn. Hrax, n nnrcpccax ycncmnoio
pa:ncprinannn noopy»cnnon 6opi6i n Koconc n µyxa(inncxon
Pannnnc na(o orxpiro npono:inacnri cio npano na onpc(c-
ncnnc cnocn 6y(ymcn cy(i6i, ucrxo pa:¡ncnnn npn ¬rox, uro
npano ¬ro npc(ycxarpnnacr ncc no:xo»nocrn, ÷ xax no:xo»-
nocri coc(nnnricn c Po(nnon-xarcpim, An6anncn, rax n no:-
xo»nocri, ccnn on ¬roio :axoucr, »nri caxocronrcnino. An-
6ancxnn napo( Koconi nc coinaccn nn c xaxnx (pyinx pcmc-
nncx, ncnxoc (pyioc pcmcnnc on cunracr nccnpanc(nnnix,
n xi naxo(nx cio noncrnny nccnpanc(nnnix. Hamc xncnnc
raxono, uro Kocona, µyxa(inncxan Pannnna n :accnncxic an-
6annaxn an6ancxnc xpan n ipannuamcn c An6anncn Maxc(o-
nnn, (on»ni npncoc(nnnricn x An6annn nocnc ocno6o»(cnnn
Kiocnannn or xoircn nann-qamn:xa. unmi raxon nyri no-
6y(nr an6anncn, npo»nnammnx n Kiocnannn, no(nnricn na
icponuccxym 6opi6y».
Kaxon »c 6in orncr miocnancxnx ronapnmcn na ¬rn npa-
nnninic n npnnnnnnaninic coo6pa»cnnn"
¹ro xacacrcn Tcxno, ro, pa:yxccrcn, on cmc 6oncc pac-
cnnpcncn, o(naxo xi nc na(cnnnci n nc (yxann, uro on xo-
»cr nnauc pcainponari. Ho, x namcxy y(nnncnnm, xi :axc-
1O2
uann, uro x ¬roxy nonpocy (pyinc ornocnnnci rax »c, xax
n Tcxno.
B ror ncpno( x nax nocrynnno or uncna Honnr6mpo HK
KHK, Hnana Mnnmrnnonnua (n ro npcxn on pa6oran n
¹cpnoiopnn) nncixo, n xoropox on npocnn nac oxa:ari nc-
xc(ncnnym xarcpnaninym n npouym noxomi miocnancxnx
naprn:ancxnx cnnax n (nn»cnnm n ¹cpnoiopnn. On nncan,
uro no npcxn nocnc(ncio ncxcnxoio nacrynncnnn onn nonc-
cnn oipoxnic norcpn, rax uro namy noxomi cunran oucni
ny»non n na»non. Ho ¬roxy cnyuam on nicxa:inan »cnannc
ncrpcrnricn n no6ccc(onari c xaxnx-nn6o ronapnmcx n: pyxo-
no(crna namcn naprnn n namcio Icncpaninoio Ura6a.
2 ncxc(ncnno no:nan Paxa(ana ¹nraxy n Bacnnn Uanro,
xoropic ornocnnnci n ro npcxn x uncny inannix pa6ornnxon
namcn naprnn, n nopyunn nx nonrn na ncrpcuy, npc(no»cn-
nym Mnnmrnnonnucx.
÷ Hcpc(anrc ronapnmy Mnnmrnnonnuy, ÷ cxa:an n nx,
÷ uro namc pyxono(crno pcmnno y(onncrnopnri ncc nx :a-
npoci o xarcpnaninon noxomn. Cxa»nrc cxy, uro xi copar-
nnxn, ronapnmn, 6opmmnccn :a o6mcc (cno, n uro xi 6y(cx
(cnnri xc»(y co6on pa(ocrn n iopc, xax nocrynann (o cnx
nop. Horox, cxa:an n namnx ronapnmax, nocnymanrc, xaxnc
npo6ncxi on n:no»nr, n nicxa»nrc cnoc xncnnc o nnx, pyxo-
no(crnynci no:nnnnxn n nnnncn namcn naprnn. B ro »c npcxn,
cxa:an n nx, nc:anncnxo or roio, :arponcr Mnnmrnnonnu
nnn ncr ¬ror nonpoc, n:no»nrc cxy npc(no»cnnn namcn nap-
rnn ornocnrcnino 6opi6i n cc ncpcncxrnn n Koconc, µyxa-
(inncxon Pannnnc n n (pyinx :accnncxix an6annaxn xpanx.
Bax n:nccrni namn coo6pa»cnnn, cxa:an n nx, rax uro nc-
pc(anrc nx cxy xax xo»no ncncc n rouncc. Cxa»nrc cxy,
uro ni or nxcnn pyxono(crna KHA 6ccc(ycrc c ronapnmcx,
xoropin, nnc ncnxoio coxncnnn, ncpc(acr namn coo6pa»cnnn
pyxono(crny cnocn naprnn.
Onn ornpannnnci ry(a n ncpnynnci (ncn ucpc: nnrna(-
nari nnn (na(nari. Cxa:ari, uro onn 6inn no:xymcni ÷ ¬ro-
io xano.
÷ µpyion Tcxno n ¹cpnoiopnn, ÷ cxa:an Paxa(an. ÷
1O3
µcniin on cpa:y xnarnn, a ncc ocraninoc ncpnyn nax o6parno.
Hc cucn npannninix nn o(no n: namnx npc(no»cnnn n co-
o6pa»cnnn. On o6o:nan nac «ncnnxoan6annaxn», o6nnnnn n
«monnnn:xc»,... Cnonox, cxa:an Iarixa |Paxa(an ¹nraxy],
on ionopnn rouno rax, 6y(ro :a cio yxox cn(cn Tcxno.
÷ A noxomi-ro onn npnnnnn' ÷ incnno npon:ncc Cnnpo
Moncny, xoropin 6in roi(a nauaninnxox Icncpaninoio Ura-
6a namcn apxnn. ÷ µcniiaxn, xoropic xi or(ann nx nccx
ccp(ncx, xi xoinn o(cri n noopy»nri (nc naprn:ancxnc 6pn-
ia(i. A y namnx ronapnmcn nc xnaracr o6ynn n o(c»(i...
÷ Mi »c or(ann nx nc Hnany, ÷ cran ycnoxannari n
Cnnpo. ÷ Mi (ann nx 6opi6c, 6parcxnx miocnancxnx naprn-
:anax.
÷ On nc ronixo nonnocrim orncpi ncc n:no»cnnic naxn
xicnn n pcmnrcnino o6pymnncn na nac c o6nnncnnnxn, ÷ (o-
6annn Bacnni Uanro, ÷ no nc c(cp»ancn (a»c xoi(a ionopnn
o ronapnmc Mnna(nnc. «Bi nc (on»ni 6inn npnnrn c raxnxn
xicnnxn, ÷ cxa:an on. ÷ Hc nonnxam, uro nax ionopnr
Mnna(nn"' Hnn »c on ro»c cran ncnnxoan6anncx"». Kpan-
nc no:xymcnnin, on cxa:an: «2 npnxa:inam Mnna(nny nc-
xc(ncnno nnnricn xo xnc. On nn n ucx nc nocrynacr xax
xoxxynncr-nnrcpnannonanncr'».
÷ Kax, xax" ÷nocxnnxnyn Mnna(nn. ÷ Mnc n(rn x
Hnany, uro6i on yunn xcnn nnrcpnannonann:xy"' Hcr, xnn-
nyci n(canox, n non(y npnxo x Tnro n nino»y cxy ncc ¬rn
naxocrn Tcxno n Mnnmrnnonnua. Hycri on y:nacr, uro cxy
crpnnamr ¬rn iopc-pyxono(nrcnn'
÷ Mi no:pa:nnn npornn cio npnxa:a ornocnrcnino ro-
napnma Ann
1
, ÷ (o6annn Iarixa. ÷ Mi cxa:ann cxy, uro npn
nincmnnx ycnonnnx noc:(xa nccixa onacnan. «£cnn ni xorn-
rc, uro6i cio y6nnn no (opoic qamncri, xoropic pa:icxnnamr
cio nc:(c, nnn uro6i on yxcp or 6onc:nn (Mnna(nn 6oncn
ry6cpxync:ox), ro xi ncpc(a(nx cxy nam npnxa:», ÷ cxa-
:ann xi. Hocnc ¬roio Mnnmrnnonnu orcrynnn.
__________________________________
1 B io(i npc6inannn n An6annn y Mnna(nna Hononnua 6ina xnn-
uxa Ann Iocrnnapn.
1O4
Bncpnic n ccpic:no :a6ccnoxonncn o rox, uro xi rn»cno
o6xaninannci n namcx xoxxynncrnuccxox (oncpnn n namcn
xoxxynncrnuccxon ncxpcnnocrn xax n cnn:n c nyrnxn pa:-
ncprinannn 6opi6i n Koconc n (pyinx an6ancxnx xpanx, npn-
coc(nncnnix ncxoi(a x Kiocnannn, rax n n cnn:n c nyrcx
oxonuarcninoio pa:pcmcnnn nonpoca ¬rnx an6ancxnx xpacn
nocnc nonni. H y xcnn 6inn ocnonannn.
£cnn anrnan6ancxoc nonc(cnnc Tcxno xi paccxarpnna-
nn xax «nnunoc» nnncnnc ¬ncxcnra, crpa(anmcio monnnn:-
xox, ro xax »c nax na:inari ananoinunoc nonc(cnnc n ana-
noinunic nipa»cnnn uncna Honnr6mpo HK KHK Hnana
Mnnmrnnonnua"' Mi c nonnix xoxxynncrnuccxnx (oncpn-
cx c caxoio nauana (oionopnnnci: pa(n namcn conxccrnon
6opi6i nc 6y(cx :arpainnari n ncpno( nonni nonpoca o ipa-
nnnax. Mi c(cp»nnann (annoc cnono. Ho noucxy miocnancxnc
ronapnmn (cnann o6parnoc"' Houcxy onn iopnunnnci n ncxa-
xnnann ncnxnn pa:, xoi(a xi ionopnnn, uro no nxn pacmn-
pcnnn 6opi6i na(o orxpiro npn:nari :a an6annaxn nx :axon-
nic npana, npono:inacnri n :amnmari nx"'
÷ Onn nc naprnn n nc cc pyxono(crno' ÷ ycnoxannan
xcnn Mnna(nn. ÷ B ncnrpc (yxamr nnauc, nor ynn(nrc.
H xi na(cnnnci n nccx ccp(ncx »cnann, uro6i ¬ro 6ino
(cncrnnrcnino rax. Tnro, ncponrno, nonyunn namn nncixa,
a xi cmc nc nonyuann orncra.
÷ Y nnx 6onimnc (cna' ÷ onpan(inan nx Koun µ:o(:c.
÷ Onn no(nnnn na noin ncm Kiocnannm n nx npnxo(nrcn
xancnpnponari.
O(naxo n ncpno( c xonna oxrn6pn (o ccpc(nni (cxa6pn
1943 io(a nauancn n(pyi no(nnnnin nannin nnccx n a(pcc
HK KHA, n xon a(pcc n n a(pcc Mnna(nna Hononnua. Hx
no(nncinan nnn HK KHK nnn cax Tnro. B cymnocrn onn
ronixo n (cnann, uro crannnn nonpoc o Koconc n (pyinx an6an-
cxnx xpanx crapon Kiocnannn. Ha o(nn xoxcnr xo»no 6ino
no(yxari, uro ornomcnnn HK KHK c naxn cno(nnnci ronixo
x ¬ron npo6ncxc.
Hncixa Tnro 6inn xpannc ni:inammnxn. Tnro cronn'
na o(nnx n rcx »c no:nnnnx, uro n Tcxno n Mnnmrnnonnu,
1O5
o(naxo on, xax inannoxoxan(ymmnn, coxpannn :a co6on npano
ynorpc6nnri no ornomcnnm x nax 6oncc pc:xnc rcpxnni n
6oncc rn»xnc o6nnncnnn, ucx cio y»c xopomo n:nccrnic ina-
maran. O(naxo n cnonx nncixax on noxa:inan cc6n 6oncc
xnrpix. «Hopa(onan» nac n o(nox n: cnonx nnccx :annncnn-
cx o rox, uro n npnnnnnc on nc 6in npornn, uro6i «an-
6anni Koconi nxcnn npano n(rn, xy(a nx :axoucrcn n xax
nx :axoucrcn», on ryr »c o6nnnnn nac n rox, uro xi, pyxono(-
crno KHA, nxo6i cronnn «na rcx »c no:nnnnx, uro n an6an-
cxan pcaxnnonnan 6yp»ya:nn» ("'). «O6ocnoninan» on ¬ro
o6nnncnnc rcx, 6y(ro xi ionopnnn, uro Kocona, µyxa(inncxan
Pannnna, µn6pa n r.n., «y»c rcncpi (on»ni npncoc(nnnricn x
An6annn». «Crannri ccio(nn nonpoc o npncoc(nncnnn, ÷ nn-
can on (ancc, ÷ :naunr nnri no(y na xcninnny pcaxnnoncpon
n :axnarunxon»
1
.
Oro 6ino yximncnnoc ncxa»cnnc npan(i. Kax Mnna(nn
n cnocx nncixc x Tnro, rax n xi nnxoi(a nc crannnn nonpoc
o npncoc(nncnnn «y»c ccio(nn», «y»c rcncpi». Hcr, xi rpc-
6onann, uro6i HK KHK «y»c ccio(nn», «y»c rcncpi» ny6nn-
uno npono:inacnn :axonnoc npano napo(a Koconi n (pyinx
an6ancxnx xpacn n Kiocnannn na caxoonpc(cncnnc nnnori (o
or(cncnnn «:anrpa», ro ccri nocnc nonni n n pc:ynirarc cc.
Oroio rpc6onann xi, ¬ro 6ino inannix n ror xoxcnr, no
Tnro ncxa»an npan(y.
Hncixo or ncpnon (o nocnc(ncn crpoxn 6ino cnn(crcni-
crnox anrnncropnuccxnx n anrnxapxcncrcxnx nonirox ynnni-
nyri or ¬ron npo6ncxi. Tnro 6in cnnino pa:(pa»cn rcx, uro
n namnx nncixax xi cpannnnann ornomcnnc KHK x Koconc
n r.(. c cc ornomcnncx x Hcrpnn.
«Hcr, yipo»an nanincx Tnro, nonpoc Hcrpnn xopcnnix
o6pa:ox ornnuacrcn or nonpoca Koconi n Mcroxnn».
Kaxona 6ina npan(a"
_______________________________
1 Hnrara n:nra n: nncixa Tnro, nanpanncnnoio HK KHA 6 (cxa6pn
1943 io(a n xpannmciocn n HHA. To »c nipa»cnnc co(cp»nrcn n n
(pyiox, 6oncc panncx nncixc HK KHK, nanpanncnnox HK KHA 25
oxrn6pn 1943 io(a.
1O6
Hcrpnn, nonyocrpon na no6cpc»ic A(pnarnuccxoio xopn,
(o 1918 io(a npnna(nc»ana Ancrpnn, a n 1919 io(y 6ina
ncpc(ana Hrannn. Hocxonixy 6onimnncrno cc naccncnnn co-
crannnnn cnoncnni, HK KHK cmc no npcxn nonni no(nnn
nonpoc o cc npncoc(nncnnn x Kiocnannn, apiyxcnrnpyn ¬ro
rcx, uro ona 6ina nacnnino npncoc(nncna x Hrannn.
Ho pa:nc Kocona n (pyinc an6ancxnc xpan nc 6inn rax
»c nacnnicrncnno n 1913 io(y anncxcnponani nxncpnanncra-
xn"' Ic:ycnonno' Toi(a noucxy KHK cunrana :axonnix rpc-
6onannc «y»c ccio(nn» npncoc(nnnri x Kiocnannn :ony, :a-
ccnncxym cnannnaxn, n nc cunrana :axonnix ananoinunin
cnyuan c Koconon n (pyinxn orropinyrixn or An6annn
xpanxn"'
«Apiyxcnri» Tnro 6inn cxcxornopnixn. Hcrpnn, no cio
xncnnm, (on»na 6ina 6iri npncoc(nncna x Kiocnannn noro-
xy, uro rax 6ino «pa:nnroc pcnonmnnonnoc (nn»cnnc», ucio
nc 6ino n Koconc' Mo»cr 6iri, n n caxox (cnc n Hcrpnn
6ino raxoc pa:nnroc (nn»cnnc (n cunram ¬ro nicxa:inannc
Tnro npncxncxix, n6o nnucio xonxpcrnoio nc :nan o raxom-
ncx nono»cnnn), o(naxo no:nnxacr nonpoc: noucxy nc nponc-
xo(nno ro »c caxoc n n Koconc"' 2 c rncp(ix y6c»(cnncx
nonropnm, uro, ccnn 6i KHA o6parnnaci x naccncnnm Koconi
c raxnx »c npn:inox, c xoropix KHK o6parnnaci x nacc-
ncnnm Hcrpnn, ro Tnro npnmnoci 6i cnnino noxari ionony
na( qa6pnxanncn xaxoio-nn6o (pyioio «apiyxcnra». Bnonnc
no:xo»no, uro on :annnn 6i, uro «Kocona nc xo»cr 6iri
npncoc(nncna x An6annn noroxy, uro n Koconc pcnonmnnon-
noc (nn»cnnc 6oncc pa:nnroc»' Hc ro, uro xi, no (a»c caxa
KHK, ccnn 6i npc(npnnnna caxin ¬ncxcnrapnin n caxin nc-
o6xo(nxin mai n ornomcnnn Koconi, ro ccri ccnn 6i ona
orxpiro npono:inacnna cc npano na caxoonpc(cncnnc nnnori
(o or(cncnnn, (cna mnn 6i concpmcnno nnauc.
O(naxo Tnro n naprnn, xoropon on pyxono(nn, nc c(cnann
¬roio nn n nauanc, nn n xonnc. Houcxy nc c(cnann" B ¬rox,
6c:ycnonno, ncxanym poni ciipan ror ncnnxocnannncxnn yiap,
xoropin, x co»ancnnm, KHK ncnnxox ynacnc(onana, :amn-
mana n (animc pa:nnnana, :anaran cio no:yniaxn «6parcrna-
1O7
c(nncrna», «nnrcpnannonann:xa» n r.(. n r.n. O(naxo no:»c
xi (on»ni 6inn y6c(nricn n rox, uro onn nc nocrynann xax
xapxcncri n ornomcnnn Koconi n (pyinx an6ancxnx xpacn
cmc n n (pyinx, 6oncc ncnpninn(nix ncnnx: xomnoc pcno-
nmnnonnoc (nn»cnnc n Koconc n n ocraninix an6ancxnx xpanx
cocrannnno 6i 6onimoc npcnnrcrnnc na nyrn x ocymccrnncnnm
rcxnix nnanon, xoropic ranxox ninamnnano miocnancxoc py-
xono(crno.
Tnro n xoxnannn na cnonax «»anonannci» na ro, uro
Kocona «nc no(nnxacrcn na 6opi6y», a na caxox (cnc, no nccn
ncponrnocrn, nx pa(onan ¬ror qaxr, n6o no:(ncc, n no(xo(nmnn
xoxcnr, apxnn Tnro 6ino 6i nciuc n npomc onpan(inari
n ina:ax o6mccrncnnocrn npccnc(onannc n ncrpc6ncnnc ricnu
«xonrppcnonmnnoncpon» n «nannonanncrcxnx n 6annicrcxnx
6pnia(», «c»cnn npccnc(onari n ncrpc6nnri ricnun nxo(nnmnx
n anrnqamncrcxnc naprn:ancxnc 6pnia(i xoconcxnx 6opnon,
xoropic nocnc ocno6o»(cnnn norpc6onann 6i npncoc(nnc-
nnn x po(noxy crnony, x An6annn. Tax ono n 6ino. B xonnc
1944 io(a n n 1945 io(y Kiocnancxan Hannonanino-ocno6o-
(nrcninan apxnn ycrponna nacronmym pacnpany na( naccnc-
nncx Koconi n (pyinx an6ancxnx xpacn. A ¬ro (on»no 6ino
ni:nari, xax n ni:nano, :axonnoc xacconoc no:xymcnnc xocon-
cxoio xpccrinncrna n xoconcxnx naprn:ancxnx orpn(on. Ticn-
un an6anncn oxa:inann conpornnncnnc nonoxy monnnncrn-
uccxoxy iocno(crny n rcppopy. Ornx nono»cnncx nocnoni:ona-
nnci n 6anpaxrapi, 6annicri, iononopc:i, aicnri qamn:xa,
xoropic n cnonx nnrcpccax nirannci ycranonnri corpy(nnuc-
crno c xaccaxn n nnccrn nx n :a6ny»(cnnc. unncxcpno yxna-
rnnmnci :a ¬ror qaxr, no( npc(noiox 6opi6i c ¬rnxn no(on-
xaxn pcaxnnn, rnronni nirannci :annrnari ¬ro :axonnoc
no:xymcnnc xacc n noncnn c nnx 6opi6y, na:inan cio 6annic-
rcxnx (nn»cnncx. Pcaxnnonnic ¬ncxcnri, nnc ncnxoio cox-
ncnnn, :acny»nnann npccnc(onannn n nynn. Onn 6inn ocrar-
xaxn crapoio xnpa, pc:cpnox pcaxnnn, nicrynanmnx c
noncrnny xonrppcnonmnnonnixn, anrnan6ancxnxn n anrnmio-
cnancxnxn ncnnxn. O(naxo ricnun, xoropic, x nponnn ncro-
pnn, cnpanc(nnno no(nnxannci na ncpnoc anrnrnroncxoc ni-
1O8
crynncnnc, nc 6inn nn xonrppcnonmnnoncpaxn, nn 6annncra-
xn. Orn ricnun 6inn xoconnaxn, (n6panaxn, yniunnaxon-
naxn n (pyinxn, xoropix ncnpannninan nonnrnuccxan nnnnn,
npono(nnmancn KHK ncc io(i nonni, n nonin rnroncxnn
rcppop pa:ouaponann n no npany no6y(nnn cnona norpc6onari
pa:pcmcnnn cnocio nannonaninoio nonpoca. Ioncc roio, no(
xacxon 6opi6i :a ynnuro»cnnc «xonrppcnonmnnonnix cnn»,
cncnnaninic orpn(i miocnancxon HOA oincx n xcuox o6py-
mnnnci 6c: pa:6opy rax»c na nccx narpnoron n (pyinx uccr-
nix an6anncn ¬rnx xpacn, na nccx rcx, xro ocxcnnnancn ni-
pa»ari :axonnoc y(nnncnnc: «:aucx nax, an6annax, »nri
no( nnron Kiocnannn"'».
O(naxo ncpncxcn x nncixy Tnro, nanncannoxy nx no:(-
ncn occnim 1943 io(a.
£io nropix «apiyxcnrox» n (oxa:arcnicrno roio, noucxy
nonpoc Koconi ncni:n cpannnnari c nonpocox Hcrpnn, 6ino
ro, uro «ncncnccoo6pa:no npc(ari oinacxc qaxr, uro xc»(y
naxn n (cxoxparnuccxon n anrnnxncpnanncrnuccxon An6anncn
cymccrnycr npo6ncxa Koconi n Mcroxnn'». Bor xaxan noin-
xa' Hnauc ionopn, nc :arpainnari ¬ror nonpoc, (cp»ari cio
n rannc, n6o nrannc nciuc concpmari npc(arcnicrno n cocra-
nnnri :aionopi, nc rcpnn (o6poio nxcnn'
Oucni pc(xo npnxo(nnoci xnc nn(cri Mnna(nna Hono-
nnua n raxox yincrcnnox nacrpocnnn, xax n rc xoxcnri, xo-
i(a xi unrann n ncpcunrinann nncixo inannoio pyxono(nrcnn
KHK. Onycrnn ina:a, on cn(cn ncci 6nc(nin.
÷ Mo»cr 6iri, nncixo ¬ro nanncano nc caxnx Tnro, ÷
cxa:an on, ÷ xo»cr 6iri, ono nanncano (pyinxn, xo»cr
6iri, ...
Oro 6ino npcxn, xoi(a n nax caxnx nc xorcnoci ncpnri,
uro nncixo ¬ro nanncan HK KHK n raxon ucnoncx xax Tnro,
¬ro 6ino npcxn, xoi(a xi 6inn 6i ioroni onpan(ari nx pa-
(n yna»cnnn, xoropoc xi n:(ancxa nnrann x nnx. Ho nc(i ncc
6ino ucpnix no 6cnoxy nanncano, a nnn:y cronnn no(nncn.
Kax 6i ro nn 6ino, unran raxnc nipa»cnnn, xax «an-
6anni 6y(yr noni:onaricn npanox n(rn xy(a nx :axoucrcn n
xax nx :axoucrcn», uro nonpoc o npncoc(nncnnn nc cnc(ycr
1O9
crannri «y»c rcncpi», «y»c ccio(nn» n r.(., xi xax 6y(ro yc-
noxonnnci. O(naxo (an nax (animc «concri» ornocnrcnino
nonpoca, xoropin xi crannnn na ncpnin nnan cmc n 1941
io(y, ro ccri, uro «inannix nonpocox nnnncrcn ninc nonpoc
6opi6i npornn :axnarunxon», Tnro nyxano, no concpmcnno
ncno (anan nax nonnri, uro nonpoc o6 an6ancxnx xpanx n
an6ancxox naccncnnn n Kiocnannn 6in y»c npc(onpc(cncn
HK KHK: «Ccio(nn n an6ancxox napo(c n Koconc n Mcroxnn,
÷ nncan on, ÷ na(o naca»(ari uyncrna 6parcxon nm6nn x
icponuccxnx napo(ax Kiocnannn n ncpnocrn conxccrnon 6opi-
6c npornn ncxcnxnx :axnarunxon. Honan, :apo»(ammancn Kio-
cnannn 6y(cr crpanon cno6o(nix napo(on, rax uro n ncn nc
6y(cr xccra n nannonaninoxy yincrcnnm an6ancxoio xcni-
mnncrna»
1
.
Hpnxo ionopn, ¬ro :naunr: HK KHK y»c onpc(cnnn
ipannni 6y(ymcio miocnancxoio iocy(apcrna, onn ocramrcn
npc»nnxn. «An6ancxoc xcnimnncrno», ro ccri Kocona, µyxa-
(inncxan Pannnna, µn6pa n (p., ocranyrcn n npc(cnax «:apo-
»(ammcncn nonon Kiocnannn»'
Ho uro ocrananoci nocnc nccio ¬roio or npc»nnx :annnc-
nnn caxoio Tnro o6 o6ccncucnnn npana napo(on crapon
Kiocnannn na caxoonpc(cncnnc nnnori (o or(cncnnn"' ¹ro oc-
rananoci nocnc cio «xnnrncnnix o6cmannn» n «:ancpcnnn» n
rox, uro ¬ror nonpoc 6y(cr paccxorpcn nocnc nonni"' Hc
cxpinanaci nn :a raxnxn nipa»cnnnxn, xax «nc ny»no y»c
ccio(nn», «y»c rcncpi», nonirxa o6xanyri nac n oxonuarcni-
no copnari pa:pcmcnnc roio nonpoca, o xoropox onn :annnnnn,
uro 6y(cr pa:pcmcn «:anrpa», ro ccri nocnc nonni"
µonio xi o6cy»(ann ¬rn n (ccnrxn (pyinx nonpocon,
no:nnxmnx n: nncixa Tnro n y»c n:nccrnix axron (pyinx, n
xi cmc 6onimc y6c»(annci n rox, uro ornocnrcnino ¬roio
nonpoca miocnancxoc pyxono(crno nc nocrynano nn no-xapx-
cncrcxn, nn n ronapnmccxox (yxc.
K nnx xi ncci(a ornocnnnci caxix xoppcxrnix o6pa:ox,
________________________________
1 H: nncixa HK KHK, nanpanncnnoio HK KHA 25 oxrn6pn 1943 i.
HHA.
11O
cnymann n ncpnnn nx npnnnnnnaninix :annncnnnx, xi 6inn
:annrcpcconani n nan6oncc rcnnix n 6parcxnx ornomcnnnx
c nnxn, no xi nnxonx o6pa:ox nc xoinn (onycrnri, uro6i
pa(n (py»6i napymannci npnnnnni n nonnpannci :axonnic
npana namcn naprnn n namcio napo(a. Hrax, xi pcmnnn n n
¬rox cnyuac ny6nnuno nipa:nri cnoc xncnnc, nc araxyn
miocnancxoc pyxono(crno ncnocpc(crncnno n nc (anan cxy nnxa-
xnx nono(on o6nnnnri nac n «nannonann:xc», «ncnnxoan6ancxox
monnnn:xc». uyumnx nyrcx x ¬roxy xi counn o6pamcnnc HK
namcn naprnn x napo(y Koconi n Mcroxnn. Mi n panimc o6pa-
mannci x namnx 6parinx n Koconc n (pyinx an6ancxnx xpanx
c orxpirixn npn:inaxn n nncronxaxn (o(nn n: nnx 6in no(-
nncan xax naxn, rax n HK KHK), n xoropix npc(naiann nx
no(nnricn na ncco6mym 6opi6y :a cno6o(y. O(naxo n nnx xi
oipannunnannci nnmi npn:inox x 6opi6c n x 6parcrny c
(pyinxn napo(axn, a c :annncnncx o npanc na caxoonpc(cnc-
nnc nnnori (o or(cncnnn nc nicrynann n na(c»(c, uro ncpnix
¬ro c(cnacr HK KHK n 6y(yun yncpcni, uro on c(cnacr ¬ro.
On n:nn na cc6n :a(auy pyxono(crna 6opi6on n ¬rnx :onax, a
cnc(onarcnino, (on»cn 6in ncpnix npono:inacnri ¬ro npnn-
nnnnaninoc :annncnnc. Ho ccnuac, y6c(nnmnci, uro HK KHK
nc c(cnacr raxoio :annncnnn, xi pcmnnn cxa:ari cnoc cnono.
Hrax, nanncann xi o6pamcnnc, nancuarann cio n ricnuax
¬x:cxnnnpon n pacnpocrpannnn n ocnonnox n Koconc, µn6pc
n (pyinx an6ancxnx xpanx crapon Kiocnannn.
«Bamn an6ancxnc 6parin, ÷ nncann xi n ncx, n uacrno-
crn, ÷ rc, xro n iopo(ax n iopax An6annn nponnnacr xponi
:a cno6o(y namcio napo(a . .., npn:inamr nac n:nricn :a opy-
»nc n coc(nnnricn c (pyinxn napo(axn ÷ ccp6axn, ucpno-
iopnaxn, (6nri oxxynanron n npc(arcncn, 6nri nccx rcx, xro
niracrcn pa:¡c(nnnri n pacxonori nac».
µo cnx nop xi 6inn y6c»(cni, uro n miocnancxnc ronapn-
mn 6y(yr nnonnc (ononini. O(naxo, ccnn 6i onn 6inn nocnc-
(onarcninixn n ncnnncxnx nono»cnnnx o nannonaninox no-
npocc, ro y nnx nc (on»no 6ino 6iri npnunn ocranaricn nc-
(ononinixn rcx, uro xi ionopnnn nn»c cnonx an6ancxnx
6parinx.
111
«£(nncrncnnix nyrcx x onaccnnm n ocymccrnncnnm na-
mnx uannnn, ÷ :axanunnann xi cnoc o6pamcnnc, ÷ nnnn-
crcn 6opi6a, xoropym nxccrc c (pyinxn napo(axn Kiocna-
nnn ni 6y(crc nccrn npornn nnocrpannix :axnarunxon, nnnn-
crcn Hannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninan 6opi6a, xoropan o6ccncunr
nax npano na caxoonpc(cncnnc nnnori (o or(cncnnn.
Hrax, cnnaunnanrcci' I(c cnnoucnnocri, rax cnaccnnc'»
1
.
Cnono namcn Koxxynncrnuccxon Haprnn n an6ancxnx
xoxxynncron n Koconc n n (pyinx xpanx no(6a(pnnano xccrnoc
naccncnnc n no6y»(ano cio cmc pcmnrcnincc no(nnricn na
anrnqamncrcxym 6opi6y.
Mi xpannx n: rcx npcxcn xnoiouncncnnic nocnoxnnannn
n nncixa, n xoropix npocric nm(n n: napo(a, xoxxynncri
n narpnori n: Koconi, µn6pi, Yniunna, Crpyin, Tcroni,
Iocrnnapa, Hnani, Iynnn n r.(. o6pamannci x nax c caxi-
xn nnaxcnnixn cnonaxn nm6nn x Po(nnc-xarcpn n namcn
naprnn, no:(pannnnn nac c ycncxaxn n 6opi6c c oxxynanrox,
orxpiro nipa»ann ncco6mym ioronnocri xacc an6ancxoio na-
po(a-narpnora rcx xpacn 6oporicn c qamn:xox. Ho no nccx
¬rnx nncixax, i(c n naxcxax n no(rcxcrax (onn nc xorcnn
:a(cnari namn uyncrna (py»6i x KHK), a i(c concpmcnno
orxpiro omymannci o(nonpcxcnno iny6oxnc coxncnnn n ona-
ccnnn naccncnnn rcx xpacn nacucr 6y(ymcio. B nnx omyma-
noci n nc(oncpnc x KHK n cc pyxono(crny. Bcrpcuanci c na-
mnxn ronapnmaxn, xoropix xi nocinann no naprnnnix
(cnax nnn (nn oxa:annn noxomn n Kocony n n (pyinc :acc-
nncxic an6annaxn xpan, nnn npnc:»an x nax, raxomnnc an-
6anni orxpiro nponnnnnn cnoc nc(ononicrno x KHK n ni-
pa»ann cnon nc(oxonnxn no ornomcnnm x ncn.
÷ Onn :a6pacinamr nac nonpocaxn, ÷ cxa:an xnc
Xa(»n u¬mn no npcxn o(non n: roi(amnnx ncrpcu c nnx.
÷ «Houcxy Koxxynncrnuccxan naprnn Kiocnannn, ionopnr
onn, nc nicxa:inacrcn orxpiro o namcx (cnc"», «Houcxy ona
conccx nc ynoxnnacr nonpoc o crarycc Koconi, Mcroxnn, µn-
6pi n r.(., no xpanncn xcpc n rcx cnyuanx, xoi(a ona nicxa:ina-
______________________________
1 H: O6pamcnnn HK KHA x napo(y Koconi n Mcroxnn, occni
1943 i. HHA.
112
crcn :a npano na caxoonpc(cncnnc (pyinx nannn 6inmcio
miocnancxoio xoponcncrna"'», «Kro iapanrnpycr nac n rox,
uro 6opi6a, xoropym xi nc(cx n xoropym xi (on»ni c cmc
6onimcn cnnon nccrn, pa:pcmnr namc cnnmcnnoc (cno"». Mi
crapacxcn (ari nx orncr, ÷ npo(on»an Xa(»n, ÷ o(naxo,
noncpi, ronapnm Onncp, ¬ro raxnc ncmn, na xoropic xi nc
:nacx, xax orncrnri. Mi 6onxcn, xax 6i ncnonino nc nanccnn
ymcp6 miocnancxon naprnn.
÷ Mi (on»ni ionopnri namnx 6parinx npan(y, ÷ cxa-
:an n Xa(»n. ÷ B ncpnym oucpc(i, xi (on»ni o6¡ncnnri
nx no:nnnm namcn naprnn no ¬roxy nonpocy. Mi nonaiacx
n ncpnx, na(o cxa:ari nx, uro n Koxxynncrnuccxan naprnn
Kiocnannn rax cxorpnr na nannonaninin nonpoc. Ha(o
o6¡ncnnri namnx 6parinx, uro inannoc rcncpi ¬ro 6opi6a
npornn o6mcio :axnarunxa. On nam inannin npai, :naunr npai
an6anncn, xaxc(onncn, ccp6on, nccx . . .
B ro »c npcxn no npoci6c Kpanxoxa KHK (nn Koconi
n µyxa(inncxon Pannnni, a rax»c xaxc(oncxoio mra6a, xi
npo(on»ann nocinari ncc 6onimc n 6onimc naprnnnix pa-
6ornnxon (nn nc(cnnn pa:¡ncnnrcninon pa6ori n ¬rnx :onax
n oco6cnno n xauccrnc xa(pon (nn orpn(on, 6aranionon n (py-
inx co:(ananmnxcn rax nonncxnx qopxnponannn. Orpn(i n
6aranioni namcn Hannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninon apxnn npc-
xn or npcxcnn nponnxann niny6i ¹cpnoiopnn, Koconi n Ma-
xc(onnn n caxocronrcnino nnn no n:anxo(cncrnnn c nonn-
cxnxn uacrnxn, no(unncnnixn miocnancxoxy mra6y, concpma-
nn na»nic n cxcnic oncpannn. Oro 6parcrno no opy»nm, 6cc-
cnopno, oxa:inano nono»nrcninoc no:(cncrnnc na an6ancxoc
n ncan6ancxoc naccncnnc rcx xpacn. 2 xopomo noxnm xoxcnr
paccranannn occnim 1943 io(a c nc:a6inacxix ronapnmcx
Xan(apox µymn. Xan(ap, cin narpnornuccxon ccxin n: Koco-
ni, nipoc n cpc(c an6ancxoio xoxxynncrnuccxoio (nn»cnnn
n cpa:y »c nocnc ocnonannn naprnn cran o(nnx n: cc nan-
6oncc cnoco6nix xa(pon. Hcxoropoc npcxn :annxancn opia-
nn:anncn naprnn n Tnpanc n n µyppccc, norox, ncrox 1942
io(a, xi ornpannnn cio n Icpar n xauccrnc npc(crannrcnn
HK KHA na noxomi o6xoxy naprnn. 0amncri nonxann cio,
113
n:xyunnn, 6pocnnn n rmpixy, no Xan(ap µymn icponcxn
ni(cp»an cyponic ncnirannn. Mi ocno6o(nnn cio, concpmnn
cxcnin nancr na rmpixy, a :arcx, nocnc Hcpnon nannonani-
non xonqcpcnnnn KHA, na:naunnn cio ccxpcrapcx µyppcccxo-
io o6xoxa. £io onir, pcmnrcninocri n cnoco6nocri 6inn oucni
nax ny»ni, n rcx nc xcncc, or(anan cc6c orucr n noxomn,
xoropym xi (on»ni 6inn oxa:inari (cny 6opi6i n Koconc,
ni:nann cio n coo6mnnn:
÷ C ¬roio xoxcnra ri 6onimc nc 6y(cmi pa6ornnxox
naprnn, :a xoropym nponnnan xponi n ncpcnocnn cronixo xyx.
Hon(cmi n Kocony ycranonnri cnn:i c Koxxynncrnuccxon
naprncn Kiocnannn.
÷ µa :(pancrnycr xoxxynn:x' ÷ no(nnn c»arin xynax
nc:a6inacxin Xan(ap µymn, n na cio ina:a nancpnynnci cnc:i.
On 6in npan ÷ paccranancn co cnocn naprncn. Ho cio
»(ana ncnnxan xnccnn. On nomcn ry(a, pa6oran, 6oponcn n c
uccrim n cnanon or(an cnom »n:ni, (o xonna ocranmnci ncp-
nix (cny, :a xoropoc on nomcn ry(a: no(nnri napo( Koconi
na 6opi6y :a ni(nopcnnc uy»c:cxnix :axnarunxon n ocymc-
crnncnnc cio ncxonix uannnn.
µo n nocnc Xan(apa µymn ornpannnnnci n Kocony n (py-
inc an6ancxnc xpan (ccnrxn (pyinx ronapnmcn. Onn ro»c
6oponnci n pa6orann, nnccn cnon nxna( n (cno xo6nnn:annn
napo(a n pyxono(crna nx n 6opi6c, onn uccrno nipa:nnn n
rc io(i uannnn cnocio napo(a, nocrannnn n cnom no(nnci
no( (oxyxcnraxn na»nix opianon, xy(a napo( ornpannn nx
:axpcnnri :axonnoc npano na 6y(ymcc. O(naxo nocnc non-
ni co6irnn o6cpnynnci nnauc, n rnroncxoc npc(arcnicrno
iy6nrcnino cxa:anoci n na uacrn ¬rnx ronapnmcn. 2 nc naxc-
pcn nnnxnyri n conccri ¬rnx nm(cn n n (paxarnunin nponccc
nx npcnpamcnnn. Ho n xancxnc (nn 1981 io(a, ncpcnncrinan
rcrpa(i c ¬rnxn :anncnxn, c(cnannixn xnoio ncr roxy na:a(,
nccnyuanno n ncnoxnnn co6irnc, nponcmc(mcc 4O ncr na:a(.
Oro 6ino n rpy(nox xac 1942 io(a, n (nn, xoi(a ronixo
uro 6in y6nr qamncraxn nam (opoion ronapnm Kcxani
Craqa. Tcppop n »ccroxocri :axnarunxon, oco6cnno n Tnpanc,
npnnnnn n rc xoxcnri 6ccnpnxcpnic pa:xcpi. Apccri n
114
o6icxn npo(on»annci (ncx n nouim. Hxcnno n xoxcnri,
xoi(a qamncri (yxann, uro nacxcpri y(apnnn namy Koxxy-
nncrnuccxym Haprnm, xi, noxnxo nccio (pyioio, nponcnn n
roi(amncn Tnpancxon inxna:nn namyxcnmym axnnm n uccri
namcio nanmcio ronapnma Kcxann Craqa. Mi ycrponnn xn-
rnni, nocnnmcnnin cio naxnrn, n xoropox npnnnnn yuacrnc
ncc nnroxni ¬roio ncyiacnxoio ouaia 6opi6i n pcnonmnnn.
Ha xnrnnic no namcxy yxa:annm nicrynnn xono(on xoxxy-
nncr, 6inmnn yucnnx ¬ron mxoni, xoropin naxo(nncn y»c n
ncncianinox nono»cnnn.
÷ 0amncri noponnr noiacnri namc nnaxcnnoc crpcxnc-
nnc x cno6o(c, qamncri noponnr nnmnri nam napo( npana
na cymccrnonannc, npana 6oporicn :a cnoc 6y(ymcc. Onn y6n-
nn namcio (opoioio ronapnma, Kcxann, onn y6nnamr n :a-
xnmuamr n rmpixi nyumnx cinon n (oucpcn ¬ron :cxnn, no n
namnx ccp(nax cmc nimc no(nnxcrcn ncnanncri x rcx, xoro-
pic yincramr, y6nnamr n niramr nac, ÷ ionopnn no(noni-
mnx n npo(on»an: ÷ Ho nac nc nnc(cmi n :a6ny»(cnnc,
xi nc 6onxcn nacnnnn n rcppopa. Hcr cnni, cnoco6non cno-
xnri nac, xi no(nnxacxcn na 6opi6y :a npanoc (cno . . .
Oro 6in napcni n: Koconi, Bcnn µcna. Inn:xo n nc :nan
cio, no xax nonnrnuccxnn ccxpcrapi Tnpancxoio o6xoxa non-
nocrim 6in n xypcc axnnn n cc nponc(cnnn.
H nor nxcnno ror Bcnn µcna, xoropin n xac 1942 io(a
or nxcnn Koxxynncrnuccxon naprnn An6annn npn:inan inx-
na:nuccxym xono(c»i Tnpani nc naconari ncpc( qamncr-
cxnx nacnnncx, a no(nnricn na cnpanc(nnnym 6opi6y :a
cno6o(y, 4O ncr cnycrn, n xac 1981 io(a, no rcncpi y»c n
ponn inani Koconcxoio xpanxoxa CKK, ncianino nxo(nr n
npnmrnncxnc inxna:nn n ynnncpcnrcr, uro6i cnnon n (cxaio-
incn no(annri :axonnin n:pin n ncio(onannc xoconcxoio na-
po(a n xoconcxon xono(c»n.
2 ocranonnmci nn»c na Iynncxon xonqcpcnnnn, cocronn-
mcncn n xonnc 1943 io(a, na xoropon :axonnic npc(crann-
rcnn xoconcxoio napo(a o6cy(nnn n npnnnnn pcmcnnn, concp-
mcnno ncpnic n oucni na»nic nc ronixo (nn roi(amnnx
xoxcnron, no n (nn npannninoio pa:pcmcnnn xoconcxon npo-
115
6ncxi nocnc nonni n n pc:ynirarc nonni. O(nnx n: opia-
nn:aropon ¬ron xonqcpcnnnn n o(nnx n: ncpnix cpc(n rcx,
xro no(nncancn no( cc :axonnixn n na»nixn pcmcnnnxn,
6in n 0a(nni Xo(»a. On nnnnncn o(nnx n: uncnon namnx
6inmnx xoxxynncrnuccxnx ipynn, on ncpnix ornpannncn n
cnon po(non xpan, Kocony, cpa»ancn n nncc nxna( n (cno
xo6nnn:annn n pyxono(crna xoconcxnx napo(ox n noopy-
»cnnon 6opi6c, o(nnx n: rcx, xro co6crncnnopyuno no(nn-
cancn no( rcx, ucio rpc6onann 6opi6a n cax napo( Koconi.
B nncixax, xoropic npncinan nax n io(i nonni Kpacnon
xoxnrcr Koconi n Mcroxnn (µyxa(inncxon Pannnni), o(nnx
n: inannix pyxono(nrcncn xoropoio 6in 0a(nni Xo(»a, co-
ncpmcnno 6c: o6nnnxon nipa»anoci nc(oncpnc, c xoropix
Kocona ornocnnaci x KHK n miocnancxnx naprn:anax n:-:a
»ccroxoio ncnnxoccp6cxoio incra, n:-:a roio, uro «cxocnnxa
1
rax»c ncrpc6nnna ncnnnnix an6anncn». «Hycri npnxo(nr xro
yio(no, ÷ ionopnno coinacno ¬roxy nncixy oipoxnoc 6oni-
mnncrno xoconncn, ÷ nnmi 6i nax n:6annricn or Kiocna-
nnn», n (ancc orxcuanoci: «Mi »(cx namy noxomi»
2
. Oro
»c nc(oncpnc, ¬rn »c uyncrna n noxicni napo(a Koconi n
ornomcnnn KHK ycrno nipa:nn xnc cax 0a(nni Xo(»a, xo-
i(a on npncxan nocnc ocno6o»(cnnn n Tnpany, i(c n npnnnn
cio n (onio 6ccc(onan c nnx n xocx xa6nncrc n Concrc Mn-
nncrpon. On no»anonancn xnc na rn»cnoc nono»cnnc n Ko-
conc, na napnnmym n xpac o6cranonxy npccnc(onannn, pc-
npcccnn n rcppopa no ornomcnnm x an6annax, n orxpiro
cxa:an xnc, uro «nc nn(nx, (a n na caxox (cnc ncr xaxnx-nn6o
n:xcncnnn no cpanncnnm c npomnix, xoi(a xi cronann no(
niox Kiocnannn napcn».
H nor nxcnno ¬ror 0a(nni Xo(»a, no y»c nccnon 1981
io(a, no(nnxacr pyxy n Hpc:n(cnrcrnc C0PK n ionocycr :a
crninnannc ranxon n :a npnxcncnnc mrixon ncnnxoccp6cxnx
noncx (nn ncrpc6ncnnn, no(anncnnn n noxopcnnn xoconcxoio
_________________________________
1 Kiocnancxan xoxxynncrnuccxan xono(c»i.
2 H: nncixa Kocxcrcxoio xpanxoxa KHK, npncnannoio HK KHA,
6 ccnrn6pn 1943 i. HHA.
116
napo(a n xoconcxon xono(c»n, nicrynnnmnx c rpc6onannnxn
o co6nm(cnnn nx npan. H, xax 6y(ro »cnan orxpiro noxa:ari
nonnin xcraxopqo:, nponcmc(mnn c nnx :a ncrcxmnc 4O ncr,
0a(nni Xo(»a, cranmnn y»c rnronncx no xicnnx n no xo-
mcnixy, (oxo(nr (o roio, uro, nicrynan n :amnry ncnnxoccp6-
cxnx inamaracn, na:inacr an6ancxnx y6nrix n (cxoncrpan-
ron 1981 io(a . . . «or6pocaxn'».
O(naxo ucio rpc6ymr ¬ror no:xymcnnin napo( n cio
xono(c»i ccio(nn, 36 ncr cnycrn nocnc «ocno6o»(cnnn»"
Onn rpc6ymr, uro6i nx xoncrnrynnonnoc, ¬xonoxnuccxoc n
connanino-xynirypnoc nono»cnnc 6ino npnnc(cno n coorncr-
crnnc c :axonaxn Kiocnancxon qc(cpannn, rpc6ymr craryca
Pccny6nnxn n paxxax C0PK, rpc6ymr pcann:annn rcx npan,
xoropic 6inn nocranncni na nonccrxy (nn n n 1943 io(y
n Iynnc, no xoropic Tnro ocrannn na 6yxaic, rpc6ymr npc-
xpamcnnn rcppopa n nacnnnn na ynnnax, n mxonax, (oxax n
rmpixax. H nxcnno :a ¬ro onn nnnnmrcn «nppc(cnrncraxn»,
«nannonanncraxn», «xonrppcnonmnnoncpaxn», nxcnno :a ¬ro
na no(anncnnc nx xnpnix (cxoncrpannn 6inn nanpanncni
ranxn n mrixn, nxcnno :a ¬ro qa(nnn xo(»a n ncnn (cna
1942 n 1943 io(on pacranrinamr caxoio cc6n n cnon napo(,
pacranrinamr uccri xono(c»n, pacranrinamr xponi nocnnix
ncr n xponi, xoropan nponnnaci n nponnnacrcn n Koconc ni-
ncmncn nccnon.
Bnpoucx pcui mna o (pyiox. 2 :a6c»an nncpc( nnmi
noroxy, uro n ¬rn (nn, xoi(a nono»cnnc n Koconc oucni na-
npn»cnnoc n xnc nona(o6nnoci ncpcnncrari xon :anncxn n
:ainnnyri n nocnoxnnannn nocnnix ncr, n ycranonnn ccrccrncn-
noc cxo(crno xc»(y roi(amnnx n nincmnnx nono»cnncx.
H ccnn nono»cnnc n Koconc :a ncc ¬rn 4O ncr nc ycnoxon-
noci n nc 6ino nocranncno na npannninin nyri, ro ¬ro
noroxy, uro cmc no npcxn nonni xoconcxan npo6ncxa 6ina
nocranncna HK KHK ncnpannnino n pa:pcmcna ncnpannnino,
c nannonanncrcxnx n monnnncrnuccxnx no:nnnn, npa:pc: c »c-
nanncx n noncn napo(a Koconi n (pyinx an6ancxnx xpacn
n Kiocnannn.
Bcpncxcn, o(naxo, n rc io(i. Iin roi(a xoxcnr, xoi(a
117
xi no(yxann, uro xoconcxnn nonpoc y»c cranonnncn na nyri
npannninoio pa:pcmcnnn. Oro ornocnrcn x Hcpnon xonqcpcn-
nnn nannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninoio concra Koconi n Mcro-
xnn, cocronnmcncn n Iynnc c 31 (cxa6pn 1943 no 2 nnnapn
1944 io(a.
Konqcpcnnnn npoxo(nna no( pyxono(crnox Koconcxoio
xpanxoxa KHK n, no cio npoci6c, n cc opiann:annn 6oni-
mym noxomi oxa:inann Tpononcxan opiann:annn KHA, xax
n mra6 n naprnnnan opiann:annn mxo(pnncxoio naprn:an-
cxoio 6araniona «Hcpnnr Pc(»cnn», (cncrnonanmcio n µin-
xoncxox Hpc(iopic.
Hocnc iopnunx (nnnmnxcn rpn (nn (ncxyccnn, xonqcpcn-
nnn npn:nana napo( xpan ncnnxox no(nnricn na 6opi6y c
ncxcnxnxn :axnarunxaxn n npc(arcnnxn, cpa»aricn nncuox
x nncuy c napo(axn Kiocnannn n c an6ancxnx napo(ox, xpcn-
xo cnnornnmnci noxpyi nannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninoio co-
ncra.
B pc:onmnnn xonqcpcnnnn npono:inamanoci, n uacrno-
crn, npano xoconcxoio napo(a na caxoonpc(cncnnc nnnori
(o or(cncnnn
1
. Ora pc:onmnnn 6ina c(nnoinacno o(o6pcna
(cnciaraxn n no(nncana nccxn uncnaxn concra
2
.
Bccri o6 ¬ron xonqcpcnnnn n cc na»nix pcmcnnnx ncxo-
____________________________
1 «Kocona n µyxa(inncxan Pannnna, ÷ orxcuanoci n uacrnocrn n
¬rox (oxyxcnrc, ÷ ¬ro xpan, n 6onimnncrnc cnocx :accnncxin an6an-
cxnx napo(ox, xoropin, xax ncci(a, n rcncpi »cnacr o6¡c(nnnricn
c An6anncn. Ho¬roxy cunracx cnonx (oniox yxa:ari cxy ncpnin nyri,
xoropix an6ancxnn napo( (on»cn cnc(onari, uro6i ocymccrnnri cnon
uannnn. Hrax, c(nncrncnnix (nn an6ancxoio napo(a Koconi n µyxa-
(inncxon Pannnni nyrcx o6¡c(nncnnn c An6anncn nnnncrcn 6opi6a pyxa
o6 pyxy c (pyinxn napo(axn Kiocnannn npornn xpono»a(nix ncxcn-
xnx oxxynanron n nx nacxnnxon, n6o ¬ro ccri c(nncrncnnin nyri
:anocnannn cno6o(i, nyri, xoropin nccx napo(ax, a crano 6iri n
an6ancxoxy napo(y, (acr no:xo»nocri caxoxy pcmari o cnocn cy(i6c
na ocnonc npana na caxoonpc(cncnnc nnnori (o or(cncnnn». (Hs peso-
amuuu Hepeoù ton{epenuuu nauuonaatno-oceo6ooumeatnoeo coeema
Kocoeu, ony6autoeannoù u e tnuee «Hapoonuù coeem Kocoecto-Memo-
xuùctoeo aemono+noeo tpa» !94J-!9:J», cmp. !0, Hpuumuna, !9::.)
2 Concr cocronn n: 51 uncna, n: xoropix 43 6inn an6annaxn, a
ocraninic ÷ ccp6axn, ucpnoiopnaxn n r.(. B npanncnnc concra nxo(n-
118
pc (oncrcna n (o nac n, ccrccrncnno, (ocrannna nax oipoxnym
pa(ocri. Bncpnic xi nn(cnn, uro 6in c(cnan npannninin n
na(c»nin mai, (ananmnn nxnynic noopy»cnnon 6opi6c n
¬rnx xpanx n crannnmnn na nyri xapxcncrcxoio pcmcnnn no-
npoc o6 nx 6y(ymcx.
Mi no(yxann, uro, naxoncn, HK KHK npannnino no(o-
mcn x npo6ncxc Koconi n (pyinx an6ancxnx xpacn n, cunran
ncncnccoo6pa:nix caxoxy nicrynnri c (cxnapanncn o npa-
nax na caxoonpc(cncnnc, npc(ocrannn ¬ro c(cnari caxoxy
xoconcxoxy napo(y ucpc: cio :axonnix npc(crannrcncn.
Ornx, xoncuno, npco(oncnanaci crapan «6on:ni» miocnan-
cxoio pyxono(crna n no nono(y roio, xax 6i pcaxnnn n na-
nnonanncrcxnc, ncnnxocnannncxnc ¬ncxcnri, nnyrpn nnn nnc
KHK, nc o6nnnnnn cio «n no(pinc» Kiocnannn. Pcmcnnn,
npnnnric n ony6nnxonannic :axonnixn npc(crannrcnnxn Koco-
ni n µyxa(inncxon Pannnni, cpc(n xoropix 6inn nc ronixo
an6anni, no n npc(crannrcnn ccp6cxoio n ucpnoiopcxoio
xcnimnncrn n ¬rnx xpanx, nnnnnnci oucni ¬qqcxrnix opy(n-
cx n pyxax KHK. £n npc(crannnncn rcncpi cnyuan no nccyc-
nimannc npnncrcrnonari pcmcnnn Iynncxon xonqcpcnnnn, xax
nipa»cnnc nonn naccncnnn ¬ron :oni, n rcx caxix non-
nocrim ncxynnri ry omn6xy, xoropym ona nc (on»na 6ina (o-
nycrnri, no xpanncn xcpc, cmc n 1941 io(y. B qcnpanc 1944
io(a n o(nox n: 6mnncrcncn «3cpn n nonynnir» xi noxc-
crnnn cncnnaninym crarim o6 ¬rox na»nox co6irnn. ¹cpc:
ncc xi nipa»ann namn caxic iopnunc npnncrcrnnn Iynn-
cxon xonqcpcnnnn, cnona npn:inann xoconcxnx 6paricn cmc pc-
mnrcnincc no(nnricn na 6opi6y, n nccnpocra no(ucpxnnann n
npnncrcrnonann ocnonnic pcmcnnn xonqcpcnnnn. Ora crarin,
no(ucpxnnan, n uacrnocrn, uro «Hannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninin
concr Koconi n µyxa(inncxon Pannnni nocrannn ncpc( co-
6on :a(auy yxa:ari napo(y npannninin nyri, xoropix on (on-
»cn cnc(onari (nn ocymccrnncnnn cnonx uannnn», orxcuana,
_________________________________
nn n Pc:onmnnm no(nncann: Mcxxcr Xo(»a, Hannc Honnucnnu, Pnqar
Icpnma, µ»cn(cr µo(a, 0a(nni Xo(»a, Xan(ap µymn, 3cxcpnn Pc(»a
n (pyinc. (Ta+ ×e, cmp. !2.).
119
uro 6opi6a npornn nanncrcxnx :axnarunxon n nx npncncmnn-
xon 6ina n ocrananaci c(nncrncnnix nyrcx x :anocnannm
cno6o(i, ¬ro c(nncrncnnin nyri, xoropin (acr nccx napo(ax,
a crano 6iri n an6ancxoxy napo(y Koconi n µyxa(inncxon
Pannnni «... no:xo»nocri pcmari o cnocn cy(i6c, nonu:yncu
npanom na camoonpcucncnnc nnno1u uo o1ucncnnn» (no(ucpxny-
ro n opninnanc)
1
.
¹ro xacacrcn no:nnnn HK KHK no ornomcnnm x ¬roxy
co6irnm, xi noxa uro nc cnimann nn cnona. Ho:(ncc xi
y:nann npan(y, xoropan, xax n ncc ocraninoc, 6ina (ononino
iopixon. Y:nan o pcmcnnnx Iynncxon xonqcpcnnnn, HK KHK
cypono orpcainponan n norpc6onan nnxonx o6pa:ox nc ny6nn-
xonari cc (cxnapannm o npanc xoconcxoio napo(a na caxoonpc-
(cncnnc nnnori (o or(cncnnn. Yrncp»(cnnc caxnx co6pan-
mnxcn na xonqcpcnnnn npc(crannrcncn napo(a o rox, uro
«napo( Koconi n µyxa(inncxon Pannnni . . . xax ncci(a n
noninc »cnacr o6¡c(nnnricn c An6anncn», no yxa:annm HK
KHK na(o 6ino niucpxnyri n pc:onmnnn, nc ony6nnxonari cio.
Hpnunna :axnmuanaci n rox, uro pyxono(crno KHK c Tnro
no inanc, nc:anncnxo or pn(a «npnnnnnnaninix» :annncnnn
o «npannninox» pcmcnnn nannonaninoio nonpoca nannn n
nannonaninocrcn crapon Kiocnannn, ncci(a (o6nnanoci n
crpcxnnoci coxpannri ncrponyron n (a»c cmc 6onimc pacmn-
pnri Kiocnannm. Hapymcnnc n nonpannc co croponi KHK
nono»cnnn o nannonaninox nonpocc 6ino :axpcnncno oco6cn-
no nropon ccccncn ABHOK, cocronnmcncn n 2nnc n xonnc
non6pn 1943 io(a.
Hc nxo(nr n xon o6n:annocrn n nc ncni ¬rnx :anncox
anann:nponari n (ari oncnxy pcmcnnn ¬ron ccccnn n ncnox.
To »c caxoc nc xon o6n:annocri ycranonnri, npannninix
nnn ncnpannninix nyrcx 6ino npnnnro cc ocnonnoc pcmcnnc o
«crponrcnicrnc na qc(cparnnnix npnnnnnax nonon Kiocna-
nnn», xoropan o6ccncunna 6i, xax n ncx orxcuanoci, «pan-
nonpannc ccp6ax, xopnarax, cnoncnnax, ucpnoiopnax» n r.(.
__________________________________
1 Imnncrcni «3cpn n nonynnir», III io(, ^ 33, 7 qcnpann 1944 i
HHA.
12O
Oro pcmcnnc oncncno caxnxn ccp6axn, xopnaraxn, xaxc-
(onnaxn n cnoncnnaxn n, ccnn onn xornr, nycri cnona onc-
nnr n ncpconcnnr cio rax, xax onn couryr nan6oncc npannni-
nix. 2 xouy no(ucpxnyri nnmi ro, uro ¬rnx pcmcnncx, no
xpanncn xcpc nxnmucnncx Koconi, µyxa(inncxon Pannnni n
(pyinx an6ancxnx xpacn n «nonym qc(cparnnnym Kiocnannm»,
n na ¬ror pa: 6in (onymcn raxon »c npon:non, uro n c Bcp-
canicxnx n uon(oncxnx (oionopaxn, cocrpnnannixn nxnc-
pnanncrnuccxnxn (cp»anaxn nccxonixo (ccnrnncrnn na:a(.
Hpn npnnnrnn ¬roio pcmcnnn 6ina nonpana nonn naccncnnn
Koconi, µn6pi n (pyinx an6ancxnx xpacn. Iina yurcna nnmi
nonn HK KHK. Hn o(nn npc(crannrcni Koconi n (pyinx an-
6ancxnx xpacn crapon Kiocnannn nc yuacrnonan n pa6orc ¬ron
ccccnn, o ncn nc 6inn n:ncmcni (a»c npc(crannrcnn Kpac-
noio xoxnrcra KHK (nn Koconi n µyxa(inncxon Pannnni.
Mi caxn (onioc npcxn nc 6inn nocranncni n n:nccrnocri
o6 ¬rox pcmcnnn (annon ccccnn. Tor qaxr, uro Iynncxan xon-
qcpcnnnn 6ina nponc(cna xccnn cnycrn nocnc ccccnn n 2nnc
n uro ona npnnnna pcmcnnn, npornnopcuanmnc «nonc» 2nni,
no :aro coorncrcrnonanmnc nonc xoconcxoio napo(a, noxa:i-
nacr, uro nn xoconni, nn pyxono(crno ¬ron :oni nnucio nc
:nann o rox, uro 6ino pcmcno HK KHK :a cnnnon y nnx.
Oror cnyuan nnnncn o(nnx n: caxix nonnmmnx npnxc-
pon nocronnnoio ncponoxcrna miocnancxoio pyxono(crna n or-
nomcnnn an6anncn.
B 2nnc o6n:arcnino (on»ni 6inn 6iri npc(cranncni
namn 6parin, an6anni n: Koconi n (pyinx an6ancxnx xpacn,
xoropic (on»ni 6inn noni:onaricn npanox cno6o(no nicxa-
:aricn. Hycri onn caxn rax nipa»ann cnoc xncnnc o cnocx
6y(ymcx: o6¡c(nnnrcn nn onn c An6anncn nnn »c ocranyrcn
n cocranc «nonon Kiocnannn»"' H ccnn 6i cronnn :a nocnc(-
nnn napnanr, ro onn onnri-raxn (on»ni 6inn cno6o(no ni-
cxa:aricn, 6c: roio, uro6i xro-nn6o nann:inan nx cnom nonm
ornocnrcnino roio, xax onn 6y(yr crponri cnoc 6y(ymcc n
cocranc Kiocnannn. 3naunr, n (annox cnyuac onn (on»ni
6inn nicxa:aricn, xornr nn onn 6iri caxocronrcninon Pcc-
ny6nnxon, no(o6no Ccp6nn, Cnoncnnn, Xopnarnn, ¹cpnoiopnn
121
n (p., anronoxnon c(nnnncn nnn »c cocronri n :anncnxocrn
or (pyion c(nnnni, n r.(. n r.n. O(nnx cnonox, ¬ro caxoc
¬ncxcnrapnoc ycnonnc, xoropoc HK KHK (on»cn 6in npc(-
napnrcnino o6ccncunri o6mnpnix an6ancxnx xpanx c rcx,
uro6i onn xoinn 6iri npc(cranncni n 2nnc. Pyxono(nrcnn
KHK xnoio ncr na:a( :ancpnnn nac n rox, uro no nccx nonpo-
cax 6y(cr co6nm(cna n npnnnra no nnnxannc nonn ¬roio na-
ccncnnn. Ho, xax n y»c ionopnn, ¬ro nc 6ino c(cnano, nonn
¬roio naccncnnn 6ina nonnocrim nonpana. Taxon axr ncni:n
na:inari nnauc, xax ncponoxcrnox.
Xy»c roio, xorn cy(i6a Koconi oxonuarcnino 6ina pc-
mcna n 2nnc cmc n xonnc non6pn 1943 io(a, x nax n n 1944
io(y nocrynann (xax n y»c cxa:an, ronixo o xoconcxox nonpo-
cc) nncixa n nocnannn Tnro n cio nm(cn, n xoropix cxpi-
nanaci ncrnna, ionopnnoci, uro «nonpoc ¬ror na(o crannri
nc ccio(nn», «a :anrpa», uro an6anni Koconi «6y(yr cno6o(ni
n(rn xy(a nx :axoucrcn n xax nx :axoucrcn» (6y(ro onn ni-
ianc, 6c: xpona n po(nni, a nc anroxronnin napo(, xoropin
po»(ancn, poc, na(an nnn yxnpan n cnonx xpanx).
Bpcxn no(rncp(nno nnocnc(crnnn, uro onn nac o6xani-
nann nc ronixo ornocnrcnino npon(cnnoio ncpno(a. Cxpinan
or nac ncrnny, npc(crannnn (cno rax, 6y(ro ¬ro xacanoci
«:anrpamncio», miocnancxoc pyxono(crno ioronnnoci x 6oncc
xonapnix cxpirix (cncrnnnx. Inn»anmnc corpy(nnxn Tnro
n cio 6noipaqi nnmyr rcncpi, uro cio, oco6cnno n 1944 n
1945 io(i, oucni «:annxan» nonpoc o Koconc, uro on «xonc-
6ancn», «nc pcmancn» n r.(. O xaxnx «xonc6annnx» n «:a6orax»
Tnro n(cr pcui, xi ¬roio nc :nacx, no nonaiacx, uro Tnro
n cio coo6mnnxon n ror ncpno( (xax n n nocnc(ymmcx) con-
ccx nc :annxan «oco6in» nonpoc o Koconc. On 6in y»c pcmcn
nxn. Hx :annxana ocraninan uacri An6annn, ro ccri onn n:y-
uann nyrn n cpc(crna nonnoio nxnmucnnn An6annn n cocran
Kiocnannn. Mi y:nann o6 ¬rox no:(ncc, n ¬ro cocrannncr o(ny
n: caxix (paxarnunix inan namcn cxnarxn c rnronnaxn.
Tax :axonunncn 1943 io(, rax :axonunncn n ncpno( (o
ncra 1944 io(a n namnx ornomcnnnx c pyxono(crnox KHK.
Kro-nn6o xo»cr cxa:ari, uro :(cci :a ncci ncpno( c an-
122
iycra 1943 io(a (o ncra 1944 io(a 6ina :arponyra nnmi o(na
cropona, o(nn acncxr ornomcnnn c KHK ÷ nonpoc o Koconc
n (pyinx an6ancxnx xpanx, npncoc(nncnnix x Kiocnannn.
Houcxy nc ionopnrcn o (pyinx acncxrax ¬rnx ornomcnnn"
Kaxoc corpy(nnuccrno n xaxon o6xcn xncnnnxn ocymccrnnn-
nnci :a ncc ¬ro npcxn c KHK, xaxono 6ino conna(cnnc n:inn-
(on n xaxoni 6inn xonqnnxri c ncn, cxa»cx, no naprnnnix
nonpocax, no nonpocax 6opi6i, qponra, nnacrn n r.(. n r.n."'
Oro qaxr, uro n ncpno( co npcxcnn ocrpoio xonqnnxra
c Byxxanonnucx Tcxno n aniycrc 1943 io(a n Kynaxc n nnnori
(o aniycra 1944 io(a, ro ccri ponno :a io(, nn o(nn npc(cra-
nnrcni miocnancxoio pyxono(crna nc npnxo(nn x nax (nn xon-
cynirannn, o6xcna onirox nnn xaxnx-nn6o (pyinx no(o6noio
po(a nonpocon. Oro qaxr ro»c, uro :a ncci ¬ror ncpno( xi
nc nonyunnn or miocnancxoio pyxono(crna nn o(noio nnci-
xa nnn (pyioio oco6oio (nn nac xarcpnana, n xoropix 6i
:arpainnannci raxnc nonpoci, xax nonpoci naprnnnon »n:nn,
apxnn, Hannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninon 6opi6i, opiann:annn
n qynxnnonnponannn nonon :axpcnnnnmcncn y nac nnacrn, An-
rnqamncrcxoio Hannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninoio 0ponra n r.(.
n r.n. Cnonox, no nccx ¬rnx nonpocax xa»(an n: namnx
naprnn pa6orana, xax ¬ro ona naxo(nna n cunrana npannninix
n coorncrcrnymmnx npnnnnnax, xoropixn ona pyxono(crno-
nanaci, n pcaninon (cncrnnrcninocrn cnocn crpani.
Koncuno, ionopn, uro n ¬rnx acncxrax ncr nnucio :acny-
»nnammcio ynoxnnannn, ¬rnx n nnuyri nc xouy cxa:ari, uro
:a ncci ¬ror ncpno( xc»(y (nyxn namnxn naprnnxn nc 6i-
no nnxaxnx cnn:cn, nnxaxnx nccrcn (pyi o (pyic. Hcr. Bpcxn
or npcxcnn xi nonyuann pa:nnunic xarcpnani, paccxa:inan-
mnc o »n:nn n crponrcnicrnc KHK, o Kiocnancxon nanno-
nanino-ocno6o(nrcninon apxnn, o6 opiann:annn nonon nnacrn
n r.(. Iinn cnyuan, xoi(a, noxnxo Mocxoncxoio Pa(no, xi
nonnnn rax»c ncpc(aun pa(nocrannnn «Cno6o(nan Kiocnannn»
n cnymann coo6mcnnn nnn xoxxcnrapnn o »n:nn n (cnrcni-
nocrn KHK n miocnancxon naprn:ancxon apxnn.
Mi, c namcn croponi, rax»c npcxn or npcxcnn no-rona-
pnmccxn :naxoxnnn miocnancxoc pyxono(crno c xo(ox noopy-
123
»cnnon 6opi6i y nac n cc ncpcncxrnnaxn, c nponcxaxn ox-
xynanron n pcaxnnn, c o(cp»annixn naxn no6c(axn. B cnom
oucpc(i Mnna(nn Hononnu npcxn or npcxcnn nocinan mio-
cnancxoxy pyxono(crny or cnocio nxcnn or(cninic nnqopxa-
nnn o xo(c 6opi6i n o6cranonxc n namcn crpanc.
B (oxa:arcnicrno ncncnocrn yrncp»(cnnn miocnancxoio
pyxono(crna o noxomn, nxo6i oxa:annon nax n ncpno( (o
xonna 1943 io(a, npnnc(y cmc o(nn qaxr: nncixo H. I. Tnro,
npncnannoc Mnna(nny Hononnuy 9 oxrn6pn 1943 io(a (nn
HK KHA. C xaxon 6i croponi nn paccxarpnnari ¬ro nncixo,
xpannmcccn n namcx Haprnnnox apxnnc, xi nnxax nc xo»cx
xnannqnnnponari cio nnauc, xpoxc xax xnannqnnnponann n
ncpnoc nncixo Tnro, xoropoc xi nonyunnn n (cxa6pc 1942
io(a n o xoropox n ynoxnnyn nimc.
Cnonxn ycraxn, ncpncc, cnocn co6crncnnon pyxon Tnro
n n xonnc 1943 io(a, xax n n xonnc 1942 io(a, no(rncp»(acr,
uro nc nxcn nn xancnmcio npc(cranncnnn o cocronnnn na-
mcn naprnn n namcn Hannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninon 6opi6i.
Ocnc(oxnnmnci o rox, npan(a nn, uro «an6ancxon naprn:an-
cxon apxncn pyxono(nn ncxnn 6inmnn npcqcxr nonnnnn»'''
(¬ro, xon, on y:nan or uon(oncxoio Pa(no'), Tnro nycxancn n
«yxa:annn»: n oxrn6pc 1943 io(a on nncan nax, uro n cnyuac,
ccnn naprn:ancxnc pn(i n An6annn yncnnunnnci, na(o npn-
crynnri x co:(annm 6oncc xpynnix coc(nncnnn ÷ 6pnia('
Hax ocrananoci nnmi ycxcxnyricn, n6o pcmcnnc o ncpc-
xo(c x xpynnix coc(nncnnnx xi npnnnnn cmc n xaprc 1943
io(a, na Hcpnon nannonaninon naprnnnon xonqcpcnnnn; n
nmnc xi or(ann yxa:annc co:(ari I Y(apnym 6pnia(y, a (o
oxrn6pn, xoi(a Tnro (anan nax «(npcxrnni», y nac y»c 6inn
I n III 6pnia(i n mna pa6ora no co:(annm (pyinx naprn:an-
cxnx 6pnia(.
£mc n 6oncc cxcmnoc nono»cnnc crannn cc6n Tnro cnon-
xn «concraxn» no nonpocy o 6y(ymcn nnacrn n An6anxn.
«Concrym nax, ÷ nncan on, ÷ npncrynnri n n An6annn x
co:(annm napo(non nnacrn . . . , xna(n n cc ocnony concri na-
po(noio ocno6o»(cnnn ...», n, onncan «cncnnqnuccxnc rpy(-
nocrn», na xoropic Kiocnannn naranxnnanaci n cnn:n c ¬rnx
124
nonpocox, npo(on»an: «Bax n namcn crpanc xo»no 6ino
ncxc(ncnno co:(ari napo(noc npannrcnicrno, ocnonannoc, xax
n y»c cxa:an, na concrax napo(noio ocno6o»(cnnn . . . £cnn
»c y nac cnryannn cmc nc na:pcna, ro co:(anrc napo(nin na-
nnonanino-ocno6o(nrcninin concr, xoropin ncnonnnn 6i ncc
qynxnnn npannrcnicrna (o rcx nop noxa nc 6y(cr co:(ano
raxoc npannrcnicrno»
1
.
Tor, xro nc :nacr namcn (cncrnnrcninocrn roio npcxcnn
nnn »cnacr ncxa:nri cc, xax ¬ro (cnann n (cnamr rnronni,
xo»cr cxa:ari: «Bor, i(c ncnic (npcxrnni, npncnannic nax
Tnro' 3aucx ni orpnnacrc cio :acnyin"». Hcxo(n n: ncropn-
uccxon ncrnni, xi nnpanc orncrnri cxy, xax n orncuann:
Koxxynncrnuccxan naprnn An6annn nnxoi(a nc nonyuana n
nc »(ana or Tnro «(npcxrnn» no xap(nnaninix nonpocax
nnn no xaxnx-nn6o (pyinx nonpocax cnocn (cnrcninocrn'
H ccnn ro, uro on nncan nax no nonpocy o nnacrn xo»no n
6ino na:nari (npcxrnnaxn, ro nax ocrananoci nccio nnmi
na:nari nx «:ano:(anixn (npcxrnnaxn» nnn, xax ionopnr na-
po(, (npcxrnnaxn, nocrynnnmnxn «x manounoxy pa:6opy».
Ioncc xonxpcrno: Koxxynncrnuccxan naprnn An6annn cmc
nccnon 1942 io(a npncrynnna x pa6orc no co:(annm napo(non
(cxoxparnuccxon nnacrn c co:(anncx ncpnix nannonanino-
ocno6o(nrcninix concron; n xonnc roio »c io(a no nccn crpa-
nc (cncrnonann concri, roi(a xax n ccnrn6pc 1943 io(a Bro-
pan nn6nnorcxan nannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninan xonqcpcnnnn
npono:inacnna nx c(nncrncnnon nnacrim napo(a n An6annn.
¹ro xacacrcn (pyioio «yxa:annn» Tnro ÷ co:(ari «concr na-
po(noio ocno6o»(cnnn», ro xo»no cxa:ari nnmi o(no: n
An6annn nc n oxrn6pc 1943 io(a, xoi(a «cnoxnarnncn» Tnro,
a cmc n ccnrn6pc 1942 io(a nama naprnn co:(ana Icncpani-
nin Hannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninin Concr' Hpanncnnc Icnc-
paninoio concra, nimc(mcc n: un6nnorcxon xonqcpcnnnn n
ccnrn6pc 1943 io(a, ncnonnnno pn( qynxnnn (cxoxparnuc-
cxoio npannrcnicrna'
________________________________
1 H: nncixa Tnro, npncnannoio Mnna(nny Hononnuy (nn HK
KHA, 9 oxrn6pn 1943 i. HHA.
125
O(nnx cnonox, Tnro nnucio nc :nan o rox, uro (cnanoci
y nac, n (anan nax «yxa:annn» no raxnx nonpocax, xoropic
xi caxn y»c (anno npcxpacno pa:pcmnnn. Tax uro xi nc
nnnonni n rox, uro nc »(ann noxa nc npn6y(yr «(npcxrnni»
Tnro n nnmi nocnc ¬roio npncrynnri x (cncrnnm. Hanpornn,
ccnn 6i xi :annxann ni»n(arcninym no:nnnm, ccnn 6i xi
cn(cnn n o»n(annn «opncnrnponox» Tnro n cio npn6nn»cn-
nix, ro (cno namcn naprnn n 6y(ymcio namcio napo(a
conccx 6i nponano' Oro 6ino 6i rn»xnx, ncnpocrnrcninix
npccrynncnncx.
Cnc(onarcnino, xax 6i nn noxari ionony n xax 6i nn
nanpniari naxnri, ncno:xo»no nanrn uro-nn6o n noni:y «6c:-
ipannunon noxomn», xoropym miocnancxnc «(py:in», xax onn
yrncp»(amr, oxa:inann nax n n ¬ror ncpno(.
Ho, xo»cr, onn nxcmr n nn(y namcio crapoio «(pyia»
µymana Myioma, xoropin 6onimym uacri ¬roio ncpno(a
(nnnori (o xan 1944 i.) npo(on»an naxo(nricn n An6annn.
£cnn Tnro n xoxnannn cnom xnnxym «noxomi» ¬roio ncpn-
o(a ocnoninamr na «nxna(c» Myioma, ro xnc na(o 6y(cr cxa-
:ari napy cnon n o «nxna(c» ¬roio nncmnc xcnxoio n oruann-
noio rnronna, na xoropoio, o(naxo, 6inn no:no»cni rcx-
nic xnccnn (anincio pa(nyca (cncrnnn.
Iy(yun ucnoncxox «xccr», cmc nccnon 1943 io(a µyman
Myioma «npncran» x Bncpcxon o6nacrn. Oco6cnno comcncn on
c Mcxxcrox Ucxy, a no:(ncc, xoi(a xi nanpannnn ry(a n
xauccrnc npc(crannrcnn HK naprnn n unpn Icia, onn nrpocx
o6pa:onann cnocio po(a raian. Onn o6pcnn n:nccrnocri nm(cn
(cncrnnn, axnnn, cronxnx xpa6pcnon, no :aro ncc rpoc noni-
:onannci rax»c n:nccrnocrim nicoxoxcpnix n unannnnix
nm(cn, cnnino »a»(anmnx cnani n nonynnpnocrn, pa(n ucio
nc ocranannnnannci ncpc( rcppopncrnuccxnxn axraxn, :a xo-
ropic nco(noxparno ynpcxann n npc(ynpc»(ann nx n nnci-
xcnnox n ycrnox nn(c. Bnpoucx pcui mna o Myioma. Honi-
:ynci (py»6on c Mcxxcrox Ucxy n unpn Icia, µyman
noccman ncnxnc co6pannn, concmannn n ncrpcun n, ro nonyan-
6ancxnx, ro nonyccp6cxnx n:ixox, «y6c»(an» xaxnx-ro cxcn-
(cp xyuo n xmcnn ncncnnnxnx npnxxnyri x nnnnn Hanno-
126
nanino-ocno6o(nrcninoio qponra n x 6opi6c, xoropon pyxo-
no(nna Koxxynncrnuccxan naprnn An6annn'
Cnonx ncraxrnunix n 6c:yxnix nxcmarcnicrnox, oco6cn-
no n raxox xpac, xax Bncpa, Myioma nccio nnmi noprnn nax
(cno.
Kax xnoio rpy(a n 6opi6i nona(o6nnoci naprnn n oco-
6cnno Xmcnn Kano, uro6i nonpannri ro, uro rxann nouim
n noprnnn nax (ncx no Bncpcxon o6nacrn µyman Myioma,
unpn Icia n Mcxxcr Ucxy.
Mi nauann nonyuari o(nn cninan :a (pyinx o6 nx ipy-
6ix omn6xax ccxranrcxoio xapaxrcpa n, pacncnnn nx pa6ory
xax nccixa npc(nym, y(annnn nx n: Bncpcxon o6nacrn.
£crccrncnno, nax na(o 6ino nocrynari, xax n nocrynnnn,
ocropo»no, uro6i nc ni:nari nc(ononicrno, oco6cnno y «(py-
ia», y Myioma. B aniycrc 1943 io(a xi co:(ann I Y(apnym
6pnia(y, n µyman nacronunno rpc6onan, uro6i xi nanpannnn
cio nxcnno n ¬ry 6pnia(y.
÷ Iy(y nocronnno naxo(nricn n (cncrnnn, ÷ cxa:an
«ucnoncx xccr», ÷ x roxy »c xi c Mcxxcrox Ucxy npcxpa-
cno nonnxacx (pyi (pyia.
H (cncrnnrcnino, onn xopomo nonnnn (pyi (pyia.
Mi ccpic:no cnopnnn na o(non n: ncrpcu c Tcxno no
nonpocy o rox, xax na:inari namn naprn:ancxnc 6pnia(i. On
ionopnn, uro «na:inari nx na(o nponcrapcxnxn 6pnia(axn,
xax n Kiocnannn», roi(a xax n, Mnna(nn n Cnnpo Moncny
nacrannann na rox, uro na:inari nx na(o 6ino «y(apnixn
6pnia(axn», n6o n raxox cnyuac (a»c n ornomcnnn nx na:na-
nnn nc ocrananoci xccra (nn xpnnoronxon, x roxy »c raxnx
o6pa:ox xi nc npcnimann no:ynin Hannonanino-ocno6o(n-
rcninon 6opi6i n r.(. Hccxorpn na nacronnnc Tcxno, xi
nocrynnnn no-cnocxy. £(nncrncnnix cpc(n namnx nm(cn uc-
noncxox, nnm6ncnnix n miocnancxnn rcpxnn, 6in Mcxxcr Uc-
xy. Hpn nac on niny»(cn 6in na:inari I 6pnia(y, n xoropon
xi na:naunnn cio xoxan(npox, «Y(apnon 6pnia(on», no n xon-
qn(cnnnaninix 6ccc(ax n nncixax cnonx miocnancxnx «(py-
:inx» on na:inan cc «Hponcrapcxon 6pnia(on». Kcrarn, n
o(nox n: nnccx, nanpanncnnox Myioma, Mcxxcr Ucxy nipa-
127
»an cnoc «iny6oxoc co»ancnnc» no nono(y roio, uro µyman yc:-
»an n: An6annn «cmc (o no(ioronxn :axa:annon nnnri c na(-
nncim «I HPOu£TAPCKA2 6pnia(a»»
1
.
B ¬rox, nccoxncnno, cxa:inancn «nxna(» µymana Myio-
ma, xoropin n orcyrcrnnn Tcxno ncnonnnn cio n(cn n naxa-
:i o naca»(cnnn pacxona n pacxo»(cnnn no xncnnnx n no:n-
nnnx namnx ronapnmcn. Ho orpnnarcninoc nnnnnnc Myioma
na I 6pnia(y cxa:anoci oco6cnno n (pyinx acncxrax. H:nccrni
icponuccxnc no(nnin n caxoorncp»cnnan 6opi6a, xoropym
(o6nccrnic naprn:ani ¬ron 6pnia(i, no( pyxono(crnox nap-
rnn n Icncpaninoio Ura6a n n(oxnonnncxic nxn, ncnn n io-
(i Hannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninon 6opi6i. O nnx ionopnna n
6y(cr ionopnri ncropnn. O(naxo, nncxonixo nc ynpcxan n
¬rox nnunin cocran 6pnia(i n no(annnmmcc 6onimnncrno cc
xa(pon, na(o orxcrnri, uro no nnunoxy npnxa:y Mcxxcra
Ucxy n npn npnxox no(crpcxarcnicrnc n noompcnnn µyma-
na Myioma 6inn (onymcni n rc io(i n xoc-xaxnc npon:noni-
nic n npc(nic axri ccxranrcxoio xapaxrcpa. Taxnx 6in,
nanpnxcp, cnyuan c paccrpcnox ipynni 6annicron, xoro-
pic, npan(a, 6inn :axnaucni n nncn nocnc noopy»cnnoio
cronxnoncnnn c namnxn cnnaxn, no npn npnnnrnn pcmcnnn o
nnx 6ino napymcno yxa:annc naprnn o rox, uro n raxnx
cnyuanx cy(nri na(o xna(noxponno, c yucrox npccrynncnnn,
concpmcnnix xa»(ix n: nnx. Mi crpoio ocy(nnn ¬ror axr
cmc n rc (nn
2
. Cnonx ccxranrcrnox Myioma nanocnn n 6pnia-
(c, xax 'n na xccrax, ronixo ymcp6. Ho ¬rnx nc ncucpninacrcn
___________________________________
1 Konnn ¬roio nncixa Mcxxcra Ucxy, npncnannoio µymany My-
ioma, xax n (pyinx cio nnccx, nonnix nocxnmcnnn o ncx, xpannrcn
n HHA.
2 B nncixc, nanpanncnnox Mcxxcry Ucxy 5 non6pn 1943 io(a,
ronapnm Onncp Xo(»a, n uacrnocrn, nncan: «Taxon paccrpcn npc(cra-
nnncr co6on xpannocri, ¬ro ncyxccrnin n omn6ounin axr, rax xax
nxccro noni:i on npnnocnr nax ymcp6. Ha(o yuccri, uro xpccrinnc,
nxo(nmnc n orpn(i Ianni, nnnnmrcn ncnnnnixn, ncnpocncmcnnixn
¬ncxcnraxn, »cprnaxn. .. Hc cnc(ycr noccranannnnari xpccrinn npornn
nac, rax xax onn cocrannnmr ocnony namcn naprnn, n raxoc o6pamcnnc
C nnxn, xax namc, 6c:ycnonno, cnn:ano c nocnc(crnnnxn (nn namnx
ornomcnnn c xpccrinncxnxn cnonxn. Mi nnxonx o6pa:ox nc (on»ni
(anari nono( npaiy o6nnnnri nac n rox, n ucx xi nc nonnnni». HHA.
128
«nxna(» µymana Myioma. ¹cpnin (ix cio aicnrypnon pa6o-
ri c ncxoropixn n: xa(pon I Ipnia(i nnn »c rax, i(c cxy
nonc:no, nccxonixo pa: nonnnnncn na iopn:onrc namcn naprnn
na nporn»cnnn nccio cc nyrn nnnori (o namnx (ncn, ncnxnn
pa:, xoi(a cn npnxo(nnoci cranxnnaricn c anrnnaprnnnixn
ipynnaxn nnn nnnaxn n cnocx pyxono(crnc.
Hrax, (nn Tnro n cio npncnix «nxna(» ¬roio ccxranra n
nicoxoxcpnoio xapicpncra ÷ oipoxnin. µyman Myioma xo-
(nn no «xccrax» nc npocro n:-:a «nnunoio nncucnnn», ncr, cxy
6ino nopyucno xo(nri n conari noc nc:(c, uro6i co6npari
(annic o namnx ronapnmax n ncpccinari nx miocnancxoxy
pyxono(crny. Ioronnnnci rannic nnani n xa(pi (nn y(apa
no pyxono(crny namcn naprnn, (nn n:npamcnnn namcn npa-
nnninon nnnnn, (nn no(unncnnn nccn Koxxynncrnuccxon nap-
rnn An6annn. Hc cnyuanno, uro ucripc-nnri xccnncn (o npn-
6irnn n An6annm Bcnnxnpa Cronnnua, n Kiocnannm cpouno
6in ni:nan (nn «oco6ix» :a(annn µyman Myioma. Hpono(nnn
xi cio rax, xax on ¬roio nc :acny»nnan (c nouccrnxn n 6na-
io(apnocrim), no n on «or6naio(apnn» nac rax, xax xi ¬roio
nc :acny»nnann: on ncpc(an miocnancxoxy pyxono(crny qax-
ri, nco6xo(nxic (nn roio, uro6i ono npnmno x :axnmucnnm,
uro (cncrnonari n ornomcnnn KHA n namcio pyxono(crna
na(o 6ino ncxc(ncnno n rncp(on pyxon. Hnauc nonirxn rn-
ronncn npn6pari x pyxax An6annm nponannrcn.
Haunnancn nonin ncpno( n namnx ornomcnnnx c py-
xono(crnox KHK. Hrax, (nn miocnancxoio pyxono(crna nacra-
no npcxn cocpc(orounri nnnxannc n «noxoiari» nax n rcx ac-
ncxrax, xoropixn ono (o cnx nop npcnc6pciano: n namnx nny-
rpcnnnx npo6ncxax. Hacrynano npcxn nanpannri npn namcx
pyxono(crnc, nocnc io(a orcyrcrnnn, rpcricio :a io(i Hanno-
nanino-ocno6o(nrcninon 6opi6i nocnanna Tnro. Oro 6in nc-
xnn nonxonnnx ÷ Bcnnxnp Cronnnu. C nxcncx n xnccncn
¬roio cncnnaninoio nocnanna Tnro or nauana (o xonna cnn-
:ano o(no n: caxix iopixnx co6irnn, conpn»cnnix c caxi-
xn rn»cnixn nocnc(crnnnxn (nn namcn naprnn n namcn crpa-
ni, II Hncnyx HK KHA, n:nccrnin n namcn ncropnn no(
na:nanncx «Icparcxnc nponcxn».
129
II
BEFATCKWE UFOWCKW
«Mnccnn C1oünnu» n An6annn. Hnn: ±n:uapc-
nnu «ccpoc npcocnnmcnc1no» Hako Cnnpy. Conc1-
cknü maüop Wnanon «y:nac1 nac» ucpc: C1oünnua
* O6ocnonannc namcro rnannoro pykonouc1na n oc-
no6onucnnom Bcpa1c * Hako Cnnpy, Koun ±:ou:c,
Ccüqyna Mancmona n Uanun Kpnc1o nouknmua-
m1cn k :aronopy 1n1onncn. Anpn 1cra n ponn «ko:na
o1nymcnnn» * Tpn mara «mnccnn C1oünnu»: ncpnmü
÷ yuancnnc n: An6annn Mnnaunna Uononnua; n1o-
poü ÷ nncccnnc packona n namc Uonn16mpo; 1pc-
1nü ÷ nncccnnc packona n UK KUA n ocynucnnc
namcro rnannoro pykonouc1na * 3a «cunnc1nom» :a-
ronopmnkon ckpmnac1cn ccmn nx packona n camo-
pa:o6naucnnn * Hmc1ynncnnc H. C1oünnua ÷ nna1-
qopma 1n1onncn, paccun1annan na nouunncnnc KUA
n nornomcnnc An6annn n Tn1o ÷ nocpcunnk anrnn-
uan * Hapounmc nonncnnn n Koconc * C1oünnu npc-
nounocn1 nucm «Bankanckoü qcucpannn» c Krocna-
nncü no rnanc * 1opuknc nnoum 6cpa1ckoro Unc-
nyma.
Hcpno( c aniycra 1943 io(a, xoi(a ycxan Byxxanonnu
Tcxno, n nnnori (o aniycra 1944 io(a, xoi(a x nax npncxan
Bcnnxnp Cronnnu, nnnncrcn o(nnx n: caxix 6ypnix n cncr-
nix ncpno(on n ncropnn namcn naprnn n Hannonanino-ocno-
6o(nrcninon 6opi6i n An6annn. 3a ¬ro npcxn nama Koxxynn-
13O
crnuccxan Haprnn yxno»nna n (animc :axannna cnon pn(i,
nipa6orana n nocnc(onarcnino npono(nna no nccx o6nacrnx
ucrxym n npannninym xapxcncrcxo-ncnnncxym nnnnm, n pc-
:ynirarc ucio 6inn (ocrninyri 6onimnc no6c(i.
Yxpcnncnnc n xonconn(annn Anrnqamncrcxoio nannonani-
no-ocno6o(nrcninoio 0ponra, opiann:annn n ynpoucnnc n (c-
pcnnnx n iopo(ax nannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninix concron ÷
(pyioc cnn(crcnicrno oipoxnon pa6ori n ynopnon 6opi6i,
xoropic nama naprnn ncna n ror ncpno(. Bropan Hannonani-
no-ocno6o(nrcninan xonqcpcnnnn, cocronnmancn n un6nnorc
(Oni6acan) n ccnrn6pc 1943 io(a, n cc oucni na»nic pcmcnnn
1
ncinn n ocnony nccn 6onimon n (aninonn(non pa6ori naprnn
no co:(annm nonoio napo(no-(cxoxparnuccxoio iocy(apcrna
n An6annn. Yncnuanncx ¬ron pa6ori nnnnnci opiann:annn n
nnonnc ycncmnoc nponc(cnnc n xac 1944 io(a ncropnuccxoio
Hcpxcrcxoio c¡c:(a, oxonuarcnino pa:pcmnnmcio o(ny n:
crparcinuccxnx :a(au naprnn ÷ :a(auy ocnonannn nonoio
an6ancxoio iocy(apcrna napo(non (cxoxparnn.
3a ¬ror ncpno(, n ncnpcpinnix cxnarxax c oxxynanraxn
n xccrnixn npc(arcnnxn An6ancxan nannonanino-ocno6o(n-
rcninan apxnn 6icrpo nononnnna cnon pn(i, noopy»anaci n
:axannnaci n cpa»cnnnx, yrncp(nn cc6n xax apxnn nonoio rn-
na. Hoxnxo nccio (pyioio, ona ycncmno orpa:nna o(nn n:
caxix cnninix y(apon npornnnnxa, xpynnoxacmra6nym na-
nncrcxym oncpannm, npc(npnnnrym :nxon 1943-1944 io(on, n
nccnon 1944 io(a n:nna n cnon pyxn nnnnnarnny, ncpcn(n no
npnxa:y Icncpaninoio Ura6a n xonrpnacrynncnnc. C co:(a-
nncx :naunrcninoio uncna 6pnia( n (pyinx uacrcn, xoropic
n xac 1944 io(a nxnmuann n cnon pn(i 6oncc 35 OOO 6onnon,
______________________________
1 Inannix nonpocox, paccxorpcnnix ¬ron xonqcpcnnncn, 6ino
yxpcnncnnc napo(no-(cxoxparnuccxon nnacrn. Ona npnnnna ycran n
nono»cnnc o nannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninix concrax, n:6pana nonin
Icncpaninin nannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninin concr, ny6nnuno ocy(nna
xoxnpoxncc, :axnmucnnin n Myxic, Kpyncxnn panon, npc(crannrcnnxn
Icncpaninoio concra Kxcpox µnmnnna n Mycraqon Innnmn (rannin
aicnr 6pnrancxoio Hnrcnnn(»cnca ccpnnca) c npc(crannrcnnxn Ianni
Kox6crap nonpcxn nonyucnnix yxa:annnx, n pcmnna (o xonna pa:o-
6naunri npa»(c6nym (cnrcninocri Ianni Kox6crap.
131
nc cunran rcppnropnaninix orpn(on n noopy»cnnix (o6po-
nonincn n (cpcnnnx, 6ina cqopxnponana I Y(apnan (nnn:nn, a
ncxnoio no:(ncc ÷ II Y(apnan (nnn:nn An6ancxon nannonani-
no-ocno6o(nrcninon apxnn. B xonnc xan 1944 io(a n, n xauccrnc
Inannoxoxan(ymmcio, or(an Hannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninon
apxnn npnxa: ncpcnrn n icncpaninoc nacrynncnnc (nn nonnoio
ocno6o»(cnnn An6annn or nanncrcxnx :axnarunxon n non-
noio pa:ipoxa Ianni Kox6crap, uciannrcra n nccx (pyinx cnn
pcaxnnn. Hnaxn pcmammcn 6nrni oxnarnno Ki n Ccncp
An6annn. Bcc mno 6naiononyuno xax na nncmncx qponrc,
na qponrc 6opi6i npornn inrncponcxnx noncx, rax n na nny-
rpcnncx qponrc. Pcmamman no6c(a 6ina nc(ancxon.
Hxcnno n ¬ror ncpno( xax nnxoi(a panimc nnrcncnqnnn-
ponannci ycnnnn n noryin anino-axcpnxancxnx com:nnxon
npocrno nxcmnnaricn n namn nnyrpcnnnc (cna
1
, uro6i nc
(ari An6annn ycxoni:nyri y nnx n: pyx. Ho ¬rnx nnanax co-
m:nnxon xi nonpcxn nanccnn y(ap. H nnocnc(crnnn xi no-
cronnno nixa:inann ocropo»nocri n xpannnn 6(nrcninocri
ncpc( nnnox anino-axcpnxancxon onacnocrn, nax npnxo(n-
noci ncrynari c nnxn n 6opi6y n cronxnoncnnn, no, n xoncu-
nox cucrc, nx (cno n An6annn 6ino nponipano.
Hxcnno n ¬rn xoxcnri, xoi(a 6ypn nonni n pcnonmnnn
n An6annn 6ina n caxox pa:iapc, no»anonan n nam Icnc-
paninin Ura6 nocnancn Tnro, nonxonnnx Bcnnxnp Cronnnu
nxccrc co cnonx noxomnnxox, Hnn:cx µn:(apcnnucx
2
. C nx
npnxo(ox naunnacrcn o(nn n: caxix rpy(nix n caxix (cnn-
xarnix ncpno(on namcn nocnnon n nocncnocnnon ncropnn ÷
ncpno( nnnix n rannix cronxnoncnnn n xonqnnxron c 6cn-
ipa(cxnx pyxono(crnox. Taxnx o6pa:ox, KHA n an6ancxoxy
____________________________________
1 Onncp Xo(»a, «Anino-axcpnxancxan onacnocri (nn An6annn».
an6. n:(., crp. 32O-338, Tnpana, 1982.
2 I(c ccio(nn ¬ror Bcnnxnp Cronnnu, ¬ro nax nc n:nccrno n xi
6onimc nc cnixann o ncx nocnc cio :nononyunon pa6ori n An6annn,
a uro xacacrcn Hnn:a µn:(apcnnua, ro on, orcny»nn cny»6y (nnno-
xara n iancryxc 6a6ouxon n Hapn»c, a :arcx nocna c ucrxaxn n An-
»npc, :annxan nocr npc(cc(arcnn Koxnccnn no nnocrpannix (cnax
npn Com:non Cxynmnnc Kiocnannn. (Hpu+e+anue aemopa.)
132
napo(y npnmnoci nccxonixo ncr no(pn( nccrn nonym, oco6ym
6opi6y, xoropan ncnaci 6c: nymcx n nyncxcron, no 6ina
croni »c rpy(non, ccnn nc rpy(ncc, n upcnaron 6oncc onac-
nixn nocnc(crnnnxn, ucx noopy»cnnan 6opi6a c orxpirixn
npaiaxn.
«Mnccnn C1oünnu»
Bcnnxnp Cronnnu npn6in n An6annm n xonnc aniycra
1944 io(a n xauccrnc inani miocnancxon nocnnon xnccnn npn
namcx Icncpaninox Ura6c.
÷ 3a(aua namcn xnccnn, ÷ cxa:an on nax cmc na ncp-
non ncrpcuc n Xcnixccc ÷ no-ncpnix, no-6parcxn ncpc(ari na-
mcxy Icncpaninoxy Ura6y onir Kiocnancxoio Ura6a n cnn:n
c xpynnoxacmra6nixn n coinaconannixn oncpannnxn n rcnc-
pcmnnc xoxcnri, xoi(a ncxcnxnc noncxa ocrannnmr Ipc-
nnm; no-nropix, ycranonnri pciynnpnic cnn:n xc»(y icnc-
paninixn mra6axn n apxnnxn o6cnx namnx crpan, paccxor-
pcri no:xo»nocri coinaconannn n 6y(ymcx n conxccrnix
xpynnoxacmra6nix oncpannn, n, n-rpcrinx, noxoui n (cnc
(anincnmcn opiann:annn 6parcxon apxnn An6annn.
Ho ncxopc, cmc na ncpnix 6ccc(ax c ¬rnx nonxonnnxox
n cio inannix noxomnnxox, Hnn:cx µn:(apcnnucx, xi y6c-
(nnnci n rox, uro nx xnccnn ronixo no na:nannm, ¬rnxcrxc
n o6pa:y (cncrnnn 6ina nocnnon. µa»c cax Cronnnu cmc
na ncpnon ncrpcuc cxa:an nax, uro on npnmcn n n xauccrnc
«nncrpyxropa HK KHK» npn namcx pyxono(crnc, no xi nc
coinacnnnci c ¬rnx, :a uro on concpmcnno orxpiro nipa:nn
cnoc oiopucnnc. Ha caxox (cnc on npnxo(nn c nnixn «no-
pyucnnnxn». Hcxoropic n: nnx, ÷ caxic oucnn(nic n yno-
nnxic, npn ron crcncnn namcn ocnc(oxncnnocrn, xi cmc
roi(a nonnnn. Ocraninic »c nincnnnnci no:(ncc, xoi(a xi
ncpnynnci n cnona, nco(noxparno no:npamannci xo nccxy, uro
npon:omno c xoxcnra npnxo(a ipynni Cronnnua n An6annm.
133
Bpcxn noxa:ano, uro «xnccnn Cronnnu» 6ina npc»(c nccio
cncnnaninon xnccncn, nicnannon Tnro na ncxo(c nonni n
An6annn n rcxnix nonnrnuccxnx, (nncpcnonnix n aicnryp-
nix ncnnx. On npnmcn (nn opiann:annn y(apa no KHA n cc
nnnnn, (nn no(unncnnn KHA, (nn npcnpamcnnn cc n opy(nc
n npn(arox KHK. On npnmcn xax pa: naxanync nonnoio oc-
no6o»(cnnn An6annn, uro6i nanccrn y(ap ycronx, na xoropix
co:(ananaci nonan, napo(nan nnacri, n no(ioronnri nouny (nn
npcnpamcnnn An6annn n cc(ixym pccny6nnxy Kiocnannn.
Bnn(y oco6ix ornomcnnn, ycranonncnnix naxn c KHK,
xi rcnno n ccp(cuno npnnnnn nonoio nocnanna miocnancxoio
pyxono(crna. On nponnqopxnponan nac o nono»cnnn n Kio-
cnannn, o naprn:ancxon 6opi6c n ycncxax, (ocrninyrix no(
pyxono(crnox KHK n Tnro. Mi rax»c cmc na ncpnon ncrpc-
uc no-ronapnmccxn nponnqopxnponann cio o nono»cnnn n
ycncxax namcn apxnn, o 0ponrc n :apo»(anmcncn nonon,
napo(non nnacrn.
÷ Kax-nn6y(i n (pyion pa:, ÷ cxa:an on, ÷ n pac-
cxa»y nax n o crponrcnicrnc n onirc namcn Koxxynncrnuc-
cxon naprnn.
÷ C y(ononicrnncx cnymari nac 6y(cx, ÷ oro:nancn n,
÷ nama naprnn xono(an n xi ny»(acxcn n rox, uro6i :na-
xoxnricn c onirox crapmnx n 6onimnx naprnn n o6xcnnnari-
cn c nnxn xncnnnxn.
Hrax, na o(non n: (pyinx ncrpcu Bcnnxnp Cronnnu pac-
cxa:an nax o KHK, cc npomnox, xax n 6opi6c n npannninox
cc pa:nnrnn c npnxo(ox Hocnna Ipo:-Tnro no inanc pyxono(-
crna, a rax»c o 6onimox anropnrcrc, :anocnannox cm n na-
po(c n pc:ynirarc icponuccxon 6opi6i, xoropym ona no( cio
pyxono(crnox ncna :a ocno6o»(cnnc po(nni.
Ho ¬roxy cnyuam n rax»c ionopnn cxy o6 ncropnn na-
mcn naprnn co npcxcnn cc ocnonannn, o pacmnpcnnn cc pn(on,
o (ocrninyrix cm ycncxax n r.(. n r.n. Kax ronixo n xonunn,
nonxonnnx, or6pocnn npoui poni «nocnnoio», cxa:an:
÷ Hpan(a, xon inannan xnccnn nocnnan, no, nnnnnci nap-
rnnnix pa6ornnxox n no oco6oxy nopyucnnm pyxono(crna
namcn naprnn, n 6y(y ionopnri c naxn n o naprnnnix (c-
134
nax n o6o nccx (pyiox, ÷ n on npnnnncn crcncnno (cnari
«:axcuannn» n a(pcc namcn nnnnn, ncpcuncnnri «omn6xn», xo-
ropic nama naprnn, nn(nrc nn, «nocronnno» (onycxana'
O(no n: «inannix» xpnrnuccxnx :axcuannn, c xoropixn
no»anonan x nax Bcnnxnp Cronnnu, cocronno n rox, 6y(ro
n nnnnn namcn naprnn «nocronnno» na6nm(annci xonc6annn ro
nanpano, ro nancno; on nc npcxnnyn npn ¬rox ynn:ari «onnop-
rynn:x» namcn nnnnn c xpnrnuccxnxn :axcuannnxn Byxxano-
nnua Tcxno. 0axrnuccxn, Tcxno npononc(onan nax 6paro-
y6nncrncnnym nonny, on pcxoxcn(onan nax y(apnri no ronixo
uro po(nnmcxycn Ianni Kox6crap, xpnrnxonan ycnnnn na-
mcn naprnn oropnari or Ianni Kox6crap :a6ny(nnmnccn ¬nc-
xcnri. B cnom oucpc(i Bcnnxnp Cronnnu o6nnnnn nac n rox,
6y(ro nama nnnnn crpa(ana onnoprynn:xox, a ¬ro on «apiy-
xcnrnponan» rcx, uro npc(crannrcnn Icncpaninoio Concra Ha-
nnonanino-ocno6o(nrcninoio 0ponra ncpcionapnnannci c npc(-
crannrcnnxn Ianni Kox6crap n (cpcnnc Myxic, 6nn: Kpyn,
n xonnc nmnn n nauanc aniycra 1943 io(a. B ro »c npcxn,
na:nan Myxic «onnoprynncrnuccxnx axrox», on, npnnc(n ror
»c «apiyxcnr», ynpcxnyn nac n rox, uro xi nponnnnn ccx-
ranrcrno, nc npo(on»nn ncpcionopi c ¬rnxn xonna6opanno-
nncraxn nraninncxoio qamn:xa n n:xcnnnxaxn namcio na-
po(a.
Cnoxonno nicnyman ¬ry ncpcony (caxoc xcnimcc, uro xi
xoinn (yxari roi(a o ncx, ¬ro ro, uro on 6in nnoxo ocnc(o-
xncn o namcn nnnnn), n ionopm cxy:
÷ Bi nc ronixo npornnopcunrc caxoxy cc6c n Tcxno,
no, no:nonirc xnc :axnmunri, ni nc :nacrc cnryannn n namcn
crpanc. Bi (on»ni :nari, uro Ianni Kox6crap ¬ro qponr
n:xcnnnxon, cio inanapn ÷ corpy(nnxn nraninncxnx qamnc-
ron. Haprnn cpa:y »c nocnc cio nonnncnnn npn:nana cio o6¡c-
(nnnricn na 6opi6y c :axnarunxaxn. Oro nc 6ino onnoprynn:-
xox n namcn nnnnn, ¬ro 6ina npannninan nnnnn. Ianni
Kox6crap nocnan npornn nac n corpy(nnuan c nraninncxnxn
:axnarunxaxn. Haxanync xannrynnnnn Hrannn n namcn 6opi-
6c no:nnxann nonic xoxcnri n xi (on»ni 6inn nocnoni:o-
naricn nxn. Bor noucxy xi cmc pa: npn:nann 6annicron
135
nxnmunricn n 6opi6y xax npornn naxo(nnmnxcn y»c naxanync
xannrynnnnn nraninncxnx :axnarunxon, rax n npornn nonix,
ncxcnxnx :axnarunxon. un(cpi Ianni Kox6crap nomnn
nancrpcuy namcxy npn:iny nccrn ncpcionopi n pcmnri,
uro (cnari n 6y(ymcx. Y nac 6inn cnon ncnn, y nnx
÷ cnon. Onn npnmnn na ncpcionopi c naxn, uro6i :a-
nocnari xori xaxoc-nn6y(i (oncpnc n napo(c, n ina:ax
xoropoio cnnino (ncxpc(nrnponannci, a xi, xax n y»c
cxa:an, crpcxnnnci nonncui Ianni n 6opi6y c nonixn
:axnarunxaxn, npixn ncxcnxnxn qamncraxn. H n cnyuac ccnn
6i n nocnc ¬roio nn(cpi Ianni npo(on»ann crapym nipy,
ro onn cmc 6onimc n oxonuarcnino pa:o6naunnn 6i cc6n n
ina:ax napo(a, ncnc(crnnc ucio :a6ny(nnmnccn ¬ncxcnri,
cocrannnnmnc ocnony ¬ron opiann:annn, 6pocnnn 6i nx. Hxcn-
no (nn ¬roio n cocronnaci xyxcncxan ncrpcua. Hocnannax
namcio Hannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninoio 0ponra 6ino ucrxo
yxa:ano, uro mnn onn n Myxic, uro6i y6c(nri Ianni nxnm-
unricn n 6opi6y n uro nnc ¬roio ncni:n 6ino :axnmunri nn-
xaxnx coinamcnnn.
un(cpi Ianni npnmnn n Myxic co cnonxn nnanaxn. Onn
nc ronixo xorcnn o6pa:onari conxccrnin xoxnrcr, no n (o-
6nnannci napnrcra n ynpanncnnn 6y(ymcn An6annn. Oroio
rpc6onann rc, xro orxpiro corpy(nnuan c qamncrcxon Hra-
nncn, (a cmc n ro npcxn, xoi(a nc (anann nnxaxnx iapanrnn
n rox, uro 6oporicn npornn ncxncn 6y(yr, n xoi(a, noxnxo
nccio (pyioio, rpc6onann, uro6i xi npnnnnn rc:nc o «ncnn-
xon An6annn», o6 «¬rnnuccxon An6annn». O6a nocnanna na-
mcn naprnn nonann n nonymxy Ianni, npnnnnn cio rpc6ona-
nnc, a ¬ro noroxy, uro o(nn n: nnx, Mycraqa Innnmn, xax
nincnncrcn rcncpi, 6in aicnrox 6pnrancxoio Hnrcnnn(»cnca
ccpnnca, a (pyion, Kxcp µnmnnna, 6in onnoprynncrox. Y:-
nan o raxon n:xcnc cnocn (cnciannn, naprnn ncxc(ncnno ocy-
(nna cc. Bor noucxy, ronapnm Bcnnxnp, n ionopm nax, uro
namn ynpcxn n a(pcc namcn naprnn n cc pyxono(crna ÷ xax
ynpcxn n onnoprynn:xc, rax n ynpcxn n ccxranrcrnc, ÷ nc-
cocronrcninic.
÷ 2 nacrannam na rox, uro ocy»(cnnc naxn Myxic
136
6ino ccxranrcrnox, ÷ nonropnn Bcnnxnp. ÷ Bax na(o 6ino
nanrn n:ix, uro6i y6c(nri nn(cpon Ianni.
÷ Hn :a uro' Oro 6ino 6i n:xcnon, npc(arcnicrnox n
ornomcnnn naprnn, ÷ incnno orncrnn cxy Mnna(nn. ÷ C(c-
nan xi ¬ro, an6ancxnn napo( (on»cn 6in npncrannri x crcnc
n paccrpcnnri nac. 3a uro 6oponnci ¬ror napo( n ¬ra nap-
rnn" Hcy»cnn :a ro, uro6i pa:(cnnri nnacri c pcaxnncn"
Cnop pa:iopcncn n (onio npo(on»ancn. B ocnonnox io-
nopnnn n, Bcnnxnp n Mnna(nn. Koun µ:o(:c conccx xonuan,
(a nccio nnmi n :anncnxocrn or xo(a pa:ionopa ro xpacncn,
ro 6nc(ncn, a Haxo Cnnpy nc nxcn «cnyuan» yuacrnonari n
cnopc: nraninncxnn n:ix npnnn:an cio x noxcpy (na «xnc-
cnn Cronnnu», x yxnoxy n nyxanoxy miocnany, Hnn:y µn:(a-
pcnnuy. On ncpcno(nn µn:(apcnnuy namn cnona.
÷ 2 nc ionopm, uro6i ni pa:(cnnnn nnacri, ÷ co
:nocrim orncrnn Cronnnu Mnna(nny Hononnuy. ÷ Bi (on»ni
6inn yuacrnonari n npc(ycxorpcnnix ncrpcuax n Myxic, nor
uro n xouy cxa:ari. Hc niranrcci cxpinari cnoc ccxranrcrno.
Ono nonnmmcc'
÷ B ucx ni cio nn(nrc" ÷ cnpocnn n.
÷ µa nor, n cxa:annox xnom ornocnrcnino roio, xax ni
nocrynnnn n Myxic. Bnpoucx y xcnn cmc n (pyinc qaxri.
Bamc ccxranrcrno nincnn napy»y unpn Icia n Mcxxcr Ucxy.
¹ro ¬ro onn rnopnr"
÷ Y nnx cnon ipcxn, :a xoropic xi nx pacxpnrnxonann
n xoropic xi cmc iny6»c npoanann:npycx. Hc :a6inanrc,
o(naxo, uro nx rccnix corpy(nnxox n (a»c n(oxnonnrcncx
no nccx n:npamcnnnx n ccxranrcxnx axrax 6in nam rona-
pnm, µyman Myioma.
÷ Ocrannx Myioma, ÷ ncpc6nn xcnn Cronnnu, ÷ on
npnna(nc»nr nax, cio (cno xi paccxorpnx. 2 ionopm o na-
mnx ronapnmax. Bo Bncpc unpn Icia cnnxacr n crannr n o6-
xoxc n n mra6c xoio cn xoucrcn. B Hcunnc Mcxxcr Ucxy
y6nnacr 5O-6O 6annicron n: nmmnnncxnx (cpcncni, na Ccncpc
unpn cnnpcncrnycr.
÷ Hy n xopomo :nacrc ni namc nono»cnnc' ÷ cxa:an
n cxy c nnnon nponncn.
137
÷ µyxam, uro :nam. µa»c npcxpacno :nam' ÷ orncrnn
Bcnnxnp Cronnnu c annox6ox.
÷ Tonapnm nonxonnnx' ÷ ryr »c orpc:an n cxy. ÷ Mi
ronapnmn n (py:in, xi yna»acx n urnx namy naprnm n nam
6parcxnn napo(, no, n:nnnnrc y», xnc xa»crcn, uro ni ni-
xo(nrc :a npc(cni namnx xoxncrcnnnn xax nocnnin, 6y(i ¬ro
xax nocnancn miocnancxoio Icncpaninoio Ura6a nnn »c
xax uncn (pyion naprnn. Bamc nxcmarcnicrno ncyxccrnoc,
a nam ron ncnpncxncxin.
÷ Mi npc»(c nccio xoxxynncri, ÷ npoionopnn on, or-
crynnn ncxno»xo. ÷ B ucx ryr 6c(a, ccnn xi ionopnri 6y-
(cx n o6 ¬rnx nonpocax' 2 »c cxa:an nax, uro ronapnm Tnro
cncnnanino nopyunn xnc noionopnri c naxn n o6 ¬rox.
÷ Hy xopomo, xax xoxxynncri xo»cx n noionopnri,
÷ :axcrnn n, ÷ no yurnrc, i(c n o ucx ni ionopnrc.
÷ Hpomy npomcnnn, ÷ orncrnn on, noxpacncn. ÷ Bo:-
xo»no, uro n xnarnn ucpc: xpan, no ni-ro (on»ni xcnn
nonnxari, n ncc ionopm nax no-ronapnmccxn, no-(py»ccxn n
x namcxy (o6py. Hnon ncnn y xcnn ncr. Ho (ananrc y» nc
6y(cx 6onimc npo ¬ro ccio(nn n cnoxonncc noionopnx n
cnc(ymmnn pa:.
Mi xono(no paccrannci, xorn yni6nynnci n no»ann py-
xy (pyi (pyiy. Ho xcnn rcp:ana xicni o cnyunnmcxcn, oco-
6cnno nco»n(annoc o6nnncnnc n «ccxranrcrnc». £cnn io( c
nnmnnx roxy na:a(, xoi(a xi (cnann nonirxn npnnncui
nannonanncrcxnx ¬ncxcnron n nccx (pyinx x 6opi6c npornn
:axnarunxon, Tcxno o6nnnnn nac n «onnoprynn:xc», ro no:(-
ncc, xoi(a xi yxa:ann Ianni xccro, oxa:inacrcn, uro xi
nnann n «ccxranrcrno». 2 nc cxoi y(cp»aricn n cxa:an Mn-
na(nny:
÷ Hnxax nonnri nc xoiy. Orn nocnanni noxoui nax xo-
rnr nnn »c crapamrcn no uro 6i ro nn crano «pacxpiri» y
nac nnn npnnncari nax «omn6xy . .. »"'
Mnna(nn yni6nyncn xax-ro npnny»(cnno, xnonnyn xcnn
no nncuy n nn cnona nc niionopnn. Oro 6ina yni6xa, xaxym
n pc(xo nn(cn na nnnc xocio (pyia no 6opi6c n xyxax. B
¬ron yni6xc uyncrnonannci oruannnc, co»ancnnc, a, 6iri xo-
138
»cr, n no(o:pcnnc nacucr roio, uro ionopnnn ronapnmn n:
cio naprnn.
÷ Ioporicn 6y(cx, 6oporicn n n(rn nncpc(, ÷ cxa:an
on, ÷ a (cna ¬rn nponcnnrcn. B xoncunox nroic, Tcxno, Bc-
nio |Bcnnxnp Cronnnu] n ucpr :nacr cmc xro ÷ ¬ro nc KHK
n nc HK KHK.
÷ 2 nc xorcn 6i crannri ¬ro no( coxncnnc, ÷ cxa:an n.
Oro 6inn (nn, nonnic pa6ori, nanpn»cnnn n caxix pa:-
nnunix n rpy(nix npo6ncx, xoropic rpc6onann npannninoio
n ncorno»noio pa:pcmcnnn. B rc (nn n noun n n xon rona-
pnmn (o6pym uacri npcxcnn n cnn rparnnn na no(ioronxy
crparcinuccxnx n oncparnnnix nnanon 6nrn, xoropic ncnn nnn
»c nnannponann nccrn (nnn:nn n (pyinc xpynnic coc(nncnnn
n xcnxnc no(pa:(cncnnn namcn ncpcmc(mcn n icncpaninoc
nacrynncnnc apxnn. Bpcxn n rpy( ornnxann y nac 6onimnc
npo6ncxi naprnnnon »n:nn na xccrax n n apxnn, npo6ncxi
Hannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninoio 0ponra n nannonanino-ocno-
6o(nrcninix concron. K roxy »c na Hcpxcrcxox c¡c:(c xi
co:(ann Anrnqamncrcxnn nannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninin xo-
xnrcr, ninonnnnmnn qynxnnn µcxoxparnuccxoio npannrcni-
crna, a ¬ro npannrcnicrno, xoropoc n no:inannnn, nc 6ino
nn npo(yxrox 6yxai, nn cxonncnncx nm(cn, xoropic (on»ni
6inn i(c-ro cn(cri n o»n(annn (nn n:nrnn nnacrn.
Hcr, xi 6inn (cncrnymmnx npannrcnicrnox, npannrcni-
crnox, xonrponnponanmnx no(annnmmym uacri An6annn, xi
c xa»(ix (ncx pacnpocrpannnn cnom nnacri na ocno6o»(an-
mnccn iopo(a, (cpcnnn n xpan. O rox, xaxnx 6ccxpannnx no-
ncx cno»nix npo6ncx npc(crannnnnci co:(annc, opiann:annn
n ynpanncnnc nnacrim, xaxoio rpy(a, ycnnnn, noncxon n (c-
6aron cronno nax ¬ro, n xax-nn6y(i no(po6no paccxa»y n
(pyion pa:. Xorcn 6i ronixo no(ucpxnyri, uro cnryannn,
qa:a, xoropon (ocrnina nama 6opi6a, n pn( (pyinx o6cron-
rcnicrn npnny»(ann nac (yxari n orncuari :a ncc, ÷ naun-
nan or xpynnix npo6ncx, cnn:annix c nocnc(ncn 6nrnon :a
ocno6o»(cnnc Po(nni, or o6ccncucnnn naccncnnn ocno6o»(cn-
nix, n (a»c n ncocno6o»(cnnix panonon npo(ononicrnncx
n xponox, or ncpnonauaninon opiann:annn co:n(arcninoio
139
rpy(a n nnnori (o npnnnrnn ncpnix xcp na ¬ran, xoi(a ncn
An6annn 6y(cr y naprnn n napo(a cno6o(non n (cxoxparn-
uccxon crpanon. Ho( noiaxn ncprcnnci y nac anino-axcpn-
xancxnc com:nnxn, xoropic, 6y(yun or¡nnncnnixn nonnrnuc-
cxnxn xaprc»nnxaxn, xa»(in (cni nycxann n xo( nonic
xapri, uro6i c6nri «ac c ronxy, noxpyi nac 6ina nnyrpcnnnn
pcaxnnn, nn(cnman, uro cc (cno 6c:na(c»noc n crapanmancn
¹nnnri nax ricnuy o(ny npcipa(y n rpy(nocri. Hpn6ani x
¬roxy cmc orcyrcrnnc nourn y nccx nac onira n (cnc opiann:a-
nnn n ynpanncnnn nonix iocy(apcrnox, npn6ani cmc omyrnxin
nc(ocrarox xa(pon, n roi(a xaprnna crancr xori cxonixo-nn-
6y(i ncncc. H xax pa: n pa:iap ¬roio 6ccxoncunoio noroxa
(cn, rpy(nocrcn, xap(nnaninix, cpc(nnx n xcnxnx npo6ncx
nxnnnnnacrcn «xnccnn Cronnnu» c cc onpc(cncnnixn ncnnxn n
crpcxncnnnxn.
B ncpnic (nn ccnrn6pn xi cnycrnnnci n O(pnuan (Xcni-
xcc c nnrim cio (oxaxn y»c nc xoi co(cp»ari nac) n orry(a,
no((cp»nnan ncnpcpinnic n mnpoxnc cnn:n, ynpannnnn nccn
crpanon. Tcncqon nc ncpccranan :nonnri, coo6mcnnn no pa-
(nocnn:n nocrynann co nccx cropon, cnn:nic n ronapnmn ro n
(cno nxo(nnn n nixo(nnn. Hnon pa: :axo(nn x nax na «xon-
cynirannm», na «noxomi» nnn »c npocro, uro6i cxa:ari
oo6ap oan
!
Bcnnxnp Cronnnu. On nirancn ncc pa:y:nari n
ncm(y conan cnon noc. O(na»(i, xoi(a xi cron o6xcnnnannci
c nnx napon cnon, npnxo(nr xo xnc cnn:non oqnncp n io-
nopnr:
÷ Tonapnm Koxan(anr' H: Inpoxacrpi coo6mamr, uro
rax co6npamrcn n:opnari µpaiorcxnn xocr. Co croponi ymc-
nin µpnnoca n Bicci no(¡c:»amr ncxcnxnc anroxononni, a
µpaiorcxnn xocr cocrannncr y:nonon nynxr. Cnpamnnamr na-
mc xncnnc.
÷ Hn n xocx cnyuac nc c(cnari ¬roio' ÷ cxa:an n.
÷ Hcxc(ncnno ncpc(anrc nx npnxa: nc n:opnari, a nm6on
ncnon :amnrnri µpaiorcxnn xocr.
÷ I(c ¬ror xocr" ÷ »nno nonnrcpcconancn Bcnnxnp
Cronnnu.
________________________________
1 Ha ccp6cxo-xopnarcxox n:ixc: (o6pin (cni.
14O
2 no(omcn x xaprc n yxa:an cio.
÷ A noucxy nc n:opnari cio"' ÷ pa:pa:nncn on cnonno
y»ancnnin. ÷ Bc(i ¬ro crparcinuccxn oucni na»nin xocr.
£cnn ncxcnxnc anroxononni npon(yr ucpc: ncio, ro na6c-
pcrcn (cn y nac, (a n y nac. Hycri ncxncn noxancuar n ynn-
uro»ar no ry cropony, nnauc onn npo6cpyrcn ucpc: ncm An-
6annm, npopnyrcn n x nax, n Kiocnannm.
÷ Hc 6ccnoxonrcci, ÷ cxa:an n cxy. ÷ Mi or(ann
npnxa: o rox, uro6i or Kaxannn n nnnori (o Xan n Xornr
1
nn o(noio ncxna n »nnix nc ocranoci. µa n ccnn ocrancrcn,
ro 6y(cx no nnrax npccnc(onari nx n :a npc(cnaxn namnx
ipannn.
÷ B raxox cnyuac, noucxy nax nc pa:pymnri n ¬ror
xocr"' ÷ onnri cnpocnn on. ÷ £io pa:pymcnnc no xnoiox
xcmano 6i nponnxnoncnnm . . .
÷ µa noroxy, uro nacrano npcxn, xoi(a nax n xocri
ny»ni 6y(yr, ÷ orncrnn n. ÷ µo6pym uacri nx n:opnann n
n:pinamr caxn ncxni, xnoinc (pyinc c y(nnnrcninix yccp-
(ncx nycxamr na no:(yx oqnncpi 6pnrancxnx xnccnn. Ho
rcncpi, xoi(a namn noncxa xonrponnpymr ncc namn (opoin,
ymcnin n iopi, n:pinari xocri :naunr ynnuro»ari (o6po
cronmcio y nnacrn napo(a. Bax nc n:nccrno, uro µpaiorcxnn
xocr ÷ crparcinuccxn na»nin nynxr (nn namnx (cncrnnn.
¹ro xacacrcn 6noxnponxn npa»ccxnx anroxononn, ro ni (on»-
ni :nari, uro y ¬roio xocra naxo(nrcn Kcninmpcxoc ymcnic,
xoropoc namn cnni c(cnann ncnpoxo(nxix (nn ncxncn.
Inana miocnancxon nocnnon xnccnn ymcn nc(ononinin.
Hpan(a, xax n y»c cxa:an, inannon cio xnccncn nc 6inn nocn-
nic npo6ncxi, no nocnanmnc cio cm(a nopyunnn cxy :a(aun
n n ¬rox acncxrc. O(na n: nnx :axnmuanaci n cnc(ymmcx:
«Bo:(cncrnonari» na nac n rox nanpanncnnn, uro6i :a ¬ror
ncpno( xi :a(cp»nnann 6onxn na namcn rcppnropnn xax
xo»no 6onimc naxo(nnmnxcn n An6annn nnn orcrynanmnx
n: Ipcnnn ncxcnxnx coc(nncnnn n, rcx caxix, nc (anann na-
_________________________________
1 Hoipannunic nynxri coorncrcrncnno na mio-nocrounox n ccncpo-
:ana(nox oxpannax An6annn.
141
nncrcxnx noncxax nropinyricn n Kiocnannm. Kax xi y:nann
no:(ncc, no npnxa:y Kiocnancxoio icncpaninoio mra6a na
ipannnax xc»(y Ipcnncn n Maxc(onncn 6ina co:(ana nxn
cnninan :ancca c ncnim npc(ornparnri orcrynncnnc ncxncn n
rox crparcinuccxox nanpanncnnn. Cnc(onarcnino, c(nncrncn-
non «(ncpim» x orcrynncnnm ocrananaci An6annn. Hrax, co-
inacno ¬roxy «pa:(cncnnm (ncpcn», nycri cxcprcnino pancnin
nanncrcxnn n:ncpi o6pymnr cnom nocnc(nmm »ccroxocri na
namn :cxnn n na namn cnni.
Koncuno, nax nnxoi(a n n ionony nc npnxo(nno, uro na
nonnc xoino 6iri n raxoc pacnpc(cncnnc poncn. Mi ncci(a
nccxn cnnaxn n no:xo»nocrnxn 6oponnci :a ynnuro»cnnc
nm6oio nanncra, i(c 6i xi cio nn ncrpcuann, n nnxoi(a nc
(yxann, uro xo»no npc(npnnnri «raxrnuccxn niio(noc nax
orcrynncnnc» n xaxoc-nn6y(i ymcnic, uro6i npaia ynnuro»nn
xro-nn6o (pyion. Oro 6ino no(rncp»(cno nccxn 6nrnaxn,
nponc(cnnixn naxn nnnori (o aniycra 1944 io(a, ¬ro nan-
nyumnx o6pa:ox no(rncp(nnoci icponuccxon n ncnpcpinnon
6opi6on namnx cnn c aniycra no non6pi 1944 io(a, a nocnc
ocno6o»(cnnn An6annn ÷ ni(cncnncx (o6pon uacrn ¬rnx cnn
na npccnc(onannc nanncron :a npc(cnaxn namnx iocy(ap-
crncnnix ipannn, n Kiocnannn. Cnonox, na ¬ron uacrn cnocn
xnccnn Bcnnxnpy Cronnnuy nc npnmnoci rparnri xaxnc-
nn6o cnni. On xoi cno6o(no cocpc(orounricn na (pyinx, ca-
xix inannix acncxrax. A :a ¬ro, xax n y»c cxa:an, on n:nncn,
xax ronixo cio noia crynnna n An6annm.
Kaxnx o6pa:ox nauann cnoc (cno Bcnnxnp Cronnnu n cio
ronapnmn" Onn pacnpc(cnnnn ponn. Bcnnxnp n:o6pa»an cc6n
«xoxncrcnrnix» n nonpocax opiann:annn apxnn, naprnn,
nnacrn, ioc6c:onacnocrn, npocncmcnnn, xynirypi n r.(. Ko-
pouc ionopn, on 6in «6onimon iononon» n Koxxynncrnuccxan
naprnn Kiocnannn oxa:inana namcn naprnn «6onimym ycnyiy»,
nocinan ¬raxym ncpcony (nn ncpc(aun nax cnocio «onira».
B cnom oucpc(i Hnn: µn:(apcnnu 6in nacronmcn nncnncn.
¹cnoncx on 6in yxnin, no :non, n nicmcn crcncnn nnrpnian.
To, uro :nan, on :nan n ionopnn xopomo. £xy 6ino nopyucno
pa6orari c namcn xono(c»im n noccranonnri cc npornn nap-
142
rnn n cnyuac, ccnn 6i nocnc(nnn npornno(cncrnonana ocy-
mccrnncnnm xonapnix nnanon miocnanon. Hnn: µn:(apcnnu
nc ronixo cran «cepu+ npeoce»mencmeo+» Haxo Cnnpy, no n
npnncn n (nn»cnnc cnon «crpyni ccp(na» (nn miocnancxoio
YµI. Bo npcxn :aionopa on «nnm6nncn» n o(ny »cnmnny,
uncna Hncnyxa Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra namcn naprnn, no-
o6cman cn »cnnricn, n, nonyunn ncc ny»nic cxy cnc(cnnn,
ymcn, 6pocnn cc.
3a nccxonixo (ncn (o npn6irnn «xnccnn Cronnnu» non-
nnncn x nax n Xcnixccc n concrcxnn xanop Hnanon. Pa:yxc-
crcn, xi npnnnnn cio c pacnpocrcprixn o6¡nrnnxn n co ncc-
xn nouccrnxn, xoropix :acny»nnan npc(crannrcni cnannon
crannncxon apxnn. Ho »ani, uro xanop Hnanon npc(crannnn
raxym apxnm, xax Kpacnan apxnn' Iin on yxnix, xnrpix
ucnoncxox n, xax nincnnnoci no:(ncc, on rax»c npn6in x
nax nc ronixo c nocnnon xnccncn, no n c (pyinxn, «cncnn-
aninixn» nopyucnnnxn. Mnc xopomo noxnnrcn, xax on ncnin
(cni cronn na xpininc n o»n(an nonxonnnxa Cronnnua, n
¬ro qaxr, uro Hnanon «no:nan» An6annm n nac, cc 6opnon,
n rox cncrc, n xaxox nx npc(crannnn cxy Cronnnu. K co»a-
ncnnm, Concrcxnn Com: no:nanan An6annm ucpc: ouxn Cron-
nnua, n ¬ro nc ronixo naxanync ocno6o»(cnnn, no n n rcuc-
nnc nccxonixnx nocnc(ymmnx ncr concrcxnc «:nann» nac no
roxy, uro 6onrann nx Tnro, Kap(cni, Iinnnc n (pyinc. Ma-
nop Hnanon rax n cnx nocronnno pacxnannnan Bcnnxnpa
Cronnnua n Hnn:a µn:(apcnnua, crpcxnci «no(rncp(nri» nc-
rnny o rox, uro «o6a miocnancxnx ronapnma 6amxonnric». B
(cncrnnrcninocrn »c, Bcnnxnp Cronnnu 6in concpmcnnin
occn, ucnoncx nocpc(crncnnin, niyunnmnn nccxonixo qopxyn
n :nanmnn npo nnx ronixo n ionopnri, nc ionopn y» o (annix
cxy yxa:annnx, xoropic on ro n (cno ninnxan n: cyxxn n
nnrnponan.
Hcpnic (c6ari c naxn n oco6cnno pc:xnc no:pa»cnnn,
xoropic on ncrpcrnn c xocn croponi n co croponi Mnna(nna,
oxonuarcnino y6c(nnn Bcnnxnpa Cronnnua n Hnn:a µn:(a-
pcnnua n rox, uro cnc(onano ncxc(ncnno npncrynnri x pa6orc
(nn pa(nxaninix (cncrnnn n ncpcxcn. Bcnnxnp Cronnnu ynop-
143
no o6ocrpnn o6cranonxy. On no((cp»nnan noncc(ncnnym pa-
(nocnn:i c mra6ox Tnro, xoncuno, c cio ccxpcrapcx no opia-
nn:annonnix nonpocax, Panxonnucx, n nonyuan orry(a yxa-
:annn x (cncrnnnx.
Ynn(cn, uro Mnna(nn, xax miocnan, nc no((cp»nnan nx
xpnrnuccxnc :axcuannn, a nao6opor, no:pa»an npornn nnx,
on nonirancn y6pari cio co cncni n n:onnponari xcnn or
ronapnmcn, uro6i nciuc nanccrn xnc y(ap. Tax on n c(cnan.
Mi cmc naxo(nnnci n O(pnuanc, xoi(a cxy y(anoci y6pari
Mnna(nna. On ncpc(an cxy npnxa: Tnro «ncxc(ncnno ncp-
nyricn n Kiocnannm c (oxna(ox». B cnocn no(nocrn ipynna
Bcnnxnpa Cronnnua (omna (o roio, uro (a»c «no-ronapnmc-
cxn» nc ync(oxnna xcnn o6 ¬rox pcmcnnn, xacanmcxcn rona-
pnma, xoropin rpn-ucripc io(a pa6oran npn nac n cpa»ancn
nxccrc c naxn. Mnna(nny naxa:ann: coo6man xnc o rox, uro
on yxo(nr, nc ionopnri xnc, uro cio ni:inann c (oxna(ox, a
npocro cxa:ari, uro «ncpcno(nnn na (pyiym pa6ory n Kio-
cnannn».
Bnauanc, uro6i nc oiopunri xcnn, on nc orxpin xnc
npan(y.
÷ µa noucxy nxcnno n ¬rn xoxcnri"' ÷ cnpocnn n
cio. ÷ Bor cmc nccxonixo nc(cni n An6annn 6y(cr ocno6o»-
(cna. Hycri cmc pa: non(cx nxccrc n Tnpany, no nc ncnc-
ianino, c 6ox6axn n naianaxn n xapxanc, xax n 1941 n n 1942
io(ax, a cno6o(nixn, no6c(nrcnnxn. Horox yxo(n. 2 co6cpy
napo( n cxa»y cxy: «Bn(nrc ¬roio ucnoncxa" On ucpnoiopcn,
miocnan. Ho on n nam, on n an6ancn. 3onyr cio Mnna(nn
Hononnu, a xi :oncx cio Ann Iocrnnapn. On nam ronapnm,
nam 6par, xoxxynncr, xoropin ucripc io(a no(pn( nxccrc c
naxn n c naxn cpa»ancn, »cprnonan, nipoc nxccrc c naxn n
ncc, uro y ncio 6ino, or(an ¬ron no6c(c, or(an cno6o(c. Tc-
ncpi on yxo(nr. Honcnynrc ncc cio, n cuacrnnnoio cxy nyrn'».
2 ionopnn, a Ann Iocrnnapn nnaxan.
÷ Cnymacmi xcnn" ÷ cxa:an n. ÷ Ti (on»cn cmc nc-
cxonixo nc(cni ocraricn. Cno6o(y ynn(nmi'
÷ 2 rax xorcn 6i, Onncp, no . . . (on»cn yxo(nri. Taxon
npnxa: xocio ncnrpa.
144
2 nouynn, uro on uro-ro or xcnn cxpinan. Bcrpcrnn
Cronnnua n, or nxcnn namcio pyxono(crna, nonpocnn cio
noxo(arancrnonari y cnocio pyxono(crna o rox, uro6i orno-
»nri ncnonncnnc npnxa:a.
÷ Oro concpmcnno ncno:xo»no, ÷ xono(no orpc:an Bc-
nnxnp Cronnnu. ÷ Tonapnm Tnro npnxa:inacr ronixo o(nn
pa:.
÷ Xopomo, ÷ cxa:an n, ÷ no xaxnx o6pa:ox, xaxnx ny-
rcx ncpcn(cr on n Kiocnannm"'
÷ ¹cpc: iopi, ÷ orncrnn on. ÷ Bc(i xi cmc na nonnc.
÷ Hcr, ÷ no:pa:nn n. ÷ Oroio xi nc (onycrnx. B 1942
n 1943 io(ax xi ncncianino npnnnxann n npono»ann xa-
mnnaxn Ina»o n Tcxno, xoropic 6inn conccx :(oponi, a
nc ro uro Mnna(nna, (a cmc rcncpi, xoi(a xi nourn nonnoc-
rim ocno6o»(cni. Tc6c n:nccrno, uro on 6onccr uaxorxon.
÷ Ho uro »c nax (cnari" ÷ cnpocnn on n (o6annn: ÷
2 ronixo n :nam, uro cxy cnc(ycr ncxc(ncnno ornpannricn
n Kiocnannm.
Mnc npnmna n ionony n(cn n n ryr »c nonpocnn ncrpc-
rnricn c o(nnx n: oqnncpon 6pnrancxon xnccnn. Oro 6ino
npcxn, xoi(a aninnuanc xorcnn «na(nri» c naxn, uro6i
xi npnnnxann nx cnc(onanmnc o(nn :a (pyinx «napnanri»
nica(xn
1
. Toi(a xi npnmnn c nnxn x (oionopcnnocrn o nc-
ucnnn n 6oninnnax 'Com:nnxon, n Bapn (Hrannn), nccxonixnx
rn»cno pancnix naprn:an. Aninnuannn nnnncn n xoxnary, i(c
n pa6oran.
÷ Iocno(nn oqnncp, ÷ ionopm n cxy, ÷ xorcn 6i,
uro6i ni xonqn(cnnnanino c(cnann xnc o(on»cnnc.
Aninnuannn :a6in, uro nnnnncn nocnnix, n noxnonnncn,
«(ononinin» rcx, uro n npc(crannnn cxy cnyuan c(cnari xnc
raxoc o(on»cnnc.
÷ O(nn naprn:an, xon rccnin (pyi, oucni 6oncn. Mo-
»crc nn ni ncxc(ncnno (ocrannri cio n Bapn"
÷ A xax »c ncr, :anrpa ncucpox' ÷ orncrnn aninnuannn
c 6onimon «ioronnocrim» n (o6annn: ÷ Honi:ynci cnyuacx,
_________________________________
1 Cx. npnxcuannc 1 na crp. 132 nacronmcn xnnin.
145
iocno(nn icncpan, cxa»y nax, uro xorcn 6i noionopnri c
naxn o6 o(nox nonpocc.
2 cmc :apancc npc(nn(cn, uro npn(crcn xnc «(ani» nna-
rnri.
÷ Hocnc:anrpa yrpox' ÷ ryr »c orncrnn n.
÷ Oxay' ÷ nirnnyncn aninnuannn n nimcn.
2 ncrpcrnn Mnna(nna n Cronnnua n o6parnncn x no-
cnc(ncxy:
÷ Mnna(nna ornpannx :anrpa ncucpox n Iapn no( an-
6ancxnx nxcncx «Ann Iocrnnapn». Coc(nnnrcci c namnx mra-
6ox, uro6i miocnancxnc npc(crannrcnn npn com:nox mra6c n
Hrannn npnnnnn xcpi n ncrpcrnnn cio. µyxam, uro rax, na
cy(ax n caxoncrax, xa»(in (cni coc(nnnmmnx nam mra6 c
com:nix mra6ox, nan(crcn xccro (nn Mnna(nna Hononnua.
Bcnnxnp Cronnnu noxpauncn or incna, ni:nannoio rcx,
uro ncc xopomo ycrponnoci, no no:pa:nri nc xoi. Mi pac-
crannci.
Hcpc( cnonx or6irncx Mnna(nn iynnn n pa:(yxic. 2 (oi-
nan cio n, xoi(a xi cnycxannci x ncpxonnon nnoma(n n
O(pnuanc, on n:nn xcnn :a nncun n cxa:an:
÷ Cnyman, Onncp, nucpa n nc ionopnn rc6c npan(y, rax
xax nc xorcn cmc 6onimc rc6n oncuannri. Ho nc(i ri (on-
»cn :nari. 2 yxo»y noroxy, uro xcnn npn»ann x crcnc nxc-
ncx Tnro. Onn nc(ononini xocn pa6oron. Ho nor uro n cxa»y
rc6c: Bcnnxnp Cronnnu n Hnn: µn:(apcnnu nc(yr cc6n xax
npain. Ocropo»no c nnxn. unmi 6i »nnix (o6paricn (o
Kiocnannn n ncrpcrnricn c Tnro, (a nc 6y(y xonuari, n pa:o-
6nauy nx.
Bor xax y6pann onn Mnna(nna.
Hcxc(ncnno nocnc cio npono(on, n no:nan x cc6c n xon-
ropy Bcnnxnpa Cronnnua n cnpocnn cio o npnunnc yxo(a Mn-
na(nna. Tor xono(no orncrnn:
÷ Oro Tnro npnxa:an cxy ncpnyricn n Kiocnannm.
÷ µyxam, ÷ ionopm n cxy, ÷ uro ¬ro nc no npnxa:y
Tnro ri nc coo6mnn n xnc raxoc pcmcnnc o ronapnmc, xoro-
pin pa6oran n ¬rn rpy(nic io(i nxccrc c namcn naprncn.
÷ Hocrannn rc6n Mnna(nn n n:nccrnocri o6 ¬rox" ÷
cnpocnn on.
146
÷ µa, on-ro nocrannn xcnn n n:nccrnocri, no nc(i ri
(on»cn 6in c(cnari ro »c caxoc, ÷ xono(no cxa:an n n
cnpocnn: ÷ 3aucx ni:nann Mnna(nna n Kiocnannm"
÷ µnn orucra, ÷ naxanino orncrnn on xnc.
÷ 2 nc npornn roio, uro6i cio ni:nann, n nc npornn
roio, uro6i on orunrinancn n cnocn pa6orc ncpc( HK KHK,
÷ ionopm n cxy, ÷ no n :a ro, uro ri (on»cn 6in coo6mnri
n xnc o6 ¬rox. £cnn (cno npocro n «orucrc», ÷ cxa:an n (a-
ncc, ÷ ro Mnna(nny na(o 6ino orunrinaricn npc»(c nccio
n namcn naprnn, i(c on pa6oran. H n cxa»y nax, uro on pa6o-
ran npcxpacno, xax xoxxynncr-nnrcpnannonanncr. A ni nocry-
nnnn ncnpannnino. Taxono xoc xncnnc.
÷ Bi xo»crc ocraricn npn namcx xncnnn, a xi ocracx-
cn npn namcx, ÷ cxa:an Bcnnxnp Cronnnu, n xi paccrannci,
xono(no no»an pyxy (pyi (pyiy.
Hocnc ¬roio naunnacrcn nropon mai «xnccnn Cronnnu».
Hcnim y(apa ocranancn n. Koncuno, n rc (nn n nc :nan, (a n
nc coo6pa»an, uro ioronnnoci n uro :arcnanoci noxpyi xcnn,
no cxna(inanmcncn xono(non arxocqcpi nc xoi nc uyn-
crnonari.
B nocnc(nnc (nn npc6inannn n O(pnuanc npnxo(nr xo
xnc n pa6ouym xoxnary Bcnnxnp Cronnnu n co nccn ccpic:-
nocrim ionopnr xnc:
÷ Tonapnm Icncpaninin Ccxpcrapi . . .
2 nonnn, uro on npnmcn no «naprnnnix (cnax», rax xax
n ornomcnnnx c naxn on :ancn ncxoropic «cncnnaninic» npo-
roxoninic nopn(xn: xoi(a npnxo(nn no nocnnix (cnax, na-
unnan c «Tonapnm Koxan(anr», xoi(a npnxo(nn no «(cnax
nnacrn», naunnan c «Tonapnm Hpc(cc(arcni», a xoi(a npnxo-
(nn no naprnnnix (cnax, naunnan c «Tonapnm Icncpaninin
Ccxpcrapi».
÷ B nocnc(ncc npcxn xi o6cy»(ann ncxoropic nonpoci,
no xi nc (oncnn nx (o xonna. µyxam, uro ny»no xopomcni-
xo n:nricn :a nnx, ÷ cxa:an on.
÷ Oro :anncnr or o6cronrcnicrn n no:xo»nocrcn, ÷ or-
ncrnn n. ÷ Bi »c nonnxacrc, uro xi oucni :annri.
÷ Bn»y, ÷ cxa:an on, ÷ no ¬ro n cunram nco6xo(n-
147
xix. Oro na»no (nn namcn nnnnn, (nn nccn namcn pa-
6ori.
÷ Xopomo, ÷ cxa:an n, ÷ xax ronixo ynyuy npcxn,
coo6my nax.
÷ Hcr, ncr. 2 nonaiam, uro xi (on»ni mnpoxo o6cy-
»(ari nx n namcx Impo Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra. Kcrarn,
xnc »ani, uro ni (o cnx nop nc co6npann Impo, uro6i ni-
cnymari xcnn oqnnnanino.
÷ Impo, ronapnm Cronnnu, ÷ cxa:an n cxy, ÷ co6n-
pacrcn no cnocxy nnany pa6ori, n :anncnxocrn or npo6ncx
n cxna(inammnxcn ycnonnn. Ho, orxponcnno ionopn, n nc
cunran, (a n nc cunram pa:yxnix co6pari Impo no ni(nn-
iacxix naxn nonpocax.
÷ Oro na(o 6ino nopanimc c(cnari, ÷ cxa:an on yipm-
xo n o6n»cnno. ÷ Hacxonixo xnc n:nccrno, cxopo y nac
6y(cr :acc(annc Impo. Tonapnmn co6pannci, n no:naxoxnncn
(a»c c unpn Icia, xoropan ronixo uro npn6ina c Ccncpa.
÷ ¹ro y nac 6y(cr :acc(annc Impo, ÷ orxcrnn n, ÷ ¬ro
ncpno, no ¬ro :acc(annc Impo Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra
namcn naprnn n, orxpiro nax cxa»y, namy npoci6y yuacrno-
nari n ncx naxo»y ncyxccrnon, ncnpncxncxon.
÷ Hc xornrc nn ni ¬rnx cxa:ari, uro ni cmc npornn
xocio yuacrnn n ncx" ÷ cnpocnn on.
÷ Bax, nccxorpn na cymccrnymmnc xc»(y naxn 6par-
cxnc ornomcnnn, nc cnc(onano (a»c npc(¡nnnri nax raxnc
rpc6onannn, xoropic npornnopcuar nopxax caxocronrcninon
naprnn.
Koi(a ror ynopno n xonuannno cxorpcn xnc n ina:a, n
ynonnn nipa»cnnc nnyrpcnncio incna n nnnnunon yni6xn.
3arcx on uro-ro npo6opxoran n ymcn. ¹ro ¬ro 6ina :a yni-
6xa, n nonnn cpa:y »c nocnc nauana :acc(annn namcio Honnr-
6mpo. Mi pcmnnn npoanann:nponari na ¬rox :acc(annn caxic
ncorno»nic npo6ncxi cnryannn, nipa6orari nnan pa6ori Im-
po na ncci ncpno( nnnori (o ocno6o»(cnnn An6annn, a inan-
noc, n (on»cn 6in n:no»nri ocnonnic rc:nci (oxna(a (nn
npc(cronmcio Hncnyxa HK naprnn. B :acc(annn yuacrnonann
n, Koun µ:o(:c, Haxo Cnnpy, Paxa(an ¹nraxy n unpn Icia
148
(ocraninic (na 6inmnx uncna Impo, Kxcp µnmnnna n Iinn
Mapxy, n:6pannic na Hcpnon nannonaninon xonqcpcnnnn
n xaprc 1943 io(a, (anno 6inn ninc(cni n: cocrana Honnr-
6mpo n Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra naprnn: Kxcp µnmnnna :a
n:xcny, concpmcnnym n Myxic c Ianni Kox6crap n aniycrc
1943 io(a, a Iinn Mapxy :a nourn nonnoc ncyuacrnc n :acc-
(annnx Honnr6mpo, xax n :a npccnonyrin 6cparcxnn xox-
npoxncc c ncxnaxn occnim 1943 io(a)
1
.
Kax ronixo nauanoci :acc(annc Impo, ncracr c xccra
Koun µ:o(:c n ionopnr:
÷ Hpc(naiam npninacnri na ¬ro :acc(annc npc(crann-
rcnn miocnancxoio pyxono(crna, ronapnma Cronnnua.
Hpornn ¬roio pc:xo no:pa:nnn n, Paxa(an ¹nraxy, a, no-
nauany, n unpn Icia. C Koun µ:o(:c conn(apn:onancn Haxo
Cnnpy. 3acc(annc Impo, co:nannoc no na»ncnmnx npo6ncxax
rcxyucio xoxcnra n 6y(ymcio, nco»n(anno npcnparnnoci n
:acc(annc pcnnnx:
÷ On nauaninnx nocnnon xnccnn, ÷ cxa:an n o(nn xo-
xcnr Paxa(an ¹nraxy. ÷ ¹cio cxy ny»no n Impo"
÷ On npc(crannrcni 6parcxon apxnn n 6parcxon nap-
rnn' ÷ nocxnnxnyn Koun µ:o(:c.
÷ B raxox cnyuac, no:oncx n Hnanona, ÷ :axcrnn n.
÷ Bnpoucx, coinacno raxon noinxc, ÷ (o6annn n c nponncn,
÷ xo»no npninacnri n xauccrnc na6nm(arcnn n aninnuannna,
nc(i onn nax com:nnxn . . .
Crpacrn pa:iopcnnci, uro nnnnoci (nn xcnn concpmcnno
nco»n(annix n crpannix. Hnxoi(a panimc c naxn raxnx
cncn nc 6inano. Hocxonixy xi nc xoinn (oionopnricn, 6ino
npc(no»cno pcmari nonpoc ionoconanncx. Hco»n(anno
unpn Icia no(nnna pyxy nxccrc c Koun µ:o(:c n Haxo Cnnpy.
B xcnimnncrnc oxa:annci n n Paxa(an ¹nraxy.
____________________________________
1 B ccnrn6pc-oxrn6pc 1943 io(a Iinn Mapxy, xoxan(onanmnn nap-
rn:ancxnxn cnnaxn Icparcxon o6nacrn, 6c: nc(oxa Icnmra6a n nonpcxn
nnnnn KHA, no:nonnn ncxcnxnx noncxax cno6o(no nonrn n Icpar, oc-
no6o»(cnnin cnnaxn Hannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninon apxnn. Oror 6cc-
npnxcpnin n An6annn axr naprnn ocy(nna, xax nccixa rn»xoc npc-
crynncnnc.
149
Taxnx o6pa:ox, Bcnnxnpy Cronnnuy 6ino npc(ocranncno
npano yuacrnonari, nicrynari n (nxronari n namcx Honnr-
6mpo.
C ¬roio xoxcnra naunnacrcn o(nn n: caxix iopixnx n ca-
xix rpy(nix nponcccon n »n:nn namcn naprnn, nponccc pac-
xona namcio Honnr6mpo, cio «pcopiann:annn», n «xoonrannn»,
a, nnocnc(crnnn, nponccc pacmarinannn nccio Hcnrpaninoio
Koxnrcra, n:6pannoio n un6nnorc n xaprc 1943 io(a.
¹ro6i (o6nricn raxnx pc:yniraron, Bcnnxnpy Cronnnuy
nona(o6nnoci pa6orari coinacno xopomo n rmarcnino o6(y-
xannoxy nnany. Kax y»c n ionopnn, cpa:y »c no npn6irnn
n An6annn, on n:nncn :a ocymccrnncnnc cnocio nnana, na uro
xacacrcn xcnn, ro n nncpnic nnmi na ¬rox :acc(annn Honnr-
6mpo, xoi(a Bcnnxnpy nocpc(crnox ionoconannn 6ino npc(o-
cranncno xccro «nourcnnoio iocrn», nouynn, uro nponcxo(nno
uro-ro ccpic:noc. Cpa:y »c nocnc cnocio inannoio nicrynnc-
nnn, i(c n:no»nn ronapnmax rc:nci (oxna(a, xoropin n io-
ronnn (nn II Hncnyxa HK, cnona c xaxon-ro «yurnnocrim»
nonpocnn Cronnnu. On n (nyx cnonax no6naio(apnn nac :a
«uccri» n «(oncpnc», oxa:annic cxy namnx Impo, npninacnn
cio na ¬ro :acc(annc, n ryr »c orxpin noprqcni:
÷ Cy(n no roxy, uro ionopnn ronapnm Icncpaninin
Ccxpcrapi, ÷ cxa:an on, ÷ xnc y»c ncno, uro nacronmcc
:acc(annc oucni na»noc. Cnyuanno (') ro, uro n no-6parcxn
xouy cxa:ari nax :(cci, nonnocrim conna(acr c rcxon ¬roio
:acc(annn, i(c 6y(yr paccxorpcni nonpoci, xoropic ni npc(-
crannrc Hncnyxy namcio Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra.
Bcc, uro on ionopnn (o6pix (na uaca (nc ionopn y» o
npcxcnn, ymc(mcx na ncpcno(), cno(nnoci no cymccrny x rc-
:ncax, xoropic onpoxn(inann ncc n:no»cnnoc xnom no ncry-
nnrcninon pcun. Cnc(onarcnino, cio rc:nci onpoxn(inann ncm
nnnnm naprnn, ncpcucpxnnann ncc (ocrninyric cm no6c(i,
onn cocrannnnn n ro »c npcxn, n cnyuac nx npnnnrnn, concp-
mcnno omn6ounym nnarqopxy na 6y(ymcc. B cymnocrn cnocn
onn co(cp»ann:
Bo-ncpnix, ¬nqopnuccxym nponaian(y «ncnnuccrncnnix yc-
ncxon» KHK n Tnro. On npcno:nocnn Tnro (o nc6cc, uyri nn
15O
nc npnpannnnan cio x Crannny, n orxpiro (anan nonnri, uro
6naio(apn nx 6onimon noxomn «an6anni n 6oniapi o(cp»n-
nann no6c(y na nonnc».
Bcnc( :a no:ncnnunnammnxn rnpa(axn o Tnro, KHK n
nx «icnnaninon», «rnopuccxon» nnnnn n r.(., Cronnnu pc:xo
n xarciopnuccxn nonropnn ro, uro xi niyunnn y»c nan:ycri:
«y nac nc 6ino ncnon nnnnn», «ni crpa(ann ccxranrcrnox, on-
noprynn:xox n onnri ccxranrcrnox».
Ornxn rc:ncaxn Bcnnxnp Cronnnu noponnn y(apnri no
nnnnn nocnnoio ncpno(a namcn naprnn n npc(crannri cc «nc-
ycronunnon, ncncnon n, n oco6cnnocrn, ccxranrcxon».
Bo-nropix, xorn :acc(annc n nocnnmanoci namnx (ocrn-
»cnnnx n noopy»cnnon 6opi6c, Cronnnu o6omcn ¬ro xoc-
xaxon xnxoxo(non qpa:on, (a n ro cxa:annon npcnc6pc-
»nrcninix ronox, n nccio nnmi no:ncnnunnan «onir», «npn-
xcp» n «ni(ammnncn, oipoxnin nxna(» miocnancxon apxnn.
Croni myxnan nponaian(a, xoropym Bcnnxnp Cronnnu
pa:(ynan o6 nx 6opi6c, npccnc(onana ncnim co:(ari nncuar-
ncnnc, uro nama Hannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninan 6opi6a ÷
«no(yxacmi, ncnn(ani xaxan», ona «nc nxcna xaxoio-nn6o ncca
no cpanncnnm c 6opi6on napo(on Kiocnannn». Ornx on nnno
(anan nonnri, uro cnonx ocno6o»(cnncx xi o6n:ani 6opi6c
miocnanon, n pa6oran n nanpanncnnn yrncp»(cnnn xicnn o
rox, uro «nama 6opi6a 6ina npocro 6opi6on xaxnx-ro orpn-
(on», nnn »c, uro xy»c, «6opi6on rcppopncron n o(nnoucx,
concpmanmnx noxymcnnn». Hrax, on ninyn n: noprqcnn cra-
pic, npa»(c6nic nax rc:nci Byxxanonnua Tcxno, npornn xo-
ropoio n ncci(a orxpiro nicrynan n c xoropix ncn:xcnno
naxo(nncn n pa:(opax.
B-rpcrinx, coinacno Bcnnxnpy, nnnnn naprnn xacarcnino
Anrnqamncrcxoio nannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninoio 0ponra rax-
»c 6ina omn6ounon, «ccxranrcxon», pa: na :acc(annn nac o6-
nnnnnn n rox, uro «ncnpannnino nocrynann» c nn(cpaxn-«na-
rpnoraxn» (npo(c Hcna Onc:n
1
, xoropoio xi nc npnnnnn no
_______________________________
1 Oncxcnr n: npannmcn ncpxymxn µn6pi, npornnnnx naprnn n Hann-
onanino-ocno6o(nrcninoio 0ponra. Occnim 1944 io(a, no nacronnnm Bcnn-
151
0ponr); o(nonpcxcnno on nonropnn cxa:annoc cmc n ncpnin
(cni cnocio npn6irnn, a nxcnno, uro xi «ncxopomo nocry-
nnnn, uro nc npo(on»nnn ncpcionopi» c 6annicraxn n Myxic.
Hrax, coinacno cxy n nocnanmnx cio nm(nx, nax cnc(onano
pca6nnnrnponari Kxcpa µnmnnna.
B-ucrncprix, no nx cnonax, opiann:annonnan nnnnn nap-
rnn 6ina «ncnpannninon», a cc xa(ponan nonnrnxa «npono-
(nnaci n nnunox nnanc», n pc:ynirarc ucio, xi, xon, «orcrpa-
nnnn ncpnix ronapnmcn or pyxono(nmnx (on»nocrcn» n r.(.
n r.n.
Oxa:inanoci, uro ycncxn KHA 6inn «nc:naunrcninixn»,
«ncnpounixn», n, «ccnn KHA nimna no6c(nrcncx, ro ¬ro
cxopcc nccio 6naio(apn Kiocnannn, KHK n Tnro». Tonixo
n nccio o npomnox. A rcncpi uro (cnari" Bcc ¬ro, coinacno
Cronnnuy, ny»no 6ino «ncnpannri», a uro6i (on»nix o6pa-
:ox ncnpannri, nax, an6ancxnx xoxxynncrax, ocrananoci nnmi
«n(rn miocnancxnx nyrcx, nnnxari concrax n nacranncnnnx
Tnro», xoropic npnncc c co6om Bcnnxnp Cronnnu. Oro cno-
(nnoci x cnc(ymmcxy: «Tor, xro cronr na ¬rox nyrn, ror
nacronmnn xoxxynncr, ocraninix na(o y6pari».
Taxonixn 6inn, n oucni c»arox nn(c, ncpnic inannic
o6nnncnnn Bcnnxnpa Cronnnua n rcxnic ncnn, xoropix on
crapancn (o6nricn ucpc: nnx nxcnno rcncpi, naxanync non-
noio ocno6o»(cnnn An6annn, xoi(a xi nixo(nnn no6c(nrc-
nnxn n: 6opi6i c nann-qamncrcxnxn :axnarunxaxn, xccrni-
xn npc(arcnnxn n nnyrpcnncn pcaxnncn.
Hc xoiy cxa:ari, uro ryr »c, na ¬rox »c :acc(annn n yia-
(an mnpory, iny6nny n rcxnic ncnn npa»(c6non (cnrcninocrn,
xoropym nocnanni Tnro opiann:oninann npornn namcn nap-
rnn n namcio xono(oio iocy(apcrna. Hcr, npan(a ncnnina na-
__________________________________
xnpa Cronnnua, Hcn Onc:n, ¬ror xarcpin aicnr ccp6cxnx xoponcn, no(
npc(noiox roio, uro «nc nponnnnn cc6n croni axrnnnix, uro n (pyinc
nn(cpi pcaxnnn, npornn Hannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninoio (nn»cnnn»,
6in npnnnr n Hannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninin 0ponr. C ycranonncnncx
napo(non nnacrn Hcn Onc:n nocrannn cnom (cnrcninocri na cny»6y
pcaxnnonnon nonnrnxc anino-axcpnxanncn n ocrarxon pcaxnnn n
An6annn.
152
py»y no:(ncc, no n (on»cn cxa:ari, uro cmc n rc xoxcnri
n o(nox ronixo n nonnocrim or(anan cc6c orucr: nx :axcua-
nnn n o6nnncnnn n nam a(pcc 6inn nccnpanc(nnnixn n nc-
:acny»cnnixn.
2 »(an pcainponannn ronapnmcn, no rc caxn cn(cnn n
«o»n(annn», nonypnn ionony. 2 no(yxan, uro onn, ncponrno,
:a(cri rcx, uro Cronnnu ncpcucpxnyn ncm namy pa6ory n,
nocxonixy on 6in namnx «nourcnnix iocrcx», nc xorcnn ni-
crynnri npornn ncio orxpiro, (a cmc na ncpnox :acc(annn.
O(naxo xi 6inn xoxxynncri, n, npan(i pa(n, nc:aucx 6ino
ocranaricn n o6n(c nn nax, nn iocrm.
2 cnona n:nn cnono (xorn nc xnc n ronixo xnc na(o 6i-
no ionopnri) n, no6naio(apnn Cronnnua :a «nponnnncxin nxn
nnrcpcc n :a6ory», n r.(., cran nxparnc ncpcuncnnri n orncp-
iari ncc, uro nc 6ino npannninix n cio «:axcuannnx» n o6nn-
ncnnnx n a(pcc namcn nnnnn n namcio nono»cnnn.
÷ Honxnrc xcnn npannnino, ÷ cxa:an n cxy (animc.
÷ 2 nc coinaccn c ronixo uro c(cnannixn naxn «:axcuann-
nxn», n ¬ro nc noroxy, uro nax nc npannrcn ronapnmccxnc
:axcuannn nnn concri, a noroxy, uro y nac (cna o6cronr co-
ncpmcnno nnauc. Tonapnmn nicxa»yr cnoc xncnnc n ni y6c-
(nrcci n ¬rox.
÷ Hycri rax n 6y(cr' ÷ npoionopnn Cronnnu c :aia-
(ounon yni6xon. ÷ Bicnymacx n ronapnmcn.
Hocnc xoporxoio xonuannn onnri pa:pa:nnaci ncnpnnr-
nan arxocqcpa, cno»nnmancn na ncrpcuc, xoi(a xi cnopnnn
o rox, nycrnri nnn nc nycrnri Cronnnua na :acc(annn namcio
Impo.
÷ Cxa:annoc :(cci ronapnmcx nonxonnnxox Bcnnxnpox
Cronnnucx, ÷ n:nn cnono Koun µ:o(:c, ÷ no xnoiox nporn-
nopcunr roxy, uro ronapnm Onncp n:no»nr n (oxna(c Hnc-
nyxy. Ho-xocxy, nax nc cnc(ycr roponnricn. Cnauana xopo-
mcnixo o6(yxacx ¬ro, a :arcx noronxycx.
÷ µa ncr »c y nac npcxcnn cnauana o6oy+amt, a :arcx
nomoatoeamt' ÷ ryr »c ncxounna unpn Icia co cnocn n:nccr-
non xanncn nc ronixo no nccx no:pa»ari Koun µ:o(:c, no
n nnno ocxcnnari cio «uncro xopunncxnn» ionop.
153
÷ £cnn 6i ri no(yxana ncxno»xo, rnoc ccxranrcrno nc
6ino 6i croni nonnmmnx ÷ cxa:an n orncr Koun µ:o(:c.
÷ Ho n Impo xi xopomcnixo noionopnx n o rnocx ccxranrcrnc.
÷ uyumc 6iri ccxranrox, nc»cnn ipcricn, xax ri, na
connnc' ÷ orpc:ana na cnon xancp unpn Icia, :a(cn Koun
:a »nnoc.
O6 «anncpinn» Koun-unpn n uacro pa:iipinanmnxcn xc»-
(y nnxn cncnax paccxa»y norox, no :(cci xorcn 6i orxcrnri,
uro n xc»(y nnxn nc 6ino n npomnox croni orxpirix pa:-
(opon n Impo. B ocnonnox onn «ocrannnnn» :no6y (pyi npo-
rnn (pyia na «cno6o(noc npcxn», nnn npnxo(nnn xo xnc
»anonaricn ro nxccrc, ro no o(noxy.
Tax, pcnnnxa :a pcnnnxon, unpn Icia nicxa:ana cnoc
xncnnc o inannox nonpocc:
÷ Iina nnn nc 6ina ccxranrcxon nnnnn naprnn, ÷ npo-
ionopnna ona, ÷ ¬ror nonpoc o6cy(nri na(o. ¹ro xacacrcn
xcnn, ro n (cncrnonana n coorncrcrnnn c nnnncn . . .
2 :axcrnn, uro Bcnnxnp Cronnnu ncci :acnnn, xax roni-
xo cxy ncpcncnn ¬ro «:annncnnc» unpn Icin. On ryr »c :ann-
can cio n xnnnyn iononon. Ha xno»ccrnc :acc(annn, xoropic
xi nponcnn no:(ncc, cnycrnnmnci n Icpar, xonapnoc n npa»-
(c6noc yrncp»(cnnc unpn Icin «n (cncrnonana n coorncrcrnnn
c nnnncn» cny»nno xomnix opy»ncx n pyxax Bcnnxnpa Cron-
nnua n cio coo6mnnxon. Bonnmmcc ccxranrcrno unpn Icin
(ono n:anpan(y 6ino raxonix) cny»nno nx ocnonnix «(ono-
(ox» n «no(rncp»(cnnc» roio, uro nnnnn KHA 6ina, nn(nrc
nn, ccxranrcxon'
Bcc npcxn, noxa mcn cnop, Haxo Cnnpy 6in oucni :annr.
On 6icrpo :anncinan n 6noxnorc, xro :nacr uro. Bnocnc(-
crnnn n y:nan, uro on ncn (craninic :anncn o namnx :acc(a-
nnnx, uro6i ncpc(ari nx n ncpcno(c na nraninncxox n:ixc
cnocxy (pyiy, µn:(apcnnuy. C rcx nop ¬ro crano nocronnnon
«o6n:annocrim» Haxo, n ncn:nccrno xax ono npnnnno :axon-
nym qopxy n (cnanoci orxpiro, y nac na ina:ax.
Mnoio ncr cnycrn n y:nan, uro n Hcnrpaninox Haprnn-
nox Apxnnc co(cp»nrcn, n uacrnocrn, n pyxonnci na nraninn-
cxox n:ixc nporoxona II Hncnyxa HK KHA (6cparcxnn Hnc-
154
nyx). «Orxpin» ¬ro, pa6oranmnc c nanxaxn rcx npcxcn xo-
no(ic ronapnmn y(nnncnno cnpocnnn: «¹ro ¬ro :a nporo-
xon na nraninncxox n:ixc, noucxy on ncpcnc(cn"'». Koi(a
xnc paccxa:ann ¬ry ncropnm, n yni6nyncn n ncnoxnnn non-
nic nanpn»cnnn occnnnc :acc(annn 1944 io(a n 6noxnori
«ncyroxnxoio» Haxo, xoropic nanonnnnnci o(nn :a (pyinx.
Ho raxon «ncpcipy:xon» xnrpcn Haxo npcxpacno xancnpnpo-
nan: n ocrpix cnryannnx, xoi(a cxy ncniio(no 6ino nicxa-
:aricn, on noipy»ancn n cnon «:anncn» n conccx nc no(nnxan
iononi.
Kax 6i ro nn 6ino, cnpocnnn n cio xncnnn o rox, uro
(cnari.
÷ Koi(a ncc xopomo no(iorannnnacrcn, ÷ npnionopnn
on crocxicncnnym qpa:y, ÷ pa:noinacnn nciuc npco(oncri.
¹ro xacacrcn Paxa(ana ¹nraxy, ro on, xax ncci(a, cnocn
xancpon ionopnri xc(ncnno n cnoxonno, uro xapaxrcpno (nn
xy»cn Koconi (nc(i on orry(a 6in n nocnn (a»c nccn(onn-
xox Iarixa), orncrnn:
÷ µyxari, npc»(c ucx ionopnri ÷ ¬ro xopomnn o6iuan.
Ho n xorcn 6i cxa:ari nor uro: (cno nc n rox, xro npan: ro-
napnm Onncp nnn ronapnm Bcnnxnp. Tonapnm Onncp n:no»nn
rc:nci inannoio (oxna(a Impo, xoropin 6y(cr npc(cranncn
Hncnyxy Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra naprnn. Onn nnnnmrcn rc-
:ncaxn nccx nac, rax xax, xopomo nnn nnoxo, ncc xi iono-
pnnn cnoc cnono n 6oponnci :a nponc(cnnc nipa6orannon naxn
n n:nccrnon nccx nax nnnnn. Ho¬roxy n nc nonnxam, :aucx
nax xc(nnri c nicxa:inanncx xncnnn o rox, cocronrcnini
nnn ncr :axcuannn ronapnma Bcnnxnpa n a(pcc nnnnn, xoro-
pym xi caxn npnnnnn n npono(nnn"'
Yxccrnoc n pa:yxnoc nxcmarcnicrno Paxa(ana ¹nraxy,
xoropin (o ¬roio, na npc»ncx :acc(annn, no:pa»an npornn
nnycxa Cronnnua n Impo, 6c: coxncnnn, o6ncno nxn Iarixn
xpacnix xapan(amox n 6noxnorc miocnancxnx :aionopmnxon.
Bc(i nc cnyuanni orxpiroc nxcmarcnicrno n (anncnnc, x xo-
ropix onn npn6ciann n oxrn6pc n Impo, rpc6yn ncxnmuc-
nnn Paxa(ana ¹nraxy n: Honnr6mpo namcio Hcnrpaninoio
Koxnrcra.
155
Kax pa: ¬ro ncpnoc :acc(annc namcio Impo n npncyr-
crnnn Bcnnxnpa Cronnnua n «rc:nci» nocnc(ncio cny»nnn
nnocnc(crnnn «oqnnnaninon» nnarqopxon xnoiouncncnnix
:acc(annn, ncrpcu, 6ccxoncunix cnopon, ornnxanmnx y nac
ncnnic uaci, (nn n noun n oxrn6pc n non6pc roio io(a, xoi(a
y nac 6ino n nac o»n(ano nncpc(n rax xnoio (cn naxa-
nync ocno6o»(cnnn.
B ¬rnx :acc(annnx yuacrnonan, «xoncuno», n miocnancxnn
ronapnm, nocnancn Tnro, xoropin y»c nc oipannunnancn nnmi
cxa:annix n O(pnuanc, a ipy6cnmnx o6pa:ox npo(on»an na-
na(xn na nnnnm namcn naprnn, na:inan xcnn «inannix nn-
nonnnxox» «rn»cnix omn6ox», nxo6i (onymcnnix n nnnnn
namcn naprnn no npcxn nonni.
Xorn n nc ornnuancn «ronxnx yxox», cnoc (cno or¡n-
nncnnoio nnrpniana n aicnra Tnro n Panxonnua on xopomo
c(cnan. Ho:(ncc xi nonnnn, uro on ncc npc(npnnnxan co-
inacno cncnapnm, (anno n rmarcnino no(ioronncnnoxy mio-
cnancxnx pyxono(crnox. Oror rannin cncnapnn onnpancn na
(na «opy(nn», xoropixn pacnonaiann miocnani: no-ncpnix, na
ncpy n yna»cnnc, xoropic nama naprnn nnrana x xoxxynn-
crnuccxon naprnn, 6opi6c n napo(ax Kiocnannn, pyxono(n-
xix Tnro. Bo-nropix, onn (anno nauann pa6ory no no(io-
ronxc cnocn aicnrypi n pyxono(crnc namcn naprnn.
Kax n y»c ionopnn, xi 6inn :annrcpcconani n yxpcnnc-
nnn nnrcpnannonanncrnuccxnx cnn:cn c nnxn, n, xax ronapn-
mn-xoxxynncri, »cnann nocnoni:onaricn rcx nx nono»nrcni-
nix onirox, xoropin xoi nanrn y nac npnxcncnnc. Ho roio,
uro nax xa:anoci ncnpannninix nnn ncno(xo(nmnx (nn na-
mnx ycnonnn, xi nc npnnnxann. Hccxorpn na npornnopcunn,
npcxn or npcxcnn no:nnxanmnc xc»(y naxn n miocnancxnxn
ronapnmaxn, xi nc yrparnnn cnocio (oncpnn x KHK n Tnro.
Kiocnancxoc pyxono(crno naxa:ano Bcnnxnpy Cronnnuy noc-
noni:onaricn nxcnno ¬rnx qaxrox.
C (pyion croponi, miocnani (anno :anonyunnn no(po6-
nic cnc(cnnn o inannix ronapnmax n: namcio pyxono(crna,
o6 nx no(ioronncnnocrn, xapaxrcpc, naxnonnocrnx, rcxncpa
xcnrc, o cnoco6nocrnx xa»(oio n: nnx, o rox, xaxoio xncnnn
156
6inn o nnx naprnn n xacci n r.(. Hconpocra n cnocx nncixc,
nanpanncnnox nax n ccnrn6pc 1942 io(a, Tnro npocnn xapax-
rcpncrnxy ronapnmcn, n:6pannix n HK naprnn Hcpnon na-
nnonaninon xonqcpcnnncn. Ho:(ncc no(po6nic cnc(cnnn, co-
6pannic no npcxn ncrpcu c naxn, xax n (pyinxn aicnrypnixn
nyrnxn, coo6mnnn cnocxy pyxono(crny Ina»o Honanonnu,
Byxxanonnu Tcxno n (pyinc. Kiocnancxoc pyxono(crno rma-
rcnino n:yuano nx n, xoi(a nacrynano y»c npcxn (nn oxonua-
rcninon no(ioronxn nnana (cncrnnn «xnccnn Cronnnu», ono
cncmno oro:nano n: An6annn µymana Myioma, n6o, xax nax
cxa:ann, «on ncpcxo(nn na (pyiym pa6ory». Kax nincnnnoci
no:(ncc n nnnori (o namnx (ncn, µyman Myioma, (cncrnonan-
mnn no( nccn(onnxox Xpoxon, :ancp6onan rannix aicnron
cpc(n xa(pon namcn apxnn n na xccrax, i(c on corpy(nnuan.
Ho ncpncxcn x nocnnoxy npcxcnn, xoi(a nourn 3-4 xccnna
cnycrn nocnc yxo(a Myioma, n An6annm npn6in nannyumnx
o6pa:ox no(ioronncnnin Cronnnu.
Taxnx o6pa:ox, nonyunn npnxa:, xoncuno or Tnro n
Panxonnua, Bcnnxnp Cronnnu y»c ycncmno ncnoni:onan co-
6pannic o nac cnc(cnnn: n (nn no(anncnnn xocio conporn-
nncnnn, xax n conpornnncnnn (pyinx cronnmnx na rncp(ix no-
:nnnnx ronapnmcn, n (nn noompcnnn anrnnaprnnnon qpax-
nnonnon (cnrcninocrn Ccnqyni Mancmona, Koun µ:o(:c, Ha-
xo Cnnpy n nx ronapnmcn. Hrax, on crapancn n cxoi cmc n
O(pnuanc co:(ari nor xaxym cnryannm: ncc, uro (cnan nnn
ionopnn «Bcnio», «6ino npannninix», noroxy, uro ¬ro «iono-
pnn Tnro, ionopnna KHK, a ror, xro no:pa»an, 6in npaiox
n cio cnc(onano o6nnuari».
Ho caxix pa:nnunix npnunnax n xornnax, cmc n ¬ron
ncpnon qa:c cio aicnrypnon (cnrcninocrn Cronnnuy y(a-
noci npnnncui na cnom cropony ncxoropix n: inannix ro-
napnmcn n namcx pyxono(crnc.
Kro ¬ro 6inn inanncnmnc"
O(nnx n: nnx 6in Ccnqyna Mancmona. On n:nccrcn n n
nc naxcpcn paccxa:ari cio 6noipaqnm, no ¬ro qaxr, uro no
npcxn nonni on 6in noncx 6c: nanouxn. On nnucio nc c(c-
nan, nn o(noio n: namnx nopyucnnn nc ninonnnn, on 6in
157
nxo6i ucnoncxox ncpa, no nn o(non nncronxn ronxox nc na-
nncan. Iin on o6pa:nonix ncnrncx. Hc :nam, xax n orxy(a
nomna o ncx xonna, xax o «npcno(anarcnc xapxcn:xa-ncnn-
nn:xa n Mocxnc», rcx nc xcncc on nn c(nnon ncxnnn nc no(-
ioronnn. £io nonnrnuccxnc n:inn(i na xnoinc nonpoci 6inn
omn6ounixn, nnno nn6cpaninixn. On 6in xapicpncrox, xo-
ropoxy oucni npannnnci noxnani, npnnnncinn, 6in npoo6pa-
:ox xcmannna. Bcc ¬rn xapaxrcpnic ucpri Ccnqyni Manc-
mona npnmnnci no nxycy miocnany Bcnnxnpy Cronnnuy, xax
(nn roi(amnnx xoxcnron, rax n na ncpcncxrnny, orucio on
ncnuccxn no(xapxnnnan nx. Ccnqyna ioron 6in ccopnricn c ro-
napnmcx (a»c n:-:a nycrnxon, xax, nanpnxcp, n:-:a :y6non
mcrxn. £io xapaxrcpn:onano nnnoc nicoxoxcpnc. On ni(anan
cc6n :a «crapoio pcnonmnnoncpa», xnunncn rcx, uro «npnc-
xan n: Mocxni» n uro 6in «npcno(anarcncx xapxcncrcxon
rcopnn», orucio n ncncnn na(c»(y crari ncocnopnxix «mcqox»
naprnn n pyxono(nrcncx Hannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninon 6opi-
6i. Hocxonixy ¬ra cio xcura nc ocymccrnnnnaci, on 6in n
xonuannnon onno:nnnn x naprnn. Mcnn on cunran ucnoncxox,
:annnmnx xccro, «npc(na:naucnnoc (nn ncio cmc (o roio, xax
cio noia crynnna n An6annm». Hnxro, xpoxc xcnn, nc o6pa-
man nnnxannn na ¬roio ucnoncxa, crpa(anmcio xanncn ncnn-
unn. Hccxorpn na ¬rn cio nc(ocrarxn n omn6xn n xorn n cio
n xpnrnxonan, onnri-raxn n o6pamancn c nnx xoppcxrno.
Kiocnani xopomo nponmxann npnpo(y Ccnqyni n oco-
6cnno cio »a»(y crari «mcqox naprnn» n namnn n ncx
no(xo(nmcio, xorn 6i na npcxn, ucnoncxa (nn cnocn pac-
xoninnuccxon (cnrcninocrn n namcn naprnn n (nn xocio
orcrpancnnn. Bor noucxy Cronnnu n µn:(apcnnu (cp»ann Ccn-
qyny 6nn:xo x cc6c, nyxano ncncnnn cio xcnxo6yp»ya:noc
caxonm6nc, :axn(inann (a»c cnoncuxo: «»ani, uro raxan
6oniman, xax ri, ionona, ncc cmc xan(n(ar n uncni Hcnrpani-
noio Koxnrcra» n r.(. Hrax, ncxopc onn c(cnann Ccnqyny
cnonx ucnoncxox, (cp»ann cio 6nn:xo x cc6c, axrnnn:npo-
nann cio n oucni «ncnnnn» cio «rcopcrnuccxnc cnoco6nocrn».
oco6cnno xoi(a Ccnqyna inycno araxonan naprnm :a co-
ncpmcnno nccymccrnymmnc no:nnnn n omn6xn.
158
Iy(yun xcmannnox, nn6cpan-(cxoxparox n rponxncrox,
Ccnqyna Mancmona nc (cnan nnxaxnx nonirox n:6ciari no-
(onopora, xy(a :axannnann cio miocnani. H: rpncnni iny6o-
xon npa»(c6nocrn, xy(a noipy:nncn, on pa:ncpnyn no(noc na-
crynncnnc na naprnm. Ho cio xncnnm, «no(nnnnan »n:ni n
6opi6a» naprnn naunnannci ccio(nn, xoi(a «(cna nana»nnan
y»c ronapnm Bcnnxnp Cronnnu» {no(pa:yxcnan n Ccnqyna
Mancmona).
µpyinx ¬ncxcnrox, :a xoropoio yxnarnncn n na xoropoio
npouno onnpancn Cronnnu, 6in Koun µ:o(:c. On 6in crapix
uncnox Kopunncxon ipynni, xcnxnx pcxccncnnnxox, ornocnn-
mnx cc6n x ipynnc pa6ounx noroxy, uro pa6oran »ccrnnmn-
xox. Bnauanc on nm6nn naprnm n xoxxynn:x, no 6in nyinn-
nix ucnoncxox, nc pa6oran na( pacmnpcnncx cnocio xpyio-
:opa n nonimcnncx yponnn cnonx :nannn, nnnnncn o(nnx n:
rcx ncxnoiouncncnnix xopunncxnx pa6ounx, n xoropix 6po-
cannci n ina:a naxanicrno n cnccnnocri n xoropic ocrannci,
rax cxa:ari, «6c:ipaxornixn». Hn on, nn Han(n Kpncro con-
ccx nc pa6orann na( co6on. Koun µ:o(:c ycnannan or(cni-
nic nono»cnnn n ncc npcxn xapaxynnxn (cnan naxonnunic nc-
pa:6opunnic :axcrxn, xoropic ronixo on xoi pacmnqponi-
nari. µa»c n ¬ro on nncan nc na o6iunon 6yxaic, a na xon-
ncprax. Oro 6ino cio xanncn. µa n 6yxain cxy nc xnoio
ny»no 6ino, nc(i on nncan xano nnn »c conccx nnucio. Koun
nc 6in nn opiann:aropox, nn ucnoncxox (cncrnnn. On xnoio
xnnn o cc6c, cxy xa:anoci, uro cronn on nimc nccx. £(nncrncn-
nan cio :acnyia cocronna n rox, uro on 6in pa6ounx, orucio
cio n:6pann n pyxono(crno, n n yna»an cio. 2 crapancn noxo-
iari cxy, no :aro n xpnrnxonan cio, rax xax on nnucx nc 6nn-
cran, nanpornn.
Tnronni (anno o6pa6orann cio ucpc: Byxxanonnua Tcx-
no, cmc xoi(a ror, npn6in n An6annm, concpman nxccrc c
µ:o(:c «6anxancxnc» nyrcmccrnnn no Ipcnnn. 2, xax y»c io-
nopnn, nnucio nnoxoio nc nn(cn roi(a n c6nn»cnnn Tcxno
c Koun µ:o(:c n (na»(i coinacnncn na ro, uro6i onn nomnn
nxccrc n Ipcnnm cmc n noroxy, uro µ:o(:c :nan ipcuccxnn
n:ix n 6in no nponcxo»(cnnm n: Hcionana. Ho Koun µ:o-
159
(:c ncpnyncn n: Ipcnnn y»c ucnoncxox Tcxno n miocnancxon
aicnrypi.
µo rcx nop noxa Koun naxo(nncn n rmpixc, xi nnrann
yna»cnnc x ncxy. Ho, xoi(a on, nin(n n: rmpixi, nauan pa-
6orari nxccrc co xnom n pyxono(crnc, xi pa:ouaponannci. Ho-
cnann xi cio c :a(anncx pyxono(nri 6opi6on n Kopuc, a on
:annxancn «6a:axn n rinox», nnrcpcconancn rpnnxaxn, xoro-
pic co6npannci n unn(apc n Hyncxnpc. Tax cxy co:(ann
ncc no:xo»nocrn pa6orari, co:(anari, opiann:onari, no on
noxa:an cc6n n pyxono(crnc :aypn(nix ronapnmcx, nnucio
xonxpcrnoio on nc c(cnan n nanpanncnnn naprnnnon pa6ori,
(a uro n ionopnri o pa6orc n apxnn. Iy(yun nicoxoxcpnix
n npcrcnnno:nix, on nc xoi nc xynirnnnponari n caxox cc6c
6onimoc nc(ononicrno. Pa:yxccrcn, Tcxno 6ino xopomo n:-
nccrno cio nacrpocnnc, ono 6ino n:nccrno n Bcnnxnpy Cron-
nnuy, xoropin npnnnn cio, o6pa6oran n no(xopxnn n nimcy-
noxnnyrox nanpanncnnn, c(cnan cio cnonx opy(ncx n 6opi6c
npornn namcn naprnn n npornn xcnn nnuno. Iy(yun rax o6-
pa6orannix n no(ionopcnnix, Koun µ:o(:c n:o6pa»an cc6n
«o(nnx n: orncp»cnnix nponcrapncn», «o(nnx n: naprnnnix
(cnrcncn c nponcrapcxnx ccp(ncx, oucni nonc:nix (nn
naprnn»
1
.
Tpcrinx ucnoncxox, xoropoio Cronnnuy y(anoci npnnncui
na cnom cropony, 6in Haxo Cnnpy.
Haxo n ncxoropix ornomcnnnx nc noxo(nn na (nyx ncp-
nix. On 6in yxnix n cxcnix ucnoncxox, naprnnnan nnnnn
6ina cxy ncna, x roxy »c on 6in n xopomnx opiann:aropox.
2 nm6nn n yna»an cio n, nocnc in6cnn Kcxann, npc(no»nn,
uro6i on :axcnnn cio n xono(c»non opiann:annn n n naprnn-
nox pyxono(crnc. C Haxo n nocronnno concronancn, rax xax
6onimcn uacrim xi cn(cnn nxccrc. On ncci(a nicrynan (cn-
crnymmnx pyxono(nrcncx.
____________________________________
1 Ho:(ncc Panxonnu, miocnancxnn ioxonoi Koun µ:o(:c, nc npc-
xnnyn pcxoxcn(onari (a»c Crannny Koun µ:o(:c xax «pyxono(nrcnn
c nponcrapcxnx (yxox», xax caxoio «na(c»noio» n caxoio «ronxonoio»
n pyxono(crnc KHA' n r.(.
16O
O(naxo Haxo Cnnpy, n ron »c xcpc, uro n (na ncpnix,
6in n (ymc xcmannnox, a ncxoropic orpnnarcninic ucpri
6inn y ncio nccixa nipa»cnnixn. On 6in xpannc nnacronm-
6nnix n cxnonnix x nnrpniax ucnoncxox. Cnncrnn, yxccr-
nic n ncyxccrnic xpnrnuccxnc :axcuannn 6inn y ncio na
n:ixc. On ncnuccxn no6y»(an npo(nniaricn nncpc( n xnannn
rcx, xro cxy npannncn, 6in ucnoncxox xyxoncxnx cnn:cn n
pa6oran n ¬rox nanpanncnnn, oucni nm6nn oxpy»cnnc nm(cn,
ioronix cnymari cio, nonnnonaricn cxy n ncnonnnri cio npn-
xa:annn. Haxo 6in oucni nm6onirnix ucnoncxox, xonancn
(a»c n nnrnxncnmnx (cnax nm(cn. ¹acro, xoi(a npnxo(nn
xo xnc n paccxa:inan o nc xacanmnxcn nac nnrnxnix, nnu-
nix (cnax roio nnn nnoio, n nipa»an y(nnncnnc n xpnrnxo-
nan cio.
÷ Orxy(a rc6c n:nccrno ncc ¬ro, Haxo" ÷ ynpcxammc
cnpamnnan n.
÷ Y xcnn cnon xcro(i n nnqopxnpymmnc xcnn nm-
(n, ÷ orncuan on.
Oro 6inn onacnic (nn xoxxynncra n (nn pyxono(nrcnn
cxnonnocrn n, noxnxo nccio (pyioio, onn nnnnnci o(non n:
npnunn roio, uro Haxo nxnmunncn n inycnym anrnnaprnnnym
(cnrcninocri, :arcnnnym nocnannaxn Tnro.
Kiocnani :nann, (a cmc nyumc y:nann ¬rn cio ccpic:nic
n:¡nni. Bcnnxnp Cronnnu n n oco6cnnocrn cio noxomnnx Hnn:
µn:(apcnnu, nxo6i :annxanmnncn npo6ncxaxn xono(c»n,
no(xapxnnnann ncc ¬rn ax6nnnn, ocnonarcnino cxoxnpoxc-
rnponan cio. µcno (omno (o roio, uro Haxo Cnnpy nocinan
Tnro n HK KHK ccxpcrnic (oxna(i, co6crncnnopyuno nann-
cannic nx n ncnoni:onannic nnocnc(crnnn xax cpc(crno (a-
nncnnn na ncio n uacrnuno (a»c ony6nnxonannic nxn; n nnx
Haxo, onncinan «nnaucnnoc nono»cnnc namcn 6opi6i, omn6-
xn, 6onc:ncnnym o6cranonxy n naprnn», o6pymnnancn na xcnn
c nina(axn, crannn ncc ¬ro xnc n nnny n npocnn nx co(cn-
crnonari xocxy orcrpancnnm or (on»nocrn Icncpaninoio
Ccxpcrapn naprnn. Bor (o ucio onycrnncn ¬ror ronapnm n
cnocn anrnnaprnnnon pa6orc. Xopomo pacno:nan xapicpncr-
cxnc cxnonnocrn Haxo, cio xcmancxoc nnacronm6nc, cio xpn-
161
rnxancrno, miocnani no(xapxnnnann y ncio ncc ¬ro n ncncnnn
cio caxonm6nc n ax6nnnn. Haxo npncoc(nnnncn x nx «xpn-
rnuccxnx :axcuannnx» n «o6nnncnnnx» n a(pcc namcn nnnnn
nc noroxy, uro «omn6cn» npn oncnxc nnnnn. B «o6nnncnnnx»
miocnanon Haxo nponmxan orxpinanmnccn ncpc( nnx nyrn
x nnacrn. B cnyuac ocy»(cnnn npc»ncn nnnnn, xax «ncnpa-
nnninon», :ao(no c ncn 6in 6i ocy»(cn n cc inannin npo-
no(nnx, Icncpaninin Ccxpcrapi naprnn. A xro :annn 6i cio
xccro" Pa:yxccrcn, ror, xro nncc 6i nan6onimnn nxna( n ono-
poucnnc npomnoio n cnncxan 6i, rcx caxix, pacnono»cnnc n
npn:narcninocri miocnanon. Kax pa: na ocnonc no(o6nix
paccy»(cnnn Haxo ncnnxox nxnmunncn n :aionop, ocxncpnnn
nc ronixo naprnm, no n cnon nonnin nnmcnnn nyri, npon-
(cnnin :a 3-4-ncrnnn ncpno( nonni.
Cnc(onarcnino, ¬ro 6inn rpn inannix pa:6onnnxa, xoro-
pix miocnani ucpc: cnocio nocnanna, Cronnnua, co nccn
»ccroxocrim (on»ni 6inn narpannri na nnnnm naprnn, na
ncocnopnxic no6c(i, xoropix xi (ocrninn n (ocrniann n
6opi6c.
Koncuno, npon:nc(cnnoc nimc croni ucrxoc onncannc
¬rnx ¬ncxcnron 6ino concpmcnno ncno:xo»no n (a»c n ncxi-
cnnxo nc ronixo n O(pnuanc, no n no:(ncc, xoi(a xi cny-
crnnnci n Icpar. Hx, nccxorpn na n:nccrnic xnc nc(ocrarxn,
n cunran ronapnmaxn n na xa»(ox maiy, npn nm6ix xcpo-
npnnrnnx n o6pamancn c nnxn, xax c ronapnmaxn n: naprnn-
noio pyxono(crna. Ho¬roxy, ycniman n: nx ycr caxic rn»-
xnc cnona n o6nnncnnn n a(pcc naprnn, n 6in omcnoxncn n
nouynn, uro nxcn (cno c ipynnon ronapnmcn, xoropic «6noxox»
nicrynann npornn nnnnn naprnn n npornn xcnn nnuno, xax
Icncpaninoio Ccxpcrapn. Koncuno, n nc cpa:y coo6pa:nn, uro
pcui mna o6 opiann:onannox :aionopc. Orn rpn ronapnma
n: pyxono(crna ncc onpan(inann :a6oron o rox, uro6i «nnnx-
nyri n cyri (cn», «npannnino oncnnri npomnoc», yunricn na
«onirc n ronapnmccxnx :axcuannnx miocnancxnx 6paricn»,
«ycrpannri omn6xn», «yncpcnncc n(rn nncpc( n (anincnmcx»,
npc(crari ncpc( Hcnrpaninix Koxnrcrox no:xo»no «6oncc
rounixn», c «npnnnnnnaninon» n (a»c «6onimcnncrcxon xpn-
162
rnxon n caxoxpnrnxon» n r.(. Kopouc ionopn, ncc onn na
ucx cncr cronr xnnnnci 6oporicn «:a nnrcpcci naprnn», «:a
cc cnaccnnc» ('). Ho qaxrnuccxn ncc nx xnnrni 6oporicn «:a
nnrcpcci naprnn» 6inn 6ncqox, xacxon (nn npnxpirnn :aio-
nopa, xoropin onn cocrannnnn :a cnnnon y naprnn, :a cnnnon
y xcnn n nccx (pyinx ronapnmcn, cronnmnx na :(oponix n
npnnnnnnaninix no:nnnnx.
B ¬rox :acc(annn Honnr6mpo, i(c Cronnnu no:no(nn
cnon o6nnncnnn, yuacrnonana n unpn Icia, no cn ninano
«na (onm» cny»nri n nnanax miocnancxon aicnrypi «xo:-
nox ornymcnnn». Kax n y»c ionopnn, no npcxn cnonx «xoxan-
(nponox» no Bncpcxon o6nacrn nccnom n ncrox 1943 io(a
µyman Myioma xopomo y:nan unpn Icia, no(xcrnn cc xno-
iouncncnnic nc(ocrarxn n oco6cnno cc nnacronm6nc n xapic-
pncrcxnn (yx, n (cp»an cc 6nn:xo, uro6i cmc 6onimc no(-
xopxnri nx n nnrcpccax cnocn aicnrypnon (cnrcninocrn. Ha(o
or(ari cxy (on»noc, ¬ry nn:xcnnym n anrnnaprnnnym pa6ory
c unpn Icia, xax n c ncxoropixn (pyinxn, Myioma xacrcpcxn
ninonnnn. Y»c n:nccrnic ccxranrcxnc (cncrnnn, cmc roi(a
ocy»(cnnic namcn naprncn, 6inn n ncpnym oucpc(i nno-
(ox aicnrypnon pa6ori µymana Myioma, n xoropon nnnoc
yccp(nc nixa:ana n cio «yucnnna» n aicnr, unpn Icia.
µyman Myioma :acny»nnan :a ¬ro crpo»anmcc naxa:a-
nnc, no ¬ro qaxr, uro on ymcn n: An6annn nc xax naxa:an-
nin. Hao6opor, ncnonnnn poni, ornc(cnnym cxy miocnan-
cxnx pyxono(crnox, :ancp6onan n ncnoprnn xoio ronixo cxoi,
µyun y(pan, ocrannn namcn naprnn n «nacnc(nc» «ni:nannic
ccxranrcrnox omn6xn», xoropic rcncpi ny»ni 6inn pyxono(-
crny KHK (nn roio, uro6i no:no(nri o6nnncnnn na «nccno-
co6noc» n «ccxranrcxoc» pyxono(crno namcn Koxxynncrnuc-
cxon Haprnn.
Ho, uro6i «o6nnncnnc» ¬ro (cncrnonano n niinn(cno xon-
xpcrnix, miocnanax npnmnoci «no»cprnonari», xorn 6i n
npcxcnno, cnonx npc(annix aicnrox, unpn Icia, na:nan cc
nonnomcnncx ccxranrcxon nnnnn KHA». 3a «omn6xaxn unpn»
cxpinancn y(ap, xoropin mnpoxnx qponrox nanocnncn namcn
Koxxynncrnuccxon Haprnn.
163
Bcn ¬ra iopixan n anrnnaprnnnan ncropnn pa:iipinanaci
n ncpno( oxrn6pn n non6pn xccnncn n ocno6o»(cnnox iopo-
(c Icpar, xy(a xi cnycrnnnci, ccnn nc omn6amci, nccxonixo
(ncn cnycrn nocnc o(pnuancxoio «:acc(annn-nnarqopxi».
Hakanync :aronopa
O6ocnonannc inannoio naprnnnoio pyxono(crna, Icnc-
paninoio Anrnqamncrcxoio Concra n Icncpaninoio Ura6a
n cno6o(nox iopo(c Icpar nocnc nourn ucripcx ncr 6opi6i
n rn»cnix ycnonnnx no(nonin cnn(crcnicrnonano o rox, uro
nacrynnnn y»c xoxcnri pcmammcio, ncropnuccxoio :naucnnn
(nn namcn crpani. Hannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninan 6opi6a
yncnunnanaci 6onimnxn ycncxaxn. Hpannninan, xapxcncrcxo-
ncnnncxan nnnnn naprnn ncna nam napo( x oxonuarcninon
no6c(c. Hapo( n naprn:ani nccx ccp(ncx nm6nnn cc n 6c:ipa-
nnuno ncpnnn cn, rax xax nxcnno naprnn nocnnrana, opiann:o-
nana, noopy»nna, no(nnna na 6opi6y n npnncna nx x no6c(c.
Ki An6annn xi nourn ncnnxox y»c ocno6o(nnn, rax
uro Icncpaninin Ura6 cnycrnncn n cno6o(nin iopo( Icpar,
i(c xi pa:pa6orann crparcinuccxnn nnan nacrynncnnn :a
ocno6o»(cnnc Tnpani. Hcxnoio npcxcnn (o roio, xax xi
nomnn n Icpar, ncxcnxnn apicpiap(, oxpy»cnnin namnxn
cnnaxn, no(ncpi iopo( opy(nnnoxy o6crpcny. Iino pa:py-
mcno nccxonixo (oxon, no nm(cxnx norcpi nc 6ino. Oror
o6crpcn noxo» 6in na nocnc(nnn n:(ox acrxarnxa, rax xax
n ¬rnx xpanx cno6o(a y»c nocrop»ccrnonana. Orry(a xi no-
cinann npnxa:i o 6ocnix (cncrnnnx (nnn:nnx, 6pnia(ax n
(pyinx, rcppnropnaninix orpn(ax, uro6i rc cocpc(oroun-
nnci, noncnn nacrynncnnc na cronnny, n, ocno6o(nn cc, npc-
cnc(onann npaia no nnrax nnnori (o nonnoio ocno6o»(cnnn
An6annn. 2 naxo(nncn n Icparc, xoi(a npnmna nccri o6 ocno-
6o»(cnnn namcn (opoion cronnni, a, nono:»c, n nccri o6
ocno6o»(cnnn nourn nccn An6annn. H: Icpara n or(an npnxa:
164
n ncxoropix (pyinx 6pnia(ax namcn no6c(onocnon apxnn
ncpcnrn namn iocy(apcrncnnic ipannni ÷ ncpc6pocnricn n
Kiocnannm. Tax onn, nxccrc c (nyxn (pyinxn 6pnia(axn na-
mcn apxnn (5-n n 3-n), cmc n ccnrn6pc nonyunnmnxn npnxa:
ncpcnrn ipannny n ocno6o(nnmnxn y»c 6onimym uacri Ko-
coni, (on»ni 6inn npo(on»ari 6opi6y npornn ncxcnxnx
qamncron napn(y c miocnancxnxn ronapnmaxn-naprn:ana-
xn. 2 naxa:inan namnx naprn:anax n nonnox c(nncrnc c
miocnancxnxn naprn:anaxn n n nnrcpnannonanncrnuccxox
(yxc, nc »ancn cnonx cnn 6oporicn :a ocno6o»(cnnc napo-
(on Kiocnannn. An6ancxnc xoxxynncri n naprn:ani ninon-
nnnn nonm naprnn. Onn c 6onimnx icpon:xox cpa»annci
n Koconc, ¹cpnoiopnn, Can(»axc, Iocnn-Icpncionnnc, Ccp6nn
n Maxc(onnn. B ¬rnx 6onx nann cxcprim xpa6pix cornn na-
mnx naprn:an, a cmc ricnun 6inn pancni, no rnronni
nonpann nx icpon:x n xponi n :a nnx ornnarnnn nax npa»(c6-
nocrim n :aionopaxn npornn namcn naprnn n namcn conna-
nncrnuccxon Orun:ni. Ho xi ninonnnnn cnon nnrcpnanno-
naninin (oni, n napo(i Kiocnannn, uro 6i nn cnyunnoci,
nc :a6y(yr ¬rnx »cprn, npnncccnnix pa(n nnx an6ancxnx na-
po(ox.
Tax, n cno6o(nox Icparc, nax npc(cronno pa:pa6orari
n pa:pcmnri pn( na»nix :a(au, xoropic (on»ni 6inn oc-
raricn n ncropnn :naxcnarcninixn (nn rcx xoxcnron n (nn
6y(ymcio co6irnnxn. O(na n: nnx cocronna n no(ioronxc
(oxna(a :acc(annm Icncpaninoio nannonanino-ocno6o(nrcni-
noio Concra, xoropoc npc(cronno nponccrn (o Hncnyxa HK
naprnn, xax n n pa:pa6orxc (pyinx coorncrcrnymmnx (oxyxcn-
ron. Hacronmcc :acc(annc Concra, xoropoc xi nponcnn nnon-
nc ycncmno, nxcno 6onimoc ncropnuccxoc :naucnnc, n6o rax
Anrnqamncrcxnn Koxnrcr npcnparnncn n µcxoxparnuccxoc
npannrcnicrno An6annn. Tax uro naxanync ocno6o»(cnnn crpa-
na nxcna cnoc, (cxoxparnuccxn n:6pannoc npannrcnicrno.
Hpannrcnicrno ¬ro 6ino inannix ncnonnnrcninix n pac-
nopn(nrcninix opianox namcn napo(non nnacrn, 6opi6on
ycranonncnnon napo(ox na pa:nannnax nnacrn npa»(c6nix
xnaccon, no6c»(cnnix nxccrc c :axnarunxaxn.
165
µpyion oucni na»non :a(aucn 6ina, nccoxncnno, no(-
ioronxa II Hncnyxa HK naprnn, (cno, xoropoc, xax n y»c
ionopnn, xi nauann cmc n O(pnuanc, no xoropoc, nocnc nxc-
marcnicrna n «rc:ncon» Bcnnxnpa Cronnnua, :axo(nno n rynnx
n :arninnanoci n:-:a 6ccxoncunix cnopon n (c6aron.
3a npcxn npc6inannn n Icparc ncnrpox Icncpaninoio
Ura6a 6in y nac (ox npnoncxnx 6acn, i(c naxo(nnnci namn
pa6ounc xa6nncri n i(c cnan o(nn n. Ocraninic ronapnmn
cnann n (pyinx (oxax iopo(a. Orn ronapnmn, n rox uncnc
Haxo, Koun, Ccnqyna, npnxo(nnn pa: n (cni, cynyn pyxn n
xapxani, onpamnnann ccri nn xaxnc-nn6y(i nccrn n: nocnnix
:on, n yxo(nnn. Ha Han(n Kpncro xi no:no»nnn (cna «nocn-
non 6c:onacnocrn», no no:(ncc nincnnnoci, uro on :annxancn
n (pyinxn nn(axn «6c:onacnocrn»: na6nm(an :a rcx, uro (c-
nanoci n Ura6c, xro nxo(nn n nixo(nn, o ucx ionopnnn rax
n o6o nccx (oxna(inan Koun n Bcnnxnpy Cronnnuy. Han(n
6in o(nnx n: ¬ncxcnron, nccx cnonx cymccrnox npnuacrnix
x 6cparcxoxy :aionopy. On no nccx ornomcnnnx 6in nnuro-
»ccrnox n n cio npomnox, :a ncxnmucnncx roio, uro npn-
xo(nn n: pn(on «nponcrapncn» ((cncrnnrcnino, on xoi(a-ro
pa6oran no(xacrcpicx), nc 6ino nnucio npnxcuarcninoio. On
ro n (cno aqnmnponancn xax «crapin uncn» Kopunncxon
xoxxynncrnuccxon ipynni, no ncc xi xopomo :nann, uro n
1935 io(y, xoi(a or ¬ron ipynni or(cnnnaci rponxncrcxan
qpaxnnn Hnxo µ:o(:n, npornnonocrannnman cc6n npannninon
nnnnn n yxa:annnx ronapnma Ann Kcnixcn(n, Han(n Kpncro
6in o(nnx n: ncxnoiouncncnnix uncnon, npnxxnynmnx x qpax-
nnoncpy Hnxo µ:o(:n. Hocnc :acny»cnnoio pa:o6naucnnn
qpaxnnn, Han(n «orcrynnn», «npn:nan» cnom rn»cnym omn6-
xy n npncoc(nnnncn x :(oponon uacrn ipynni. Ho or crapoio
cnocio nopoxa :annxaricn qpaxnnonnon (cnrcninocrim on nc
n:6annncn. Oco6cnno nocnc nccni 1943 io(a on npnxxnyn x
(pyioxy µ:o(:c, x Koun, npcnparnncn n cio cncnoc opy(nc,
a, cnc(onarcnino, cran na cny»6y ron aicnrypi, xoropan :a-
ncp6onana n Koun µ:o(:c ÷ na cny»6y miocnancxon aicn-
rypi. Boc io(i nonni on npomcn xax-ro «nc:axcucnno» n
:amcncnnncn n cran noxa:inari cc6n ronixo occnim 1944
166
io(a, nxcnno roi(a, xoi(a Koun µ:o(:c n Cronnnu counn ny»-
nix axrnnn:nponari cio n cnonx rcxnix ncnnx.
¹ro xacacrcn unpn Icia, ro ona (cp»anaci «6nn»c» xo
xnc, (nn»nxan nnixn xornnaxn n nnixn ncnnxn. Ona
(yxana, uro I xocx pa6oucx xa6nncrc pcmannci nonpoci o
unnax n nocrax n crpcxnnaci ypnari xaxon-nn6y(i naxoxin
xycox. Ona cranonnnaci conccx cxcmnon n cnocn »a»(c aqn-
mnponaricn. Hpnxo(nna nnoi(a xo xnc c xnouxox 6yxain n
pyxax:
÷ Bor nocxorpnrc' ÷ ionopnna ona xnacrnnno. ÷ 2
pa:pa6orana (na :axona. £cnn ni coinacni, xi nancuaracx
n pacnpocrpannx nx.
÷ Ornccn nx (oxropy Hnmann
1
, ÷ orncuan n c nponncn. ÷
On n oxpy»ammnc cio ronapnmn pa:6npamrcn n ¬rnx (cnax.
÷ O(o6pnx nx nonauany xi, uncni Impo, ÷ nacranna-
na unpn, ÷ a :arcx orncccx nx (oxropy n ioronox nn(c.
2 cxnonnncn na( pa6oron, n unpn nixo(nna. Hcxnoio
cnycrn, ona onnri nonnnnnaci, nccn c co6on xaxoc-nn6o (pyioc
«npc(no»cnnc». O(na»(i ona ocranonnna xcnn nocpc(n (o-
poin, xoi(a xi c Haxo n Koun cnycxannci x :any, i(c nc-
xnoio cnycrn xi (on»ni 6inn nauari :acc(annc Anrnqa-
mncrcxoio nannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninoio Concra.
÷ 2 no(ioronnna npocxr cocrana npannrcnicrna, ÷ cxa-
:ana ona co nccn ccpic:nocrim n npornnyna xnc nncrox 6yxain.
÷ Tyr ncc xnnncrpi n concr xnnncrpon. Bo:ixnrc n nocxo-
rpnrc, xoi(a npcxn 6y(cr, no ni caxn :nacrc, uro (cno nc
rcpnnr ornaiarcnicrn . . .
Haxo nipnan nncrox y ncc n: pyx n, nanycrnn na «npa-
nnrcnicrno unpn» xny6ox ra6aunoio (ixa, cran paccxarpn-
nari cio cnonx n:nccrnix nponnuccxnx n:inn(ox.
________________________________
1 Oxcp Hnmann (1887-1954) - Harpnor n (cxoxpar-pcnonmnnoncp,
o(nn n: ni(ammnxcn (cnrcncn Hannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninoio (nn»c-
nnn. C ccnrn6pn 1943 io(a uncn Icncpaninoio nannonanino-ocno6o(n-
rcninoio Concra, na Hcpxcrcxox c¡c:(c 6in n:6pan Hpc(cc(arcncx
Anrnqamncrcxoio nannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninoio Concra. Hocnc ocno-
6o»(cnnn crpani, c 1946 io(a no nmni 1953 io(a 6in Hpc(cc(arcncx
Hpc:n(nyxa Hapo(noio Co6pannn HPA.
167
÷ Y «rnocio npannrcnicrna» (na nc(ocrarxa, ÷ cxa:an
on unpn. ÷ Mccro o(noio n: :axccrnrcncn npcxicp-xnnnc-
rpa nycroc, (a cmc rnoc nxn, (ypa (raxono 6ino cio n:nm-
6ncnnoc cnono, xoropoc ncci(a 6ino y ncio na n:ixc), nni(c
nc qniypnpycr. Ax (a, n:nnnnmci, ÷ (o6annn on :arcx, ÷
¬rn (na npo6cna ri no cxpoxnocrn ocrannna . . .
÷ Hcr, uccrnoc cnono' ÷ noxnnnaci unpn. ÷ Hx n
nc (nn cc6n ocrannna, a noroxy, uro nc naxo(nna xoio no-
crannri.
÷ Hy na(no, na(no, cxa:an n. ÷ Ornccn cio Han(n
Kpncro. Oro on co6npacr npc(no»cnnn.
B ¬rox naxanicrnc n xaninuccrnc unpn Icin nxcnnci n
nori (nn mxopa n :a6ani, no nax nc (o myrox 6ino, (a
cmc nn npcxn, nn arxocqcpa nc 6inn no(xo(nmnxn (nn ¬ro-
io. B o6mcx, napnna xpaunan arxocqcpa, :anonaxnnanman
oco6cnno xcnn n Iarixy.
Haxo, Koun, Ccnqyna n (pyinc, no( npc(noiox roio, uro
n 6in :annr (cnaxn, rax xax xo xnc npnxo(nnn ncrpcuaricn
xoxan(npi 6pnia(, uncni Concra n (pyinc, naprnnnic pa6or-
nnxn, no(ncpiann xcnn xonuannnoxy, nco6¡nnncnnoxy 6onxory.
Hpnxo( Xmcnn Kano n Ioio Hymn n Icpar
1
n:xcnnnn n
xaxon-ro xcpc xoc (ymcnnoc cocronnnc, noroxy uro ronapn-
mn ¬rn npnnccnn xnc rcnnym nm6oni n ncxpcnnocri xox-
xynncron. Hpnxo(nnn onn c qponra nonni, a nc n: xoxnar,
i(c nncnnci nnrpnin n nponcxn.
Tcx npcxcncx (ox, i(c »nnn Bcnnxnp Cronnnu n Hnn:
µn:(apcnnu, nnn »c, xax cio na:inann, «miocnancxan nocn-
nan xnccnn», npcnparnncn n «inannin ncnrp pa6ori» n pa:io-
nopon. Tax ncnixn uacaxn :acn»nnannci Haxo, Koun, Ccn-
qyna n (pyinc. Bn(cn n raxym 6onimym «6nn:ocri» n nc npa-
nnnoci xnc ro, uro onn :pn rparnnn xnoio npcxcnn n xax-ro
uy»(annci xcnn nxcnno n xoxcnri, xoi(a y nac naxonnnoci
__________________________________
1 Xmcnn Kano ÷ uncn HK KHA, nonnrxoxnccap I xopnyca HOA,
xoropin cpa»ancn n ro npcxn na Ccncpc An6annn.
Ioio Hymn ÷ uncn HK KHA, (o roio npcxcnn nonnrccxpcrapi
Tnpancxoio o6xoxa naprnn.
168
6ccxoncunoc xno»ccrno (cn n ncpc( naxn ncc npcxn no:nn-
xano 6onimoc uncno nonix npo6ncx.
Or (pyinx ronapnmcn n y:nan nnocnc(crnnn, uro rax
nc paccxa:inann «ncropnn», a n:npamann ncropnm. Hpn-
xo(nnn onn xo xnc yipmxic n c nipa»cnncx naxanicrna. Ho.
xorn cno»nnmancn o6cranonxa n nx nonc(cnnc nopa»ann xc-
nn, n nc ncnirinan rpcnoiy n nc rcpnn caxoo6na(annn. Bc(i
pa:(pa»nrcninocri n myrxn Haxo xnc (anno 6inn n:nccrni,
a xannn ncnnunn n xcmancrno Ccnqyni Mancmona 6inn ucx-
ro npnniunix.
£mc na o(no o6cronrcnicrno o6parnn n nnnxannc x roxy
npcxcnn. Manop Hnanon, npc(crannnnmnn concrcxym nocn-
nym xnccnm, c(py»nnmnci c Bcnnxnpox Cronnnucx, cran
pc»c :axo(nri xo xnc. Hpnxo(nn on npoqopxi pa(n, ncci
napn»cnnin, nonyuan xoc-xaxnc cnc(cnnn n nixo(nn na npo-
iynxy. Hoxnnrcn, xax o(na»(i npnnnncn on pcxnaxnponari
miocnancxnx icncpanon npo(c Hcxo µanucnnua, Kocra Ha(n
n (pyinx. Bn(nxo, Bcnnxnp Cronnnu, Haxo Cnnpy n Ccnqyna
Mancmona o6pa6arinann xanopa Hnanona n cxnonnnn cio
na cnom cropony.
Hrax, n npo(on»an ncycranno pa6orari na( rcx, uro6i
y(onncrnopnri 6onimnc norpc6nocrn apxnn, nnacrn n Hanno-
nanino-ocno6o(nrcninoio 0ponra. Koi(a y xcnn ocrananoci
xori xano «cno6o(noio npcxcnn», n cocpc(orounnancn na (o-
xna(c nnn pcqcparc, xax xi nnauc cio na:inann, xoropin n
(on»cn 6in npc(crannri Hncnyxy Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra.
uoinxa no(cxa:inana xnc, uro ¬ror pcqcpar, nnn(y pcmam-
mnx xoxcnron, n xoropic cio npc(cronno :aunrari, n ncxo(n
n: roio, xaxoxy opiany ny»no 6ino npc(crannri cio, (on»cn
6in c cnnon n iny6oxo rpaxronari (na ncnrpaninix nonpoca.
Bo-ncpnix, nocxonixy xi 6inn naxanync nonnoio ocno-
6o»(cnnn An6annn, pcqcpar «O nonnrnuccxon nnnnn KHA»
(on»cn 6in no(nccrn nroin ¬ron nnnnn co npcxcnn ocnona-
nnn naprnn n, n oco6cnnocrn, co npcxcnn Hcpnon nannonani-
non xonqcpcnnnn n nnnori (o ocno6o»(cnnn crpani.
Bo-nropix, nonin ¬ran, n xoropin xi ncrynann, ni(nnian
ncpc( naprncn nonic, 6onimnc n xap(nnaninic :a(aun, rax
169
uro no nropon uacrn pcqcpara o6n:arcnino ny»no 6ino iny-
6oxo rpaxronari ¬ror xoxcnr, orpa:nri cronnmnc ncpc( naxn
6onimnc :a(aun, cnonox, onpc(cnnri 6y(ymym nonnrnuccxym
nnnnm naprnn y nnacrn.
Oro no(cxa:inano xnc xoc y6c»(cnnc, n xoropox xcnn
cmc 6onimc yxpcnnnn 6ccc(i c pn(ox ronapnmcn, n n raxox
(yxc n nncan (oxna(, xoropin npc(cronno c(cnari na II Hnc-
nyxc HK naprnn. Cnycrn ncxoropoc npcxn, n :axonunn ncp-
nin cio napnanr n po:(an ronapnmax n: Impo na urcnnc.
Ho nacronnnm Koun n Haxo, ncpc(ananmnx rax»c n «xncnnc
ronapnma Cronnnua», o(nn ¬x:cxnnnp cio 6in ncpc(an na
npocxorp Ccnqync Mancmona.
÷ Oro nnucio, uro on y nac nc uncn Impo, ÷ cxa:an
Haxo. ÷ Hycri npocxorpnr n on, xo»cr (ari xaxym-nn6y(i
xicni, oco6cnno n nanpanncnnn rcopcrnuccxon rpaxronxn no-
npocon. (')
Ho ¬ror napnanr pcqcpara nc (omcn (o Hncnyxa. Ho(
npc(noiox :a6ori o rox, uro6i pcqcpar xax xo»no nyumc
oro6pa»an «npan(y o nnnnn», ncc ÷ Haxo, Ccnqyna, Koun
n (pyinc npnnnnnci npocrno «o6crpcnnnari» xa»(ym qpa:y n
a6:an napnanra, ncpc(annoio nx na urcnnc.
Onncari ro, xax xi npnmnn (o «oqnnnaninoio» napnanra,
xoropin n, nocxonixy xnc nnucio (pyioio nc ocrananoci, 6in
niny»(cn :aunrari na Hncnyxc, ¬ro nacronman o(ncccn. Yno-
xnny :(cci nnmi ncxoropic n: cnn:annix c ¬rnx ¬nn:o(on.
B caxox nauanc ncpnoio napnanra pcqcpara n (anan yxc-
pcnnym n :pcnym oncnxy nnnnn, xoropym KHA npono(nna
n rn»cnix ycnonnnx nonni n rcppopa, n npannnino :axnm-
uan, uro nonnrnuccxan nnnnn KHA n io(i nonni 6ina ncpnon
n nocnc(onarcninon nnnncn, na ocnonc xoropon nipocna n
oxpcnna caxa naprnn n, no( cc pyxono(crnox, nam napo( o(cp-
»nnan pcmammym no6c(y.
Ccnqyna n Haxo npnxo(nr xo xnc n xoxnary, i(c n pa-
6oran, yipmxic n naunnamr cnoc:
÷ £mc n caxox nauanc 6pocamrcn n ina:a ¬x:anirannn,
÷ ionopnr xnc Ccnqyna, ÷ xnoio noxnaninix or:inon o
icncpaninon nnnnn naprnn.
17O
÷ ¹cx ni o6ocnoninacrc raxoc :axcuannc"' ÷ cnpocnn
n nx.
÷ ¹ro6i rouno onpc(cnnri xapaxrcp (annon nnnnn, ÷
npnnnncn «qnnocoqcrnonari» Ccnqyna, ÷ na(o npannnino
c6anancnponari ncc xoxnoncnri nnnnn. 3(cci ni axncnrnpycrc
o6mcc, ynycxan oco6oc, ynycxan ccxranrcrno n onnoprynn:x,
a y nac na6nm(annci ro o(nn, ro (pyion. Ha(o ncc npnnn-
xari no nnnxannc, rax xax o6mcio 6c: oco6oio nc xo»cr
6iri.
÷ Cnyman xcnn, Ccnqyna, ÷ ionopm n cxy. ÷ 2 nc
npornn nn rnocio o6mcio n nn rnocio oco6oio, no :(cci nc
xccro n nc npcxn nycrocnonnri. Ti nyumc cxa»n xonxpcrno,
na xaxon ocnonc ionopnmi ¬ro"
÷ Bi ynoxnnacrc o(nn ronixo ycncxn, no6c(i, nono-
»nrcninoc' 2 coinaccn c naxn, no noucxy »c nc yxa:inacrc
n na :annnnnmnc o cc6c ccxranrcrno n onnoprynn:x"
÷ Bo-ncpnix, ÷ orncrnn n, ÷ n nc orpnnam onnopry-
nncrnuccxnx n ccxranrcxnx nnncnnn n no:nnnn n rax, i(c
¬ro na(o, n no(ucpxnnan nx. Bo-nropix, a ¬ro inannoc, xi
npnmnn x ncnnxon no6c(c. K ¬ron no6c(c xoinn npnnccrn
nac nc ccxranrcrno n nc onnoprynn:x, a ronixo npannninan
nnnnn.
÷ Oro ri rax (yxacmi, a xi nnoio xncnnn, ÷ orncrnn
Ccnqyna.
Y(nnnrcninix noxa:anoci xnc cxopcc xna(noxponnc, c
xoropix on ionopnn, nc»cnn «cio» xncnnc. 2 nouynn, uro (cna
xpannc ycyiy6nnnci. Ioncc roio, cnona Ccnqyni «naue +ne-
nue», axncnrnponannic n npncyrcrnnn Haxo, xoropin (o rcx
nop xax 6y(ro cronn n croponc or (c6ara, npcxn or npcxcnn
ipi:n xoirn n:-:a xapaxrcpnon (nn ncio pa:(pa»nrcninocrn,
(ann xnc nonnri, uro onn npnmnn nc (nn xaxnx-ro :axcua-
nnn, a uro6i (o6nricn cymccrncnnix n:xcncnnn. Tcx nc
xcncc n 6in y6c»(cn n ncpnocrn onpc(cncnnn o rox, uro
nonnrnuccxan nnnnn naprnn n io(i nonni 6ina npannninon;
¬ro n nco(noxparno no(ucpxnnan n :amnman n cnopax c
Bcnnxnpox Cronnnucx, rax uro nc orcrynnn. O(naxo onn
ro»c nc orcrynann.
171
÷ H ri, Haxo, o(nnaxonoio xncnnn c Ccnqynon" ÷ o6-
parnncn n x ncxy.
÷ 2 c nnx coinaccn' ÷ orncrnn Haxo xoporxo n ucrxo.
÷ Oro xi paccxorpnx n c (pyinxn, ÷ cxa:an n nx.
÷ A rcncpi (animc.
Ccnqyna ninyn n: nnyrpcnncio xapxana nccxonixo nn-
crxon xnron 6yxain n pa:no»nn nx na cron. Mnc cpa:y 6po-
cnncn n ina:a cio ncponnin, ncxpacnnin noucpx, cnonno no-
ucpx naunnammcio, n n(pyi n cnoxnarnncn, uro Ccnqync oucni
pc(xo npnxo(nnoci n cio »n:nn nncari na an6ancxox n:i-
xc. Ho ¬ro 6ino nccio na nccxonixo xinoncnnn. Tyr »c na-
uanaci ccpnn «xoncrarannn», «:axcuannn», caxix inycnix n
nco»n(annix «o6nnncnnn».
÷ 0ponr' ÷ nonicnn on n(pyi ionoc, xax 6y(ro cxy
ncnoxnnnoci, xro :nacr uro. ÷ unnnn naprnn no ornomcnnm
x 0ponry' Ti :(opono npnyxpacnn cc, Onncp. B nnnnn no
ornomcnnm x 0ponry (onymcni 6onimnc omn6xn. Kax 6ina
opiann:onana Hc:cxan xonqcpcnnnn"' A ny-xa, ncnoxnn'
Houcxy rax nc 6ino umxo Cxcn(o
1
n Ann Kcninmpa
2
" Ho-
ucxy naprnn nc cxnonnna na cnom cropony ¬rnx n xnoinx
(pyinx nnnnrcninix narpnoron, a (ana nx nonacri n nono
qamn:xa" A npo A6a:a Kynn uro ni cxa»crc" Houcxy Ia:
orxononcn or (nn»cnnn n npnxxnyn x pcaxnnn" Hy, a xax
c (pyinxn raxnxn »c nn(cpaxn n oxpy»ammnxn nx nm(ixn"
÷ nauan iopnunricn Ccnqyna. ÷ Hcr' 0ponr nc orxpin cnon
(ncpn, xax ¬ro no(o6ano raxon xacconon opiann:annn, n ¬ro
nc noroxy, uro nc xoi orxpiri nx, a noroxy, uro nnnnn nap-
rnn 6ina ccxranrcxon, nnnnaci qaxropox, npnnc(mnx x ra-
xoxy ncxo(y.
2 cnyman cio nonnym cnccn (cxnaxannm n cax nc :nam
xax, (a»c ncnirinan xpannnn incn, ncnoxnnn :naxcnnroc
nipa»cnnc ucnnna «6c:xo:inic qnnocoqi».
Hacronmnn npoo6pa: raxoio qnnocoqa cronn xax pa:
ncpc(o xnom. Ho :(cci cnop mcn nc na «uncrox» nonc qn-
_____________________________________
1 Hccn(onnx Mnrxara 0pamcpn, npc(cc(arcnn HK Ianni Kox6crap.
2 Cx. npnxcuannc na crpannnc 72 nacronmcn xnnin.
172
nocoqnn. 2 c(cp»an incn n ycrannncn ina:axn na 6cno-»cn-
roc, cxaxnnanmcc na npoxncmcc rccro xancnixoc nnno cronn-
mcio ncpc(o xnom ucnoncxa:
÷ Ccnqyna, ÷ npoionopnn n, ÷ xoi(a xi n oinc 6opi-
6i ioronnnn n npono(nnn Hc:cxym xonqcpcnnnm, ri, 6iri
xo»cr, conccx nc :nan, uro cymccrnycr n An6annn (cpcnnn no
na:nannm Hc:a. Toi(a ri npn( nn :nan, uro xi y»c ocnonann
namy Koxxynncrnuccxym Haprnm, uro xi no(nnxann napo(
na 6opi6y, 6pann n cnon pyxn cy(i6i Po(nni n napo(a.
K roxy npcxcnn ri, Ccnqyna, naxo(nncn n ¬xnipannn, no¬-
roxy n rc6n cnpamnnam: orxy(a rc6c n:nccrno, xax xi opia-
nn:onann Hc:cxym xonqcpcnnnm . . . " ' Bo-nropix, orxy(a
n:nncn y rc6n nino(, uro umxo Cxcn(o, Ann Kcninmpa n npo-
unc no(onxn 6annicrcxon pcaxnnn naprnn 6pocnna n nono
oxxynanron" B-rpcrinx, orxy(a rc6c n:nccrno, uro nnnnn
0ponra 6ina ccxranrcxon n uro cio (ncpn ocranannci :axpi-
rixn (nn rcx, xro xorcn nocnari" Kopouc ionopn, xon nonpoc
cno(nrcn x cnc(ymmcxy: c uinx no:nnnn, no nxn xoio n n
uim noni:y no:no(nmi ri raxnc o6nnncnnn n nncnnyannn"'
÷ Hpomy nac, ÷ npo6opxoran on, y»c ncci no6nc(ncn,
÷ ni xornrc nann:aricn xnc. H no ¬roxy nono(y y xcnn x
nax :axcuannc: ni crapacrcci no uro 6i ro nn crano nann-
:ari nax cnoc xncnnc. Bi . . .
÷ Hc ionopn o6o xnc, ÷ cxa:an n cxy, ÷ ni no:ncnn
o6nnncnnn na naprnm n cc nnnnm. O nnx ionopnrc, o nnx
orncuanrc, n nccio o(nn ucnoncx n ¬ro nc rax y» na»no.
÷ Kax »c ¬ro nc na»no"' Ucq naprnn ÷ ncnrpaninan
qniypa n or ncio :anncnr . . .
÷ Ccnqyna, ÷ npcpnan n cio. ÷ Ipoci ri xpyrnricn n
ncprcricn' Orncuan na xon nonpoci'
÷ Ham nino( ÷ ror, xoropin n ynoxnnyn, ÷ noniran-
cn on cxpiri ronixo uro noxa:annic xoirn n yxpa(xon no-
cxorpcn n cropony Haxo.
Mi (onio cnopnnn c Ccnqynon n Haxo, a no:(ncc, n
¬rn «(ncxyccnn» nxnmunnnci n (pyinc. 3a ncxnmucnncx Iari-
xn, ncc nicrynann xax o(nn.
Ho xnoinx pa:(cnax onn npnnocnnn xnc ioronic or-
173
pinxn n qpa:i n n ynncon nacrannann na rox, uro6i nx «na-
xo(xn» ncnpcxcnno orpa:nnnci n pcqcparc. 2 no:pa»an, npn-
no(nn apiyxcnri, no ncno:xo»no 6ino «ncpcy6c(nri» nx.
Bcnoxnnan n co6irnn n nocrynxn n: npomnoio, anann:npo-
nan nx cxno:i npn:xy xapxcncrcxon rcopnn, n:ncmnnan nx no
nccx ornomcnnnx, (a ncr, n nnxax nc y6c»(ancn n rox, uro
xi nocrynann ncnpannnino. «Ho noucxy ronapnmn nnoio
xncnnn"» ÷ cnona n cnona :a(anan n cc6c nonpoc. Taxon
nco»n(annin nonopor 6ccnoxonn xcnn cronixo »c, cxonixo
n caxn 6ccxoncunic «:axcuannn» n o6nnncnnn.
Tcx npcxcncx nonnnnncn Koun n nacrannan na rox, uro
n xocx (oxna(c o6n:arcnino ny»no 6ino axncnrnponari «ni-
(ammnncn nxna( ronapnma Tnro n (cno npo(nn»cnnn nncpc(
namcn naprnn», npnxo(nn Haxo n rpc6onan «6oncc o6cronrcni-
noio ncpccxorpa uacrn o xono(c»n, rax xax nonyuacrcn 6nc(-
non», npnxo(nna unpn Icia n ionopnna, uro «ncucio ionopnri
o ccxranrcrnc, na(o crannri y(apcnnc na onnoprynn:x».
÷ µo6annx, ÷ ncxaxnnan Ccnqyna, ÷ uro nama no:n-
nnn n ornomcnnn Ianni ncci(a 6ina marxon, xonc6nmmcncn.
onnoprynncrnuccxon.
÷ Ho nc(i (o cnx nop ri ionopnn o «ccxranrcxon no:n-
nnn», xaxnx »c o6pa:ox crana ona onnoprynncrnuccxon" ÷
cnpamnnan n.
÷ µnancxrnxa paccxarpnnacr o6a ¬rnx nnncnnn' ÷ :a-
xnmuan Ccnqyna n noxan ionony na( rcx, i(c cmc ny»no
6ino «orpc(axrnponari» cio.
Koncuno, n po:(annox nx (oxna(c n nicrynan rax»c c
xpnrnxon n caxoxpnrnxon, no Haxo, Koun, Ccnqync n (py-
inx, npccnc(onanmnx onpc(cncnnic ncnn, xoropix n nc
xoi :nari x roxy npcxcnn, no nccx cnyuanx, xoi(a pcui mna
o nc(ocrarxax n ynymcnnnx, nciuc 6ino yncnnunri (o:y, uro-
6i (ocrninyri npc(cnon, ycranonncnnix nxn :a xynncaxn. Kax
ronixo :axcuann, uro n i(c na(o no(ucpxnnan, nanpnxcp, uro
«na6nm(annci n nponnncnnn ccxranrcrna n onnoprynn:xa», ryr
»c ncxaxnnan Ccnqyna:
÷ C(cnacx: «nponnnnnnci orxpiro, nco(noxparno n :a-
xcrno .. .»
174
÷ Tpcno»amc' ÷ ncxc(ncnno «pc(axrnponan» Haxo.
÷ Bor nxcnno, ÷ coinamancn «qnnocoq», ÷ rax uro
ocrannx nor xax: «Orxpiro n nco(noxparno nponnnnnaci
6oniman rpcno»aman (o:a xax ccxranrcrna, rax n onnopry-
nn:xa».
Hcpnix, uro xcnn nopa:nno, ¬ro, n uacrnocrn, nonnoc
conna(cnnc «n:inn(on» namnx ronapnmcn co n:inn(axn mio-
cnancxnx «ronapnmcn». Tc »c cnona n cniman n: ycr Tcxno
io( c nnmnnx roxy na:a( n un6nnorc n Kynaxc, rc »c o6nn-
ncnnn nonropnn xnc Cronnnu n Xcnixcc n n O(pnuanc n ccn-
rn6pc n oxrn6pc, ro »c caxoc ionopnnn n nonropnnn Ccnqyna,
Haxo, Koun.
¹ro ¬ro raxoc"
Conccx crpannix n ncnonnrnix xa:anoci xnc oco6cnno
nonc(cnnc Haxo. £cnn n 6in ucnoncx, xopomo ocnc(oxncn-
nin o nnnnn namcn naprnn n npnxo cnn:annin c ncm, ro
¬ro 6in Haxo, o(nn n: xonx 6nn»anmnx corpy(nnxon n rn-
»cnic io(i nonni. ¹ro »c cnyunnoci c nnx" Houcxy on
npornnonocrannnncn caxoxy cc6c"
Mc»(y rcx npo(on»annci 6ccxoncunic :acc(annn Impo
Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra, i(c n:naiannci n pacrninnannci io-
ronic pcnnnxn n qpa:i, xoropic npcno(nocnnnci xnc n
xoxnarc, i(c n pa6oran na( (oxna(ox n (pyinxn xarcpnana-
xn. Hcni:n c rounocrim cxa:ari, cxonixo pa: co6pannci xi
n ror nourn (nyxxccnunin ncpno( npc6inannn n Icparc n
cxonixo noucn ymno na 6ccnpnnnnnnic (c6ari n ccopi. Ho,
nocxonixy ni(nnianmnccn n crannnmnccn nonpoci 6inn nou-
rn o(nnaxonixn, xo»no cxa:ari, uro ncc rc :acc(annn n ncrpcun
cocrannnnn o(no c(nncrncnnoc :acc(annc. Cnopi n caxox na-
uanc npnnnnn (ypnon o6opor, n cmc n rc xoxcnri xnc crano
ncno, uro «cnono» Bcnnxnpa Cronnnua n O(pnuanc oucni
ncnoprnno nax (cno.
Koncuno, ncrnnnic ncnn nxcmarcnicrna Cronnnua xnc
cmc nc 6inn ncni, n nc :nan, (a n nc xoi :nari nx, no :aro
concpmcnno oucnn(no 6ino, uro cxa:annoc Bcnnxnpox Cron-
nnucx cnnino no(cncrnonano na Koun n Haxo. Mo»cr, no(y-
xan n, Koun n Haxo conn(apn:onannci c «:axcuannnxn» n
175
o6nnncnnnxn Cronnnua, uro6i npc(crari n cio ina:ax n n ina-
:ax (pyinx xax «cnoco6nic» ynonnri «omn6xy» n pcainponari
na ncc, «cnoco6nic» (a»c orncpinyri, pa(n «ninpanncnnn
nono»cnnn», ro, uro onn npnnnnn nnn o(o6pnnn n npomnox.
Ic: coxncnnn, xpnrnuccxoc ornomcnnc x omn6xax npom-
noio cocrannncr nopxy (nn :pcnix n npc(annix xoxxynncron.
O(naxo n (annox cnyuac na:inann omn6ounix ro, uro n
(cncrnnrcninocrn 6ino concpmcnno npannninix. B (annox
cnyuac, pa:ximnnn n, omn6xa ronapnmcn :axnmuacrcn n rox,
uro onn crpa(amr xoxnncxcox uyncrna ncnonnoncnnocrn. Onn
nc n cocronnnn npannnino oncnnri c(cnannoc nccxn naxn nxc-
crc n nccxn cnnaxn :amnmari cio, a, nanpornn, orpcxamrcn
or ncio ncxnmunrcnino noroxy, uro «rax cxa:an miocnancxnn
npc(crannrcni». C raxnx o6pa:ox (cncrnnn n nc xoi xnpnricn,
no¬roxy ocropo»no n nccxn cnnaxn crapancn y6c(nri rona-
pnmcn n ncrnnnox nono»cnnn ncmcn. Cnc(onarcnino, qaxraxn
orncpian cxa:annoc Bcnnxnpox Cronnnucx o namcn nnnnn,
n 6oponcn :a ro, uro6i oco6cnno namn ronapnmn yncnnnn
ce6e n nonnnn, uro or roio, uro 6ino y nac npannninix, nc:a-
ucx 6ino orpcuicn noroxy nnmi, uro «rax ionopnr Bcnnxnp».
Cnonx orxpirix no:pa»cnncx n (a»c crapancn y6c(nri nx
n rox, uro cncr nc xnnnox con(crcn, ccnn xi nicxa»cxcn
npornn «:axcuannn» (pyia n n cio npncyrcrnnn.
Ho n c co»ancnncx :axcuan, uro nn Koun, nn Haxo nc
y6c»(annci, a nacrannann na cnocx, ncpccxaxnnan c nnroio
na (ccnroc. Ha ¬rnx :acc(annnx unpn Icia nicrponnaci «:a
xcnn», no nnmi no o(noxy nonpocy, no nonpocy «ccxranrcrna».
÷ Mon (cncrnnn, ÷ nacrannana ona, ÷ 6inn nc ccxranr-
cxnxn, a ny»nixn n npannninixn. Bc(i mna nonna n nc (o
pa:ionopon 6ino. . . '
¹ro xacacrcn Paxa(ana ¹nraxy, ro on uamc nccio cnyman,
ioronnncn «uro-nn6y(i» cxa:ari, no Haxo, Koun n unpn cnonx
nocncmnix nxcmarcnicrnox nn6o conccx nc (anann cxy io-
nopnri, nn6o ncpc6nnann cio na nonycnonc. Hocnc nccxonixnx
:acc(annn, i(c mnn raxnc (c6ari, nx nina(i n oco6cnno ni-
na(i Koun µ:o(:c nco»n(anno nanpannnnci na unpn Icia n
Paxa(ana ¹nraxy: unpn Icia pc:xo o6nnnnnn n ccxranrcrnc, a
176
Iarixy, ÷ n 6c:(cncrnnn. Iino npc(no»cno n pcmcno o6onx
ninccrn n: cocrana Honnr6mpo, n, nocxonixy nac ocrananoci
nccio nnmi rpn uncna, ryr »c 6ino nncccno npc(no»cnnc
xoonrnponari (nyx (pyinx.
÷ C(cnari ¬ro na(o ccnuac »c, ÷ oxa:an Koun µ:o(:c,
÷ :arcx, nopn(xa pa(n, npc(crannx n Hncnyxy cnoc npc(no-
»cnnc n pcmcnnc o6 ncxnmucnnn nx o6onx' Tax nocrannx n
nonpoc nxnmucnnn (pyinx ronapnmcn n cocran Impo. Ho (o
nopi (o npcxcnn, ÷ npo(on»an on, ÷ npc(naiam xoonrnpo-
nari n Impo (nyx ronapnmcn n: uncna nannyumnx, ÷ Ccn-
qyny Mancmona n Han(n Kpncro' O6a onn npnnccyr n Impo
nonin (yx.
2 paccxa»y n nn»c o rox, uro cxpinanoci :a ¬rnxn nac-
ncx ni(nnnyrixn n npnnnrixn npc(no»cnnnxn n pcmcnnnxn,
no :(cci xorcn 6i cxa:ari xoc-uro o nncuarncnnnx, cno»nn-
mnxcn y xcnn n rc xoxcnri.
Bo-ncpnix, xcnn nc xoi nc y(nnnri ror qaxr, uro Koun
nncc «npc(no»cnnc» conccx «nco»n(anno» n ono 6ino ryr
»c n croni »c nco»n(anno npnnnro Haxo n Bcnnxnpox xax
ncuro npocroc, xax 6y(ro pcui mna o cnnrnn (nyx crynicn,
a nc (nyx uncnon Honnr6mpo Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra. ¹cx
o6¡ncnnri ¬ro" «Hcnpocrnrcninoc ncixoxicnnc npn pa:pcmc-
nnn npo6ncx, cnc(cnnc nnunix cucron (n nxcn n nn(y oco-
6cnno ornomcnnn xc»(y Koun n unpn) xcrnrcninix, ncxox-
xynncrnuccxnx nyrcx», ÷ no(yxan n n rc xoxcnri.
Bo-nropix, 6ina ni(nnnyra n ryr »c o(o6pcna xan(n-
(arypa (nyx nonix uncnon Honnr6mpo 6c: ncnxoio pa:6opa,
xoncynirannn, npc(napnrcninoio n:yucnnn nx (cna, nx no-
nc(cnnn n r.(. Kax »c ¬ro Koun xoi croni nco»n(anno ni-
(nnnyri ¬rn (nc xan(n(arypi"' Kax »c xoinn xi npnnnri
nx «ryr »c», nc cnpocnn xncnnn Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra nnn,
no xpanncn xcpc, xncnnn rcx ronapnmcn, xoropic naxo(nnnci
n rc (nn n Icparc"
B rc xoxcnri ¬roxy n rax»c nano»nn ncuari «ncixoxi-
cnnn», «npnnnrnn pcmcnnn nacncx», nocranonxn «nnunon cnx-
narnn n nnunix cnn:cn n ocnony no(6opa xa(pon» n r.(.
Moc no:pa»cnnc npornn ¬rnx nco»n(annix npc(no»cnnn
177
nc xoino (ari, xax n nc (ano, nnxaxoio ¬qqcxra; nc(i n 6in
o(nn npornn (nonx, nc ionopn y»c o Bcnnxnpc Cronnnuc, xo-
ropin ncci cnnn orroio, uro Koun µ:o(:c «n:nn nnnnnarnny».
Ho:(ncc nincnnnoci, uro npc(no»cnnc nc 6ino nco»n-
(annix n uro Haxo n Koun o(o6pnnn cio nc «ncixo» n «na-
cncx». Hao6opor, ncc 6ino xopomo paccunrano, rmarcnino
o6cy»(cno n n:ncmcno :a xynncaxn. Concpmcnno orxpiro ¬ro
pa:¡ncnnn, n uacrnocrn, Han(n Kpncro ucripc io(a cnycrn,
na XI Hncnyxc
1
HK naprnn n ccnrn6pc 1948 io(a.
÷ B Icparc, ÷ npn:nancn Han(n Kpncro, ÷ Haxo no-
(omcn xo xnc n ionopnn o6 «omn6xax» Mnna(nna, o nc(o-
nonicrnc Onncpox, Iarixon n unpn. On n Koun xa»(in (cni
ncnn co xnom raxnc pa:ionopi n, naxoncn, 6ino pcmcno
cmc (o co:ina Hncnyxa ninccrn n: cocrana Impo nonauany
unpn n Iarixy, n npon:nccrn na Hncnyxc pcopiann:annm
Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra. Tax npc(cronno paccxorpcri n (cno
Onncpa, rax xax n Impo ¬ro ncno:xo»no 6ino. Kax-ro, ÷
npo(on»an Han(n, ÷ n cnpocnn Haxo:
÷ A uro crancr c Koxan(anrox
2
" Kaxoc nncuarncnnc npo-
n:nc(cr na napo( n na naprnm cio orcrpancnnc"
÷ Mi (on»ni y6c(nri cio, ÷ orncrnn Haxo. ÷ B npo-
rnnnox cnyuac cio «y6c(nr pcnonincp»
3
.
B ¬ron rannon ncrpcuc, i(c, xnnyn Impo, pcmanoci, uro
6y(cr n Impo, yuacrnonan n Bcnnxnp Cronnnu.
Han(n Kpncro, xax ¬ro on npn:nan co6crncnnixn ycra-
xn n 1948 io(y, «no((ancn nx nnnnnnm»
4
n cran nponnnnri
cnoc nc(ononicrno.
__________________________________
1 Cxorpn crp. 564-57O nacronmcn xnnin.
2 Onncp Xo(»a.
3 H: nporoxona XI Hncnyxa HK KHA, 13-24 ccnrn6pn 1948 i. HHA.
4 «Koun µ:o(:c 6in 6nn»anmnx corpy(nnxox Haxo, Bcnio |Bcnn-
xnp Cronnnu] n µn:(apa |Hnn: µn:(apcnnu], ÷ :annnn, n uacrnocrn,
Han(n Kpncro, ÷ n n no((ancn nx nnnnnnm. B Icparc 6ino xano xo-
pomcio n xnoio nnoxoio. Moc nc(ononicrno n nc(ononicrno Koun 6naio-
npnnrcrnonann npa»(c6non pa6orc n Icparc, nc(i Haxo nc ocxcnnncn 6i
o(nn c(cnari ¬ro». (Hs npomotoaa X1 Haeny+a HK KHA, !J-24 cenm»-
6p» !94S eooa. HHA.)
178
«C pa6ounxn nnxro nc cunracrcn, ÷ ionopnn Han(n
Kpncro na nimcynoxnnyron rannon ncrpcuc. ÷ 2 oxa:ancn n
croponc. Cocronn n npn Ura6c n Kynaxc, no ucx n rax
:annxancn" Mcnn nn:ncnn (o nono»cnnn nonapa».
Bcnnxnp Cronnnu cnyman n xnnan iononon.
÷ Tato /e' Tato /e'* Kaxoio nponcxo»(cnnn ronapnm"
÷ Pa6oucio, ÷ orncrnn cxy Koun. ÷ On y nac uncn
Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra.
÷ Hpcxpacno, npcxpacno, npo(on»anrc, ÷ no((cp»an
Han(n miocnancxnn npc(crannrcni.
Han(n naionopnn na naprnm, na Mnna(nna n xcnn, uro
cxy n:6pcno n ionony, n Cronnnu cnpocnn cio:
÷ Kaxnx o6pa:ox npo(nnnyncn n naprnn ¬ror ronapnm"
÷ Iopi6on, rpy(ox' ÷ orncrnn cxy Koun (xorn cax
Han(n ionopnn, uro on nnucio nc (cnan n uro, caxoc 6oni-
mcc, 6in on mra6nix nonapox. Ho Bcnnxnp Cronnnu ncnnn
n ncx (pyioc. On ncnnn cnoco6nocrn Han(n Kpncro xax no-
napa xncncri, o6nnncnnn).
Ho oxonuannn ¬ron ncrpcun Haxo orncn Han(n Kpncro
n cropony:
÷ Ho:(pannnm' ÷ cxa:an on cxy. ÷ Onn (miocnani)
oucni (ononini ro6om.
µna-rpn (nn cnycrn nocnc ¬roio Han(n Kpncro nncuox
x nncuy c Ccnqynon, Koun n Haxo, nxcn cnn:ymmcn ocim
Bcnnxnpa Cronnnua, rn»cnix 6noxox nicrynnnn n Impo
npornn xcnn.
Bropon mai «xnccnn Cronnnu» 6in ocymccrnncn. Impo
namcio Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra 6ino pcopiann:onano :a xy-
nncaxn, n rcncpi n: nnrn cio uncnon ucripc nnnnnnci noxop-
nixn opy(nnxn miocnanon.
Pa:yxccrcn, nocnc ¬roio cxnrcnnc, nina(i n o6nnncnnn
pa:pa:nnnci 6oncc orxpiro n nciuc (cncrnonann. 2 oxa:ancn
nonnocrim n:onnponannix nc ronixo n Impo, no n nnc cio.
µcna, ccrccrncnno, ncc 6onimc :anyrinannci, a (cni orxpirnn
Hncnyxa npn6nn»ancn. 2 ynn(cn, uro onpc(cnnri nnnnm n
__________________________________
* Ha ccp6cxo-xopnarcxox n:ixc: Bcpno' Bcpno'
179
:a(aun na 6y(ymcc 6y(cr oucni rpy(no. O6cranonxa co:(anaci
raxan, uro nm(n :annxannci npomnix, nnn rouncc, onomnc-
nncx npomnoio.
B o(nn n: ¬rnx (ncn, naxanync Hncnyxa, npnxo(nr xo
xnc Hc(»xnc |µ»yinnnn ÷ Xo(»a]. C uyncrnox nccxpinac-
xon rpcnoin n oruannnn ona ionopnr xnc cxno:i cnc:i:
÷ Kax »c ¬ro rax . . . nxcnno naxanync ocno6o»(cnnn ni
pcmnnn orcrpannri xcnn or pyxono(crna xono(c»im"
÷ 3aucx" ÷ y(nnncnno cnpocnn n. ÷ Kro ¬ro rc6c
cxa:an"
÷ Houcxy npnxn(inacmicn, 6y(ro nc :nacmi" Mcnn
no:nan Haxo, npc(no»nn xnc «npoiynnricn», xi nimnn x
6cpciy Ocyxa n rax on cxa:an xnc: «Ti :pn npnmna n Icpar
. . . (ona naxo(nnaci n µn6pnncxox panonc n n iopnix xpanx
Hcnrpaninon An6annn n xauccrnc npc(crannrcnn Hcnrpanino-
io Koxnrcra Mono(c»n npn II Haprn:ancxon (nnn:nn n npn
xono(c»nix opianax na xccrax, n xoropix (cncrnonana (n-
nn:nn).
÷ Kax ¬ro :pn . . ."' ÷ oro:nanaci n. ÷ Tonapnm Onncp
npncnan xnc nncixo, n xonnc xoropoio nncan, uro n non6pc
cocronrcn :acc(annc HK Mono(c»n n C¡c:( Anrnqamncrcxnx
»cnmnn. 2 »(ana namcio coo6mcnnn, no, nocxonixy nnxaxoio
coo6mcnnn nc 6ino nn or nac, nn or Xcncxon opiann:annn,
no(yxana, uro ono :arcpnnoci i(c-ro na nyrn. Ho¬roxy n
nnnnaci. A uro, n nc (on»na 6ina npnnrn" ÷ ncpc(anana
xnc 6ccc(y c nnx Hc(»xnc.
÷ µa ncr, pa: npnmna, ocranancn, ÷ cxa:an xnc Haxo.
÷ Ho ri 6onimc pa6orari c xono(c»im nc 6y(cmi. Tc6c
nopyucno (pyioc na»noc :a(annc, xax uncn Koxnccnn Ainr-
npona npn HK naprnn n 6y(cmi pa6orari y»c c Ccnqynon
Mancmona.
Cxa:an ¬ro, Hc(»xnc :axonuana. Hoxonuan n n, no, co-
nna(an co6om, n orncrnn cn, yni6anci:
÷ Oro nn rc6n xyunr"' µcn y nac xnoio n nc nccx xo-
no(c»im :annxaricn. H ccxrop, xy(a na:naunn rc6n Haxo,
oucni na»nin, oco6cnno rcncpi, xoi(a naprnn n napo( 6cpyr
nnacri n cnon pyxn.
18O
2 cxa:an ¬ro noroxy, uro nc xorcn, uro6i ona y:nana
o no:nnxmnx n pyxono(crnc 6onimnx pacnpnx n pacxonc. 2 nc
xorcn, uro6i ona y:nana ¬ro cmc noroxy, uro pcui mna o
nccixa (cnnxarnix npo6ncxax, xoropic cnc(onano crpoio (cp-
»ari n rannc, (a cmc noroxy, uro nc xorcn oiopunri n o6c-
cnoxonri cc n ro npcxn, xoi(a xi (cni oro (nn »(ann pa-
(ocrnym nccri o6 ocno6o»(cnnn An6annn.
Ho cax »c n nonnn, uro (cna o6cronnn xy»c, ucx n
npc(crannnn nx cc6c. Hc npninacnn Hc(»xnc nn na Xcncxnn
c¡c:(, nn na :acc(annc Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra Mono(c»n,
Haxo n cio (py:in crpcxnnnci (cp»ari cc no(animc or xcnn,
rax xax ona xoina xcmari ocymccrnncnnm nx :axicnon, xoina
cnymari, uro onn ionopnnn, n coo6mnri xnc o6 ¬rox. Taxan
xicni cpa:y npnmna xnc n ionony, n n, ncrpcno»cnnin, cnpo-
cnn cc6n: ¹ro ¬ro raxoc" Hc nponcxo(nr nn ryr uro-nn6y(i
:a cnnnon y xcnn . . . "
Ho n xonuan, n6o nc xoi o6nnnnri ronapnmcn n raxnx
nn:xcnnix nocrynxax. Hc(ononicrno nx (cncrnnnxn n nonc-
(cnncx naxannnnanoci y xcnn, no(o:pcnnc ncc npcxn pocno.
B rc (nn co xnom 6inn Xmcnn n Ioio, o(naxo nx n
ro»c nnucio nc ionopnn. 2 nonaian, uro ncc ¬ro 6ino nnyrpcn-
nnx (cnox Impo, uro co npcxcncx 6y(yr npco(oncni ncc no:-
nnxmnc rpy(nocrn; n cunran rax»c, uro pa:inacnn 6i ranny,
ccnn 6i nocrynnn nnauc. Ho n (yxan n ncn cc6n rax noroxy,
uro cmc nc :nan, uro :a xynncaxn cocrannnncn :aionop. 2 nc
:nan o rox, uro «ronapnmn» c»cuacno n c»cxnnyrno concp-
mann ncponoxcrno, npc»(c nccio ncponoxcrno n ornomcnnn
naprnn n napo(a, no n n ornomcnnn xcnn. 3nan 6i n o6
¬rox, (cna o6n:arcnino npnnnnn 6i (pyion o6opor. 2 orxpi-
ro nicrynnn 6i ncpc( ronapnmaxn-uncnaxn HK, nc uro6i
o6pa6orari nx, a uro6i pa:¡ncnnri nx npan(y, npc(ynpc(nri
nx o rox, uro :arcnanoci. H nocxonixy nc :nan, uro 6ino
:arcnno :a xynncaxn, n nomcn na II Hncnyx Hcnrpaninoio
Koxnrcra naprnn yncpcnnin n rox, uro pcui mna o pacxo»(c-
nnn no xncnnnx n n:inn(ax c nocnanncx miocnancxoio pyxo-
no(crna n uro c nnx nccnpanc(nnno «conn(apn:onannci» ro-
181
napnmn n: namcio Impo, o(naxo n nc npc(crannnn cc6c npxo,
uro nxcnno cxpinanoci :a ¬ron conn(apnocrim.
3a (na-rpn (nn (o nauana pa6ori Hncnyxa Koun µ:o(:c
npnxo(nr xo xnc o:a(aucnnin n ionopnr:
÷ Ha(o nyumc yxa:ari na cnacnrcninym noxomi mio-
cnancxnx ronapnmcn, oco6cnno ronapnmcn Tcxno n Bcnio.
÷ A uro cmc ny»no no(ucpxnyri n cnn:n c noxomim
¬rnx ronapnmcn" ÷ cnpocnn n «o6ixnoncnnix» ronox n rax
«orxponcnno», uro Koun nnxano nc yia(an, x ucxy n xnonnn.
:a(anan raxon nonpoc.
÷ ¹ro ona oxa:inanaci nax co npcxcnn ocnonannn nap-
rnn n (o cnx nop' ÷ cxa:an on xnc c y(nnnrcninix yccp-
(ncx. ÷ Ho(ucpxnyri na(o, uro oco6cnno npnxo( ronapnmcn
Tcxno n Bcnio noxoi nax oco:nari npc»nnc n nincmnnc
6onimnc omn6xn n xopomcnixo nocrannri rouxn na( «n».
Conna(cnnc «(ono(on» Tcxno n Cronnnua c «(ono(axn»
Koun, Haxo n Ccnqyni nnauanc noxa:anoci xnc crpannix,
:arcx cnyuannocrim, no norox, oco6cnno no npcxn pa6ori
Hncnyxa, n y6c(nncn n rox, uro ¬ro 6ino nc cnyuannocrim,
a «ycnocnncx» namnxn ronapnmaxn «(ono(on» miocnanon. Oro
6in cno6n:x, npn:nax nc:pcnocrn, nponnncnnc no(unncnnn
«6oncc cnninoxy» n anpnopnncxoio npc(cranncnnn cc6n na
cio cy»(cnnc, nccxorpn na (cncrnnrcninoc nono»cnnc nc-
mcn.
Hccoxncnno, ncc ¬ro 6ino npc(nix n npc(ocy(nrcninix,
no n (yxan, uro na Hncnyxc n oco6cnno nocnc ncio crpacrn
yioxonnrcn, ronapnmn nopa:xicnnr, 6y(yr nyumc paccy»(ari
n n nponcccc pa6ori ncc 6y(cr yna»cno. O(naxo, xax nincnn-
noci no:(ncc, ¬rn xon apiyxcnri nc orncuann (cncrnnrcni-
nocrn. Onn, caxoc 6onimcc, nnnnnnci nipa»cnncx »cnannn,
(o6pon nonn n :(panoio cxicna npn oncnxc 6onimoio nc-
n:nccrnoio. Hcrnna »c cocronna n (pyiox n 6ina xy(a 6oncc
rn»cnon n iopixon. Hrax, 6ino no(rncp»(cno, uro npornno-
nocranncnnc ronapnmcn n: Impo nnnnn naprnn n xnc nnnn-
noci nc cnyuannix :a6ny»(cnncx, a npc(naxcpcnnix (cnox,
:arcnnnix na :axynncnix ncrpcuax n 6ccc(ax npn no(crpc-
182
xarcnicrnc n no( pyxono(crnox Bcnnxnpa Cronnnua n Hnn:a
µn:(apcnnua.
Oro 6in :aionop, xoropin onn cocrannnnn na nporn»c-
nnn (nyx-rpcx xccnncn nrannc, :a cnnnon y xcnn n Hcnrpani-
noio Koxnrcra naprnn, n xoropin co nccn cnocn npocrim
pa:pa:nncn na Hncnyxc.
Bcpa1cknü :aronop
Hncnyx nauan pa6ory 23 non6pn n ynoxnnyrix xnom
nimc rn»cnix ycnonnnx. Kpoxc uncnon n xan(n(aron Hcn-
rpaninoio Koxnrcra naprnn, n:6pannix na Hcpnon naprnn-
non xonqcpcnnnn, cocronnmcncn n un6nnorc n xaprc 1943
io(a (orcyrcrnonan nnmi xan(n(ar ¬roio Hncnyxa, Mcxxcr
Ucxy, rax xax cxy 6ino nopyucno :annxaricn ycranonncnncx
n co6nm(cnncx nopn(xa n ronixo uro ocno6o»(cnnon Tn-
panc), na Hncnyx «6in npninamcn» (nn yuacrnn n xauccrnc
npc(crannrcnn 6parcxon naprnn n Bcnnxnp Cronnnu. 2 io-
nopm «6in npninamcn» noroxy, uro (cna npnnnnn raxon o6o-
por, uro Cronnnu, noni:ynci no((cp»xon 6onimnncrna n
Impo, n 6c: npninamcnnn npnmcn 6i na :acc(annc, uro6i
(o xonna (onccrn n rpcrnn ¬ran cnocio nnana ÷ ¬ran pacxona
n (c:opncnrannn Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra naprnn n xocio
orcrpancnnn or pyxono(crna.
Hacxonixo xnc noxnnrcn, ncc rpn npc(ycxorpcnnix pc-
qcpara 6inn :aunrani cmc n ncpnin (cni. Orpa»cnncx ncc-
io, uro (anno y»c 6ypnnno n ioronnnoci :a xynncaxn, nnnncn
n ror qaxr, uro ncpnix n:nn cnono Ccnqyna Mancmona,
xoropin nicrynnn c pcqcparox «O nincmncn nonnrnuccxon
o6cranonxc» n crpanc. Tpnnic, no(ioronncnnoc Ccnqynon n
xoxnanncn, nc (ocronno ynoxnnannn. 2 xorcn 6i nccio nnmi
orxcrnri, uro «pcqcpar o nonnrnuccxox xoxcnrc» 6in cxopcc
nccio narcrnuccxon (cxnaxanncn, nanncannon onnoprynncrn-
uccxon pyxon, nnmcnnon ncnxnx n(cn n nc co(cp»anmcn nn-
183
xaxnx npo6ncx, nnxaxon opncnrnponxn nnn :a(aun na roi-
(amnnn xoxcnr n rcx 6oncc na 6y(ymcc. ¹cnoncx, xoropin
xnxoxo(ox xocnyncn icponuccxon 6opi6i napo(a n naprnn,
ror, xro, 6y(yun nnc ncnxon onacnocrn, «no-rypcnxn cn(n na
nyiy»
1
, ipcn cc6c pyxn na( o6o»»cnnix rcnox Po(nni, rc-
ncpi, onnpanci na 6opi6y n icpon:x ncnoio napo(a n ncnon
naprnn, noni:onancn cnyuacx (nn roio, uro6i xnacraricn n
xnunricn rcx, n ucx y ncio nc 6ino :acnyi. Bpcxn n:no»nri
cnom n(cm o «mcqc naprnn», c xoropon on nicrynnn no:(ncc,
cmc nc nacrano.
Inannin pcqcpar, a nxcnno pcqcpar «O nonnrnuccxon
nnnnn KHA», xoropin npc(nonaianoci npon:nccrn na Hncnyxc,
:aunran n. Hacxonixo xnc n:nccrno, n Haprnnnox Apxnnc
ccri o(nn ¬x:cxnnnp cio, no ¬ro xonnn, rax cxa:ari, «oqn-
nnaninoio» napnanra, napnanra, no(ioronncnnoio «c noxomim»,
ro ccri npn nxcmarcnicrnc, no( (anncnncx Haxo, Ccnqyni n
Koun (Han(n Kpncro, xax «nonnuox» n Impo, nccio nnmi
o(o6pnn «ccpic:nic :axcuannn» cnonx ronapnmcn, no cax
on nc n cocronnnn 6in naxocrnri no6onimc), xoropic (a»c
:a (cni (o nauana pa6ori Hncnyxa npo(on»ann «pc(axrnpo-
nari» cio, uro-nn6y(i niucpxnnari nnn ncrannnri n ncio. Tpc-
rnn pcqcpar no( naxonnuccxnx :ainanncx «O6 opiann:annn»
:aunran Koun µ:o(:c. 3arcx pa:iopcnnci cnopi n (c6ari, xo-
ropic mnn nourn (na-rpn (nn. Cpc(n nnx 6inn nicrynncnnn,
(nnnmnccn 6oncc (nyx-rpcx uacon, xaxnx 6ino ncpnoc nicry-
nncnnc Haxo Cnnpy (on nicrynnn nccxonixo pa:), nnn o(no
n: nicrynncnnn Ccnqyni Mancmona, xoropin, no(o6no Haxo
n Koun, npn ncnxox cnyuac npocnn cnona «na o(ny xnnyry
(nn o6¡ncncnnn» n, ncran, :a(cp»nnan Hncnyx 6oncc nonuaca,
ncpccxaxnnan c nnroio na (ccnroc.
II Hncnyx namcio Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra, co:nannin (nn
o6cy»(cnnn n pa:pcmcnnn :a(au 6onimoio ncropnuccxoio
:naucnnn (nn naprnn, (nn 6y(ymcio Po(nni n connann:xa,
______________________________________
1 Hponn:annn na( crnxaxn Ccnqyni Mancmona:
«Ho-mypeutu cuo» na ayey,
3aneeam necnt npo cmapuny».
184
cran :annxaricn (cnaxn, concpmcnno npornnonono»nixn cio
inannon ncnn. Ionimnncrno uncnon Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra
(:a ncxnmucnncx Ha(»nc µyxc n xoc-xoio (pyioio) oxa:a-
noci, x nx y(nnncnnm n co»ancnnm, ncpc( nnnox nco»n(an-
noio n nnxopa(ounoio nacrynncnnn, xoropoc orpnnano n or-
ncpiano ro, uro nnnnnoci (nn nnx cnnrincn. Tonapnmn cmc
c ncpnoio (nn crann ncnirinari rc »c uyncrna n pa:ouapo-
nannc, xoropic yincrann n xyunnn xcnn (na-rpn xccnna
no(pn(.
Pcqcpari, oco6cnno pcqcpar Koun µ:o(:c, 6inn nann-
cani n raxox (yxc, uro orncpiann ncc nono»nrcninoc n:
npomnoio, a, uro caxoc inannoc, opncnrnponann n npn:inann
ronapnmcn paccxarpnnari n ncronxoninari npo6ncxi n cnonx
nicrynncnnnx n raxox xpaunox cncrc n rax »c npcnparno,
uro n cax Koun. Mnc xopomo noxnnrcn yipmxic nnna ro-
napnmcn, nonnoc n nc(nnoc xonuannc, c nauana (o xonna
conpono»(anmcc urcnnc pcqcparon. Hc cnyuanno, uro cpa:y
»c nocnc ncpnix pcqcparon nicrynnnn Haxo, Ccnqyna, Han-
(n n nco(noxparno «nxcmnnancn» Cronnnu. Hx ncnim 6ino
nc (ari, uro6i xonuannc n y(nnncnnc ronapnmcn o6cpnynnci
n npornnonono»noc «(yxy», (nxronanmcxycn cncpxy. To, ucio
n cnc(onano o»n(ari, 6ino (ocrninyro. C (c:opncnrnponan-
mnxcn n cnnino no:6y»(cnnix ronapnmcn rpc6onann, uro-
6i onn pinnci n npomnox, n nocnc nccio ¬roio, pa:yxccrcn,
xnoinc nicrynanmnc ncnn c uy»oio ionoca. Cpc(n nicrynnc-
nnn 6ino n xnoio npannninix n ypannoncmcnnix, xax, na-
npnxcp, nicrynncnnn Ioio Hymn, Xmcnn Kano, Manyma
Mmqrny n (pyinx, no ¬ro qaxr, uro ncxoropic uncni n
xan(n(ari Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra no( no:(cncrnncx o6mcn
arxocqcpi nponnnnn na Hncnyxc no(ucpxnyric xonc6annn
n npnnnnn, xro 6onimc, a xro xcnimc, rc:nci miocnancxoio
nocnanna n cio pynopon, ipynni Haxo, Koun, Ccnqyni n
Han(n'
B cnny cno»nnmnxcn o6cronrcnicrn raxoc orxnoncnnc ro-
napnmcn 6ino, xo»no cxa:ari, n n:nccrnon xcpc onpan(an-
nix n nc nnnnnoci nco»n(annix. ¹ncni Hncnyxa oxa:annci
(a»c ncpc( 6onimnxn rpy(nocrnxn, ucx xi, uncni Honnr-
185
6mpo, xoi(a n O(pnuanc Bcnnxnp Cronnnu nncpnic n:no»nn
cnon «(npcxrnni». Toi(a xi oxa:annci ncpc( o6nnncnnnxn
nocnanncn (pyion naprnn n, ccnn 6i y ocraninix uncnon
Impo nc 6ino ynoxnnyrix xnom npc(nocinox n ax6nnnn,
ro xi 6noxox nicrynnnn 6i npornn «iocrn» n ocrannnn 6i y
ncio na pyxax «:axcuannn», a nxccrc c nnxn, n cax :aionop.
Ho nc(i uncni Hncnyxa cnymann y»c «:axcuannn» n o6nn-
ncnnn n: ycr nc ronixo «nocroponncio», no n caxnx raxnx
naprnnnix pyxono(nrcncn, xax Koun, Haxo, Ccnqyna. Oro
nonoc o6cronrcnicrno naxna(inano na «:axcuannn» n o6nnnc-
nnn, ccnn xo»no rax nipa:nricn, oqnnnaninym ncuari. Inan-
nin :aionopmnx, Cronnnu, nc :pn rparnn npcxn :a (na-rpn
xccnna npc6inannn n An6annn: ucpnin nnan Tnro n xoxna-
nnn on y»c npcno(nocnn Hncnyxy HK KHA nc cnonxn py-
xaxn, a pyxaxn 6onimnncrna uncnon Impo HK namcn nap-
rnn' Oror qaxr (cnan miocnancxnc o6nnncnnn 6oncc «(ocro-
ncpnixn», nc(i x roxy npcxcnn nc xoino 6iri n pcun o rox,
uro6i namn ronapnmn 6inn nacronixo no(ioronncnnixn,
uro6i onn n cocronnnn 6inn 6icrpo n orucrnnno pa:nnuari
ncpnoio or qanimnnoio n ¬rnx nicrynncnnnx. Hnxoxy, a
¬ro caxoc inannoc, nc npnxo(nno n ionony, uro ¬ro 6in :aio-
nop, opiann:onannin :a xynncaxn n xonapnix ncnnx rcxn,
xro n:o6pa»an cc6n (pyiox n xoio xi, x co»ancnnm, cunrann
raxnx n nponaian(nponann xax raxonoio.
Inannoc o6nnncnnc, nacxno:i nponn:inanmcc pa6ory Hnc-
nyxa, xax n ncci npc(mccrnonanmnn cxy ncpno(, xacanoci
nonn1nucckoü nnnnn namcü nap1nn. Pyxono(crno naprnn n
oco6cnno xcnn nnuno o6nnnnnn n rox, 6y(ro xi nc n cocron-
nnn 6inn nipa6orari n npono(nri npannninym nnnnm, 6y(-
ro xi ncpcxo(nnn or ccxranrcrna n onnoprynn:x n nao6opor.
B «(oxa:arcnicrno» ¬roxy 6ino npnnc(cno ncc ro, uro
onncano xnom nimc n cnn:n co cnopaxn, xoropic n nxcn
c Ina»o Honanonnucx, n oco6cnno c Byxxanonnucx Tcxno n
Bcnnxnpox Cronnnucx. «Honoc» na Hncnyxc :axnmuanoci n
rox, uro Haxo Cnnpy, Ccnqyna Mancmona n Koun µ:o(:c
¬rn xopomo n:nccrnic o6nnncnnn miocnanon rcncpi ni(anann
:a «cnon» o6nnncnnn, :a pc:ynirar nx «ocxicnnnannn n oncn-
186
xn». Tax npon:omno, nanpnxcp, c Haxo Cnnpy, xoropin n:o-
6pa:nn cnonx rc:nc Tcxno o rox, uro «nama naprnn n cc
Hcnrpaninin Koxnrcr 6inn :acrninyri npacnnox ocnonanncx
Ianni Kox6crap n nc nonnnn, uro Ianni nonnnncn xax pcax-
nnn npornn Hannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninoio 0ponra», rax 6i-
no n c apxnonnoprynncrox Ccnqynon Mancmona, xoropin,
6y(yun xacrcpox 6ncqa n npornnopcunnix ucnoncxox, o6nn-
nnn nac n «onnoprynncrnuccxox ornomcnnn» x Ianni :a
ncpno(, xoi(a xi (cnann nonirxn npn6nn:nri n cxnonnri
na cnom cropony no:xo»no 6onimc ¬ncxcnron-nannonann-
cron n narpnoron n, n oco6cnnocrn, npocrix nm(cn, nnc(cnnix
n :a6ny»(cnnc (cxaioincn Ianni n r.(.
Hc cronr ocranannnnaricn :(cci na no»nocrn ¬rnx o6nn-
ncnnn n «onnoprynn:xc», no n xorcn 6i no(ucpxnyri nor uro:
na nponnncnnn onnoprynn:xa nnn na «onnoprynncrnuccxym
nnnnm» xax Bcnnxnp Cronnnu, rax n cio nocnc(onarcnn nc
(cnann oco6oio ynopa. O6nnncnnc n «onnoprynn:xc» npomno
na Hncnyxc ncixo (nn»c n o6¡ncnm npnunny), ynop 6in
c(cnan na o6nnncnnn n «ccxranrcrnc» n cnni 6inn cocpc(oro-
ucni n ¬rox nanpanncnnn. Hocnc(ncc 6ino pacncncno xax
«nan6onimcc :no n namcn naprnn n cc pyxono(crnc», xax qax-
rop, nxo6i npcnnrcrnonanmnn n «o(cp»nnanmnn pa:nnrnc
0ponra, nannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninix concron, xacconix op-
iann:annn n caxon naprnn. Ccxranrcrno 6ino pacncncno rax-
»c xax nan6oniman onacnocri (nn 6y(ymcio, no¬roxy, co-
inacno Cronnnuy, Haxo, Koun n (pyinx, na(o 6ino noxon-
unri c «ccxranrcrnox» n «ccxranraxn», nnauc nn naprnn, nn
nonan An6annn nc npo(cp»arcn'
Ccnqyna Mancmona, caxin uro nn na ccri xnaccnuccxnn
onnoprynncr, xoropoio :nana nama naprnn, (omcn n o(nox n:
cnonx nicrynncnnn n pcnnnx (o uy(onnmnix o6nnncnnn:
÷ 2nnoc ccxranrcrno n nnnnn, ÷ :annnn on co :nocrim.
÷ npcnpamacr naprnm n 6an(y rcppopncron' Hamn ronapn-
mn, oco6cnno rc, xro n inannox pyxono(crnc, yrparnnn na-
cronmym (ymy xoxxynncra, (opo»amcio ucnoncuccxon
»n:nim'
Oro qaxr, uro xnoinc nicrynnnmnc nocnc ncio rona-
187
pnmn, (a»c n: uncna rcx, xro (c:opncnrnponancn n npnxn-
pnncn c (nxronanmnxcn (yxox, c ncio(onanncx nicxa:annci
npornn raxoio o6nnncnnn, no:nc(cnnoio Ccnqynon, n orncpinn
cio. 2 »c cax xax na Hncnyxc, rax n (o ncio ccpic:no ccopn-
ncn c Ccnqynon n:-:a ¬roio inycnoio o6nnncnnn. 3a nccxonixo
(ncn (o Hncnyxa, xoi(a 6in y»c xoonrnponan n Impo, on
npoxo(nr xo xnc n pa6ounn xa6nncr ncci «ncrpcno»cnnin».
÷ Cnnpcncrnycr rcppop' ÷ :no6no ionopnr on xnc.
÷ Tcppop" ÷ cnpamnnam cio y(nnncnno. ÷ I(c"
÷ B Tnpanc' ÷ orncuacr on. ÷ Y6nnamr xnoinx pac-
xannmnxcn oqnncpon.
÷ B Tnpanc n(cr ncnnxan 6nrna :a ocno6o»(cnnc cronnni,
÷ ionopm n cxy. ÷ Tax n(cr 6opi6a nc na »n:ni, a na
cxcpri. ¹ro ri na:inacmi rcppopox" H xaxnx oqnncpon
»ani rc6c" Bonna y»c 6nn:nrcn x xonny, ÷ npo(on»am n.
÷ Koi(a xi npn:nann nx ynrn n iopi n nxccrc c naxn 6o-
poricn npornn :axnarunxon, onn nc c(nnnynnci c rcnnoio xc-
crcuxa. Tcncpi »c onn «pacxannnci», no ¬ro cnnmxox no:(no,
c npccrynnnxaxn xi cnc(cx cucri.
÷ Bor ono' Oro n ccri ccxranrcrno' ÷ ncxaxnnacr Ccn-
qyna. ÷ Y»c ncr nacronmcn (ymn xoxxynncra, raxoio, xro
(opo»nr ucnoncuccxon »n:nim, xro (onio pa:(yxinacr, npc-
»(c ucx pcmnri ynnuro»nri ucnoncxa, xoropin xo»cr nc-
npannricn n cny»nri Po(nnc'
Bn(nxo, cio oiopunno :acny»cnnoc naxa:annc npaia nap-
rnn n xoxxynn:xa, 3an 0yn(o, c xoropix on ncxoi(a npo»nn
n ¬xnipannn ncnym »n:ni, »n:ni «xoxxynncron xaqc». Ho-
nn(nxoxy, cio oiopunna n nnxnn(annn n xo(c 6opi6i rcx
oqnncpon 6inmcn xoponcncxon apxnn, xoropic, orcny»nn
cny»6y no( qamn:xox, npcnparnnnci n aicnron Iccrano n
crann xoxan(npaxn nonncxnx uacrcn, cqopxnponannix n:
uncna n:xcnnnxon Po(nni, cpa»anmnxcn nncuox x nncuy c
ncxnaxn n Tnpanc n ncm(y.
÷ Oro rn»xoc o6nnncnnc, Ccnqyna, ÷ ionopm n cxy,
÷ n :a ¬ro ri orncuari 6y(cmi.
÷ H orncuy' ÷ nani»nncn Ccnqyna. ÷ Honropnm, na-
188
mn ronapnmn nc nxcmr nnxaxoio npc(cranncnnn o rox, uro
cymccrnycr xc»(ynapo(noc iyxannoc npano, xacammcccn pac-
xannmnxcn n nocnnonncnnix.
÷ Kro pacxanncn n xoi(a pacxanncn" ÷ cnpocnn n pc:xnx
ronox. ÷ Y6nnni n pa:6onnnxn, rc, xro no iopno noipn:
n xponn napo(a"' Tc, xro, concpmnn y6nncrna n 6ccunncrna
(o 15 non6pn, ynn(cn, uro nx (cno nponipano, 16 non6pn
(cnacr nn( 6y(ro «pacxannacrcn»" Hcr, Ccnqyna, (nn npc-
crynnnxon y nonni cnon :axoni. Oro caxic iyxannic :axoni.
÷ 2 nc raxoio xncnnn' ÷ oxa:an onnoprynncr n ymcn.
H nor namcn on no(xo(nmnn xoxcnr n na6pancn cxc-
nocrn nc ronixo n:no»nri n na Hncnyxc cnoc 6c:o6pa:noc
o6nnncnnc, no n no:nonnri cc6c na:nari pyxono(crno namcn
naprnn «rcppopncrnuccxnx».
Ocraninic yuacrnnxn :aionopa, Koun, Haxo n Han(n,
noxa:ann cc6n «6oncc ocropo»nixn» n «apiyxcnrax», xoropic
onn npnno(nnn, n no xnoinx ornomcnnnx, no ¬ro 6ino 6oncc
onacnix, rax xax nax rpy(ncc 6ino ryr »c (ncxpc(nrnponari
n pa:o6naunri nx. µa»c cax Cronnnu, ycniman o6nnncnnc
Ccnqyni, ncran n na:nan cio «nocncmnix», «onpoxcrunnix»
n (a»c «nccnpanc(nnnix ...».
Ornx on o6paman nnnxannc (pyinx: nc ionopnrc iny-
nocrcn, xax Ccnqyna, a ro (ncxpc(nrnpycrc cc6n n y nac nna-
ni na pyxax ocranyrcn'
Tax, Haxo, Koun n Han(n, no n Ha(»nc µyxc n xoc-xro
(pyion «(oxa:ann» nannunc ccxranrcrna na «6oncc (ocroncp-
nix» qaxrax: «ccxranrcxan nnnnn n ornomcnnn 0ponra», «ccx-
ranrcxoc ornomcnnc x Ann Kcninmpa, Ia:n n Hancc, Hcny
Onc:n» n r.(. Ho npc»(c nccio nccoxix «apiyxcnrox» n pyxax
:aionopmnxon 6inn n:nccrnic ccxranrcxnc (cncrnnn unpn
Icia n Mcxxcra Ucxy. Mnoinc ronapnmn, :nanmnc o nopo-
unix n ccxranrcxnx nocrynxax (nyx nocnc(nnx, npnncnn no-
nic qaxri, n ¬roio (ocrarouno 6ino, uro6i npnxncnri x
nnnnn namcn naprnn n cc pyxono(crny npnix «ccxranrcrna».
O(naxo ncrnna, xax n n cnn:n co nccxn ocraninixn o6-
nnncnnnxn, o6cronna conccx nnauc. Ho(o6no roxy, xax nc
189
6ina onnoprynncrnuccxon, nnnnn nnxoi(a nc 6ina n ccxran-
rcxon.
Koncuno, 6ino 6i cxcprcnino onacnix o6xanox n caxo-
(ononicrnox nonaiari, uro raxnc onacnocrn nax nc ipo:nnn
nnn uro raxnx nnncnnn nc na6nm(anoci. Hcr, nxcnnci or-
(cninic cnyuan, n xi, xax ronixo y:nanann npo nnx, xax
ronixo nax coo6mann o nnx, ryr »c npnnnxann coorncrcrny-
mmnc xcpi, uro6i pcmnrcnino npcccui nx, nc (anan nx ycy-
iy6nricn.
Bcran na Hncnyxc n Ic(pn Cnaxny, xoropin, uro6i 6iri
conn(apnix c «ronapnmaxn», oco6cnno c Ccnqynon, n uacr-
nocrn, cxa:an:
÷ Ccxranrcrno nc orcyrcrnonano y nac, rax xax xi 6inn
cxnonni x ncxy' H n Inpoxacrpc, nanpnxcp, cnonx ccxranr-
crnox xi n 1942 io(y :axpinn (ncpn 0ponra nannona-
nncrax . . . '
Bor n ncc, uro cxa:an Ic(pn Cnaxny o (annox cnyuac, no
on «:a6in» nnn, ncpncc, nc xorcn (oionopnri npan(y, n6o,
ccnn 6i on (oionopnn cc, ro no(rncp(nnoci 6i, uro nnnnn
naprnn nc 6ina ccxranrcxon, no on cax n:nparnn cc.
Kax n y»c ionopnn, o(nnx n: rcx, xro (ocrannn nax 6oni-
mc xnonor n ¬rox nanpanncnnn, 6ina unpn Icia, oco6cnno
xnoiouncncnnixn cnyuanxn cnocio ccxranrcxoio nonc(cnnn
no Bncpc nnn »c na Ccncpc, xy(a xi nocnann cc n nmnc
1944 io(a. Ky(a 6i nn xo(nna, unpn Icia ncci(a crannna
cnon anropnrcr nimc anropnrcra naprnn n Impo Hcnrpani-
noio Koxnrcra, nn c xcx nc cunranaci n cnocnoninnuana;
xi ncc npcxn pc:xo xpnrnxonann cc :a raxnc (cncrnnn. Koun
µ:o(:c npc(no»nn ornpannri cc na Ccncp. Oro on c(cnan
nccnpocra: on xorcn, uro6i unpn Icia 6ina no(animc or
ncio, rax xax cunran cc 6nn»anmnx cnonx concpnnxox, xo-
ropin nano(nn n cmc xoi nano(nri na ncio «rcni». C (py-
ion croponi, on 6in y6c»(cn n rox, uro unpn Icia nc xoina
no6opori n cc6c 6onc:ncnnic ccxranrcxnc cxnonnocrn, rax
uro pocnn xornni, no:nonnnmnc o6nnnnri cc n ccxranrcrnc
n ycrpannri cc. H (cncrnnrcnino, na Ccncpc ona cmc nymc
o6na»nna xcu ccxranrcrna, orucio xi ni:nann cc n O(pn-
19O
uan, uro6i iny6oxo n oxonuarcnino npoanann:nponari cc
nocrynxn, xoropic ncnnxox mnn npa:pc: c nnnncn naprnn.
Taxona ncnpcno»nan ncrnna o nonnrnuccxon nnnnn na-
mcn naprnn, nnnnn, xoropan, xax n y»c cxa:an, 6ina n ocrana-
naci npannninon, npnnnnnnaninon n nn n xocx cnyuac «ro
onnoprynncrnuccxon, ro ccxranrcxon», n ucx o6nnnnnn nac
nocnancn Tnro, Cronnnu, n no(ionopcnnic nx nm(n.
µpyioc o6nnncnnc, no:nc(cnnoc na nac na Hncnyxc n
concpmcnno n:nparnnmcc ncrnny, xacanoci oprann:annonnoü
nnnnn nap1nn. Hnarqopxy ¬roio o6nnncnnn n:no»nn n cnocx
pcqcparc Koun µ:o(:c. Oror pcqcpar or nauana (o xonna
6in inycnix n:npamcnncx npan(i, on 6in nonon rn»xnx
xncncrnnuccxnx n:ximncnnn n a(pcc opiann:annonnon nn-
nnn naprnn, o(naxo n (cncrnnrcninocrn, on nixo(nn :a «op-
iann:annonnic» paxxn n cny»nn no(cnopicx o6nnncnnm n
a(pcc nccn nonnrnuccxon n n(conoinuccxon nnnnn naprnn
n cc pyxono(crna.
B nacronmcx pcqcparc Koun µ:o(:c nncpnic orxpiro
n:no»nn cnon anrnxapxcncrcxnc n npa»(c6nic naprnn n:inn-
(i. H: xno»ccrna cio nn:xcnnix o6nnncnnn n n:inn(on oco-
6cnno rpn npo6ncxi ocrannci ncn:ina(nxixn n xocn naxnrn:
rax na:inacxan «xonononn:annn pyxono(crna naprnn rpcxn-
ucripixn nnnaxn»; poni nnrcnnnicnnnn n 6opi6c, no 0ponrc,
n opianax nnacrn n r.(. n r.n., poni xa(pon.
2 6y(y n nn»c ionopnri npo ¬rn nonpoci, rax xax na npo-
rn»cnnn ucripcx-nnrn ncr xi xa»(in (cni naranxnnannci
na nnx n, x co»ancnnm, c 6onimnx (nn nac npc(ox, no :(cci
n xorcn 6i nccio nnmi orxcrnri ncrounnxn ¬rnx n:inn(on n
noucxy Koun µ:o(:c nncpnic nicrynnn c nnxn n Icparc.
H: :aunrannoio µ:o(:c nixo(nno rax, 6y(ro n io(i non-
ni pyxono(crno namcn naprnn 6ino xonononn:nponano rpcxn-
ucripixn nnnaxn, n, xax ¬ro on xonxpcrno «o6¡ncnnn», nxn
6inn: ncpnin ÷ Mnna(nn Hononnu; nropon ÷ n; rpcrnn
Paxa(an ¹nraxy n ucrncprin, na onpc(cncnnin ncpno(, Kxcp
µnmnnna, a :arcx n oco6cnnocrn unpn Icia' Ocraninix, co-
inacno Koun, xi ninopnponann nnn »c c nnxn conccx nc
cunrannci.
191
Oro 6ina nccycncrnan xncncra, ni(yxannan n npnxym
no((cp»xy inannoio o6nnncnnn n a(pcc namcn nonnrnuccxon
nnnnn. Oxa:inanoci, uro nama nnnnn 6ina pa:pa6orana, xon,
rpcxn-ucripixn nnnaxn n, nocxonixy ona c caxoio nauana
6ina pacncncna xax «omn6ounan», ro ¬rn rpn-ucripc nnna nnnn-
nnci inannixn nnnonnnxaxn n (on»ni 6inn orncuari :a ¬ro.
O(naxo n rc xoxcnri Mnna(nna nc 6ino cpc(n nac,
Kxcp µnmnnna, unpn Icia n Paxa(an ¹nraxy 6inn oe-
{atmo ninc(cni n: cocrana Impo. Cnc(onarcnino, ocrananoci
cnccrn cucri c rcx, xoio onn cmc nc y6pann, c Icncpaninix
Ccxpcrapcx naprnn. Koun µ:o(:c, a :arcx Ccnqyna Mancmona
na:nann xcnn «cnnrc:ox nccx omn6ox, na6nm(anmnxcn n nonn-
rnuccxon n opiann:annonnon nnnnn».
Ho xonapnan qa6pnxannn ¬ron rax na:inacxon ucrncpxn
n pyxono(crnc xcrnna na xnoioc n npccnc(onana xnoinc
ncnn. Hc cnyuanno n «ucrncpxc» ncpnix qniypnponan Mnna-
(nn Hononnu. Ornx xocncnno «o(o6pnncn» miocnancxnn rc:nc
o rox, uro KHA nc ronixo 6ina ocnonana miocnanox, no n
(cncrnonana oe-{atmo no( pyxono(crnox miocnana'
Oro ionopnn y»c nc Ina»o Honanonnu n nc Tcxno, a cax
ccxpcrapi naprnn no opiann:annonnix nonpocax, Koun µ:o-
(:c' Pa:yxccrcn, ¬rnx caxix Koun µ:o(:c oxa:inan rnron-
nax 6onimym ycnyiy.
B ro »c npcxn, 6cccxicncnno crann Mnna(nna Hononnua
«no inanc», on npccnc(onan ncni nnymnri uncnax namcio
Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra, uro Icncpaninoio Ccxpcrapn «na-
npacno n:6pann na raxym (on»nocri, nc(i on nc yxcn pyxo-
no(nri n nocrynan no yxa:xc Mnna(nna». B(o6anox, n:o6pa-
»cnnc ncpx (nox nccn npono(nnmcncn (o rcx nop nnnnn
npcno(nocnnoci uncnax Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra n xauccrnc
nccxoio «apiyxcnra» (nn roio, uro6i nicrynnri nc ronixo
npornn Icncpaninoio Ccxpcrapn, no n npornn caxoio Mnna-
(nna Hononnua. ¹ro xacacrcn Mnna(nna, ro miocnani ny»(a-
nnci nccio nnmi n «npn:nannn» roio, 6y(ro on oe-{atmo py-
xono(nn KHA' Hnxaxoio (pyioio nono»nrcninoio or:ina o
ncx nc xorcnn onn, nanpornn, onn orxpiro araxonann cio n
norpc6onann roio »c caxoio n or namnx ronapnmcn. Ornpa-
192
nnn Mnna(nna n Kiocnannm, Cronnnu ncxan y»c «(ono(on» n
no(rncp»(cnnc cio «omn6ox», uro6i no(ncpinyri cio «:acny-
»cnnoxy naxa:annm». H, nocxonixy cxy ncni:n 6ino orxpiro
cxa:ari: «rc6n naxa:inamr, n6o ri nc co(cncrnonan ocymc-
crnncnnm namnx rannix nnanon», ro co6npannci cxa:ari cxy
«rc6n naxa:inamr :a ro, uro n An6annn ri noxa:an cc6n
ccxranrox, onnoprynncrox» n r.(. n r.n.
Hc cronr apiyxcnrnponari :(cci, noucxy cxa:annoc µ:o-
(:c n cio pcqcparc 6ino inycnix n:ximncnncx, no n xorcn
6i nnmi orxcrnri ncnpcno»nym ncrnny o rox, uro namcn
naprncn n Hannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninon 6opi6on pyxono(nnn
nc rpn-ucripc nnn (ccnri ucnoncx, a ncci nam Hcnrpaninin
Koxnrcr nxccrc co xnoinxn 6nn:xnxn cxy npc(annixn (cn-
rcnnxn, a uro xacacrcn Mnna(nna Hononnua, xoropoio ny»no
cunrari (pyiox namcn naprnn, ro on nccio nnmi noxoian
cronixo, cxonixo noxoiann n namn ronapnmn-uncni n: Hcn-
rpaninoio Koxnrcra xa»(in n or(cninocrn.
2 »c cax, xax Icncpaninin Ccxpcrapi naprnn, nccxn
cnnaxn crapancn nipari cnom poni pyxono(nrcnn naprnn, cra-
pancn nanpannnri naprnm n (nn»cnnc, opncnrnponari nx na
npannninin nyri, (anari ronapnmax ncnnic nonnrnuccxnc n
opiann:annonnic (npcxrnni n yxa:annn, onnpanci na onir
naprnn n 6onimym noxomi (pyinx uncnon Hcnrpaninoio
Koxnrcra, xoropic pyxono(nnn naprnnnixn opiann:annnxn
na xccrax n Hannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninon 6opi6on ncm(y
n An6annn. 3(cci x xccry cxa:ari, uro n Mnna(nn Hononnu
poc :ao(no c naxn. £io nipacrnna nama naprnn, rax »c xax
nipacrnna nccx nac. Oror ronapnm 6in no(nnnnix nnrcpna-
nnonanncrox, on oucni nm6nn An6annm n an6ancxnn napo(
n n nm6ox cnyuac :annxan ncpnym xoxxynncrnuccxym, nnrcp-
nannonanncrnuccxym no:nnnm n :amnry nnrcpccon n npannni-
non no:nnnn namcn crpani n namcn naprnn.
Mi nnxoi(a n nn n xocx cnyuac nc (onycxann xonononn-
:annn (cn n nc ninopnponann roio nnn nnoio ronapnma, na-
o6opor, xi ncnuccxn crapannci xax xo»no 6onimc axrnnn:n-
ponari, npnnncxari nx x ynpanncnnm (cnaxn.
193
Cnonx o6nnncnncx Koun µ:o(:c nc ronixo ncnonnnn no-
pyucnnc Cronnnua, no o(nonpcxcnno nocnoni:onancn cnyuacx
(nn roio, uro6i nipa:nri y»c (anno :aracnnoc n ncx nnunoc
nc(ononicrno.
Iinn nn xi nnnonari n cio :axcrnox 6c:(cncrnnn"' Hn n
xocx cnyuac ncr. Cpa:y »c nocnc ocnonannn naprnn, xoi(a
on 6in n:6pan uncnox Bpcxcnnoio Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra,
Koun µ:o(:c 6in apccronan n cn(cn n rmpixc nnnori (o xon-
na anpcnn 1943 io(a. Pa:yxccrcn, :a ¬ror ncpno( on n xi
ronixo qamn:x «o6nnnnnn» n rox, uro on 6pocnn Koun n :a-
crcnxn n nc (anan cxy yuacrnonari n namnx (cnax. 3a nc-
xnmucnncx xopomcio n rncp(oio nonc(cnnn n rmpixc, :a
¬ro npcxn Koun nnucio nc (cnan ((a n nc xoi (cnari), no,
rcx nc xcncc, na Hcpnon nannonaninon naprnnnon xonqc-
pcnnnn xi oxa:ann cxy oipoxnym uccri ÷ n:6pann cio uncnox
Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra, Impo n (a»c ccxpcrapcx naprnn no
opiann:annonnix nonpocax n ¬ro cxopcc nccio noroxy, uro
6in on pa6ounx, n6o, uro xacacrcn cio cnoco6nocrcn, ¬ro
xi nc nxcnn no:xo»nocrn y:nari nx, nc(i, xax n y»c iono-
pnn, cio 6pocnnn n rmpixy ncxopc nocnc ocnonannn naprnn.
Xorn 6i no ¬ron npnunnc uccrnin xoxxynncr (on»cn 6in
ncci(a ornocnricn x naprnn c orxpirix ccp(ncx n npn ncp-
nox cnyuac ornnarnri cn n nccxn cnnaxn onpan(ari uccri n
(oncpnc, oxa:annic cxy naprncn. Koun µ:o(:c c(cnan o6par-
noc. Bin(n na cno6o(y, on no cnyuannocrn npncoc(nnnncn x
Tcxno n ncro 1943 io(a nponcn n cio o6mccrnc. Ornx n naua-
noci cxarinannc Koun nnn:. Iy(yun o6pa6orannix Tcxno,
on oromcn n cropony, :axxnyncn i(c-ro n (cpcnnnx Kopun
n npcnparnncn n nnrcn(anra-rinonnxa. Pa:nc n ¬rox 6inn
nnnonari xi"' Bcnxnn pa:, xoi(a npono(nnn :acc(annn n
ncrpcun, xi :nann cio, o6o nccx ync(oxnnnn, cnpamnnann cio
xncnnc, a on -ro nn cnona. B noni:y (cna cxy ncucio 6ino npc(-
naiari, a n ymcp6 (cny naxannnnan on xcnxnc «:axcuannn»
n nc(ononicrno n »(an cnyuan n:nnri nx. 2 »c nco(noxparno
o6paman cio nnnxannc na nco6xo(nxocri 6iri axrnnnix,
6oncc npc(npnnxunnix, 6pari na cc6n 6onimym orncrcrncn-
194
nocri :a pa:nic (cna n coorncrcrnnn c :annxacxon (on»no-
crim, no on nnmi xonuan. Oco6cnno o:a6ounnan xcnn ror
qaxr, uro on nc xax cnc(ycr ninonnnn o6n:annocrn ccxpc-
rapn naprnn no opiann:annonnix nonpocax, uro, nnpoucx, :axc-
uann ncc. µnn»nxan »a»(on nnacrn, unpn Icia n: xo»n non nc-
:na, uro6i cxcnnri cio na ¬ry (on»nocri; cn y(anoci y6c(nri (a-
»c Iarixy, a n n:nccrnon xcpc n Haxo Cnnpy. µcno 6ino n
Xcnixcc n xac 1944 io(a, xoi(a xi ioronnnnci x I Hncnyxy
HK naprnn. Hpnxo(nr xo xnc o(na»(i unpn n Iarixa n ona
orxpiro npc(naiacr «xopomcnixo paccxorpcri» (cno ccxpc-
rapn naprnn no opiann:annonnix nonpocax.
÷ A noucxy" ÷ cnpocnn n.
÷ Tax xax Koun ¬ro nc no :y6ax' On conccx nponan'
÷ orncrnna ona.
÷ Mi (on»ni noxoui cxy, ÷ :axcrnn n. ÷ Oco6cnno
rc6c xi nco(noxparno naxa:inann noxoiari cxy.
÷ Hcr, rax n 6onimc nc xoiy, ÷ orncrnna unpn. ÷ ¹ro6 n
(cno (cnana, a cio ccxpcrapcx na:inann' Hcr, ¬ro y»c nc n(cr.
un6o on cax 6y(cr :annxaricn cnonx (cnox, nn6o nax npn-
(crcn nanrn xaxoc-nn6y(i cpc(crno x ¬roxy.
÷ Kaxoc cpc(crno ri nxccmi n nn(y" ÷ cnpocnn n.
÷ Hy nor, nn6o on 6y(cr axxyparno ninonnnri cnon
o6n:annocrn, nn6o »c xi cnnxcx n :axcnnx cio (pyinx.
2 c caxoio nauana nonnn, x ucxy ona xnonnna, no nc
npc(crannnn cc cc6c raxon 6cccri(non xapicpncrcxon. Ho6y-
(nn cc (animc nicxa:inaricn:
÷ A xoio ri npc(naiacmi" ÷ cnpocnn n, npnxn(inanci
«oucni :annrcpcconannix».
÷ Tax nor, xaxoio-nn6y(i axrnnnoio, »nnoio, nonncrnym-
mcio ronapnma. Hy, xax xnc cxa:ari nax, xaxoio-nn6y(i ro-
napnma, nanpnxcp, . . . Uync
1
.
Hxn Uync ona ynoxnnyna raxnx nn:xnx ionocox, uro
c(na cnimno 6ino.
÷ Tnoc xncnnc, ÷ cxa:an n cn, ÷ nocrannx na o6cy»-
(cnnc Impo.
____________________________________
1 Hccn(onnx Kpncro Tcxcnixo.
195
÷ Houcxy Impo" ÷ ncxounna ona. ÷ 3(cci nac rpoc.
2 n c Haxo noionopnna n on cxa:an xnc «cxa»n Onncpy».
Bor ¬ro n ccri Impo'
÷ Hnxonx o6pa:ox' ÷ orpc:an n. ÷ C ucio ri n:nna"
Y rc6n nn xancnmcio npc(cranncnnn ncr o naprnnno-opia-
nn:annonnix nonpocax, xorn n npnxn(inacmicn nannyumnx
«¬xcncprox» n ¬ron o6nacrn. Iy(i nac rpoc ronapnmcn-uncnon
Impo nnn »c nccx nnrcpo nxccrc n ionopnnn 6i xi, xax
nax :a6naiopaccy(nrcn, ¬ro nc 6ino 6i, (a n nc xo»cr 6iri
:acc(anncx Impo. Ha(o nponccrn :acc(annc Impo, na(o
nocrannri nonpoc n npncyrcrnnn Koun, ncccroponnc o6cy»(ari
cio (o rcx nop, noxa nc nincnnrcn ncrnna. 2cno . . . "
÷ 2cno' ÷ npoionopnna ona npcpinammnxcn io-
nocox.
Ha ncpnox :acc(annn, nocnc(onanmcx :a ¬ron 6ccc(on,
unpn ni(nnnyna cnoc «npc(no»cnnc», yncpcnnan n rox, uro ono
6y(cr npnnnro. Hocrannna ona nonpoc n rox (yxc, uro Koun
nc 6in axrnnnix, (cp»ancn croponi, :axxnyncn i(c-ro n
Kopuc n r.(. B ¬rox unpn 6ina npana, no ona noc ionopnna.
ncxo(n n: nnunix nnrcpccon, npccnc(yn xapicpncrcxnc ncnn.
Kax 6i ro nn 6ino, ona :(opono naxinnna Koun ionony.
O cio noipcmnocrnx xi ro»c c(cnann Koun xpnrnuccxnc :axc-
uannn.
Koun µ:o(:c cn(cn, nonypnn ionony, n nn cnona nc io-
nopnn. Horox on ncran n nicrynnn n Impo c caxoxpnrnxon,
orxcrnn, n uacrnocrn:
÷ Oro ncpno' 2 pa6oran o6oco6ncnno, nc (cnan roio,
uro (oni ncncn xnc.
÷ £cnn ri nc n cocronnnn ncnonnnri cnon (oni, ro or-
xpiro cxa»n, uro rc6c nc xccro n Impo' ÷ no iopnunx cnc-
(ax ncpc6nna cio unpn Icia.
÷ uyumc rc6n n ncnonnnm, ÷ orncrnn cn Koun. ÷ Ho
ri rcpncri xcnn nc xo»cmi'
÷ Tcpncri nc xoiy nccnoco6nocri' ÷ nacxounna na ncio
unpn.
2 ryr »c nxcmancn, uro6i yioxonnri crpacrn.
Kax 6i ro nn 6ino, no xocxy nacronnnm xi orxnonnnn
196
npc(no»cnnc unpn Icia n noconcronann Koun or(ari ncc cn-
ni (cny, xopomo nnnxari n npo6ncxi n yrncp(nri cc6n n
xo(c pa6ori.
Onycrnn ina:a, on uro-ro npo6opxoran, no6naio(apnn
nac :a oxa:annoc (oncpnc n «:ancpnn» n rox, uro 6y(cr ax-
rnnnix.
Tpn-ucripc xccnna cnycrn nocnc ¬roio npn6in Bcnnxnp
Cronnnu, n nc:axcrnin Koun µ:o(:c nonnnncn na cncnc,
:amcncnnncn, cran «axrnnnix», y ncio n:ix pa:nn:ancn n nor
rcncpi na Hncnyxc on ncracr n nnmcr na ncrnny, o6nnnncr
nac n rox, uro xi «ninopnponann cio» n nc naxo(nr yxccrnix
cxa:ari xorn 6i cnoncuxo o rox, noucxy on ipcncn na connnc
n nponan, ro ccri, noucxy on ncnixn xccnnaxn n io(axn (cp-
»ancn n croponc or 6opi6i n (cn.
Kro cmc, coinacno rc:ncy Koun µ:o(:c, ocranancn nxo6i
ninopnponannix "
Oro ocranancn ucnoncx, xoropin cronn x Impo 6nn»c
nccx, a nxcnno Haxo Cnnpy. 2 nnxoi(a nc xoi npc(nono»nri,
uro xo»no ionopnri raxym ncncnocri, o(naxo ¬ro qaxr, uro
nc ronixo Koun, no n cax Haxo ncran (a cxa:an na Hncnyxc:
÷ 2 nc :nan, uro cocronn n inannox pyxono(crnc naprnn'
Bonnmman no»i' B xnnic nocnoxnnannn «Koi(a po(nnaci
naprnn» n no(po6no ionopnn o rox, xaxoc xccro :annxan
Haxo Cnnpy n namcx pyxono(crnc. 3(cci xorcn 6i nccio nnmi
orxcrnri, uro n rc xoxcnri y xcnn norcxncno n ina:ax; nc(i
ccnn ronixo 6in ucnoncx, xoropin c caxoio nauana npnnn-
xan yuacrnc no nccx :acc(annnx Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra n
Impo, xoropin :nan no(po6nocrn o cio pa6orc, xopomo n
6onimc nccx ocnc(oxnnncn, uacro nicrynan n or nxcnn Hcn-
rpaninoio Koxnrcra n Impo n (a»c npnnnxan or nx nxcnn
pcmcnnn, nc cnpamnnan nac npc(napnrcnino, ro nx 6in Haxo
Cnnpy
1
. H nor rcncpi on ionopnr «n nc :nan'».
______________________________________
1 Bcn xoppccnon(cnnnn ronapnma Onncpa Xo(»a, noxcmcnnan n
roxax 1 n 2 cio Counncnnn, xax n ncony6nnxonannan xoppccnon(cn-
nnn, cnn(crcnicrnymr o6 oucni rccnix cnn:nx, xoropic ronapnm
Onncp Xo(»a n pyxono(crno KHA no((cp»nnann c Haxo Cnnpy.
197
2 nnnnn n ¬rox nnacronm6nc Haxo, oxnarnnmnn cio xo-
xcnr n:6y(opa»cnnocrn n ocncnncnnn, cio xcmancxym rcn(cn-
nnm 6onc:ncnnoio xpnrnxana. 2 nc or(anan cc6c orucra n rox,
noucxy Haxo Cnnpy orpnnan ncc, orpnnan npan(y, cnonx ro-
napnmcn n caxoio cc6n. 2 cmc nc :nan, uro on ncci or(ancn
:axynncnoxy :aionopy.
Bor raxona ncrnna uro xacacrcn xncncri Koun µ:o(:c
o rox, 6y(ro n pyxono(crnc namcn naprnn (cna nnnnnnci
xonononncn rpcx-ucripcx nnn'
Taxnx 6in n (pyion cio «nino(» o rox, 6y(ro n namcn
naprnn iocno(crnonann n npannnn nnmi nnrcnnnicnri, ncnc(-
crnnc ucio naprnn nxo6i yrparnna nponcrapcxnn xapaxrcp'
H: yrncp»(cnnn Koun nixo(nno, uro n 6oporicn 6opo-
nnci ronixo nnrcnnnicnri, n pn(i 0ponra nanonnnnn onn,
n concri 6inn co:(ani nxn' Oro 6ino ncncnocrim. Hpan(a,
nama naprnn nponcna xopomym pa6ory n npn6nn:nna x cc6c
xnoinx npoipcccnnno n pcnonmnnonno nacrpocnnix nnrcnnn-
icnron, no ¬ro qaxr, uro nnrcnnnicnri ¬rn nipann n 6opi6c
ry poni, xoropym xo»cr nipari nnrcnnnicnnnn, pyxono(nxan
xoxxynncrnuccxon naprncn pa6oucio xnacca. Inannoc 6pcxn,
caxin 6onimon ncc nccnn n ¬ron 6opi6c pa6ounn xnacc n
xpccrinncrno, a n uncncnnox ornomcnnn nonni n: (cpcnnn,
no»anyn, cocrannnnn no(annnmmcc 6onimnncrno namnx non-
non. Bo nccn namcn nnnnn na nporn»cnnn nccio ncpno(a
nonni, na ncrpcuax, co6pannnx, concmannnx n xonqcpcnnnnx
xi ncci(a pcmnrcnino axncnrnponann nponcrapcxnn xa-
paxrcp namcn naprnn, ncci(a crapannci n:o nccx cnn, uro-
6i naprnn 6ina nponcrapcxon nc ronixo no n(conoinn n
npoipaxxc, no n no cocrany cnonx pn(on, uro6i ncpnoc
xccro cpc(n nnoni npnnnxacxix n naprnm :annxann pa-
6ounc, a :a nnxn ncpc(onic xpccrinnc, uro6i nx n:6npann n
pyxono(nmnc naprnnnic n nocnnic opiani n r.(. n r.n. Hpn-
ucx xi nc ronixo pa:pa6orann npannnino ¬rn (npcxrnni,
no n 6oponnci :a nx ncpnoc ocymccrnncnnc.
Koun :nan ncc ¬ro, no on no:ncn raxnc o6nnncnnn n onpc-
(cncnnix ncnnx: ncxo(n n: roio, uro on cax 6in pa6ounx,
«nponcrapncx», xax on ionopnn (xorn qaxrnuccxn on 6in
198
xcnxo6yp»ya:nix xycrapnnxox), on pacunman cc6c nyri
x pyxono(crny naprnn, crpcxnncn crari cc «npc(cc(arcncx»,
nocxonixy nnnncrcn «nponcrapncx»' On pcmnrcnino nacrannan
na npnnnrnn o6nnncnnn Cronnnua n rox, 6y(ro nama «nonnrn-
uccxan nnnnn 6ina omn6ounon», a ¬ro, no cnonax µ:o(:c,
6ino ni:nano rcx, uro naprnn «onnpanaci na nnrcnnnicnron»,
uro ¬rn nocnc(nnc (onycrnnn «6ccxoncuno xnoio omn6ox» n
nc n cocronnnn 6inn pyxono(nri n npannri, uro, n xonnc
xonnon, naprnn npnna(nc»nr nc nnrcnnnicnrax, a nponcra-
pnnx n cm (on»cn pyxono(nri xaxon-nn6o nponcrapnn n r.(.'
Taxoc o6nnncnnc Koun npc(¡nnnn n Icparc nxo6i n npnn-
nnnc, rax uro xnoinc xoinn npnnnri cio :a npannninoc n:-
no»cnnc.
Ho 6in n raxon ucnoncx, xoropin nc xoi ocranaricn
(ononinix cnonaxn Koun n xoropin ncxopc orpcainponan
npornn ncio. Oro 6in Ccnqyna Mancmona. O6a onn, a nxccrc
c nnxn n Haxo, cocrannnnn n Icparc o(ny ipynny, o(nn op-
xccrp, no nnyrpn ¬roio «c(nncrna» :aionopmnxon nc xoinn nc
xnncri ccopi n ncnxoio po(a npnniunic npornnopcunn.
Bicrynan no ¬roxy nonpocy, Ccnqyna npounran nax ncnym
rcopcrnuccxym ncxnnm o rox, «xax (on»na 6iri nocrpocna
n xax (on»na n(rn nncpc( naprnn», n ncnc( :a ¬rnx yxa:an na
norpc6nocri n «npc(cc(arcnc» (nonpoc on crannn nxo6i n
npnnnnnc), xoropin 6in 6i oucni o6pa:onannix, «:nan 6i
xapxcn:x xax cnon nnri nanincn» n n cocronnnn 6in 6i xa-
ncnpnponari n nm6on cnryannn'
Cnc(onarcnino, on rax nocrannn nonpoc, uro Koun 6pocn-
no n nor. µna coyuacrnnxa :aionopa cmc :(cci nauann rounri
:y6i (pyi na (pyia. Mi nnucio nc :nann o rox, uro 6ino
:arcnno :a cnnnon y nac, rax uro nax 6ina ncnonnrna :no6a,
nco»n(anno no:nnxman xc»(y nnxn, no caxn onn n:(ancxa
uynnn (pyi (pyia.
Hrax, Ccnqyna nicrynan :a ro, uro6i «mcqox naprnn»
6in o6pa:onannin n yucnin ucnoncx, rcopcrnx, no(pa:yxc-
nan caxoio cc6n. Koun »c nicrynan :a «nponcrapnn», 6c:
xnoinx «rcopcrn:nponannn» n «cnoncc», no xoropin 6in 6i
199
«(ncnnnnnnnponannon ncpconon'», a ¬rnx on no(pa:yxcnan
caxoio cc6n.
Hc npomno xnoio npcxcnn n crpcxncnnn xa»(oio n: nnx,
nipa»cnnic n Icparc xax 6y(ro n «npnnnnnc», o6cpnynnci
»ccroxon ccopon, ipi:ncn :a nnacri xc»(y nnxn o6onxn.
Hapn(y c nnxn n 6cparcxox :aionopc yuacrnonan n Haxo,
rax uro n:inn(i Koun na «nponcrapn:annm» naprnnnoio py-
xono(crna, na «nnrcnnnicnrcxym ¬nnry» cronxnynnci n co
n:inn(axn Haxo, xax nnrcnnnicnra. Ho:(ncc xi nnnnnci
cnn(crcnnxn roio, uro n xc»(y nnxn pa:pa:nnnci 6ccxoncu-
nic pacnpn n n:anxnic o6nnncnnn.
Kax ¬ro nyumc nincnnnoci nnocnc(crnnn, 6cparcxnn :a-
ionop ncc n cc6c (nn caxnx :aionopmnxon ccxn npornnopc-
unn n nnyrpcnncn ipi:nn.
Bonpoc «xa(pon» 6in n pyxax Koun µ:o(:c (pyinx opy-
(ncx (nn nancccnnn y(apa, onopoucnnn nnnnn, npono(nnmcncn
(o roio npcxcnn naprncn. Coinacno cxy, naprnn «xano nnn
nnucio» nc c(cnana (nn nocnnrannn xa(pon, no cio cnonax,
nxcnmnccn xa(pi 6inn nnrcnnnicnraxn, nn6o «nc:(oponi-
xn», nn6o noxa:anmnxn cc6n «nccnoco6nixn» n pa6orc n
6opi6c. Ha cio n:inn(, cnc(onano n xopnc ncpccrponri pa6ory
naprnn c xa(paxn, nco6xo(nxo 6ino nponccrn pcopiann:a-
nnm, npnnnri xonxpcrnic xcpi n r.(. n r.n. Toi(a xi nncp-
nic ycnimann cxnoncnnc cnona «xa(ponnx»
1
no nccx na(c»ax.
Coinacno Koun, (nn pa6ori c xa(paxn nc:(c cnc(onano na:-
naunri «(oncpcnnix» nm(cn, (nn xoropix ¬ro (cno 6ino
6i cnocio po(a xonononncn. Haunnan or naprnnnix nuccx na
xccrax n nnnori (o ncnrpa, «xa(ponnxn» (on»ni 6inn cnn-
:inaricn (pyi c (pyiox no ncpapxnuccxon nccrnnnc nnnori
(o nicmcn nncrannnn, nnnori (o inannoio «xa(ponnxa» HK.
Hx 6in 6i Koun µ:o(:c, (o nopi (o npcxcnn n xauccrnc
ccxpcrapn naprnn no opiann:annonnix nonpocax n «noncpcn-
noio» n (cnax 6c:onacnocrn'
Hcni ¬roio 6ina n:ompcnnan, n rax »c, xax n cax rcp-
___________________________________
1 Cny»amnn, :annxammnncn nonpocaxn xa(pon.
2OO
xnn «xa(ponnx», ncn cncrcxa «no(6opa n nocnnrannn» xa(pon
nc 6inn «npo(yxrox» rynoio yxa Koun µ:o(:c. Hcr, ¬ro
xro-ro npo(nxronan cxy, xro-ro nayunn cio ¬roxy. Bcxopc
nincnnrcn, uro ¬ro 6inn miocnancxnc «(py:in».
Ynn(cn, uro n Icparc ncno:xo»no 6ino, uro6i Koun
:annn xccro Icncpaninoio Ccxpcrapn naprnn, onn :arcnnn
(cno xa(pon n xa(ponnxon. 2nnnnci ccxpcrapcx naprnn no
opiann:annonnix nonpocax, Koun npn6pan 6i x pyxax xo-
nononnm xa(pon. 3annn no miocnancxoxy «o6pa:ny» n nocr
xnnncrpa nnyrpcnnnx (cn, Koun 6c: oco6oio rpy(a orncpi 6i
xax «omn6ounym» npc»nmm nnnnm n pa6orc c xa(paxn,
nocrannn 6i naprnm no( xonrponi opianon 6c:onacnocrn,
a ¬ro pa:nn:ano 6i cxy pyxn (nn roio, uro6i npncrynnri x
uncrxc xa(pon n :axcnc nx rcxn, xro cny»nn 6i :axicnax
cio caxoio n cio iocno(. Oro n cnom oucpc(i co:(ano 6i
ycnonnn n (nn orcrpancnnn Icncpaninoio Ccxpcrapn, a rcx
caxix Koun npnmcn 6i x nnacrn na (anno y»c no(ioronncn-
non nounc.
Taxnx 6in «ncnn(nxin» nnan, o(naxo nocnc(ymmnc co-
6irnn n o6cronrcnicrna 6pocnnn cncr na noc nnrn ¬rnx
:axynncnix nponcxon.
Bo xnoinx ornomcnnnx pcqcpar Koun xo»no 6ino na:-
nari «pcqcparox ncry'».
÷ Y naprnn nc 6ino npannninon, nana»cnnon nnnnn,
ona 6ina nc n nopn(xc, 0ponr nc pa6oran, concri nc (cn-
crnonann, xono(c»im nc pyxono(crnonann, napo( nc 6in
npo6y»(cn, »cnmnni nc 6inn opiann:onani, concri nc noni-
:ymrcn anropnrcrox, nc noni:ymrcn cnxnarncn, nc nipamr xa-
xon-nn6o ponn, nc n nc . . .
H, ncpcucpxnyn ncm namy pa6ory n ncc noncccnnic na-
xn »cprni, Koun cucn yxccrnix npornnonocrannri nax onir
miocnanon.
On npcno:ncc (o nc6cc Tnro, Tcxno n Cronnnua, n:o-
6pa:nn nx «onnncrnopcnncx npannninocrn», «namnxn cnacnrc-
nnxn», npcno:ncc (o nc6cc nx onir, xoropin «xi (on»ni
cxopcc ncpcnnri», n orxcrnn (ancc:
2O1
÷ To, uro nc 6ino c(cnano y nac, (cnamr naprnn n co-
ncri n Kiocnannn . . . ÷ H, pacnpocrpannnmnci o6 ¬rox
«onirc», on :axnmunn:
÷ Bor raxona 6oniman pa:nnna, cymccrnymman xc»(y
namnxn concraxn n concraxn n Kiocnannn'
Houcxy, na n:inn( µ:o(:c, concri y nac «nc xax
cnc(ycr (cncrnonann»" Oro norpncammc, no nor, uro on
cxa:an:
÷ Ccxranrcxan nnnnn naprnn npnncna x roxy, uro nanno-
nanino-ocno6o(nrcninic concri y nac paccxarpnnamrcn xax
naprnnnic nucnxn. Tax uro, ccnn xi n nnpc(i 6y(cx n(rn
¬rnx nyrcx, ÷ :axnmunn on, ÷ (cno xo»cr xonunricn rcx,
uro nnacri ocrancrcn n pyxax naprnn.
Hpan(a, raxnc ncncnocrn xa»yrcn ncncponrnixn, no
ncc ¬ro xi ycnimann n Icparc.
Orncpian noc, Koun µ:o(:c nonirancn n cnocx pcqcparc
npnnccrn n xaxon-nn6y(i «rcopcrnuccxnn» apiyxcnr, a n o(-
nox cnyuac on cocnancn (a»c na onir pyccxon pcnonmnnn
19O5 io(a' Oro noxa:anoci nax crpannix. £xy nn, Koun, nc
:nanmcxy (a»c a:6yxn Oxrn6picxon pcnonmnnn, ionopnri nax
rcncpi o pcnonmnnn 19O5 io(a"'
µcno n rox, uro pcqcpar 6in xcx-ro npo(nxronan cxy.
Oro cranonnnoci ncnix n: a6conmrnoio orpnnannn nccio, or-
pnnannn, xoropoc nc xoino 6iri ncxnmunrcnino npo(yxrox
rynoio yxa Koun. O6 ¬rox cnn(crcnicrnonann rax»c o6opori
cio pcun. Tpy(no 6ino nonnri an6ancxnn n:ix Koun µ:o-
(:c. 0axrnuccxn, ¬ro 6in ncpcno( ccp6cxo-xopnarcxoio rcxcra,
nnoxon ncpcno(, n xoropox naxanicrno n nainocri :annnnnn
o cc6c ucpc: xa»(ic (na-rpn cnona. Oro nc xoino 6iri na-
xanicrnox o(noio ronixo ucnoncxa, 6y(i on (a»c n: uncna
caxix orpnnarcninix, xaxnx 6in n (cncrnnrcninocrn Koun.
Oro 6ino naxanicrnox ncnon ipynni, cmc 6onimcn cnni. K
roxy npcxcnn n nc xoi :nari, uro ¬ro 6ina :a cnna, a nccio
nnmi no(o:pcnan, uro :a ¬rnx cxpinanaci pyxa Bcnnxnpa
Cronnnua n Hnn:a µn:(apcnnua. O(naxo n cmc 6onimc y6c-
(nncn n rox, uro xro-ro (pyion ncncn Koun ncnncari nc-
2O2
nic 15-2O crpannn 6yxain, ynn(cn, uro rannic anropi n nx
xcxann:x, Koun µ:o(:c, oxnaucnnic ¬nqopncn n crpcxnci
nanccrn y(ap nccxy, ncuannno ocrannnn n pcqcparc rax»c
caxopa:o6nauammnc qpa:i. Ionopn o naprnn, cc ponn n
6opi6c n nco6xo(nxocrn «6oncc yxcpcnnon nonnrnxn» naprnn
no 0ponrc, on yponnn raxym qpa:y:
÷ Haprnn nc (on»na nicrynari na ncpnin nnan, n nc
6ccnoxonrcci nacucr roio, uro ni nocrpa(ari xo»crc. B ¬ron
6opi6c ni :anocnann 6onimon anropnrcr n anropnrcr ¬ror
nc xo»cr 6iri yrpaucn rax ncixo . . .
µa»c n n noxpacncn, ycniman ¬ro, n, xoi(a Koun µ:o(:c
xonunn urcnnc n ccn, n ncpcnncran cio pcqcpar n, (on(n
(o coorncrcrnymmcio xccra, cnpocnn cio:
÷ Kro ¬ro «Bi»" K xoxy ri :(cci o6pamacmicn"
÷ Bi . . . ÷ noxpacncn Koun, ÷ ¬ro nc(i xi, naprnn,
pyxono(crno.
÷ Aia' Mi' ÷ c nponncn :axcrnn n. ÷ A c xaxnx »c
no:nnnn ri x nax o6pamacmicn, pa:nc ri nnc naprnn naxo-
(nmicn"
÷ Oro oionopxa, ÷ n:nonnonanno npoionopnn on. ÷ A
ri nocxorpn, nn»c n ionopm «xi (on»ni 6iri...».
÷ 2cno, ncno, ÷ cxa:an n n nono»nn cio 6yxain na
cron.
÷ Kax ¬ro ncno" ÷ cnpocnn on.
÷ µa nor, ri xnc ncc o6¡ncnnn, ÷ xoporxo orncrnn n.
÷ Hcr, ÷ cxa:an on. ÷ µcno n rox, uro6i nnxaxnx
nc(opa:yxcnnn nc 6ino. Bor, nocxorpnrc, n (a»c niucpxny
¬ry uacri, ÷ n ynn(cn, xax on ncpcucpxnyn ncm ¬ry crpannny
xonunxox ncpa. On (a»c no6naio(apnn xcnn :a nnnxannc,
oxa:annoc cxy npn urcnnn'
Kax n y»c ionopnn, nocnc urcnnn (nyx pcqcparon xno-
inc n: ronapnmcn, o(nn n: xoropix 6inn o6pa6orani n npc(-
naxcpcnno nicrponnnci pn(ox c Koun, Haxo n Ccnqynon, a
(pyinc 6inn nnoxo ocnc(oxncni n c6nri c ronxy, :a(ann
(ccnrxn nonpocon, rpc6yn pa:¡ncncnnn ncranmnx npo6ncx.
Cxnrcnnc n (c:opncnrannn nponn:ann ncci Hncnyx. Hnrc-
2O3
pccno orxcrnri :(cci, uro oucni xopomnc ronapnmn, xax,
nanpnxcp, Ioio Hymn, o:a6oucnnic cno»nnmcncn cnryanncn,
c xoxxynncrnuccxon uccrnocrim 6pocnnn na Hncnyxc cncr
na ro, uro 6ino cocrpnnano :a xynncaxn. Ioio c caxoio
nauana cxa:an:
÷ µo xcnixcxoio Hncnyxa xi uyncrnonann ncxnmun-
rcninoc pacnono»cnnc x pyxono(nmnx ronapnmax n Mnna-
(nny Hononnuy, a rcncpi, cy(n no pcqcparax, oxa:inacrcn,
uro onn xcmann nax.
¹ro ¬ro :a nco»n(annan ncpcxcna" Ioio ryr »c pa:¡n-
cnnn OTO:
÷ 2 6ccc(onan c Haxo nocnc Hcpxcrcxoio c¡c:(a n
no:(ncc, n on ncci(a rncp(nn xnc, uro «(cna n(yr nc6naio-
nonyuno». Hccxonixo (ncn roxy na:a( Haxo cxa:an xnc: «2
y»c nonnn omn6xn, no nnucio nc ionopnn, rax xax 6onncn».
Hrax, nor ono uro' Haxo, Koun, Ccnqyna nc oipannun-
nannci (anncnnnxn n o6nnncnnnxn n «y:xox» xpyiy, n Impo,
a pa6orann n c (pyinxn. Y xcnn ryr »c no:nnxno nccxonixo
nonpocon: ¹ro »c no6y(nno Haxo na no(o6nic (cncrnnn"'
Kax ¬ro cnyunnoci, uro on cran ionopnri Ioio o rox, uro
«(cna n(yr nc6naiononyuno», nxcnno occnim 1944 io(a, n
xanyn ocno6o»(cnnn, a nc panimc" H:nccrno, uro Haxo c
nnnapn 1944 io(a naxo(nncn n Tnpanc, cio xonraxri c Ioio
6inn xa»(o(ncnnixn, o6a onn pyxono(nnn rax naprnnnon
opiann:anncn, o6a onn cocronnn n uncnc inannix xa(pon. Cnc-
(onarcnino, noucxy Haxo, y xoropoio 6ino «cronixo :axcua-
nnn», nino»nn nx Ioio rcncpi, naxanync 6cparcxoio Hncny-
xa, n nc c(cnan ¬roio panimc, xoi(a onn 6inn nxccrc"' µa-
»c caxan ¬ncxcnrapnan noinxa y6c(nrcnino no(cxa:inacr,
uro Haxo nc noionopnn o6 ¬rox panimc c Ioio noroxy, uro
panimc, ro ccri (o nauana ncra, y ncio nc 6ino :axcuannn,
nc 6ino pa:noinacnn nn c naprnnnix pyxono(crnox, nn co
xnom, nn c Mnna(nnox. £xy, xax nxnynicnnnoxy n pa:(pa-
»nrcninoxy rnny, nc:aucx 6ino cxpinari cnon «:axcuannn»
n yxanunnari o nnx (o occnn 1944 io(a. 2 ncnonino ncnox-
nnn miocnancxoio «iocrn», xoropin cn(cn no inanc crona n
2O4
yccp(no ncn :anncn. Bcc nomno xynipxox c cio npnxo(ox n
oco6cnno nocnc roio, xax on n:no»nn n O(pnuanc cnon «rc-
:nci-nnarqopxy».
Koi(a Ioio ccn, Haxo onnri ncran (nn o(noio «o6¡ncnc-
nnn»:
÷ ¹ro n ionopnn Ioio ro, uro on cxa:an, ¬ro npan(a.
Mon no:nnnn 6ina ncncnon, no n nc cxorpcn na ncmn rax, xax
cxorpm na nnx ccio(nn. Oro nnnnnoci 6i (nn xcnn :acnyion,
no nc rax 6ino. Ina:a orxpin nax ronapnm Cronnnu. Bor
Ioio cxa:an :(cci, uro n 6onncn ionopnri o6 ¬rox panimc.
On xcnn nnoxo nonnn. 2 ionopnn cxy, uro xoc cnono nc npn-
nccno 6i pc:yniraron, nor ¬ro ncpno. 2 »c (yxan, uro or ¬ro-
io 6y(cr cxopcc npc(, nc»cnn noni:a.
¹acric nicrynncnnn n pcnnnxn Haxo na 6cparcxox
Hncnyxc cocrannnmr, 6iri xo»cr, nan6oncc rounoc nipa-
»cnnc cio npornnopcunnoio xapaxrcpa. B ncnox cio nonc(cnnc
6ino rax 6oncc orpnnarcninix n npa»(c6nix naprnn, ucx
n nm6ox (pyiox cnyuac (o n nocnc (annoio Hncnyxa.
Bc(i ror »c Haxo nc:a(onio (o ¬roio cnonx ocrpix cno-
nox counnnn nncixa, noo(ymcnncnno nicrynan ncpc( xono-
(c»im, xax nocrynnn on nc (animc aniycra 1944 io(a na Hcp-
nox c¡c:(c Com:a Anrnqamncrcxon Mono(c»n An6annn n
Xcnixcc. Bcc cio rcncpcmnnc «orpnnannn» nccio nnmi nc-
cxonixo xccnncn na:a( 6inn no nccycnimannc c(cnannixn
yrncp»(cnnnxn o ron npannninon nnnnn, xoropym nama
naprnn npono(nna no nccx nonpocax ÷ no nonpocax concron,
0ponra, »cnmnn, xono(c»n, no nonpocy opiann:annn naprnn
n cc pyxono(crna n r.(. On nocrynan rax, ocnoninanci na
xopomo n:nccrnon cxy pcaninon (cncrnnrcninocrn, na (cnax,
na co6irnnx n nm(nx, xoropic 6inn cxy ronapnmaxn. A rc-
ncpi ncc nomno xynipxox. Tor »c Haxo, xoropin nccio
nccxonixo xccnncn na:a( c ncnnuanmcn ncnanncrim ionopnn
n nncan o Ianni n pcaxnnn, o6 A6a:c Kynn n (pyinx, cnn:nn
y»c ron, :arpy6nn no( cyp(nnxy. Crpanno, (a»c oucni crpan-
no' £cnn 6i n 6nn:xo nc :nan Haxo ncnic io(i, ro no(y-
xan 6i, uro panimc on nnncxcpnn. Ho ncr' Hoxa on ionopnn,
2O5
no xnc ncc 6onimc xpcnno y6c»(cnnc n rox, uro c nnx uro-
ro cnyunnoci, uro-ro iny6oxoc 6pocnno cio nco»n(anno n
npornnonono»nym cropony. ¹ro ¬ro xoino 6iri" ¹ro cxpi-
nanoci :a Haxo"
2 6in yncpcn n rox, uro ccnn Haxo xoi(a-nn6o nian n
o6xaninan, ro on nian n o6xaninan xax pa: rcncpi, n Ic-
parc.
O rox, xaxnx nonnomcnncx npornnopcunn 6in Haxo
Cnnpy n na xaxon ipn:nin nyri on ncrynnn, ionopnr cmc
o(nn qaxr. Orpnnan, orncpinyn n n:nparnn ncc, on, nco»n(an-
no, «no:a6in» o6o nccx cxa:annox, npcnparnncn n (pyioio
Haxo, n npc»ncio Haxo, xoi(a nauan ccinaricn na nocnc(ncn-
mnc qaxri n co6irnn, oco6cnno na ocno6o»(cnnc crpani,
qopxnponannc npannrcnicrna, na ncrananmnc ncpc( naxn :a-
(aun n rax (ancc:
÷ Hapo(, ÷ oxa:an on, ÷ nn(nr n namcn naprnn :na-
xcnocna 6opi6i. Mi no(nnnn napo( na noin, xi npnncnn cio
x ¬roxy n rcncpi, 6naio(apn namcn pa6orc, on (on»cn ync-
nnri cc6c, uro naprnn n nnpc(i 6y(cr inannon cnnon nanno-
naninoio c(nncrna. B ¬rox-ro n (cno. Inannix qaxropox,
npnnc(mnx napo( n (nn»cnnc, 6ina nama naprnn. Hapo( no-
6c(nn n Hannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninon 6opi6c noroxy, uro no
inanc cio cronna nama naprnn. Mi cronx na pyxono(nmnx
no:nnnnx, xi n xoxan(nox nono»cnnn. µcno rcncpi n rox,
uro6i y(cp»ari ¬rn no:nnnn. Honic cnryannn cno»nnnci,
no¬roxy xi (on»ni ocranaricn na ¬rnx no:nnnnx n yxpc-
nnri nx.
Bor raxon 6in o(nn Haxo. µpyion »c Haxo ncran n Ic-
parc. C caxoio nauana, 6y(yun yuacrnnxox :aionopa, na
Hncnyxc on n:nnn xnoio »cnun, no:ncn xno»ccrno o6nnnc-
nnn, o6nnn ipn:im naprnm, cc pyxono(crno, caxy cnom
pa6ory n ycnnnn n xponanic io(i nonni. Bicrynan, npo(on-
»an no:no(nri o6nnncnnn, nopom on, ccinanci na qaxri,
cnryannm, ncrananmnc :a(aun, ncnonino «ocno6o»(ancn» or
no(non ponn :aionopmnxa n npornnopcunn caxoxy cc6c, cxa-
:annoxy panimc.
2O6
Kax n y»c ionopnn, o(nnx n: caxix :pcnix, caxix ypan-
noncmcnnix nicrynncnnn 6ino na Hncnyxc nicrynncnnc ro-
napnma Xmcnn Kano. Koncuno, Xmcnn nc xoi orxpiro ncrari
npornn roio (yxa, xoropin 6in, rax cxa:ari, «oqnnnaninix»,
npco6na(ammnx na Hncnyxc, no :aro on nc ncran n cio :a-
mnry, xax ¬ro co:narcnino nnn ncco:narcnino c(cnann xno-
inc (pyinc.
Ionopn o pa6orc naprnn no Bncpcxon o6nacrn, Xmcnn
cocpc(orounncn na ipy6ix omn6xax unpn Icia n µymana
Myioma.
÷ Ccxranrcrno unpn n xonononn:annn (cn cm n µyma-
nox Myioma, ÷ cxa:an, n uacrnocrn, Xmcnn, ÷ nnno 6poca-
nnci n ina:a; unpn n µyman, (ocrannnn nax xnoio xnonor, y
nac 6inn c nnxn 6onimnc cnopi. O6 ¬rox xi crannnn n n:-
nccrnocri naprnnnoc pyxono(crno, n pyxono(nmnc ronapnmn
nc ionopnnn nax xoi(a-nn6o, uro xi nc npani. Hao6opor,
xoi(a unpn n µyman ncpcnonnnnn uamy, naprnnnoc pyxo-
no(crno y6pano nx n: Bncpcxoio o6xoxa.
Hrax, nicrynncnnc Xmcnn no(rncp»(ano, uro «ccxranr-
cxnxn» 6inn nc nama nnnnn n nc namn (npcxrnni, a (cn-
crnnn or(cninix nnn. Oro nc xoino npannricn Cronnnuy n
xoxnannn, no¬roxy Ccnqyna Mancmona ncran n xorcn «non-
xari» Xmcnn Kano na cnonc:
÷ Y xcnn (na nonpoca x Xmcnn, ÷ cxa:an on ronox
c ta{eopu. ÷ Hcpnin: xax ri (yxacmi, ccnn 6i nocnc :nx-
ncio nacrynncnnn xi nc :annnn ccxranrcxym no:nnnm n orno-
mcnnn Cxcn(cpa Myuo, npncoc(nnnnnci 6i x nax on n cio
nm(n"
÷ Cxcn(cpy Myuo, ÷ orpc:an cxy Xmcnn, ÷ 6ina ncna
ncni namcn 6opi6i, on 6in npornn nnnnn Koxxynncrnuccxon
Haprnn, rax uro on nc npncoc(nnnncn, (a n nnxoi(a nc xoi
npncoc(nnnricn x nax. Ho, ÷ (o6annn Xmcnn cnoxonno n n
ro »c npcxn c nponncn, ÷ cy(n no (yxy, n xoropox :(cci ni-
crynamr, on xoi n npncoc(nnnricn . . .
÷ Bropon nonpoc cnc(ymmnn, ÷ npo(on»an nc(ononi-
nin cio orncrox Ccnqyna: ÷ npnunnnna nn npc( (cny (an-
2O7
nan Hcnrpaninix Koxnrcrox na Hcpnon nannonaninon xon-
qcpcnnnn (npcxrnna o6 ocy»(cnnn µ»cnn
1
"
÷ £cnn 6i xi (ann µ»cnn nocrynari, xax cxy :a6na-
iopaccy(nrcn, ro on cmc 6onimc nanpc(nn 6i nax. Hama
omn6xa n rox n :axnmuacrcn, uro xi nc xax cnc(ycr pa:o6na-
uann n 6nucnann cio panimc, cmc (o Konqcpcnnnn, ÷ ornc-
rnn cxy Xmcnn.
Ha ¬rox Hncnyxc Bcnnxnp Cronnnu nc oipannunncn rcx,
uro6i cio (cno (cnann ronixo nm(n, xopomo no(ioronncnnic
nx na nporn»cnnn (nyx-rpcx xccnncn. B xo(c nccn pa6ori
:acc(annn on cn(cn c na»nix nn(ox, ccpic:nin, no y ncio
nnno pacnninanoci n yni6xc n ina:a :acnnnn, xoi(a Koun,
Ccnqyna, Haxo n (pyinc (cnann (cno, xax ¬roio rpc6onan
npnncccnnin nx n: Kiocnannn nnan Tnro n pyxono(crna cio
naprnn. O(naxo xax ronixo nn(cn, uro nicrynncnnn npnnn-
xann ncniio(nin (nn ncio o6opor, on ryr »c naxanino nxc-
mnnancn.
Tax cnyunnoci, nanpnxcp, xoi(a, nocnc o6nnncnnn n «ccx-
ranrcxon nnnnn», ocrpnc y(apa cocpc(orounnoci na rox, uro
Koun n Ccnqyna na:nann «xnnxon y pyxono(crna». Bcnnxnp
c 6onimnx y(ononicrnncx »(an, uro6i y(ap o6pymnncn na
xcnn, o(naxo uncni Hncnyxa c(cnann o6parnoc. Onn cocpc-
(orounnnci na unpn Iciy, a ncnc( :a ncm na µymana n
Mnna(nna. Koi(a pcui mna o nocnc(ncx, Bcnnxnp xnnan io-
nonon, n (o:i xpnrnxn ycnnnnannci. Kax n y»c cxa:an, Xmcnn
(ononino xopomo noprpcrnponan ccxranrcxnc n rcppopncrn-
uccxnc ucpri Myioma. µpyinc ronapnmn npnncnn (pyinc
_________________________________
1 Ca(ix Hpcxrc, 6inmnn :axccrnrcni pyxono(nrcnn ipynni «Mo-
no(ix». Bxccrc c 6inmnx pyxono(nrcncx ¬ron ipynni, Anacracox
umnio, on crapancn copnari ocnonannc Koxxynncrnuccxon naprnn
An6annn, no cnom pacxoninnuccxym (cnrcninocri onn npo(on»ann n
n nocnc(ymmcx. B nmnc 1942 io(a Bncoucpc(nan xonqcpcnnnn KHA
ncxnmunna nx n: pn(on naprnn. B anpcnc-xac 1943 io(a on n ncxoropic
cio coo6mnnxn cxonornnn no Bncpcxon o6nacrn onacnym qpaxnnm, xo-
ropan 6ina pa:ipoxncna n pc:ynirarc ncnocpc(crncnnoio nxcmarcnicrna
ronapnma Onncpa Xo(»a.
2O8
qaxri. Tyx 2xona no(yxan, uro no»xa npnmnaci cxy xo
pry, n :aionopnn o Ina»o Honanonnuc:
÷ Ina»o nnucio nc (an nax na Hcpnon nannonaninon
xonqcpcnnnn, rax xax cxy ncucio 6ino nax (ari, ÷ cxa:an
Tyx. ÷ Mi onpamnnann cio, a on nn6o yncprinancn, nn6o
pra nc pacxpinan. Hpnmcn x nax n rc (nn n Tcxno, o(naxo
n on nnucio nc cxa:an o rox, xax ny»no opiann:onari Hcnrpani-
nin Koxnrcr, xaxoni :a(aun Impo n Ccxpcrapnara, n r.(.
Tyx (onio ionopnn o nnx o6onx n, co6crncnno ionopn, n
cxa:annox on 6in npan. Ho nannnin yx Tyxa nnucio nc no-
nnxan n: nponcxo(nnmcio rax. On nc nonnn, uro pcui mna o
rox, uro6i o6nnuari nc miocnancxnx nocnanncn, a, n ncpnym
oucpc(i, xcnn, (pyinx pyxono(nmnx ronapnmcn, a n: uncna
miocnanon ÷ o(noio ronixo Mnna(nna Hononnua. Ocraninix
»c cnc(onano xnannri. Oroio n rpc6onan «(yx» Hncnyxa, ucio
Tyx nc nonnn rax »c, xax nc nonnnn n ncxoropic (pyinc.
0axri o6napy»nnann ncrnny: miocnancxnc nocnanni nc npn-
nccnn nax nnucio xopomcio.
Bcran Bcnnxnp Cronnnu n naxanino nonirancn noccrano-
nnri «uccri» miocnancxnx nocnanncn:
÷ Oror Hncnyx nocnnmacrcn nc pa6orc namnx ronapn-
mcn, ÷ crpoio npoionopnn on, ÷ a namcn pa6orc, pa6orc
namnx inannix ronapnmcn. Hpo nnx n ionopnrc, a nc npo
ronapnmcn µyman, Ina»o, Tcxno nnn »c npo xcnn.
C raxnxn pcnnnxaxn on nicrynan n panimc n nnocnc(-
crnnn, no ncm cnom anrnan6ancxym «»cnui» on coxpannn
inannix o6pa:ox (nn «npnncrcrncnnoio nicrynncnnn» na Hnc-
nyxc. Ha Hncnyxc Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra KHA on ncn cc6n
n ionopnn raxnx ronox, xax 6y(ro naxo(nncn na co6pannn
6aranionnon nucnxn miocnancxon apxnn.
B cio nicrynncnnn cxno:nna n:no»cnnan nax n O(pnuanc
«nnarqopxa», no y»c «o6oiamcnnan», n xnoioc on ionopnn
6oncc orxpiro, «cxcncc». Hrax, nonaian, uro cio ncni y»c
(ocrnianaci, on cnonxn co6crncnnixn ycraxn pacxpin xnoio
xoxnpoxcrnponanmnx cio qaxron, no(rncp»(anmnx, uro ncc
nponcxo(nnmcc 6ino (cnox cio pyx.
C caxoio nauana on o6nnnnn xcnn n rox, uro n «nc co-
2O9
inacnncn co6pari Impo Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra», uro6i ioc-
no(nn ¬ror xoi rax «n:no»nri cnon n:inn(i». B (cncrnn-
rcninocrn, xax ¬ro n ionopnn n nimc, n nc naxo(nn npannni-
nix n yxccrnix yuacrnc nnocrpannoio ronapnma n :acc(a-
nnnx namcio Honnrnuccxoio Impo. ¹ro xacacrcn Mnna(nna,
ro ¬ro (pyioc (cno, nc(i xi caxn npninamann cio n on nn-
xoi(a nax nc nann:inancn, nc ionopnn ronox Bcnnxnpa Cron-
nnua n nc nocrynan, xax on.
÷ 2 n ronapnm µn:(apcnnu, ÷ c annox6ox :annnn on
Hncnyxy, ÷ npnmnn n: Kiocnannn c nopyucnncx noxoiari nax
no nccx: n (cnax naprnn, apxnn, xono(c»n, qponra n r.(. 2
npnmcn cm(a c ioronix nnanox, xoropin ccnuac nax npc(-
crannm. Mnc n (crannx n:nccrno :(cmncc nono»cnnc. Oroio
n ncxan nc noroxy, uro n nm6onirnin n nc (nn roio, uro6i
nxcmnnaricn n namn nnyrpcnnnc (cna nnn :a(cri anropnrcr
xaxoio-nn6o n: nac.. A
On rax «xnnncn» n rox, uro «nc nxcmnnancn», «nc po-
nnn ucn-nn6y(i npccrn»» n r.(., uro uacroc nonropcnnc no-
(o6nix :annncnnn (anano nonnri, uro nxcnno (nn raxnx
ipn:nix (cn on n npnmcn.
On orxpiro «(ono»nn» Hncnyxy o cnocx nc(ononicrnc
xnom n Mnna(nnox, orxcrnn, uro «xoi(a xi npnmnn cm(a,
namn ronapnmn nc cunrannci c naxn, no((cp»nnann cnn:i
cxopcc c Mnna(nnox, ucx co xnom, xorn n npnmcn n xauc-
crnc nncrpyxropa HK KHK», uro «xi ccopnnnci no xnoinx
nonpocax», uro «npncyrcrnnc Mnna(nna :arpy(nnno xom pa-
6ory n xon ncrpcun c ronapnmaxn, orucio n n norpc6onan
cio or:ina n: An6annn» n r.(. n r.n.
÷ Pa6ora c xono(c»im, ÷ cxa:an (ancc Bcnnxnp Cron-
nnu, ÷ n:xcnnnaci. Tonapnm µn:(apcnnu 6icrpo namcn
o6mnn n:ix c ronapnmaxn n: xono(c»non opiann:annn n
6in n nonnox coinacnn c nnxn
2
. Ho n naprnn, ÷ no»ano-
____________________________________
1 H: nporoxona II (6cparcxoio) Hncnyxa HK KHA, crp. 62-63. HHA.
2 K ¬roxy npcxcnn ccxpcrapcx HK Koxxynncrnuccxon xono(c»n
n Hpc(cc(arcncx Com:a Anrnqamncrcxon Mono(c»n An6annn 6in
Haxo Cnnpy.
21O
nancn on, ÷ y xcnn nnucio nc nonyuanoci. Tpy(no 6ino
npo(nniaricn. Taxnx o6pa:ox nomnn nacxapxy ncc xon
ycnnnn 6icrpo crari xo:nnnox nono»cnnn. unmi nocnc :a-
cc(annn Impo (on nxcn n nn(y cocronnmcccn n O(pnuanc :a-
cc(annc), i(c 6ino nipa»cno coinacnc na xoc yuacrnc n
ncx, (cna nomnn 6naiononyuno' Ha rox :acc(annn n n:no»nn
pn( (npcxrnn, xoropic npc(crannm n nax :(cci.
¹ro ¬ro 6inn :a «(npcxrnni» ÷ (cno y»c n:nccrnoc. Ho
noucxy Cronnnu cucn «pa:yxnix» cmc pa: o(ny :a (pyion
nonropnri nx ncpc( nccxn ronapnmaxn na Hncnyxc"'
Iiri xo»cr, n omn6amci, no n ncci(a nonaian, uro Cron-
nnu, 6y(yun nicoxoxcpnix n nc raxnx y» ocrpoyxnix
ucnoncxox, no(yxan, uro ncc, ucio on »(an, ocymccrnnnoci,
uro nama naprnn y»c no(unnnnaci, n rcncpi ny»no 6ino
cxa:ari nccxy Hcnrpaninoxy Koxnrcry, uro nacronmnx an-
ropox nccn ¬ron ncpcxcni, «icpocx nonopora» 6in xax pa:
Bcnnxnp Cronnnu, a nc raxnc xono(unxn, xax Haxo Cnnpy,
Ccnqyna Mancmona, Koun µ:o(:c n (pyinc.
÷ µcno :axnmuanoci n rox, ÷ cxa:an on, n uacrnocrn,
÷ uro6i ncrpnxnyri pyxono(crno namcn naprnn (o raxon
crcncnn, uro6i npnnrn x raxoxy :acc(annm, xax nacronmcc.
Bama naprnn caxa nc n cocronnnn 6ina rax ncrpnxnyricn,
ny»na 6ina nocroponnnn cnna, n cnna ¬ra npnmna cm(a c
naxn
1
'
Ic:o6pa:nn ¬roio ucnoncxa 6inn 6ccnpnxcpnixn.
Bicrynnn n no((cp»xy o6nnncnnn Ccnqyni Mancmona
n rox, 6y(ro xi «yrparnnn (ymy xoxxynncra», Cronnnu, (ani-
mc n(n, «n:pcx»:
÷ Ionona ucnoncxa, ÷ cxa:an on, ÷ ¬ro nc ro uro
ionona ncryxa na uyp6anc. Ionona ucnoncxa nipacr 6onimym
poni, ona o(nn ronixo pa: po»(acrcn n o(nn pa: yxnpacr.
B xnnic nocnoxnnannn «Anino-axcpnxancxan onacnocri
(nn An6annn» n ionopnn o nonirxax aninnuan (o6nricn «npn-
xnpcnnn» n «noccoc(nncnnn» Hannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninoio
_________________________________
1 H: nporoxona II (6cparcxoio) Hncnyxa HK KHA, crp. 66. HHA.
211
0ponra c aicnrox aninnuan, A6a:ox Kynn, n :ancpmammnn
ncpno( Hannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninon 6opi6i
1
, xax n o
cxpinanmnxcn :a ¬rnxn nonirxaxn npa»(c6nix nax ncnnx.
Hocxonixy nx nnucio nc nimno c naxn, aninnuanc ni6pann
Tnro n xauccrnc «nocpc(nnxa» (nn ocymccrnncnnn raxoio
noccoc(nncnnn. Kax n:nccrno, onn nco(noxparno npocnnn Bc-
nn6nra, npc(crannrcnn miocnancxoio mra6a npn Com:nox mra-
6c n Kanpc, uro6i ror ncpc(an Tnro npoci6y aninnuan
2
.
Kaxnc nonpoci o6cy»(annci n uro 6ino (ocrninyro na
¬rnx ncpcionopax Tnro c aninnuanaxn, n nc :nam, no o(no
nnmi 6cccnopno: xax ronixo npn6in n An6annm, Bcnnxnp
Cronnnu nauan oxa:inari na nac (anncnnc, uro6i xi npon-
nnnnn «yxcpcnnocri» n noxnpnnnci c A6a:ox Kynn n cio
npn6nn»cnnixn, n6o n npornnnox cnyuac nocrpa(acr «o6¡c(n-
ncnnc» napo(a n ncnixncr «ipa»(ancxan nonna». C o(nnaxo-
nixn rpc6onannnxn nicrynann n o(nnaxonic «coo6pa»cnnn»
npc(crannnnn nax roi(a n aninnuanc' Taxoc conna(cnnc nc
6ino cnyuannix. Tnro npnnnn poni nocpc(nnxa, poni, xoropan
noncn-ncnoncn crannna cio na o(nn nnan c rcxn, xro crpc-
xnncn no(opnari namy Hannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninym 6opi-
6y n or(ari n pyxn pcaxnnn ncnon xponn (ocrninyric no6c(i.
Hrax, Cronnnu ninonnnn nopyucnnc Tnro n aninnuan nc-
xc(ncnno nocnc cnocio npn6irnn cm(a, no, ccnn n O(pnuanc
npc(¡nnncnnoc nx rpc6onannc ynccno ncrpox (na roi(amnnx
ncrpcuax xi nc ncnn nporoxon), ro on, xax 6i (nn o6oiamc-
nnn (oxyxcnrannn na 6y(ymcc, no(nnn n n Icparc nonpoc c
rcx, uro6i on 6in :ancccn n nporoxon. £io cnona n Icparc,
_________________________________
1 Onncp Xo(»a, «Anino-axcpnxancxan onacnocri (nn An6annn
(Bocnoxnnannn)», crp. 248-25O, 255-266, Tnpana, 1982, an6. n:(.
2 «... (3) nopyunri Tnro (ucpc: 6pnia(npa Maxnnna) no:(cncrnonari
na HOµ, uro6i ono (ano coinacnc na no:npamcnnc A6a:a Kynn ...» To
»c caxoc orxcuacrcn n no:(ncc n nncixc, n xoropox ionopnrcn: «...Tn-
ro nopyunri n ro »c npcxn ncnoni:onari cnoc nnnnnnc na HOµ».
(C+. noopo6nue sanuctu e tnuee. :neep Xoo×a, «Aneao-a+eputancta»
onacnocmt oa» Aa6anuu (Bocno+unanu»)», cmp. 26! u 2:!. Tupana, !9S2,
aa6. uso.).
212
xax no ¬roxy nonpocy, rax n o6o nccx (pyiox, ucpnix no
6cnoxy nanncani. On cxa:an:
÷ Bama nnnnn no ornomcnnm x Ia:n n Hancc 6ina nc-
npannninon. unnnn ¬ra nc 6ina n noni:y mnpoxoio o6¡c(n-
ncnnn xacc, a nnccna pacxon n, xax n:nccrno, ÷ orxcrnn on,
÷ pacxon panno:naucn ipa»(ancxon nonnc'
µa cmc xro «o6paman namc nnnxannc» n «concronan» nax
npono(nri «nnnnm na mnpoxoc o6¡c(nncnnc xacc» n na npc-
(ornpamcnnc «ipa»(ancxon nonni»"' Hxcnno rc, xoropic n
cnocn crpanc n oco6cnno n Koconc n (pyinx an6ancxnx xpanx
n Kiocnannn npono(nnn iny6oxo nopounym, anrnnapo(nym
nonnrnxy, nonnrnxy yincrcnnn n pacxona.
Bimc n ionopnn o namcx pcmcnnn ncpc6pocnri nccxonixo
coc(nncnnn namcn apxnn (nn oxa:annn noxomn n 6nrnax
:a ocno6o»(cnnc Koconi n napo(on Kiocnannn, (nn npccnc-
(onannn nanncrcxoio n:ncpia no nnrax.
Bcrynncnnc namnx cnn n Kocony nnoni no(rncp(nno na-
rpnornuccxym »n:nccnoco6nocri xoconcxoio napo(a, cio nc-
npcxnonnin pcnonmnnonnin (yx. Honon:noncnnn Tcxno c
xoxnanncn, ncnic io(i n onpc(cncnnix ncnnx o6nnnnnmnx
xoconcxnn napo( n rox, 6y(ro on «cnn:an c pcaxnncn», 6inn
ncxopc orncpinyri: 53 OOO cinon n (oucpcn 6oiaripcxon Ko-
coni, oco6cnno nocnc ncrynncnnn ry(a namnx cnn, :anonnnnn
pn(i 6pnia( Hannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninon apxnn An6annn,
xax n xoconcxnx 6pnia(. Xorn n xono(ic naprn:ani, onn
ornnunnnci ornaion n cxnarxax c nann-qamncraxn rax »c, xax
n crapmnc naprn:ani. Bcrynncnnc namnx 6pnia( npnncno x
roxy, uro no nccn Koconc 6ina ycranonncna nnacri nannonani-
no-ocno6o(nrcninix concron, xoropic cocronnn n: nyumnx
cinon-narpnoron Koconi.
O(naxo xax pa: n ro npcxn, xoi(a Kocona npcnparnnaci
y»c n inc:(o Hannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninon 6opi6i, or mra-
6a Tnro nco»n(anno nocrynnn npnxa:: naprn:ancxnc cnni An-
6annn, xax n xoconcxnc, (on»ni noxnnyri Kocony n npccnc(o-
nari nanncron «n nanpanncnnn Ccncpa» Koconi, niny6i Kio-
cnannn. Hamn cnni ninonnnnn ¬ror npnxa:, rax xax onn
213
nomnn ry(a (nn npccnc(onannn qamn:xa nnnori (o nonnoio
ocno6o»(cnnn napo(on Kiocnannn. Ho nnocnc(crnnn xi (on-
»ni 6inn y:nari, uro ncnim npnxa:a Tnro o «npccnc(onannn
npornnnnxa niny6i» 6ino nc ucx nnix, xax nourn rounix
nonropcnncx ron xnrpocrn, xoropym xoi(a-ro napn n xnn:in
nonirannci ncnoni:onari n 6opi6c c orroxancxnx niox. Oco-
6cnno, xoi(a crano oucnn(no, uro ocxancxnc noncxa mnn no(
orxoc, a An6annn naxo(nnaci n xanyn :anocnannn nc:anncn-
xocrn, napn Ccp6nn n xnn:in ¹cpnoiopnn x ucxy ronixo nc
npn6ciann, uro6i an6ancxnc noncranuccxnc cnni noxnnynn
ocno6o»(cnnym Kocony n xax xo»no (onimc npccnc(onann
ocxancxnc noncxa n (pyinx xpanx «n nanpanncnnn mia». Hx
ncni ÷ (ari no:xo»nocri ccp6cxo-ucpnoiopcxnx noncxax
:axnarnri Kocony n (pyinc an6ancxnc xpan, nc ncrpcrnn nn-
xaxoio conpornnncnnn co croponi an6ancxnx noncranuccxnx
cnn n (a»c co croponi ocxancxnx oxxynannonnix noncx. Hxcn-
no rax nocrynan n Tnro n 1945 io(y. B Kocony, ocno6o»(cn-
nym cnnaxn namcn apxnn n xoconcxnxn cnnaxn, nopnannci
cnni rnroncxon apxnn (nn nnxnn(annn y»c co:(annix nanno-
nanino-ocno6o(nrcninix concron n yunncnnn pa:ny:(annoio
n xacconoio rcppopa npornn an6anncn. Ora ncnn(annan pc-
npcccnn rnronncn, ccrccrncnno, ni:nana iny6oxoc nccnapo(noc
no:xymcnnc, nocrannnmcc no( coxncnnc rax»c n «nonym Kio-
cnannm», n6o xoconcxnn napo( qaxrnuccxn nc nn(cn nnxaxon
pa:nnni xc»(y nincmncn »n:nim n »n:nim npn «crapon
Kiocnannn». B ¬ron nccixa cno»non o6cranonxc xoconcxnn
napo(-narpnor norpc6onan «no:npamcnnn an6ancxnx naprn:an»
c ncnim noccranonncnnn cnpanc(nnnocrn n npcxpamcnnn cnn-
pcnoio rcppopa. Bo n:6c»annc (anincnmcio ocno»ncnnn cn-
ryannn, Tnro c xoxnanncn 6inn niny»(cni coinacnricn c
¬rnx rpc6onanncx, n an6ancxnc naprn:ani no:nparnnnci. B
Koconc nc oxa:anoci nnxaxnx «opiann:onannix pcaxnnonnix»
cnn, xax ¬ro nponaian(nponann miocnani, a oxa:ancn napo(,
xoropin ncrpcrnn namnx naprn:an rax, xax 6y(ro onn nro-
pnuno ocno6o(nnn Kocony. O6cranonxa ycnoxonnaci, n nocnc
¬roio Tnro cran nnannponari nonic nponcxn. Bonna y»c xon-
214
unnaci, rax uro on xoi rcncpi cnonxn co6crncnnixn cnnaxn
pa:pcmari ocrpic npo6ncxi Koconi. Ho (nn roio, uro6i ncc
¬ro (cnanoci :a ina:axn xnpa n oco6cnno :a namnxn ina:a-
xn, cxy na(o 6ino, uro6i namn cnni oxonuarcnino noxnnynn
Kocony n no:nparnnnci n An6annm. Ho xaxnx nyrcx" Bo:-
npamcnnc namnx cnn ncnocpc(crncnno n: Koconi ucpc: ra-
xomnnc iocy(apcrncnnic ipannni co:(anano 6i ncnpnnrnic
n, xo»cr, rn»cnic (nn rnronncn cncni. Koconni, ynn(cn,
uro cnni namcn apxnn yxo(nnn, xoinn cnona n:6ynronari.
¹ro6i ninrn n: ¬roio nono»cnnn, Tnro cnona cxonnponan 6i-
nix xoponcn n nncncnnponan «nco6xo(nxocri npccnc(onannn
pcaxnnonnix 6an( n nanpanncnnn mia, n nanpanncnnn Ipcnnn»
n c ¬ron ncnim nonpocnn «noxomn» naxo(nnmnxcn rax na-
mnx cnn. Mi, xopomo cmc nc :nan ipn:nix nnanon Tnro,
or(ann npnxa: (nnn:nnx nicrynnri. Koi(a namn cnni 6inn
y»c x caxix m»nix ipannnax Maxc(onnn, nx 6ino cxa:ano,
uro «6onimc ncr nco6xo(nxocrn» n nx npc6inannn n Kio-
cnannn' Hcpcxo( concpmnncn n panonc Kopun n Hpccni, (a-
ncxo or ina: napo(a Koconi. Y rnro-panxonnucn pyxn 6inn
y»c cno6o(nic n onn xoinn opy(onari, xax n opy(onann, n
xyucnnuccxon Koconc cnonxn napnapcxnxn xcro(axn.
Hrax, nor xro nax «concronan» npono(nri «npannninym
nnnnm», cnoco6nym npnnccrn x «cnnoucnnm xacc»: rc, xro
cnocn nonnrnxon npono(nn n :aximnnn (anincnmcc yiny6nc-
nnc nnnnn icnonn(a n xacconoio ynnuro»cnnn n Koconc n
(pyinx an6ancxnx xpanx n Kiocnannn.
Ho (ananrc ncpncxcn x «pcun» Cronnnua na 6cparcxox
Hncnyxc.
O6nnn ipn:im ncm namy pa6ory n ncc namn no6c(i,
«ycrpamnn» nac :annncnncx o rox, uro y nac nc 6ino, xon,
npounix «no:nnnn nn na xccrax, nn n apxnn», on nc npc-
xnnyn (ari nax rax»c ynxy (pyinx «nacranncnnn» na 6y-
(ymcc.
÷ Hc o6xaninacrc cc6n rcx, ÷ cxa:an on, ÷ uro no-
:nnnn y nac npounic. Yurnrc, uro, noxnxo nccio (pyioio, nax
ipo:nr cncpinyran 6yp»ya:nn, no cnnino ipo:nr nax n nncm-
215
nnc npain. Bi (on»ni nonnri, ÷ yipo»ammc npoionopnn on,
÷ uro ni xancnixnc n, xax raxonic, cocrannncrc (nn pcaxnnn
ncixo npoinornxin xycox.
Hpocrpanno n:no»nn «rcopnm onacnocrn», on noncn pcui
x roxy, uro cxy ncncnn:
÷ µcno n rox, ÷ cxa:an on, ÷ uro ni nc xo»crc n(rn
nncpc( caxn, 6c: Kiocnannn, n oco6cnno 6c: raxon Kiocna-
nnn, xaxan co:(ana y»c na Ianxanax n n £nponc. Oro, ÷
npo(on»an Cronnnu, ÷ nonpoc ycranonncnnn xax xo»no 6o-
ncc npounix ornomcnnn c naxn, nonpoc ycranonncnnn ccp-
(cunix cnn:cn c Kiocnanncn.
Hn»c n no(po6ncc paccxa»y o ncccroponnnx npa»(c6nix
nax ycnnnnx rnroncxoio pyxono(crna x ocymccrnncnnm cio
xoncunon ncnn: noinomcnnm nccn An6annn. Oco6cnno n 1947
io(y n n nauanc 1948 io(a raxan ncni 6ina orxpiro o6¡n-
nncna, no n xorcn :(cci orxcrnri, uro cmc na 6cparcxox Hnc-
nyxc Cronnnu ni(nnnyn n xauccrnc balon d´essaie* n(cm ra-
xoio noinomcnnn:
÷ Kaxnxn qopxaxn cnc(ycr yxpcnnnri namn ornomcnnn,
÷ no(ucpxnyn on, ÷ ¬roio nc xoiy cxa:ari ccnuac, na ¬rox
co6pannn. Ho nycri cronr ncpc( naxn ncpcncxrnna com:a, xon-
qc(cpannn n (a»c 6onimc. Hxcnno cxno:i npn:xy ¬ron ncp-
cncxrnni, ÷ npo(nxronan on, ÷ crponrc ornomcnnn c Kiocna-
nncn. Hcpcncxrnna Kiocnannn ccri ncpcncxrnna Ianxan, £n-
poni. Hxn Tnro ncpcpocno paxxn Kiocnannn, cio (on»ni
nonynnpn:onari n ni. Ho-xocxy, ÷ xonunn on c ¬rnx nonpo-
cox, ÷ ni xano ionopnrc o nac, rax uro n (anincnmcx ni
(on»ni 6onimc ionopnri o Kiocnannn n o Tnro.
Tax 6ino ncyxccrno n ncncnccoo6pa:no ncrynnri n
cnopi n rpc6onari o6¡ncncnnn o rox, uro no(pa:yxcnan
Cronnnu no( cnonaxn «xonqc(cpannn n (a»c 6onimc» n xax
¬ro Kiocnannn crana «ncpcncxrnnon Ianxan n £nponi». Bcc
¬ro nincnnnoci no:(ncc. B Icparc nccio nnmi n:naiannci
«n(cn» n «(npcxrnni», npnncccnnic Cronnnucx n: Kiocnannn
__________________________________
1 Ho-qpanny:cxn: npo6nin map.
216
n cocrannnnmnc xa»(an n or(cninocrn n ncc nxccrc xnni
c :anc(cnnix xcxann:xox, onn 6inn conpn»cni c ncn:xc-
pnxixn onacnocrnxn (nn 6y(ymcio namcn naprnn n nonon
An6annn. Bcc onn 6inn nonnrnuccxnxn n n(conoinuccxnxn
xnnaxn rnroncxoio ninycxa. Toi(a pano cmc 6ino nonnri
nx mnpory n onacnocri, no nx uaconon xcxann:x cnonno
xomxap npnmcn n (nn»cnnc cmc n rc cxyrnic xoxcnri.
O(naxo Cronnnu, uro6i nc (ari nax :a(yxaricn na( cym-
nocrim cio :annncnnn o Kiocnannn n com:ax, c(cnan nonnin
nonopor n ncpnyncn x caxoxy inannoxy n rc xoxcnri:
÷ Bi nicrynnnn :(cci c xpnrnxon Hcnrpaninoio Ko-
xnrcra, no xpnrnxa ¬ra, n oco6cnno caxoxpnrnxa, (on»na
6iri 6oncc iny6oxon n pc:xon. Ory xpnrnxy, ÷ cxa:an on
(ancc, ÷ nax cnc(ycr n raxox »c (yxc (onccrn n (o xccr,
uro6i npannnino opncnrnponanaci ncn naprnn. . .
Taxnx 6ino n o6mnx ucprax ncc co(cp»annc pa6ori Hnc-
nyxa, npoxo(nnmcio n Icparc n xoxcnri, xoi(a nama cronn-
na, Tnpana, ronixo uro 6ina ocno6o»(cna n xoi(a co (nn
na (cni n c uacy na uac xi »(ann n nonnoio ocno6o»(cnnn
An6annn.
K co»ancnnm, n ¬rnx pcmammnx ycnonnnx n cnryannnx
6onimnncrno ncncn «xnccnn Cronnnu» 6ino (ocrninyro. Hamy
naprnm n cc npannninym nnnnm nopounixn nyrnxn n iny-
6oxo npa»(c6nixn xcro(axn o6nnnn ymaraxn ipn:n. Iin
nancccn rn»cnin y(ap c(nncrny n naprnnnox pyxono(crnc,
oco6cnno n Impo Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra, ono 6ino cnni-
no nonpc»(cno. Kpoxc Ccnqyni Mancmona n Han(n Kpncro,
6ino pcmcno nxnmunri n cocran Impo cmc (nyx «ccnqynix»
÷ Ic(pn Cnaxny n Tyxa 2xona, n 6ino nncccno npc(no»c-
nnc o rox, uro6i no:(ncc, ccnn «ny»no» 6y(cr, npnnnri n
Impo n Kpncro Tcxcnixo' Kcx onn 6inn n uro onn (cnann
no npcxn nonni ÷ o6 ¬rox n ionopnn n xnnic «Koi(a po(n-
naci naprnn», a nn»c paccxa»y n o rox, uro onn (cnann no
oxonuannn nonni. Hrax, ocranonnnnci xi na rox, xaxnc «nno-
(i» npnncc nax Icpar. Ho o(non n: inannix ncncn Cronnn-
ua n cio aicnron, xoropon onn nc cxoinn (ocrninyri n Ic-
217
parc, 6ino xoc orcrpancnnc or naprnnnoio pyxono(crna n or
nocra Icncpaninio Ccxpcrapn. Oro qaxr, uro ronapnmn na
Hncnyxc, xorn n 6inn c6nri c ronxy n coinacnnnci co xno-
inxn nccnpanc(nnnixn o6nnncnnnxn, nicrynnnn n no((cp»-
xy npannninon icncpaninon nnnnn naprnn n nipa:nnn no or-
nomcnnm xo xnc ro, uro uyncrnonann: nm6oni, yna»cnnc n
(oncpnc. Tcx nc xcncc, ncnc(crnnc »cnun, n:nnron 6an(on
Cronnnua, xon anropnrcr nc xax ncpconi, a xax Icncpaninoio
Ccxpcrapn naprnn, :arxnncn. Oro 6onimc nccx uyncrnonan n
nn(cn n cax. Ho iononi n nc cxnonnn. µa»c xoi(a ionopnnn
caxic 6onimnc xcp:ocrn, n 6in y6c»(cn n rox, uro y nac 6i-
na npannninan nnnnn n rncp(o ncpnn, uro nnocnc(crnnn ncc
nincnnrcn n 6y(cr nocranncno na cnoc xccro. Hpc»(c nccio
n 6in nponnxnyr xoxxynncrnuccxnx y6c»(cnncx n rox,
uro, xax 6i ro nn 6ino, n cyxcm 6nn:xo cronri x naprnn
n napo(y n nycri nx cnpanc(nnnoc cnono n xncnnc oxonua-
rcnino pcmar o6o nocx.
Ho caxix iopixnx n npc(nix «nno(ox» 6cparcxoio
Hncnyxa 6ina (annan rax opncnrannn na 6y(ymcc: nocxonixy
«nan6onimnx :nox» n «nan6onimcn onacnocrim» (nn namcn
naprnn 6ino na:nano «ccxranrcrno», 6ina (ana :cncnan ynnna
onnoprynn:xy.
B ¬rox n :axnmuanaci inannan npnunna roio, uro y(ap,
nxo6i nancccnnin na Hncnyxc onnoprynn:xy n nnnnn, npo-
mcn ncixo, 6c: xaxoio-nn6y(i yiny6ncnnn, 6c: xaxnx-nn6o
apiyxcnron. Bcc, uro npnmno n: mra6a Tnro, 6ino xopomo
no(cunrano. O6nnncnnc n «onnoprynn:xc» 6ino no:nc(cno ncc-
io nnmi n «no(rncp»(cnnc» roio, 6y(ro nama naprnn nc n
cocronnnn 6ina nipa6orari npannninym n nocnc(onarcninym
nnnnm; (o6nnmnci ¬roio, o6nnnnrcnn cunrann y»c ncucpnan-
nix nonpoc o6 ¬rox o6nnncnnn. B xoncunox nroic, onn nc
6ccnoxonnnci nn o6 onnoprynn:xc, nn o ccxranrcrnc. Hx
c(nncrncnnan :a6ora :axnmuanaci n rox, uro6i no(unnnri na-
my naprnm n An6annm n ncnox Kiocnannn, nor noucxy xi
(on»ni 6inn 6iri nc «ccxranraxn», a «xnixnxn», «nocnym-
nixn», «rnxnxn», «ncnnxo(ymnixn» nnnori (o npnncccnnn
218
cno6o(i n »cprny, nnnori (o npo(a»n An6annn' Taxona 6ina
ncni «xnccnn Cronnnu» n, x co»ancnnm, ona no(ioronnna nou-
ny (nn cc ocymccrnncnnn.
Oco6cnno «(npcxrnni» Cronnnua xacarcnino 6y(ymcn no-
nnrnxn naprnn no 0ponrc, n nannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninix
concrax, n opianax nnacrn, n ¬xonoxnuccxon, nncmncnonnrn-
uccxon n n (pyinx o6nacrnx cocrannnnn ry :apa»cnnym anrn-
connanncrnuccxym nouny, xy(a Ccnqyna Mancmona n xoxna-
nnn nirannci noipy:nri nonym An6annm cpa:y »c nocnc
ocno6o»(cnnn.
H no ¬rnx nonpocax xi 2-3 xccnna xpn(y ncnn mnpoxnc
n ocrpic cnopi, xoropic n ron nnn nnon xcpc namnn cc6c
orpa»cnnc n :aunrannix na Hncnyxc (oxna(ax, no oco6cnno
n pn(c nicrynncnnn. Bimc n ionopnn o pcqcparc, xoropin
n niny»(cn 6in c(cnari na Hncnyxc, xax n o xocx orxpirox
nccoinacnn c ronapnmaxn no 6onimnncrny nonpocon, na «(o-
nonncnnn» nnn «pc(axnnn» xoropix onn nacrannann. Ho n
xorcn 6i no(ucpxnyri ror qaxr, uro xon no:pa»cnnn nc
npomnn conccx (apox. B nopn(xc «xoxncncannn» Haxo, Koun,
Ccnqyna n (pyinc co Cronnnucx no inanc 6inn niny»(cni
«coinacnricn» na ro, uro6i n pcqcparc ocrannci ncxoropic n:
xonx npannninix n:inn(on n no:nnnn. C cmc 6onimcn cnnon
axncnrnponan n ¬rn no:nnnn n n xocx nicrynncnnn nc:a-
(onio (o :ancpmcnnn pa6ori Hncnyxa.
Tax, nanpnxcp, uro xacacrcn nonnrnxn naprnn no 0ponrc,
n, orxcrnn nonym o6cranonxy, cno»nnmymcn n crpanc 6naio-
(apn pcmammnx no6c(ax n 6opi6c, no(ucpxnyn, n uacrnocrn:
÷ Mi (on»ni ocrcpciaricn nnnix n rannix npaion. Tc-
ncpi, xoi(a nccx ncno, uro no6c(a :a naxn, orxpiric n nn-
nic npain niramrcn ncrynnri n cnn:i co cxpirixn npaiaxn
n ucpc: nnx nponc:ri no 0ponr. µo nucpamncio (nn onn
6oponnci npornn nac n:nnc, a rcncpi xornr 6oporicn n:ny-
rpn. Ho y»c cnnmxox no:(no, rax xax namn (ncpn :axpiri
ncpc( nnxn. Hpn:in, c xoropix xi o6parnnnci nc(anno x
¬ncxcnrax, cronnmnx na no:nnnnx oxxynanra, 6in nocnc(-
nnx npn:inox. Hinc xornr ncrynnri no 0ponr ncc rc, xro
219
crpcxnrcn cnnri c cc6n orncrcrncnnocri :a (cncrnnn, concp-
mcnnic nxn n rcucnnc rpcx-ucripcx ncr, xoi(a onn c opy-
»ncx n pyxax n nccxn (pyinxn cpc(crnaxn 6oponnci npornn
nac. Hama :a(aua, ÷ orxcrnn n, ÷ nc nycrnri no 0ponr rcx,
xro crpcxnrcn no(opnari cio n:nyrpn.
Taxan no:nnnn mna npa:pc: c xncnncx Ccnqyni Manc-
mona o rox, uro «n cnyuac :axpirnn (ncpcn, 0ponr cy:nrcn»,
no¬roxy xocncnno, nc na:nan Ccnqyny no nxcnn, n nocrannn
nonpoc:
÷ Cy:nrcn nn 0ponr, ccnn xi 6y(cx npono(nri raxym
nnnnm" Hcr, ÷ no(ucpxnyn n, ÷ 0ponr nc cy:nrcn. On
nononnnrcn nccxn rcxn ¬ncxcnraxn, xoropic (o cnx nop (cp-
»annci n croponc nnn 6inn nnc(cni n :a6ny»(cnnc npc(arc-
nnxn, no xoropic nc o6aipnnn pyxn xponim.
Tax »c xax n n pcqcparc, n :axnmunrcninox nicrynnc-
nnn n n o6mnx ucprax yxa:an ncxoropic :a(aun 0ponra
na 6y(ymcc, xax mnpoxon nonnrnuccxon opiann:annn, npn:nan-
non o6¡c(nnnri noc xacci no( pyxono(crnox KHA.
÷ 0ynxnnn nnacrn, xoropic (o cnx nop ninonnnn 0ponr,
6y(yr ninonnnricn nnpc(i concraxn, xoropic, ÷ no(ucpxnyn
n, ÷ xi (on»ni nocronnno yxpcnnnri n o»nnnnri. 0ponr
(on»cn ynpounri com: pa6ounx, xpccrinn, nnrcnnnicnnnn n
nccx (pyinx cnocn.
÷ Bonpoc o nnacrn, ÷ cxa:an n (ancc, ÷ nnnncrcn ncn-
rpaninon npo6ncxon (nn naprnn n ¬ro nc noroxy ronixo, uro
on cocrannncr ncrammnn ncpc( naxn axryaninin nonpoc, no n
noroxy, uro n ¬rox nanpanncnnn onir y nac orcyrcrnycr. Mi
(on»ni yxpcnnri concri, ouncrnri nx or uy»(ix nax ¬nc-
xcnron, xoropic nponnxnn n nnx no omn6xc nnn »c pa:nixn
xaxnnannnxn, c(cnari rax, uro6i napo( nonnocrim (oncpnn
concrax, ycxarpnnan n nnx cnon opiani nnacrn.
Tcx nc xcncc, xorn :aionopmnxn n 6inn niny»(cni
«no:nonnri xnc» n:no»nri raxnc n:inn(i, n cnonx nicrynnc-
nnnx onn orxpiro n npnxo araxonann nx. Tax, n:nn cnono,
Ccnqyna Mancmona, n uacrnocrn, no(ucpxnyn:
÷ Y»c nacrano npcxn pacnaxnyri (ncpn 0ponra n (ani-
22O
mc pacmnpnri cio. H n Kiocnannn, i(c n nonpocc c 0ponrox
ncci(a ocymccrnnnnaci npannninan nonnrnxa, cio (ncpn or-
xpinamrcn y»c ncpc( nccxn, a y nac (ncpn cio cnc(onano n
no(anno orxpiri, pa: (onycxannci omn6xn ccxranrcxoio xa-
paxrcpa. Hax nc ronixo na(o pacmnpnri 0ponr, ÷ no(-
ucpxnyn on, ÷ no n npnnncui na cnom cropony (a»c rcx,
xoio xi norcpnnn. Cnc(onarcnino, xi (on»ni npnnncui n
rcx, xoio xi nc cxoinn npnnncui n xo(c 6opi6i'
B raxox (yxc nicrynann n (anann yxa:annn n Koun,
Han(n, Ic(pn Cnaxny, a, n n:nccrnon xcpc, n Haxo Cnnpy.
Y»c no(iorannnnanaci nouna (nn npnnnrnn no 0ponr ncnon
¬nc:n n xoxnannn, y»c naca»(annci n iononc naprnn ccxcna
nccx :on, c xoropixn xi cranxnnannci nnocnc(crnnn.
µpyion «(npcxrnnon» Cronnnua, xoropan (ocrannna nax
no:(ncc xnoio xnonor, 6ina «(npcxrnna» o6 ornomcnnn na-
mcio xono(oio iocy(apcrna x com:nnxax.
B xo(c nonni xi ncci(a ocymccrnnnnn n ¬rox nanpannc-
nnn npannninym nnnnm, n. :nan nccx rpcx «ncnnxnx com:nn-
xon», npono(nnn ny»nym ipani xc»(y Concrcxnx Com:ox, c
o(non croponi, n CUA n Aninncn ÷ c (pyion.
K roxy npcxcnn nax cmc nc 6inn n:nccrni rannic n
nnnic ncpcionopi n cnn:n Tnro c (nyxn :ana(nixn com:nn-
xaxn, oco6cnno c ¹cpunnncx, no xoc-uro xi :axcrnnn, xoi(a
n xo(c o(noio n: cnopon cmc (o nauana pa6ori Hncnyxa Bc-
nnxnp Cronnnu cxa:an:
÷ Ccio(nn ni iocy(apcrno, y xoropoio cnon oqnnnani-
nan nonnrnxa. K ncnnxnx com:nnxax, ciipanmnx pcmammym
poni n ¬ron nonnc, nonoc iocy(apcrno (on»no o(nnaxono
ornocnricn...
÷ Kax" ÷ cnpocnn n. ÷ Crann Concrcxnn Com: na o(nn
nnan c (nyxn ocraninixn"
÷ C iocy(apcrncnnon rouxn :pcnnn (a, ÷ «noncnnn»
Cronnnu. ÷ Honnrnxa nacronmcio iocy(apcrna nc (cnacr
(nqqcpcnnnannn. Bi ¬roio nc :nacrc, no y:nacrc. Koncuno,
÷ (o6annn on norox, ÷ ncoqnnnanino, nanpnxcp, no nap-
rnnnon nnnnn, Concrcxnn Com: xo»no cunrari caxix inan-
231
nix n caxix ccrccrncnnix com:nnxox, a no iocy(apcrncn-
non nnnnn ÷ ncr. Axcpnxa n Aninnn ncci(a ocramrcn com:-
nnxaxn n npono(nxan nxn ccio(nn nonnrnxa ÷ nono»nrcni-
nan, ona orncuacr namnx nnrcpccax.
Taxoc paccy»(cnnc noxa:anoci xnc crpannix n n iny6n-
nc (ymn n nc 6in coinaccn c nnx. Pa:nc ¬ro xo»no, uro6i
nonnrnxa iocy(apcrna ornnuanaci or nnnnn n nonnrnxn nap-
rnn" £mc 6onimc nopa:nn xcnn (pyion qaxr. Koi(a ionopnn
xnc, uro na(o «ncoqnnnaninix nyrcx» no(ucpxnnari oco6ym
poni Concrcxoio Com:a, Bcnnxnp Cronnnu ryr »c (o6annn:
÷ Hpn ¬rox cnc(ycr yunrinari n xonxpcrnic oco6cn-
nocrn 6opi6i xa»(on crpani. Hanpnxcp, no(nnnnix com:nn-
xox nccx nac nnnncrcn Concrcxnn Com:, no ni, xax An6annn,
com:nnxox, xax cxa:ari.. . ÷ noxnncn on, ÷ nacronmnx, oco-
6ix com:nnxox nxcnn n nxccrc Kiocnannm Tnro.
Orn n:inn(i ronapnmn rax»c n:no»nnn xnc nnocnc(-
crnnn xax «cnon», xi onnri cnopnnn no ¬roxy nono(y n onn,
rax nnn nnauc, namnn cc6c orpa»cnnc na Hncnyxc. Ho, nc-
xo(n n: roio, uro pcqcpar npc(cronno :aunrari n naprnn,
n nocnoni:onancn cnyuacx n pcmnrcnino no(ucpxnyn:
÷ Concrcxnn Com:, xax ncpnoc connanncrnuccxoc iocy-
(apcrno n 6naio(apn cnocn icponuccxon anrnqamncrcxon non-
nc cocrannncr ncnnuanmnn :anoi ocno6o»(cnnn napo(on n
o6ccncucnnn nx nc:anncnxocrn. Cnc(onarcnino, ÷ orxcrnn n,
÷ xi (on»ni yxopcnnri n co:nannn xacc ncrnny o rox,
uro namnx caxix orxponcnnix com:nnxox n inannon onopon
namcn nncmncn nonnrnxn nnnncrcn Concrcxnn Com:.
O(nonpcxcnno, nocnoni:onanmnci npanox :axnmunrcni-
non pcun, n cxa:an ronapnmax:
÷ Mi cronx na nopoic nonnoio ocno6o»(cnnn An6annn,
ncpc( naxn ncramr oucni na»nic :a(aun, n nax nc:aucx
cxpinari :a 0ponrox namy naprnm, xoropan 6ina nacronmnx
pyxono(nrcncx ¬ron ocno6o(nrcninon 6opi6i. Ona (on»na
crari xax nnxoi(a panimc cnninon, xy(pon n axrnnnon, nicry-
nari no inanc xacc, (cp»ari n pyxax 6pa:(i npanncnnn n, :a-
nnxan npannninym no:nnnm n yxcno npono(n npannninym
222
nnnnm, ocymccrnnri cnom npoipaxxy n uannnn rpy(nmciocn
napo(a.
B xoxcnri raxoio 6onimoio nonopora, n xoropic ncry-
nacr ncropnn namcio napo(a, xi (on»ni y(ccnrcpnri cnom
¬ncpinm n nonnrnuccxym :opxocri, Hcnrpaninin Koxnrcr
n ncn naprnn (on»ni nxcri n nn(y namy npomnym (cncrnn-
rcninocri, xax n namy 6y(ymnocri, xi (on»ni orxcuari xax
y(aun, rax n npoxaxn, n yunri naprnm nc ninncri or ycncxon
n yunricn na omn6xax.
Tax :ancpmnncn 6cparcxnn Hncnyx. B cnc(ymmnn (cni
nax npc(cronno nonrn n Tnpany. An6annn 6ina nonnocrim
ocno6o»(cna, ncorno»nan :a(aua, xoropym nama naprnn yxa-
:ana n cnocn npoipaxxc cmc n (cni cnocio ocnonannn, 8 no-
n6pn 1941 io(a, 6ina ycncmno ninonncna. Cronnn (nn, xoi(a
pa(ocri n cuacric (on»ni 6inn 6iri xax nnxoi(a panimc
cnninixn. H, n (cncrnnrcninocrn, nxcnno raxnc uyncrna
xnncnn n ccp(nax, orpa»annci na nnnax n ina:ax napo(a,
orxpiro nponnnnnnci, (cxoncrpnponannci ncm(y, xy(a 6i xi
nn npoxo(nnn n rc (nn. Ory pa(ocri pa:(cnnnn n n n (pyinc
ronapnmn n: naprnnnoio pyxono(crna, ncc xoxxynncri, ncc
nonni namcn icponuccxon naprn:ancxon apxnn.
Ho n nc xoiy cxpinari, uro, napn(y c 6onimon pa(ocrim,
ni:nannon (ocrninyron naxn no6c(on, n (ymc xonomnnnci y
xcnn 6oniman rpcnoia n iopixan xicni o cnyunnmcxcn n
Icparc. Ka:anoci xnc, uro i(c-ro rannaci (pyian 6oniman
onacnocri (nn 6y(ymcio. Oro noncc nc 6ina o:a6oucnnocri
xonx nnunix 6y(ymnx. £mc n ror (cni, xoi(a co:narcnino
ncrynnn na nyri xoxxynn:xa, n npnnnn no nnnxannc ncc:
crpa(annn, xyxn n nnmcnnn, ncm xom »n:ni. 2 ncc or(an
ncnnxoxy (cny napo(a, Po(nni, naprnn n pcnonmnnn. £(nn-
crncnnoc, uro xcnn :annxano, 6ino (cno naprnn, xoropym
nccnpanc(nnno o6nnnn ymaraxn ipn:n, 6ino 6y(ymcc nap-
rnn, napo(a n crpani, xoropixn cn npc(cronno pyxono(nri.
Bcnn xi ncnym inianrcxym 6opi6y n yncnuann cc ycnc-
xox, n nocrannri rcncpi ncc ¬ro no( yipo:y cnonxn »c pyxa-
xn, ¬ro nnnnoci 6i 6onimnx no:opox n rn»xnx npccrynnc-
223
nncx' Oro 6ino 6i caxix ncnpocrnrcninix npccrynncnncx,
concpmcnnix npornn namcio napo(a. Taxoio nn n xocx cny-
uac nc (on»no 6ino npon:onrn.
H noxnnncn caxoxy cc6c c(cnari ncc or xcnn :anncnmcc
(nn roio, uro6i ncrnna 6ina noccranonncna, uro6i naprnn
npo(on»ana n(rn ncpnix nyrcx, uro6i An6annn cnc(onana
no nyrn, xoropin KHA o6cmana cn cmc n non6pc 1941 io(a.
224
I||
TWTOHCKAH A1EHTVFA H ±EHCTHWW
Bcnrpau :amcnnc1 C1oünnua ronopnmnm na an-
6anckom n:mkc 1n1onncm Wocnnom 1cprn * ?-ü ka6n-
nc1 no . .. An6annn n kanncnnpnn Krocnanckoü qc-
ucpannn * Uoucmy Tn1o «npo1nn» pacuncncnnn An-
6annn?! * Upanua o cucnkc Uunuc-Uanuapnc n an-
ryc1c 1946 roua * «Hy1ka» mcnuy Tn1o n koponcm
Uanno o pa:ucncnnn An6annn * Cnop nokpyr no-
nn1nkn nm6opon n Vupcun1cnunoc Co6pannc: C.
Mancmona: «Upcuoc1ann1u onno:nnnn cno6ouy camo-
c1on1cnuno yuac1nona1u n nm6opax»; K. ±:ou:c:
«Krocnancknc 1onapnmn nc no6onnncu uoronopn1u-
cn n c 6ypnya»; H. Cnnpy: «Tcncpu nam ncucro
6on1ucn cnonx npo1nnnnkon»; napou: «W:6npa1cnu-
nmc mapnkn mm nporno1nm, a pcaknnoncpam nc
o1uaunm» * Hcnmmka pacnpcü mcnuy camnmn :aro-
nopmnkamn * V Uncnym UK KUA {4cnpanu 1946
r.) * Tc:ncm o ncpccmo1pc 6cpa1ckoro Uncny-
ma * Bcnrpau npnxoun1 na nomomu cnonm arcn1am.
Honin ncropnuccxnn ¬ran, n xoropin ncrynann nama
naprnn n nam napo( cpa:y »c nocnc ocno6o»(cnnn crpani
n ycranonncnnn napo(non nnacrn, :naxcnycr co6on rax»c n
ncpcxo( na nonym cra(nm namnx ornomcnnn c KHK n c
miocnancxnx iocy(apcrnox.
Tcncpi n o6cnx crpanax namn naprnn 6inn npannmnxn
naprnnxn. Ha nnx nc»ann 6pcxn n 6naiopo(nan :a(aua
npnnaiari ncc cnon cnni n cnoco6nocrn (nn npo(nn»cnnn
nncpc(, x nonix no6c(ax, coorncrcrnymmnx crpan n napo-
(on, xax n (nn (anincnmcio ynpoucnnn n pa:nnrnn cnonx
n:anxoornomcnnn n n:anxnix cnn:cn.
225
Tpy(nocrn, oco6ic ycnonnn n o6cronrcnicrna nocnnoio
npcxcnn xonunnnci. Mi, c namcn croponi, nxcnno n rcx
nonnrnix (nn nocnnoio npcxcnn ycnonnnx n rpy(nocrnx na-
xo(nnn inannym npnunny roio, noucxy npnxic cnn:n c KHK
n oco6cnno c cc pyxono(crnox :a ncrcxmnc ucripc io(a
oipannunnannci ncxoropixn ¬nn:o(nuccxnxn maiaxn, xoro-
pic nc ronixo nc npon:no(nnn xopomcio nncuarncnnn, a,
nanpornn, pa:ouaponann nac. O(naxo cnyuan ¬rn xi noxa
uro cmc paccxarpnnann xax or(cninic nnncnnn n nc nnnnnn
n nnx pyxono(crno KHK. Tax uro xi npo(on»ann 6iri xo-
pomcio, a n n:nccrnon crcncnn (a»c ¬nqopnuccxoio xncnnn
o miocnancxon naprnn n cc inannox pyxono(crnc, xorn :a
ucripc io(a nax rax n nc npc(crannnaci no:xo»nocri ncno-
cpc(crncnno n xonxpcrno no:naxoxnricn c nnxn. Tcncpi
nopa 6ina n:anxno oncnnri (pyi (pyia y»c na ocnonc pc-
aninoio o:naxoxncnnn c (cnaxn, c qaxraxn n nnnncn, npo-
no(nnmcncn xa»(on n: naprnn, a nc xax n npomnox, na oc-
nonc «n(canncrnuccxnx» paccy»(cnnn. Hopa 6ino na npax-
rnxc pacccnri ncnxym rcni coxncnnn, ocranmymcn y nac n:
oipannucnnix n ncnpnnrnix maion npomnoio, rax »c, xax
na(o 6ino pacccnri n ncnxoc coxncnnc nnn (ypnoc xncnnc,
xoropoc, 6iri xo»cr, cno»nnoci o nac y miocnancxoio py-
xono(crna no( nnnnnncx (oncccnnn cio nocnanncn. Hrax,
xi 6inn ioroni n npc(pacnono»cni xax xo»no 6onimc
pa:nnnari n yxpcnnnri (py»ccxnc ornomcnnn c KHK n na-
po(axn Kiocnannn, na xa»(ox maiy pyxono(crnynci xapx-
cncrcxo-ncnnncxnxn npnnnnnaxn n:anxoornomcnnn xc»(y
6parcxnxn naprnnxn n crpanaxn. O(naxo uro »c cxa»cr 6y-
(ymcc"
«3amn1a» An6annn uc-mpc (nn cc nornomcnnn
uc-qak1o
Hcpnin io( nocnc ocno6o»(cnnn n (a»c 6oniman uacri
1946 io(a no xnoinx nanpanncnnnx ionopnnn o «xanon ncc-
nc» n ornomcnnnx c miocnancxnxn «(py:inxn». Cxna(inanoci
nncuarncnnc, 6y(ro onn n:xcnnnn xnoinc n: cnonx npc»nnx
226
no:nnnn, 6y(ro (cno mno x ynyumcnnm npc»ncn rn»cnon
arxocqcpi xpnrnxancrna n 6y(ro onn (a»c ncpccxarpnnann
ncxoropic n: cnonx ncnpannninix no:nnnn npomnoio.
Cax nonxonnnx Cronnnu, nocnc roio xaoca n :axcmarcni-
crna, xoropic co:(an nax n Icparc, cran c6nn»aricn co xnom.
O(naxo ro, uro npon:omno n Icparc, nanncano ncpacccnn-
mcncn ucpnon ryucn. Ioncc roio, c xa»(ix (ncx omymancn
cio (ypnon ¬qqcxr na namn noncc(ncnnic (cna, xanic n
6onimnc.
O6 ¬rox n ionopnn Cronnnuy no npcxn o(noio n: xnoio-
uncncnnix nn:nron, xoropic on nauan nanocnri xnc nocnc
namcio npn6irnn n Tnpany, orxcrnn npn ¬rox, uro 6cparcxnn
Hncnyx noxa uro (anan ronixo nciarnnnic ¬qqcxri.
÷ Bi ynn(nrc, uro xax ronixo yioxonnrcn crpacrn, ncc
n:xcnnrcn, ÷ nonirancn ycnoxonri xcnn on. ÷ B Icparc
ronapnmn nayunnnci roxy, xax nicrynari c xpnrnxon n caxo-
xpnrnxon. Oro nxccr 6onimoc :naucnnc (nn nincmncio n (nn
6y(ymcio.
÷ O(naxo, ÷ orxcrnn n cxy, ÷ y xcnn nncuarncnnc ra-
xoc, uro rax xpnrnuccxnxn nicrynncnnnxn 6in o6nnr ipn:im
npccrn» naprnn, cc pyxono(crna n xon nnuno.
÷ Honxnrc xcnn npannnino, ÷ orncrnn on. ÷ Hn n, nn
namn ronapnmn ornm(i nc naxcpcnannci yponnri anropnrcr
namcn naprnn n rcx 6oncc nam nnunin. Bi caxn nn(cnn, uro
n ronapnmn n: Impo nnucio nc nxcnn npornn nac ncnocpc(-
crncnno, nao6opor, onn (ononini rcx, uro ni Icncpaninin
Ccxpcrapi naprnn'
÷ Ha :annxacxic qynxnnn, ÷ xono(no n nnno rcn(cn-
nno:no orxcrnn n, ÷ nocrannna xcnn naprnn, a nc o(nn nnn
nnri ucnoncx. Ocranaricn xnc nnn ncr na ¬rnx nocrax, ¬ro
rax»c nc 6ino n nc 6y(cr (cnox or(cninix nnn, xcx 6i onn
nn 6inn. Y nac npcnimc nccio naprnn.
÷ Concpmcnno ncpno, ÷ cxa:an Cronnnu, n npnxn(ina-
nci, 6y(ro nnucio nc nonnn, npo(on»an nicrnri xnc: «Mi
cunracx :a uccri nxcri raxoio (pyia, xax ni», n r.(. n r.n.
Mnc nnxoi(a nc npannnaci nccri, n ccnn xro-nn6o nicrnn
xnc npnxo n ina:a, ro n crapancn ycxorpcri n no(xcrnri,
227
uro cxpinacrcn :a ncn n :a caxnx nicrcnox. Tax cnyunnoci n
na ¬ror pa: c Bcnnxnpox Cronnnucx. Ho ionopnn on c
raxnx nannnix nn(ox, uro xnc rpy(no 6ino yia(ari, uro »c
npon:omno c nnx rax nco»n(anno. Iiri xo»cr, no(yxan n,
on nocnan miocnancxoxy pyxono(crny (oxna( o rox, uro npo-
n:omno n Icparc, n Tnro, nn(nxo, na(pan cxy yxo. Iiri xo-
»cr, cax Bcnnxnp uyncrnycr, uro nxccro roio uro6i noxoui
nax cnonxn «rc:ncaxn», oucni nanpc(nn nax, n rcncpi xoucr
6iri n na(ax co xnom. Mo»cr, on cunracr, uro n n 6y(ymcx,
n nncixcnnox nn(c nnn »c no npcxn oqnnnaninix ncrpcu,
xoiy nponnqopxnponari Tnro o 6cparcxon ncpa:6cpnxc n,
uro6i npc(ornparnri ncnpnnrnocrn, crapacrcn o6pamaricn co
xnom, xax c (pyiox.
B ro »c npcxn n :axcrnn, uro Cronnnu npo(on»an no(-
(cp»nnari xopomnc ornomcnnn n c (pyinxn ronapnmaxn,
uacro npninaman nccx nac nxccrc n pc:n(cnnnm miocnancxon
xnccnn n ncnoni:onan nm6on cnyuan, uro6i cryuaricn n namn
(ncpn (nn nn:nra, xorn 6i na «xax no»nnacrc». 2 no(yxan,
uro ¬ro ro»c nxo(nno n paxxn cio nonirox xoc-uro ncnpannri
n: ncnopucnnoio n npomnox, oco6cnno n ncpno( c xonna
aniycra (o xonna non6pn 1944 io(a. Bnnori (o xoxcnra cnocio
or¡c:(a n: An6annn (nacxonixo n noxnm, on ymcn x xonny
1945 io(a) on :annxancn n ocnonnox paccinxon npninamcnnn
n npc(no»cnnn xax xo»no uamc nanpannnri n Icnipa( «(nn
n:yucnnn onira» or(cninix ronapnmcn n ipynn ronapnmcn n:
pa:nix o6nacrcn.
Kax 6i ro nn 6ino, n cunran cio 6nron xapron. Bcc, uro
xoino n 6iri n ncx xopomcio (qaxrnuccxn, n ncx nnucio
xopomcio nc 6ino), on oxonuarcnino ncnoprnn n Icparc, n
rcncpi, naxo(nncn nn on nnn ncr n An6annn, yni6ancn nnn
cranonnncn xpaunix, ¬ro nc nxcno y»c concpmcnno nnxaxoio
:naucnnn. 2 yncpcn, uro Tnro n xoxnannn nonmxann raxoc
namc xncnnc o ncx n ncxopc oro:nann cio n: An6annn. Bxc-
cro ncio npn6in (pyion rnroncn, Hocnn Icpin, c xoropix
nac cnn»cr (pyian (nnnnan n iopixan ncropnn. Oro 6in (nnno-
xar, an6ancn no nponcxo»(cnnm, po(ox n: xaxon-ro (cpcnnn
µanxannn, ionopnn on no-an6ancxn cno6o(no. £io (c(, ccnn n
228
nc omn6amci, 6in pcicnrox ccp6cxon nnn xopnarcxon xo-
napxnn. Hocnn Icpin 6in ucnoncxox yxnix n xnrpix, npn-
xn(inancn on «ucnoncxox n: npocronapo(in», co nccxn ncrpc-
uancn, n ucx cxy noxoiano rax»c :nannc n:ixa, :annxancn
oucni axxyparnon nnqopxannonnon pa6oron n noni:y Icn-
ipa(a. Co xnom crapancn 6iri xoppcxrnix n o6xo(nrcninix.
nirancn n:ina(nri n: xocn naxnrn (ypnoc nncuarncnnc, ocra-
nncnnoc Bcnnxnpox Cronnnucx n xnoinxn (pyinxn, noxa-
:inan cc6n «cionopunnix» ucnoncxox, cxnonnix nc nccrn (c-
na no nyrn (anincnmcio o6ocrpcnnn. Hrax, nnauanc Icpin
6in cna(xopcunnix n nacronmnx «¬xcncprox» no nccx no-
npocax. Hncixox n nnrn-mccrn crpoxax cax Tnro npc(cra-
nnnn nax cio, xax no(ioronncnnoio pa6ornnxa, ioronoio no-
xoui nax. £mc na o(non n: ncpnix ncrpcu, xoropic n nxcn
c ¬rnx nonix miocnancxnx npc(crannrcncx, on :ancn pcui o
Cronnnuc.
÷ Tonapnmn, ÷ «xonqn(cnnnanino» cxa:an on, ÷ no-
npcxnynn cio :a xoc-xaxoc orcyrcrnnc raxra n ornomcnnnx c
naxn, no ni (on»ni nonnri cio, on 6in cxnoncn n ocnonnox
x nocnnix xcro(ax, n6o raxona 6ina cio npoqcccnn.
÷ Oro nc 6ino npocro orcyrcrnncx raxra, ÷ orncrnn
n miocnany, ionopnnmcxy na an6ancxox n:ixc. ÷ H:-:a c(c-
nannix nonxonnnxox Cronnnucx «:axcuannn» npon:omna n
cmc npo(on»acrcn ncnan ncropnn.
÷ Bamn ronapnmn nnoxo cio nonnxann. Mi, xax (py:in
n xoxxynncri, 6y(cx (cnari (pyi (pyiy :axcuannn, no ¬ro
nc :naunr, uro onn (on»ni 6iri n:nri :a ocnony.
÷ µa, no nc(i nam ronapnm nacrannan na rox, uro6i
onn 6inn nc ronixo npnnnri, no n (animc «yiny6ncni».
÷ Mo»cr, xo»cr, ÷ cxa:an Icpin, ÷ no n npnmcn c
(o6pon n(ccn nc oinn(inaricn na npomnoc. Toi(a ycnonnn
6inn raxnc, uro rpy(no 6ino nnnxari n cyri nono»cnnn n
npo6ncx. Inannoc n rox, uro6i rcncpi n(rn nncpc( pyxa o6
pyxy, xax (py:in n 6parin.
Mc»(y rcx (pyinc nocnannn (py»6i nocrynnnn n npo-
(on»ann nocrynari n: Icnipa(a. Hauannci noc:(xn n Kio-
cnannm namnx ronapnmcn n: pa:nix ccxropon, a ncrpcuanmnc
229
nx pa6ornnxn, oco6cnno naprnnnic, rcnno o6xo(nnnci c nnxn
n nc ynycxann cnyuan ucpc: nnx ncpc(ari n xnc npnncrcrnnn
n «:ancpcnnn» n rox, uro «(py»6a» xc»(y namnxn naprnnxn
n namnxn crpanaxn «oxpcnncr», uro n «Icnipa(c (ncpn 6y-
(yr ocranaricn orxpirixn (nn nac» n r.(.
Bcc ¬ro, n:nroc n ncnox, nc xoino nc pa(onari n nc no(-
6o(pnri nac. Mi caxn 6inn :annrcpcconani n yxpcnncnnn
n:anxoornomcnnn, xi xorcnn npc»(c nccio, uro6i caxn
Koxxynncrnuccxan naprnn Kiocnannn n nonoc miocnancxoc
iocy(apcrno cronnn na xax xo»no 6oncc npounix n 6oncc
npannninix no:nnnnx. Mi, ccrccrncnno, nc(cnnnci n cunrann,
uro nax 6ino ucxy yunricn y nnx, oco6cnno no uacrn ycrpon-
crna nonoio, napo(no-(cxoxparnuccxoio iocy(apcrna, n ucx
y nac nc xnarano onira, n o6nacrn noccranonncnnn n (anincn-
mcio pa:nnrnn crpani, n 6opi6c :a npn:nannc, yxpcnncnnc n
yrncp»(cnnc namnx no:nnnn na xc»(ynapo(non apcnc n r.(.
Oro qaxr, uro miocnancxoc npannrcnicrno ncpnix npn:-
nano namc npannrcnicrno :axonnix npannrcnicrnox, ono cmc
nccnon 1945 io(a
1
ycranonnno c naxn (nnnoxarnuccxnc orno-
mcnnn. Mi no6naio(apnnn miocnancxnx ronapnmcn n nipa-
:nnn nx cnom npn:narcninocri :a raxon axr, xorn, n xoncu-
nox cucrc, ¬ror axr 6in 6oncc ucx nopxaninix n cio (on»-
no 6ino ncxc(ncnno concpmnri npannrcnicrno nm6on crpa-
ni, npono(nnmcn na xc»(ynapo(non apcnc pcanncrnunym no-
nnrnxy.
Hpn:nannc namcio npannrcnicrna (pyinxn nax nc:aucx
6ino cunrari xaxon-nn6o «npnnnncincn» nnn «oco6ix 6naio-
(cnnncx» no ornomcnnm x nax. Hamc npannrcnicrno 6ino
6oncc ucx :axonnix, ono nimno n: oinn nonni. Inaio(apn
namcn icponuccxon n 6ccxoxnpoxnccnon 6opi6c c :axnarun-
xaxn n nx xccrnixn coo6mnnxaxn namc npannrcnicrno noni-
:onanoci no((cp»xon n nm6onim nccio napo(a, ono 6ino
npcncnonncno pcmnxocrn npono(nri npannninym n npnnnn-
nnaninym nncmnmm n nnyrpcnnmm nonnrnxy, :nano cnon o6n-
______________________________
1 Pcmcnnc miocnancxoio npannrcnicrna o npn:nannn An6ancxoio
(cxoxparnuccxoio npannrcnicrna 6ino ony6nnxonano 1 xan 1945 i.
23O
:annocrn n orcrannano cnon npana na xc»(ynapo(non apcnc.
Hrax, paccxarpnnacxin xna(noxponno, nnn, rax cxa:ari,
n npnnnnnc, axr npn:nannn namcio npannrcnicrna miocnan-
cxnx npannrcnicrnox 6in ucx-ro 6oncc ucx nopxaninix,
6in maiox, nco6xo(nxix (nn ncio n (nn nccx (pyinx npa-
nnrcnicrn.
Ho npn roi(amnnx ycnonnnx n cnryannnx, xoi(a xi nc-
cnpanc(nnno n orxpiro 6inn 6onxornponani n oxa:annci
ncpc( axcpnxano-aninnncxnxn nonirxaxn nn:ncpinyri, a nc
npn:nari nac, xoi(a (pyinc nac cmc nc npn:nanann, n r.(.,
÷ axr miocnancxoio npannrcnicrna :acny»nnan namcio yna-
»cnnn n namcn npn:narcninocrn. Tcx 6oncc, uro xyrnoc no-
no»cnnc n Ipcnnn, nnnnmcccn pc:ynirarox anino-axcpnxan-
cxon nocnnon nnrcpncnnnn, cocrannnno nonym yipo:y na
namnx m»nix ipannnax. Ipcuccxoc npannrcnicrno, o6pa:o-
nannoc n ¬xnipannn n (ocranncnnoc com:nnxaxn npnxo
na xpccno, cpa:y »c orxpiro nicrynnno co cnonxn crapi-
xn npnrn:annnxn na m»nym uacri An6annn. Crapan cxa-
:xa o rax na:inacxox Bopno-Onnpc onnri nauana xo(nri
no xanncnnpnnx ncnnxnx (cp»an, n ipcuccxnc xonapxo-qa-
mncrcxnc npc(crannrcnn, orxpiro no((cp»nnacxic axcpn-
xannaxn n aninnuanaxn, pa:ncpnynn na xc»(ynapo(nix xon-
qcpcnnnnx n ncrpcuax npocrnym xaxnannm o nonox pacuncnc-
nnn An6annn. Mi pcmnrcnino no(nnnn cnon ionoc npornn
¬ron cnnpcnon n nccnpanc(nnnon nonnrnxn, npono(nnmcncn n
ornomcnnn namcio nonoio iocy(apcrna, n xax pa: xi nnnnnci
inannix qaxropox n :anoiox noxcp o(nn orcrannannn namnx
:axonnix nannonaninix npan, xax n namnx :axonnix npan na
xc»(ynapo(non apcnc, n orcronnn nx. Bncmnnc qaxropi,
(cncrnonanmnc n namy noni:y, 6inn ncnoxoiarcninixn, no(-
co6nixn qaxropaxn.
Hpc»(c nccio ¬ror qaxrop xi ycxarpnnann n naxo(nnn
n npannninon n nnrcpnannonanncrnuccxon nonnrnxc Concr-
cxoio Com:a, pyxono(nxoio Crannnix, nn(cnn cio n crannn-
cxon nncmncn nonnrnxc, xoropan, nicrynnn n :amnry nnrcpc-
con n npan nccx (pyinx crpan n napo(on, ncnnxnx n xanix, ni-
crynnna n n :amnry namcio npanoio (cna. Hpc(crannrcnn
231
Crannna nicrynann n no((cp»xy nonon An6annn n ycrana-
nnnnanmciocn y nac napo(no-(cxoxparnuccxoio crpon; n ro »c
npcxn onn pa:o6nauann nponcxn xnponon pcaxnnn, cc yipo:i
n nonirxn nxcmnnaricn n namn nnyrpcnnnc (cna nnn orpn-
nari n nonpari namn npana. Oro qaxr, uro n ¬ror ncpno( n
miocnancxoc npannrcnicrno cnonxn :annncnnnxn nnn »c uc-
pc: cnonx npc(crannrcncn nicrynano n :amnry namnx npan,
npnucx na(o cxa:ari, uro cio yccp(nc c oco6cnno 6onimon
cnnon nponnnnoci n cnn:n c npn:nanncx namnx iocy(apcrncn-
nix ipannn n nx :amnron or crpcxncnnn (pyinx. Hn»c n
o6¡ncnm, uro ¬ro 6ina :a «:amnra», n ucx o6¡ncnnnoci ra-
xoc crpannoc yccp(nc rnronncn n cnn:n c namnx (cnox. 3(cci
n xouy nnmi no(ucpxnyri ro, uro 6ino oucnn(nix n ipo-
xoinacno npoxnaxnponanoci nxn n 1945 n 1946 io(ax, xax
npoxnaxnponanoci n n 197O n n 198O io(ax. Mi, ccrccrncnno,
ncxo(n n: roio, uro :nann n nn(cnn n rc xoxcnri, nc xoinn
nc nipa»ari nx namy npn:narcninocri :a oxa:inacxym no-
xomi, a onn c y(ononicrnncx npnnnxann ¬ro nipa»cnnc npn-
:narcninocrn n (a»c ccp(nnnci, xoi(a xi nc no:(anann cc
c n:nnmxox n oco6cnno xoi(a xi nc nncann o ncn n ncuarn,
nc ynoxnnann o ncn n namnx nicrynncnnnx nnn »c nc npn-
cinann nx n nncixcnnox nn(c. Pa:¡ncnm rax»c, uro ¬ro
6ina y nnx :a «npnniuxa» rpc6onari, uro6i ncc, oco6cnno
xopomnc :annncnnn, npcno(nocnnnci nx n nncixcnnox nn(c
n, oco6cnno, noxcmannci n ia:crax.
2 xoi 6i npnnccrn :(cci n ncnin pn( (pyinx qaxron n
acncxron, cnn:annix c namnxn «rcnnixn» ornomcnnnxn c
miocnanaxn n ncpnin n nropon io( nocnc ocno6o»(cnnn (o6
¬xonoxnuccxon noxomn n ¬ror ncpno( nc xo»cr 6iri n pcun),
no cunram, uro (a»c y»c npnnc(cnnix (ocrarouno n no(r-
ncp»(cnnc cymcn npan(i o6 ¬rox rax na:inacxox «ncpno(c
rcnnix», «(py»ccxnx ornomcnnn» c miocnanaxn. Xouy cxa:ari,
uro ncc ¬rn «(o6pora», «noxomi», «no((cp»xa» 6inn no cyrn
(cna npocro 6ncqox, 6onimnx nyxancrnox, :ana(ncn, npnxpi-
ron nanpaxn n onnnxonon ncrnim, no( xoropon rannnci »c-
nc:nic :y6i :axnnrix npaion naprnn n cno6o(i namcn Po-
(nni. Ornx n nnxax nc xouy orpnnari nn «(o6pa», nn npan(i
232
nnn npcnparno ncronxoninari qaxri nnn ncpcucpxnnari nx,
xax o6 ¬rox yrncp»(ann n yrncp»(amr rnronni. Y namcn
naprnn nnxoi(a nc 6ino raxoio o6iuan n n cnonx pn(ax
ona nnxoxy nc no:nonnna n:npamari nc ro uro ncropnm n
ncnox, no (a»c nn c(nnoio cc cnona.
0axri ÷ ynpnxan ncmi, comncxcn na nnx.
B xauccrnc caxon 6onimon n «ncocnopnxon» noxomn n
no((cp»xn, oxa:annix nax c caxoio nauana, miocnani yno-
xnnamr, :naunr, npn:nannc nmn namcro npann1cnuc1na n mac
1945 roua n cnom 6opu6y na mcnuynapounmx konqcpcnnnnx n
1.u. :a 1o, u1o6m upyrnc 1aknc npn:nanann namc :akonnoc
npann1cnuc1no n ncnpnkocnoncnnoc1u namnx rpannn.
H cnn:n c ¬rnx onn npnno(nr «qaxri», ncpcny6nnxoni-
namr :annncnnn, nocnoxnnannn n r.(. n r.n. Mc»(y rcx ¬rn
qaxri, ¬rn :annncnnn cymccrnymr n xi nnxoi(a nc orpnnann
nx. A rnronni ncci(a noponnnn cxpiri, «npc(ari :a6ncnnm»,
ynnuro»nri ncnxnc cnc(i ncnoio pn(a (pyinx qaxron n ap-
iyxcnron, ornocnmnxcn x o(noxy n roxy »c nonpocy, x o(-
noxy n roxy »c ncpno(y. Konxpcrno: nxcnno n ro npcxn,
xoi(a ipoxoinacno :annnnnn o npn:nannn namcio npannrcni-
crna, nc:anncnxocrn An6annn n ncnpnxocnoncnnocrn cc rcp-
pnropnn, onn nrannc, na caxix nicoxnx yponnnx iocy(ap-
crncnnoio n naprnnnoio pyxono(crna ninamnnann nnani an-
ncxcnn An6annn n npcnpamcnnn cc n cc(ixym pccny6nnxy
Kiocnannn' £mc n nauanc 1945 io(a o(nn n: 6nn»anmnx
corpy(nnxon Tnro, Moma Hin(c, norpc6onan, uro6i n nonon
xanncnnpnn 0c(cparnnnon Pccny6nnxn Kiocnannn n Icnipa(c
6ino nc 6, a 7 xa6nncron' 7-n xa6nncr npnna(nc»an, no xnc-
nnm rnronncn, «Kiocnancxon Pccny6nnxc An6annn'»
1
.
Koc-xro n: nincmnnx miocnanon npnno(nr ¬ror ncocno-
pnxin qaxr, na:inan cio xancpon 6ccma6amnoio Hin(c
nnn »c ncpnonauaninix «»cnanncx», «xonc6anncx» (pyinx.
Oro nc rax. Orn nnani anncxcnn An6annn uyri no:(ncc, n
_________________________________
1 Hoxnxo nccio (pyioio, n n xnnic Bna(nxnpa µn(ncpa «Þovi
pfilozi za biogfafi|u 1. B. Tita» (Honic (ononncnnn x 6noipaqnn
H. I. Tnro) (2) Ri|cka, 1981, crp. 9O2, orxcuacrcn: Moma Hin(c, nna-
233
1946 io(y n oco6cnno n 1947 n 1948 io(ax oqnnnanino, xonap-
no n c cnnon 6inn n:no»cni nax caxnx Tnro n cio nm(ixn.
Bnpoucx, o6 ¬rox pcui non(cr nn»c. B (annox cnyuac xi
xornx nccio nnmi noxa:ari no»i n xonapnym no(nocri Tnro
n xoxnannn n cnn:n c nx ny6nnunix axrox 1945 io(a o «npn-
:nannn» An6annn.
Ho no:nnxacr nonpoc: noucxy onn pcmnnn n o6¡nnnnn
o npn:nannn An6annn, namcio npannrcnicrna n r.(. n raxoc
npcxn, xoi(a nrannc pa:pa6arinann anncxcnonncrcxnc nnani"
Iiri xo»cr, onn nocrynnnn onpoxcrunno"' Iiri xo»cr, onn
omn6nnci"' Hncxonixo' Inynnaxn onn nc 6inn n, oco6cnno
no uacrn nonymcx n :axynncnix nponcxon, na(o or(ari nx
(on»noc, onn nonnocrim (oxa:ann cnom cnoco6nocri n cnoc
xonapcrno.
B (annox cnyuac onn rax»c npn6ciann x yxnmpcnnon n
xnoionnanonon raxrnxc.
Tnro c xoxnanncn cunrann (n n ¬rox onn cnnino npo-
cunrannci), uro rax nnn nnauc An6annn 6y(cr npnna(nc»ari
nx. Knmucnic no:nnnn n namcx pyxono(crnc onn y»c o6ccnc-
unnn nocnc Icpara, namn ¬nqopnuccxnc uyncrna (py»6i
x nnx onn :nann n omymann, xoc-xaxnc ocranmnccn npcnnr-
crnnn onn naxo(nnn ncixo ycrpannxixn. Hrax, «nnyrpcnnnn
qaxrop» onn cunrann noo6mc y»c o6ccncucnnix. Tcncpi (c-
no :axnmuanoci n rox, uro6i anncxcnn An6annn nc ni:nana
(c6aron n nc (ocrannnna nx xnonor na xc»(ynapo(non apcnc,
uro6i (pyinc nnxax nc cunrann cc anncxcncn c npnxcncnncx
cnni, pc:ynirarox nonni n r.(. Ora anncxcnn, no nx nnanax,
(on»na 6ina 6iri ocymccrnncna n xnpnix ycnonnnx n nocnri
ncuari «:axonnon nonn» an6ancxoio iocy(apcrna n cio :a-
xonnoio npannrcnicrna. Bor roi(a n nc 6y(cr nnxaxnx ocno»-
ncnnn. Hxcnno no¬roxy ncpnix maiox (on»no 6ino 6iri
npn:nannc An6annn caxocronrcninix iocy(apcrnox, na(o 6ino
__________________________________
xcnnin croponnnx qc(cpannn Kiocnannn n An6annn, npc(naian...,
uro6i n nnani nonoio :(annn qc(cpannn n nonox Icnipa(c ncxc(ncn-
no 6ino nxnmucno crponrcnicrno 7 xa6nncron: (nn 6 miocnancxnx
pccny6nnx n (nn An6annn».
234
npn:nari nonoc an6ancxoc npannrcnicrno :axonnix npannrcni-
crnox, nipa»anmnx uannnn n crpcxncnnn napo(a. Koi(a An-
6annn 6y(cr npn:nana nccxn n oco6cnno «ncnnxnxn», roi(a,
ccrccrncnno, «»cnannc» :axonnoio n o6mcnpn:nannoio npann-
rcnicrna o6¡c(nnnricn c xcx cxy yio(no, n (annox cnyuac
÷ c Kiocnanncn, nc xoino ni:nari 6ccnoxoncrna n ocno»nc-
nnn. Taxnx o6pa:ox pa:pcmanaci n xoconcxan npo6ncxa; no-
npoc crannncn nc rax, uro6i ona npncoc(nnnnaci x An6annn,
a uro6i An6annn «o6¡c(nnnnaci» c ncm n paxxax Kiocnannn
Tnro'
Hxcnno x ¬roxy n crpcxnnoci npc»(c nccio miocnancxoc
npannrcnicrno cnonx axrox or 1 xan 1945 io(a. Ornx ono
no(anano (pyinx «npnxcp», uro6i onn roponnnnci c npn:na-
nncx :axonnoio npannrcnicrna cyncpcnnon crpani. Taxym
ncni npccnc(onann ncc nn(i cio «noxomn», xax n cio «ycn-
nnn» no:(cncrnonari na Aninnm, CUA, 0pannnm n (pyinc
crpani, uro6i onn npn:nann nc:anncnxocri An6annn n namc
(cxoxparnuccxoc npannrcnicrno. Cnc(onarcnino, Tnro n xox-
nannn npn:nann An6annm oe-mpe, uro6i noinornri cc oe-
{atmo.
B ¬ror nnan nxo(nr n ncc nx ycnnnn «npcccui» npcrcn:nn
n nonirxn (pyinx, oco6cnno ipcuccxnx xonapxo-qamncron,
pacuncnnri An6annm. B Icnipa(c n no ccn (cni na nccx ncpc-
xpccrax rpy6nr o6 ¬ron «noxomn» rcx ncr n (a»c ncnoni:y-
mr cc c ncnim «(oxa:ari», 6y(ro miocnancxoc pyxono(crno
nc ronixo nc crpcxnnoci x anncxcnn An6annn, no n co(cn-
crnonano roxy, uro6i nnxaxan uacri cc :cxnn nc nocrpa(ana
or roi(amnnx xonapxo-qamncrcxnx npnrn:annn'
K ccpc(nnc aniycra 1946 io(a, xoi(a n Hapn»c npoxo-
(nna Mnpnan xonqcpcnnnn, xi n ncn xnponan o6mccrncn-
nocri cnimann o pcmnrcninox ocy»(cnnn co croponi Moma
Hin(c na o(nox n: :acc(annn xonqcpcnnnn npc(no»cnnn
Han(apnca
1
:axnmunri rannoc ipcuccxo-miocnancxoc coina-
mcnnc o pacuncncnnn An6annn.
__________________________________
1 B ro npcxn npcxicp-xnnncrp Ipcnnn n cc npc(crannrcni na Ha-
pn»cxon xnpnon xonqcpcnnnn.
235
Hccxonixo (ncn cnycrn nocnc nicrynncnnn Hin(c n cax
ornpannncn
1
n Hapn» na ¬ry xonqcpcnnnm no inanc namcn
(cnciannn, n na ncpnon »c ncrpcuc no6naio(apnn Hin(c :a
no:nnnm cio n miocnancxoio npannrcnicrna n ornomcnnn
ipn:noio npc(no»cnnn Han(apnca. Mi 6inn nxccrc c Mono-
ronix, xoi(a n ncrpcrnn Hin(c, xoropoxy (ocrannnn 6onimoc
y(ononicrnnc xon cnona, rcx 6oncc, uro onn 6inn cxa:ani
cxy n npncyrcrnnn Monorona.
÷ Monapxo-qamncrcxnc nonxn cnocn ncnacirnon »a(-
nocrim nno»nnn xnc n pyxn 6onimon qaxr, ÷ c nnnon xn-
unnnocrim nauan (cxnaxnponari Hin(c. ÷ Ho :aro n n:nn
(a n:opnan «6ox6y» na xonqcpcnnnn'
Koi(a Hin(c :axonunn ¬xqa:y, Monoron cnoxonno n
c mxopox cxa:an cxy:
÷ Oucni xopomo ni c(cnann' Ho n rc (nn ronapnma
Onncpa :(cci nc 6ino, rax uro on no(po6no nc :nacr, xaxnx
o6pa:ox ipcxn nno»nnn nax n pyxn ¬ry «6ox6y».
÷ Han(apnc npninacnn xcnn na rannym 6ccc(y, ÷ c
ninox nauan paccxa:inari Hin(c, ÷ n cxa:an: «Y nac cra-
pic npnrn:annn na K»nym An6annm, no y nac, ccp6on, rax-
»c nxcmrcn npnrn:annn na Ccncpnym An6annm. µananrc (o-
ionopnxcn, coinacnxcn, uro nnnncrcn namcn (oncn, a uro ÷
namcn ÷ n c An6anncn xoncn. Ona nc (on»na cymccrno-
nari, xax n6noxo pa:(opa xc»(y naxn. Hycri ona 6y(cr
cna(xnx n6noxox, no(cncnnix nononax npn nonnox n:a-
nxononnxannn'». Bor (o ucio onn (omnn' ÷ cxa:an Hin(c
n ycrannncn na nac ina:axn, uro6i nonnri ¬qqcxr cnonx cnon.
÷ µa, (a' ÷ concpmcnno ccpic:no oro:nancn Monoron
n cnpocnn cio: ÷ Hy, a (animc, xax co c(cnxon"'
÷ Mi nnxoi(a nc xoinn (onycrnri n nc (onycrnx nocn-
iarcnicrn na 6parcxym An6annm, ÷ :annnn Hin(c, ÷ nor
noucxy na xonqcpcnnnn n c(cnan ro, uro nx n ionony nc
npnxo(nno.
2 cnona no6naio(apnn Hin(c :a ¬ro :annncnnc, cunran
cio nnrcpnannonanncrnuccxon noxomim n :amnron co cro-
__________________________________
1 Tonapnm Onncp Xo(»a ornpannncn n Hapn» 18 aniycra 1946 i
236
poni npc(crannrcnn 6parcxon crpani. Ho n nc :nan roi(a,
uro nxcnno ¬ror «:amnrnnx» m»non uacrn An6annn crpa(an
xcuron o noinomcnnn nccn An6annn, n nc :nan, uro nxcnno
¬ror Hin(c cmc n 1945 io(y xorcn «pc:cpnnponari» nax 7-n
xa6nncr n inannon miocnancxon xanncnnpnn'
Crano 6iri, n coorncrcrnnn c rannix nnanox anncxcnn
nccn An6annn, npc(crannrcnn Tnro nc xoinn nc nicrynari
n «:amnry» m»non uacrn, na xoropym npc(¡nnnnn npnrn:annn
Han(apnc. Onn nonaiann, uro (cna non(yr n nx noni:y, a pa:
¬ro rax, ro xax »c onn xoinn (onycrnri, uro6i na xnoio-
»cnannym xnnym, na An6annm, nocniann n ipcxn, ccnn onn
caxn xoinn ncnnxox :anna(cri cm"'
Kopouc ionopn, miocnancxnc «:amnrnnxn» :amnmann nc
An6annm, xax cno6o(noc n cyncpcnnoc iocy(apcrno, a rc
xpan, xoropic n nx rannix nnanax cocrannnnn m»nym iy6cp-
nnm xnoionannonaninoio n xnoionapo(noio miocnancxoio
«ncnnxoio iocy(apcrna», o xoropox onn ncxaxn xcurann.
Bor, :naunr, inannin ncrounnx 6onimoio yccp(nn mio-
cnanon n (cnc «npn:nannn An6annn» n «ncnpnxocnoncnnocrn»
cc ipannn.
Koncuno, n coorncrcrnnn c ¬ron ocnonnon crparcincn n
roi(amnnxn xoxcnraxn, n coorncrcrnnn c ¬ron «noxponn-
rcnicrncnnon», «nnrcpnannonanncrnuccxon» n r.(. nonnrnxon,
Tnro n xoxnannn ocymccrnnnnn n o(no n ro »c npcxn n
(pyinc ncnn.
Bicrynan n ncpnix pn(ax «:amnrnnxon» (cna An6annn,
onn nxna(inann n (cxoxparnuccxox n npoipcccnnnox xnpc
xannrani, uro6i ni(anari cnom crpany :a «nnaxcnnoio :a-
mnrnnxa» npan (pyinx crpan, uro6i n:o6pa»ari cc6n «ni(a-
mmnxncn nnrcpnannonanncraxn», a cnoc iocy(apcrno n cnom
naprnm ÷ iocy(apcrnox n naprncn, nc nnrammnxn nnxaxnx
anncxcnonncrcxnx n icicxonncrcxnx ax6nnnn. Onn (anann
xnponon o6mccrncnnocrn nonnri, uro, nanpornn, (a»c xoi(a
(pyinc ionopnr nx o c(cnxax n rannix coinamcnnnx n ymcp6
rpcrinx (xax ¬ro 6ino n cnyuac c Han(apncox), onn nc roni-
xo orxa:inanamrcn or nnx, no n no nccycnimannc n:o6nn-
237
uamr anncxcnonncron' um(n uncrcnmcn no(i' ÷ nor, uro
xo»no 6ino cxa:ari nm(nx Tnro.
Taxnx o6pa:ox nipa cranonnnaci n:ompcnnon n onac-
non. Taxoc n:o6pa»cnnc cc6n, xax nm(cn «uncrcnmcn no(i»,
(on»no 6ino cny»nri nx n ¬ron ncpnon qa:c nccoxix apiy-
xcnrox (nn «no(rncp»(cnnn» n nocnc(ymmcx, npn nropox
maic, roio, uro n nonpocc o6¡c(nncnnn An6annn c Kiocna-
nncn ncr nnxaxnx :aionopon n nnxaxon cxpiron pyxn mio-
cnanon. «Hcr, ÷ :amnmannci 6i Tnro n cio npncnic, ÷ xi
nipa:nnn cnoc coinacnc na o6¡c(nncnnc noroxy, uro ono
6ino »cnanncx caxnx an6anncn, y nac nc 6ino nnxaxnx
npcrcn:nn. Hao6opor, xax nax n:nccrno, iocno(a, +u ni-
crynann n :amnry nc:anncnxocrn An6annn n :a npn:nannc
¬ron nc:anncnxocrn (a»c roi(a, xoi(a (pyinc nn6o xonua-
nn, nn6o crpcxnnnci pacrcp:ari cc».
Mnoio ncr cnycrn, xoi(a y»c nc ronixo (nn miocnancxnx
monnnncron, no n (nn nccx (pyinx crano ncno, uro n orno-
mcnnn An6annn Tnro paccunrinan 6c: xo:nnna, cnona non-
nnncn xaxon-ro ipcuccxnn xonapxo-qamncr, xoropin y»c
«c pannix no:nnnn» nonropnn miocnanax axr Han(apnca 1946
io(a. O(naxo nonan nonirxa x c(cnxax n n:nccrnon xcpc or-
nnuanaci or ncpnon. Ha ¬ror pa: yponcni (oionapnnammnxcn
cropon 6in nimc: npc(no»cnnc o pa:(cnc An6annn c(cnan
npc:n(cnry Kiocnannn, Tnro, cax xonapx Ipcnnn, Hancn. Ona
ornnuanaci cmc rcx, uro na ¬ror pa: Tnro nc cucn ncncco-
o6pa:nix orxnonnri npc(no»cnnc xoponn (a»c ryr »c, 6y-
(yun nac(nnc c nnx, a nc ro uro ny6nnuno.
Koncuno, uro ¬ro 6ina :a «myrxa xoponcn» n Kopqy,
pacnono»cnnox nanpornn An6annn, ¬ro noxa:ano n cmc nyu-
mc noxa»cr npcxn. Ho o(no 6cccnopno: nccx n:nccrnan ¬:o-
noncxan nnca na:nana croni »cnannin nnnoipa( «:cncnix»,
ynn(cn ronixo, uro nio(xn cio nncnr nicoxo.
Ho, xax n y»c ionopnn, ¬ro ornocnrcn x 6oncc no:(ncxy
ncpno(y, x roxy npcxcnn, xoi(a xi y»c io(i 6inn na no-
»ax c miocnancxnx conpcxcnnix pcnn:nonn:xox. Tax uro
ncpncxcn x ncpno(y «(py»6i», x ncpno(y, xoi(a Tnro n xox-
238
nannn «:amnmann» n no((cp»nnann nac oe-mpe, uro6i no-
inornri oe-{atmo.
Taxona 6ina roi(a pcaninan (cncrnnrcninocri o miocnan-
cxon nonnrnxc no ornomcnnm x nax no nccx (pyinx acncx-
rax. Ory ncni npccnc(onann n nco»n(annan «:amnra» n «no(-
(cp»xa», o xoropon nauan ionopnri xnc Bcnnxnp Cronnnu
nocnc 6cparcxoio :aionopa, n «npnncrcrnnn», xoropic Tnro
n xoxnannn npncnann xnc rcx nnn (pyinx nnnox, n caxa
nicoxan miocnancxan naipa(a, xoropym onn npncy(nnn xnc
n 1946 io(y. Bcc (cnanoci c ncnim npnrynnri namy 6(nrcni-
nocri, uro6i po:onon (ixonon :anccon npnxpiri ncnxnc
coxncnnn ornocnrcnino :aionopa, uro6i nanccrn nax y(ap
nxcnno roi(a, xoi(a xi ¬roio nc o»n(ann.
Kax xi y:nann norox, ni(anan xnc «y(ocroncpcnnn» (o-
ncpnn n npn:narcninocrn, onn npo(on»ann n ro »c npcxn
noompnri n (animc no:6y»(ari ax6nnnn Koun µ:o(:c, Ha-
xo Cnnpy, Ccnqyni Mancmona c rcx, uro6i onn c(cnann
rcncpi ro, ucio nx nc y(anoci c(cnari n Icparc ÷ orcrpa-
nnri xcnn or pyxono(crna naprnn. B ¬ror ncpnin ncpno( Ha-
xo Cnnpy ro n (cno (cxoncrpnponan cnom npomiocnancxym
»nnxy, no no:(ncc 6ino (oxa:ano, uro n:anxnic cnn:n xc»-
(y Haxo n miocnancxnx pyxono(crnox nc noxonnnci na xa-
xon-nn6o npannninon, xapxcncrcxon ocnonc. Oro 6inn aicn-
rypnic cnn:n. Haxo xcuran crari Icncpaninix Ccxpcrapcx
naprnn, n, uro6i cxcnnri xcnn, on paccunrinan ncnoni:o-
nari miocnanon, a nonyunnoci rax, uro ¬ro miocnani ncnoni-
:onann Haxo n cnonx ncnnx. Hxcnno x ¬ron qa:c n ornocnr-
cn ror no(nin n naxocrnin (oxyxcnr Haxo Cnnpy, n xoro-
pox on aicnrypnix nyrcx o6pamancn x miocnancxoxy pyxo-
no(crny, ynorpc6nnn n xon a(pcc nanxy(mnc cnona n rpc6yn
o6cy»(cnnn xocio (cna, cnonox, uro6i rc co(cncrnonann xo-
cxy orcrpancnnm or nocra, na xoropin n 6in n:6pan naprncn.
O(naxo miocnani yxonuann o npoci6c Haxo, rax xax,
nn(nxo, onn ynn(cnn n Haxo ucnoncxa, xoiymcio (ocrannri
nx xnonori n ncnoprnri (cno. Onn npc(nounn Koun µ:o(:c.
Cnnino o6n»cnnin ¬rnx, no n nnoxnnmnncn n ax6nnnm,
Haxo ycranonnn (pyinc cnn:n. Kiocnani ynn(cnn nonic cnn:n
239
Haxo, o(naxo o cio xoxnpoxcrnpymmcx (oxyxcnrc npo(on-
»ann yxanunnari. Ho npn rn»cnix non6picxnx o6cronrcni-
crnax 1947 io(a (o nnx pcui non(cr nn»c) nm(n Tnro nira-
mnnn n: crononoio nmnxa xoxnpoxcrnpymmnn (oxyxcnr n
noxa:ann cio Haxo n nopn(xc (anncnnn na ncio, n xauccrnc
«opy»nn», xoropix nocnc(nnn, npn cno»nnmnxcn rn»cnix
o6cronrcnicrnax, noxonunn co6on. O(naxo n na ¬ror pa:
nax nnucio nc cxa:ann, n6o miocnani :annrcpcconani 6inn
n rox, uro6i n rc xoxcnri o6cronrcnicrna caxoy6nncrna
Haxo Cnnpy ocranannci (nn nac xax xo»no 6oncc ranncrncn-
nixn. Ho:(ncc miocnani cnona niramnnn n: crononoio nmn-
xa ¬ror (oxyxcnr n ony6nnxonann ronixo or(cninic cio ua-
crn, uro6i co:(ari y o6mccrncnnocrn xax xo»no 6oncc (yp-
noc xncnnc o nac.
Hrax, nor xro raxnc «miocnancxnc ronapnmn», rc, xoropic
npnxn(inannci «uncrcnmnxn xapxcncraxn» n xoropix xi, x
co»ancnnm, :a ncnxcnncx qaxron n n:-:a orcyrcrnnn c(nncrna
n namnx pn(ax, npo(on»ann cunrari ronapnmaxn n (py:inxn
n n 1945 n n 1946 io(ax.
£crccrncnno, n ¬ror ncpno( nxcnnci rax»c ncxoropic
npn:naxn, ncxoropic noxa:arcnn, xanic nnn 6onimnc, xo-
ropix ncno:xo»no 6ino cxpinari n xoropic npon:no(nnn
na nac ncxopomcc nncuarncnnc.
£:(nnn n Icnipa( c nn:nraxn nnn no (cnax ipynni ro-
napnmcn nnn »c xaxan-nn6o (cnciannn xono(c»non nnn »cn-
cxon opiann:annn, n miocnancxnc ronapnmn, x namcxy y(n-
nncnnm, ro n (cno ynoxnnann nxn n «:acnyin» unpn Icia'
Kax-ro nona(o6nnoci nocxari n Kiocnannm rax»c caxon ocy-
»(cnnon n Icparc (nc noxnm noucxy n npn xaxnx o6cron-
rcnicrnax, no, nnc ncnxoio coxncnnn, no nxcmarcnicrny n
xo(arancrny caxnx miocnanon), n ncxnmucnnon n: namcio Ho-
nnr6mpo n n: Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra naprnn :a rn»xnc
omn6xn ccxranrcxoio xapaxrcpa oxa:an rcnnin n ccp(cunin
npncx cax noxcp (na miocnancxoio pyxono(crna ÷ Mnnonan
Iinnnc' Hauanoci na nac ncnxoio po(a (anncnnc c ncnim
:acrannri nac pca6nnnrnponari cc, a rax»c n Kxcpa µnm-
nnna, xoropin 6in ocy»(cn :a onnoprynn:x.
24O
Kax »c nax na:nari no(o6nic (cncrnnn miocnancxnx ro-
napnmcn"' Onn no:ncnn na nnx ynxy o6nnncnnn n nipa6ora-
nn ncnym nnarqopxy, 6cparcxym, ocnoninanci nxcnno na
omn6xax n npocrynxax ¬rnx (nyx ¬ncxcnron. Kax »c onn rc-
ncpi (cp»ann nx 6nn:xo x cc6c n na»nxann na nac, uro6i
xi cnona nxnmunnn nx n cocran naprnnnoio pyxono(crna"'
Hpocro crpanno'
Kax n y»c ionopnn, unpn Icia 6ina nx ucnoncxox, nx
noxopnix aicnrox, n n Icparc miocnani 6inn niny»(cni
no»cprnonari cm, «ocy(nri» cc nc :a npc(, npnunncnnin cm
KHA, a ronixo (nn roio, uro6i cc omn6xn paccxarpnnari, xax
n paccxarpnnann, xax omn6xn pyxono(crna namcn naprnn, n
ocnonnox xax omn6xn, concpmcnnic xnom n Mnna(nnox.
Hocnc ¬roio 6ino ccrccrncnnix nx rpc6onannc o pca6nnn-
rannn unpn Icia. ¹ro »c xacacrcn Kxcpa µnmnnna, ro
miocnani (o6nnannci cio pca6nnnrannn noroxy, uro (anno
:nann cio onnoprynncrnuccxnc n npnxnpcnuccxnc naxnonno-
crn. Taxon onnoprynncr n namcx pyxono(crnc 6in 6i o(nnx
ionocox 6onimc n noni:y rannix nnanon miocnanon.
Mi, xoncuno, xorn n nc :nann n nc nonnxann roi(a 6cc-
uncncnnix «uy(cc» miocnanon, orxnonnnn nx npc(no»cnnn.
Co:(anoci nncuarncnnc, 6y(ro onn nc «o6n(cnnci» :a ¬ro,
n xi npo(on»ann cnoc (cno, no-npc»ncxy coxpannn yna»cnnc
n uyncrna (py»6i x nnx, no n ro »c npcxn ocxorpnrcnino
n(n ¬rnx nyrcx. Tcx 6oncc (nxronan nax raxym ocxorpn-
rcninocri ncnin pn( nx no:nnnn n n:inn(on, xoropic nn6o
ycnnnnann namn nc(oyxcnnn, nn6o ni:inann y nac ccpic:nic
no(o:pcnnn n rpcnoiy.
B anpcnc 1945 io(a nocxana n Kiocnannm ipynna nocn-
nix (nn yuacrnn, c ncnim nonyucnnn onira, n xaxox-ro xypcc
nnn ccxnnapc, opiann:onannox (nn miocnancxnx nocnnix xa-
(pon. Bo:nparnnmnci orry(a, npnxo(nr xo xnc n pa6ounn
xa6nncr Mcxxcr Ucxy, Kpncro Tcxcnixo, Taxnp Ka(apcn n,
xa»crcn, cmc (na-rpn (pyinx, n naunnamr onncinari xnc,
uro onn rax cnixann n ucxy nayunnnci:
÷ Iin npon:nc(cn anann: xpynnix rcx o6 onirc Ox-
rn6picxon pcnonmnnn n miocnancxon pcnonmnnn, ÷ nauan
241
(oxna(inari Mcxxcr Ucxy. ÷ Caxn ronapnmn Tnro n
Kap(cni pa:o6pann crparcinm n raxrnxy miocnancxon naprnn
no ¬roxy xap(nnaninoxy nonpocy. Bccixa nnrcpccno n c
rnopuccxon opninnaninocrim ronapnmn.. .
÷ µa, (a, ÷ ncpc6nn n Mcxxcra Ucxy, (an cxy nonnri,
uro na(o 6ino nnnxnyri n cyri nonpoca, ÷ no uro »c 6ino
cxa:ano rax xonxpcrno"'
÷ Cyri n cnc(ymmcx nino(c: miocnancxan pcnonmnnn
nc nomna no cnc(ax pyccxon pcnonmnnn, y xa»(on n: nnx
6inn cnon oco6cnnocrn. Pyccxan pcnonmnnn 6ina ncnpnxc-
nnxa n ycnonnnx Kiocnannn, rax uro miocnancxan pcnonmnnn
nnnncrcn oco6on pcnonmnncn, npnucx nxcnno n ¬rox n :axnm-
uacrcn :acnyia ronapnma Tnro; na ¬ron ocnonc n na(o opia-
nn:onari namn apxnn.
÷ Taxon nino( ni ninocnrc na ocnonc ycnimannoio
rax, nnn »c ¬ro ccri nino(, c(cnannin miocnancxnxn rona-
pnmaxn" ÷ o:a6oucnno cnpocnn n.
÷ Oro nino(, c(cnannin ninc ronapnmaxn Tnro n
Kap(cncx, ÷ orncrnn Mcxxcr Ucxy.
Mnc ryr »c ncnoxnnncn nxcnmnn xccro nccnon 1943
io(a cnop c Tcxno no ¬roxy »c nonpocy. Hxcnno ¬ror «ni-
no(», nxcnno ¬ry rouxy :pcnnn npcno(ncc nax roi(a Tcxno,
n n pcmnrcnino no:pa:nn, na:nan nx ncnpannninixn, yxanc-
nncx na»nocrn n xc»(ynapo(noio :naucnnn Bcnnxon Ox-
rn6picxon connanncrnuccxon pcnonmnnn. Toi(a n n:nannn
nnny na Tcxno, a rcncpi oxa:inacrcn, uro na raxnx »c no-
:nnnnx cronnn Tnro n Kap(cni.
Mcxxcr Ucxy nouyncrnonan xoc nccoinacnc n cpa:y
»c n:xcnnn raxrnxy. On orxa:ancn or (anincnmcio n:no»c-
nnn nonon miocnancxon «crparcinn n raxrnxn» n (an Kpncro
Tcxcnixo oxynyricn n xyrnym no(y.
Hocnc(nnn c(cnan nax no(po6noc n:no»cnnc n:inn(on,
nipa»cnnix Tnro, Kap(cncx n (pyinxn miocnancxnxn pyxo-
no(nrcnnxn. Hoxnxo ynoxnnyroio xnom nimc, ocraninic
n(cn xacannci «¬ranon pcnonmnnn», a nxcnno xncnnn mio-
cnanon o rox, uro, «nocxonixy cmc nc :ancpmcn ¬ran 6yp»y-
a:no-(cxoxparnuccxon pcnonmnnn, xi :a(cp»nx ncpcxo( no
242
nropon ¬ran, n ¬ran nponcrapcxon pcnonmnnn»; uro «nyri
ncpcxo(a or ncpnoio ¬rana xo nropoxy ccri nyri pcqopx»;
uro «nannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninic concri nnnnmrcn opianaxn
6yp»ya:no-(cxoxparnuccxon pcnonmnnn»; uro «o(no n: pa:-
nnunn xc»(y Oxrn6picxon pcnonmnncn n miocnancxon pcno-
nmnncn :axnmuacrcn n rox, uro n miocnancxon pcnonmnnn
6yp»ya:nn nnnncrcn uncnox, yuacrnnxox 0ponra»; uro «Tnro
o6oiarnn xapxcn:x raxrnxon nannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninon
6opi6i»(') n r.(. n r.n.
Hc xoiy npnrn:ari na ro, uro cmc n rc xoxcnri xnc
6ino ncc ncno, no rcx nc xcncc xnoinc n: ¬rnx n:inn(on
noxa:annci xnc coxnnrcninixn n (a»c ncnpncxncxixn; o(-
nn n: nnx nonaxnnann 6axnanicrnox n ncnoo6pa:nxix caxo-
xncnncx, (pyinc »c 6inn (nycxicncnnixn n upcnarixn 6oni-
mnxn onacnocrnxn.
Bccixa ocropo»no n cxa:an ronapnmax, uro raxnc nonpo-
ci oucni na»nic, no :aro n nccixa rpy(nic, uro caxn mio-
cnancxnc ronapnmn, no nccn nn(nxocrn, cmc n:yuamr ¬rn no-
npoci, uro ncno:xo»no cpa:y n ncixo o6o6mnri onir non-
ni n pcnonmnnn, n r.(.
÷ 2 ionopm nax ncc ¬ro, ÷ o6parnncn n x ronapnmax,
÷ (nn roio, uro6i 6iri ocropo»nixn n yxcpcnnixn xax n
6ccc(ax n ncxnnnx, xoropic 6y(crc unrari, rax n n namcn
noncc(ncnnon pa6orc. K roxy »c, nocxonixy miocnancxnc ro-
napnmn cxa:annoc rax cmc nc npc(ann oinacxc, ni caxn
nc (on»ni :annxaricn nponaian(on ycnimannix naxn n:inn-
(on. ÷ Bcc, ÷ yxa:an n n :axnmucnnc, ÷ na(o xopomo o6-
(yxinari, n:ncmnnari n cncpnri c yucnncx xapxcn:xa-
ncnnnn:xa. Taxnx o6pa:ox xi 6y(cx n yunricn n n ro »c
npcxn :acrpaxycx cc6n or omn6ox.
Icncpani ncrann (a ymnn, no cxa:annoc nxn n (on»cn
6in (onio o6pa6arinari n cnocn iononc. C o(non croponi,
xcnn ncrpcno»nna cyri caxnx n:inn(on, n:no»cnnix miocnan-
cxnxn ronapnmaxn, nx xannn rax 6icrpo npnnrn x 6onimnx
«o6o6mcnnnx» n nicrynnri c 6onimnxn npnrn:annnxn, npc-
rcn(yn (a»c na poni «o6oiarnrcncn» xapxcn:xa-ncnnnn:xa'
Ho, no(yxan n, 6iri xo»cr, x raxnx nocncmnix nino(ax nx
243
npnno(nr ncpnan ¬nqopnn no6c(i. Bpcxn ncc nocrannr
na cnoc xccro, ronapnmn, oco6cnno concrcxnc, noxoiyr
xax nx, rax n nax yncnnri nonpoci n :annri npannninic
no:nnnn.
2 6ccnoxonncn n ocnonnox o namnx ronapnmax. Cnnmxox
6icrpo npnxo(nnn onn n nocropi nccx, uro ionopnnn miocna-
ni. Koncuno, Tnro n cio npn6nn»cnnix xi cunrann ronapn-
maxn n (py:inxn, n rcx nc xcncc cxnonnocri 6c:o ncnxnx
ocnonannn «nocnpnnnxari» ncc, uro onn ionopnnn, xa:anaci
xnc ncnpannninon, ncxoxxynncrnuccxon. Oro nc c(nncrncn-
nin cnyuan, xoi(a n :axcuan raxoio po(a ¬nqopnuccxnn noc-
ropi n no(unncnnc «crapmcxy», «cnninoxy».
B ror ncpno( Koun µ:o(:c c¡c:(nn n Icnipa( no «oco-
6ix» (cnax n, no:nparnnmnci orry(a, :axo(nr xo xnc n xa-
6nncr. Tax 6inn n Ccnqyna Mancmona n Han(n Kpncro.
÷ Kaxan uccri, xaxon npncx 6inn oxa:ani nax' ÷ io-
nopnr on. ÷ Hpocro nc xoiy onncinari. Kpoxc icncpana
Mapxo (nxcn on n nn(y Panxonnua), xcnn ncrpcuann nnuno
ronapnmn Iinnnc n Kap(cni'
0axnnnn (nyx nocnc(nnx on npon:ncc c raxnx nourcnncx,
uro xo»no 6ino no(yxari, 6y(ro Koun ncrpcuan cax «ncc-
nimnnn».
÷ Kro onn raxnc" ÷ ryr »c, 6y(ro cnyuanno, 6y(ro
«xcrarn», cnpocnn n cio. 2, xoncuno, xopomo :nan, xro raxnc
Iinnnc n Kap(cni, y xcnn nc 6ino xaxoio-nn6o (ypnoio nnc-
uarncnnn o nnx n (a»c nc xorcn yponnri nx anropnrcr, no
ro, uro µ:o(:c nponnnnn raxoc nourcnnc, noxa:anoci xnc
ncnpannninix.
Koun 6in :a(cr xonx «6ccraxrnix» nonpocox.
÷ Tonapnmn Iinnnc n Kap(cni"' ÷ cnpocnn on, c(cnan
6onimnc ina:a. ÷ Oro caxic yxnic nm(n Tnro, ¬ro 6oni-
mnc nauaninnxn. Onn, xax rc6c cxa:ari, n(conoin naprnn.
÷ Aia' ÷ nipa:nn n «y(nnncnnc», ÷ ¬ro (cncrnnrcnino
6onimnc' O ucx onn rc6c ionopnnn"
÷ Mi o6o nccx noionopnnn. O6o nccx noncxno»xy. O
nonnc, o npannrcnicrnc, o ioc6c:onacnocrn, o6 o6oponc. Iono-
pnnn onn nax xopomnc cnona. Hoxoiari nax 6y(yr. «Hc
244
roponnrcci, ÷ oxa:ann onn, ÷ n ¬ror ncpno(, uro6i nc
cxcmnnari.... mccrnnc pcnonmnnn»'
÷ Kax ¬ro mccrnnc" ÷ cnpocnn n.
÷ 3naunr, xax ¬ro onn xnc cxa:ann, ÷ noxnncn Koun
µ:o(:c, ÷ ro ccri, cryncnn, main. . .
÷ Orani pcnonmnnn, nor o ucx onn ionopnnn rc6c' ÷`
na(xcnno no(npannn cio Ccnqyna.
÷ Hpo nnx-ro onn cxa:ann, uro nx nc cnc(ycr cxcmn-
nari. Oro 6ino (ononino cno»noc (cno, no, nacxonixo n nx
nonnn, nax nc cnc(ycr roponnricn, nc(i noxa uro xi 6y(cx
(cxoxparncn (nn napo(a, no 6yp»ya:nm rax»c nc na(o oco-
6cnno o6n»ari, n npornnnox cnyuac napymamrcn ¬rn caxic,
:naunr, ¬rani.
÷ ua(no, na(no, ÷ c nnnix npcnc6pc»cnncx npcpnan
cnocio xonnciy Ccnqyna, ÷ ¬ro ncnan rcopnn, xoi(a-nn6y(i
n o6¡ncnm cc nax. Ho n cymnocrn onn npani, noc xon pcnnnxn
n Impo n n npannrcnicrnc raxoc n nxcmr n nn(y.
¹ro nxcnno nxcnn n nn(y «pcnnnxn» Ccnqyni, ¬ro xi
cmc ynn(nx. Ho n ocranonnncn na anpnopncrnuccxox n nc-
npannninox nourcnnn, c xoropix crann ornocnricn x pyxo-
no(crny KHK ncxoropic n: namnx ronapnmcn. 2 nc xouy
cxa:ari, uro na(o 6ino yponnri cio anropnrcr n npccrn» nnn
ymcxnri rcnnic n:anxoornomcnnn namnx ronapnmcn c mio-
cnancxnxn ronapnmaxn, no, xoi(a npc(crannnncn cnyuan, n
orxcuan, uro (oncpnc n yna»cnnc (on»ni 6iri n:anxnixn,
uro ncni:n co:(anari n namnx ornomcnnnx no:nnnn «crap-
mnx», «xacrcpon», xoropic ncc :namr n o6o nccx pcmamr, n
«xna(mnx», «no(pyunix», xoropic (on»ni cn(cri cxnpno n
rnxo, ncnonnnri nonm «xacrcpa». Ha(o 6ino nono»nri xoncn
¬roxy :ny. Ha(o 6ino ioronnri n :axannri ronapnmcn rax,
uro6i onn (yxann nc iononon roio nnn (pyioio, a n coor-
ncrcrnnn c nnnncn naprnn, ocnoninanci na pcaninon (cncrnn-
rcninocrn n pyxono(crnynci ronixo xapxcncrcxo-ncnnncxon
rcopncn.
A xc»(y rcx nxcnno ¬ro nco6xo(nxoc rpc6onannc n 6i-
no ncocymccrnnxo n ror ncpno(. Hcxoropic uncni Impo na-
mcio Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra 6inn «nponncrpyxrnponani»
245
rax, uro6i no nccx mnn n noiy c miocnancxnxn «(py:inxn»,
uro6i ncc nx no:nnnn coorncrcrnonann no:nnnnx miocnanon.
Taxnx o6pa:ox, xorn miocnani n «orcrynnnn» n «npnxo»
nc nxcmnnannci, nx nnan no(unncnnn namcn naprnn n anncx-
cnn An6annn ocymccrnnnncn nopxanino. Kiocnani (cnann
cnoc (cno «namnxn» »c pyxaxn, nm(ixn, xoropix onn rma-
rcnino no(ioronnnn cmc no npcxn nonni n n Icparc, a rcncpi
6pocnnn n nacrynncnnc.
Arcn1m Bcnrpaua n namnx pnuax
Hocnc y(apa, nancccnnoio nax n Icparc, Tnro n xoxna-
nnn ny»na 6ina :ancca «nm6nn» n «(py»6i» cmc n (nn roio,
uro6i :axccrn ncc cnc(i ncrnnnoio 6cparcxoio :aionopa n
(onccrn cnoc (cno (o xonna. B Icparc onn noccnnn ccxcna
pa:pymcnnn namcio 6y(ymcio, npnucx, x co»ancnnm, nocc-
nnn nx cpc(n nac, n pn(ax pyxono(crna namcn naprnn n cpa-
:y »c nocnc ¬roio «orcrynnnn», uro6i (ari noccnnnoxy nxn
:ny caxoxy pa:nnnaricn nnyrpn namcio pyxono(crna.
H ncxopc nx nnan nauan (anari ncpnic nno(i. Oro qaxr,
uro pyxono(crny namcn naprnn npa»(c6nixn xcro(axn 6ina
nann:ana nc npannninan, nc xapxcncrcxo-ncnnncxan nnnnn.
Bc(i nc rpy(no :axcrnri, uro nocnc 6cparcxoio Hncnyxa n
namnx nicrynncnnnx n (oxyxcnrax xano ionopnnoci o naprnn
n xnoio o qponrc. Oro 6ino cnc(crnncx «xonx omn6ox ccx-
ranrcxoio xapaxrcpa», nc(i n xnoio ionopnn o naprnn, a o
qponrc ionopnn, (ccxari, xano. B ro »c npcxn nax 6ino na-
nn:ano nono»cnnc o rox, uro na(o cxpinari cymccrnonannc
naprnn n cc pyxono(nmym poni no nccn »n:nn crpani, uro
naprnn (on»na naxo(nricn n nonyncianinox nono»cnnn.
«Cxpinari cymccrnonannc naprnn» ÷ raxono 6ino cnc(-
crnnc nnxnn(aropcxon nnnnn miocnanon, npccnc(onanmcn (nc
ncnn:
Bo-ncpnix, yponnri npccrn» n anropnrcr naprnn n ina-
246
:ax xoxxynncron n napo(a n raxnx o6pa:ox npono»nri nyri
naca»(cnnm onnoprynncrnuccxoio n nn6cpaninoio (yxa n n(c-
onoinn, n nonnrnuccxon nnnnn, n o6nacrn ¬xonoxnxn, n opia-
nax nnacrn n noo6mc no nccx o6nacrnx »n:nn. Hpnucx ncc ¬ro
(cnanoci «a nounc anrnxapxcncrcxnx «rcopcrn:nponannn» n
n:npamcnnn nono»cnnn o (nyx ¬ranax pcnonmnnn, npcxcnn
n nyrnx ncpcxo(a or o(noio ¬rana x (pyioxy, n r.(. Taxo-
nixn 6inn n npnnc:cnnic Ccnqynon Mancmona rcn(cnnnn
n n(cn, xoropic on nocncmno pa:nnnan y»c npn no((cp»xc
miocnancxon xnccnn.
Bo-nropix, nocpc(crnox coxpirnn cymccrnonannn namcn
naprnn miocnani 6oponnci :a 6oncc ycncmnym no(ioronxy
nouni (nn npnnnrnn KHK n Tnro n xauccrnc «pyxono(nmcn
cnni» namcn »n:nn, n xauccrnc c(nncrncnnix n inannix py-
xono(nrcncn n An6annn, n «ron KHA, xoropan nnoxo ynpa-
nnnna n (onycrnna rax xnoio nonnrnuccxnx n opiann:annonnix
omn6ox».
Hocxonixy nx nc y(anoci nonnocrim nnxnn(nponari xc-
nn n Icparc, uro n cunrann na»nix ycnonncx 6icrpoio ocy-
mccrnncnnn cnocio nnana, onn, nn(nxo, orno»nnn ¬ro (cno
na 6oncc no:(nnn ncpno(. Caxo co6on 6ino orno»cno na
6oncc no:(nnn ncpno( n ocymccrnncnnc na(c»( xonxypcnron
na o(nn n ror »c nocr: Ccnqyni, Haxo, Koun. Hocnc ocno-
6o»(cnnn crpani onn n: xo»n non nc:nn, uro6i nonnocrim
npn6pari x cnonx pyxax (cna ynpanncnnn, a xcnn concpmcnno
n:onnponari, n, naxoncn, orcrpannri xax ncny»noio.
Ho ¬ry ncni nx rax»c nc y(anoci ocymccrnnri, n6o n,
:annxanci (cnaxn, no:no»cnnixn na xcnn naprncn n napo(-
non nnacrim, nc cn(cn cno»a pyxn. Hccnpanc(nnnic xpnrnuc-
cxnc :axcuannn n y(api nc o6ccxypa»nnn xcnn, nc npnncnn n
oruannnc, or nnx n nc nan (yxax n nc norcpnn yncpcnnocri.
2 npo(on»an coxpannri y6c»(cnnc n rox, uro y naprnn 6ina
noo6mc npannninan, ncpnan nonnrnuccxan n opiann:annon-
nan nnnnn, nccxorpn na or(cninic omn6xn cy6¡cxrnnnoio
xapaxrcpa. Hnauc 6inn 6i ncno:xo»ni ¬rn croni 6onimnc
no6c(i n npc»(c nccio ocno6o»(cnnc Po(nni n ycranonncnnc
napo(non nnacrn. B ro »c npcxn n 6oponcn, nponnxnyrin
247
yncpcnnocrim n rox, uro (cna nonpannrcn, uro cno»arcn 6na-
ionpnnrnic ycnonnn (nn roio, uro6i nnoni npannnino nocra-
nnri nonpoci.
O(naxo 6cparcxnc «ronapnmn», xax ronixo n ynoxnnan
nonpoc o «ncpccxorpc npomnoio», nponnnnnn crpannoc nc(o-
nonicrno n pa:(pa»cnnc, xoropic npcnparnnnci :arcx n nn-
nin crpax.
Bcnixnynn pa:(opi, arxocqcpa naxannnaci n namcx Ho-
nnr6mpo. £crccrncnno, pa:(opi ¬rn ncnixnnann nc no xcno-
uax a, nanpornn, no cymccrncnnix npo6ncxax, cronnmnx
ncpc( crpanon, naprncn, napo(non nnacrim no nccx o6nacrnx
»n:nn.
Hrax, xi ncrynann n nonin ncropnuccxnn ¬ran 6c: ucrxo
n ncno onpc(cncnnon nnnnn. Oro 6ino 6i nc6onimon, ncixo
npco(onnxon 6c(on n cnyuac, ccnn 6i namc pyxono(crno (cn-
crnonano n nonnon iapxonnn n ccnn 6i ono 6ino npc(pacno-
no»cno or(anari n ycnonnnx c(nncrna ncc cnon cnni (cny
pa:pcmcnnn no:nnxanmnx npo6ncx. Ho xax pa: ¬roio ncnpc-
xcnnoio ycnonnn n nc 6ino. Hocnc no6c(i, o(cp»annon nxn
n Icparc, Ccnqyna, Haxo, Koun ncxann nc nyrcn x pa:pcmc-
nnm cronnmnx ncpc( crpanon xpynnix npo6ncx, a nyrcn x
ocymccrnncnnm cnonx uannnn o «rponc». Ka»(in n: nnx
xonua crpcxnncn :annri ncpnoc xccro. Ho oco6cnno ncy(cp-
»nxix cranonnncn Ccnqyna Mancmona. Cnninan »a»(a nna-
crn, crpcxncnnc crari «mcqox naprnn n iocy(apcrna» ronxann
cio no6opori n cc6c cnoncrncnnym cxy n npomnox ncni n
noxa:inari cc6n oucni axrnnnix. Ho nccn ncponrnocrn, nc-
xo(n n: oco6ix, npnucx nccixa cno»nix npo6ncx, ni(nnian-
mnxcn nonon o6cranonxon, on no(yxan, uro nacrano npcxn
:axnarnri qnai. Oroxy cnoco6crnonano ro, uro on »nn ncxo-
ropoc npcxn n connanncrnuccxon crpanc, n Concrcxox Com:c,
orucio n npc(crannnn (cno rax, 6y(ro ncxnmunrcnino on 6in
cnoco6cn ocropo»no nannponari n cno»non cnryannn nonoio
¬rana, n xoropin xi ncrynnnn.
Ha xa»(ox :acc(annn Honnr6mpo, xax ronixo yrncp»(a-
naci nonccrxa (nn, on cxcno 6pan cnono:
÷ Cnymanrc, ronapnmn, nonpoci iocy(apcrncnnoio, xo-
248
:nncrncnnoio, xynirypnoio n (p. crponrcnicrna, ycrponcrna ÷
oucni cno»nic, onn rpc6ymr (nancxrnuccxoio no(xo(a, uro-
6i nc nna(ari nn n o(ny, nn n (pyiym cropony npornnonono»-
nocrcn. Concrcxnn onir nocncpcnonmnnonnoio ncpno(a, xo-
ropin xnc nocuacrnnnnnoci ncpc»nri, y6c»(acr nac n rox,
uro na(o nponnnnri 6onimym in6xocri. Bor, nanpnxcp, xax
xi 6y(cx nocrynari c nannonann:anncn, a c uacrnix ccx-
ropox, a c iocy(apcrncnnix ccxropox, c npoximncnnocrim,
c ccnicxnx xo:nncrnox"' Hannonann:nponari ncc"' Coinaccn,
÷ ionopnn «npoqcccop», ÷ raxona n nama ncni, raxono n
6y(ymcc connann:xa' Ho xax ¬ro c(cnari" Cpa:y" Hpnxa-
:ox" Mo»no n rax c(cnari, nc(i rcncpi nax n xapri n pyxn.
Ho ccnn 6i nocrynnnn rax, ro '6inn 6i xi nc xoxxynncraxn,
a ccxranraxn, ananrmpncraxn' Bc(i nac nc ronixo nc nonnn
6i nn xpynnin, nn xcnxnn nna(cncn, no (a»c n ccnn 6i oro-
6pann y nnx nxymccrno cnnon, xi ncc panno nc 6inn 6i n
cocronnnn npnnccrn n (cncrnnc c ¬qqcxrnnnocrim npc(npnn-
rnn, 6anx, py(nnxn, maxri.
÷ ua(no, ÷ no x ucxy ri xnonnmi, ÷ ncpc6nnan cio
Koun. ÷ O6¡ncnnn ncmn npocro.
÷ 2 »c npocro ionopm, ronapnm µ:o(:c, n (a»c o6¡n-
cnnm xapxcn:x concpmcnno nyniiapno, uro6i ni npannnino
xcnn nonnxann, ÷ orncuan cxy Ccnqyna.
2 :axcuan, uro nourn no nccx nonpocax xi xnoio (n-
cxyrnponann, no(nnxann 6onimon myx n y xcnn cxna(ina-
noci nncuarncnnc, uro ¬ror myx ni:inancn nc «xapaxrcpox»
npo6ncx, a nonirxon roio n (pyioio xnararicn :a «xapaxrcp
npo6ncx» (nn ocymccrnncnnn oco6ix n nnunix ncncn.
Koi(a xi nccoxixn apiyxcnraxn orncpiann «rcopnn»
Ccnqyni n :amnry uacrnoio ccxropa n r.(., on ryr »c xna-
rancn :a «n¬n» ucnnna, a, xoi(a n n ¬rox cnyuac xi (oxa-
:inann, uro ror n:npaman ucnnna, on cpa:y »c ccinancn na
Tnro.
÷ 2 oucni nac npomy' ÷ nporccronan on. ÷ Tonapnmn
Tnro, Kap(cni n Iinnnc ionopnr nc (apox. Onn caxn nc ro-
ponnrcn, nax ro»c nc pa: concronann nc roponnricn. Mi
ncpc»nnacx ¬ran napanncninoio npo(nn»cnnn nncpc( nponc-
249
rapnara n 6yp»ya:nn, uacrnon n connanncrnuccxon co6crncn-
nocrn. Hc cnc(ycr ncpccxaxnnari ¬rani.
Bccixa ocrpic cnopi nxcnn xi n 1945 io(y oco6cnno
noxpyi cymccrncnnix nonpocon, cnn:annix c ni6opaxn n Yu-
pc(nrcninoc Co6pannc ÷ xax 6y(yr nponc(cni ¬rn ni6opi,
uro onn n: cc6n 6y(yr npc(crannnri, xaxym poni (on»na
nipari naprnn n ¬ron ncnnxon nonnrnuccxon xaxnannn, xaxnx
xan(n(aron na(o ni(nniari n (pyinc.
÷ Hc cnc(ycr :a6inari, ÷ no(nnxan ionoc Ccnqyna
Mancmona, ÷ uro ni6opi ¬rn (oxa»yr, nacxonixo nac nm-
6nr napo(, nnn, rouncc, na ucn croponc napo(.
÷ Kax" ÷ cnpocnn n, ÷ n 1945 io(y ni xornrc (oxa-
:arcnicrn roio, na ucn croponc napo(" Hapo( ÷ na cropo-
nc naprnn, na croponc 0ponra, na croponc cqopxnponannoio
naxn (cxoxparnuccxoio npannrcnicrna, xoropoc ynpannncr
crpanon'
÷ µa, n npnnnnnc xi (a»c coinacni, ÷ no(npiinnan
Ccnqyna. ÷ Ho nax cnc(ycr y6c(nri nccx n oco6cnno nncm-
nnn xnp n rox, uro napo( c naxn. Oro oxonuarcnino noxa»yr
ionoca. Hcni:n nc(ooncnnnari ro, uro ionopnr anino-axcpn-
xancxnc com:nnxn. Hcni:n nc(ooncnnnari n ionoca roio na-
npanncnnn, xoropoc nixpncrannn:oninacrcn n xauccrnc onno-
:nnnn nnyrpn 0ponra n xoropoc xoucr caxocronrcnino yua-
crnonari n ni6opax' Mi ionopnx, uro napo( c naxn. Anino-
axcpnxanni ionopnr, uro ¬ro nc rax, onn ionopnr, uro napo(
nac nc nm6nr' Mi 6y(cx orcrannari cnom rouxy :pcnnn, nc
yxannn, o(naxo, n nc ninopnpyn ionoca onno:nnnn. Xouy cxa-
:ari, uro nax cnc(ycr nocrynari n n:6nparcninon xaxnannn
nc xax ccxranri, a xax onnncrnopcnnc (cxoxparnn. A (cxo-
xparnn ÷ ¬ro :naunr (ari nm(nx ÷ n:6nparcnnx n xan(n-
(arax ÷ cno6o(y ni6npari n 6iri n:6pannixn, cno6o(no
(cncrnonari. Mi 6y(cx ni(nniari cnonx xan(n(aron, no na(o
no:nonnri n npornnnnxax, ro ccri rcx, xro nc c naxn, ni(nn-
iari cnonx xan(n(aron. Ornx xi :arxncx por pcaxnnn, xoro-
pan rncp(nr, uro xi oipannunnn cno6o(i, nnxnn(nponann (c-
xoxparnm.
÷ Taxon nyri, ÷ cpa:y »c no:pa:nn n, ÷ nc ronixo :a-
25O
nc(cr nac n rynnx, no n npnnc(cr x xaracrpoqc. Ho:nonnri
pcaxnnn caxocronrcnino nicrynari n n:6nparcninon xaxna-
nnn, :naunr nonrn na (cncnnc nnacrn c ncn, na (cncnnc ron
nnacrn, xoropym xi :anocnann ncnon xponn n »cprn.
÷ Hcr, nc na(o rax xarciopnuccxn paccy»(ari ÷ oro:-
nancn Ccnqyna. ÷ Oro 6y(cr nnmi raxrnxon. Hapo( ynn(nr,
uro xi :a nonnym cno6o(y n cmc rccncc cnn»crcn c naxn.
÷ Hpon:on(cr xax pa: o6parnoc, ÷ oxa:an n. ÷ Ornx
xi pa:ouapycx n co6icx c ronxy napo( ÷ pa6ounx n xpcc-
rinn, 6c(nic cnon iopo(a n (cpcnnn. Koi(a onn ynn(nr n
cnncxax xan(n(aron nm(cn, xoropic panimc cocann nx xponi,
nm(cn, xoropic nn6o 6inn uy»(ixn namcn 6opi6c, nn6o
cronnn n croponc or ncc, nnonnc :axonno no(yxamr: :a uro
xi cpa»annci" Hcy»cnn :a ro, uro6i n:6npari n ynpanncnnc
no(o6nix nm(cn"'
÷ O(nn xoxcnr' O(nn xoxcnr' ÷ xpnxnyn Ccnqyna,
6y(ro namcn Apxnxc(ony rouxy. ÷ uoinxa npnncna rc6n ry-
(a, i(c n na(o 6ino. Koi(a napo( ynn(nr n cnncxc nm(cn,
xoropix on nc nm6nr, on or(acr mapnxn nc nx, a nax. Ornx
caxix npon:on(yr (nqqcpcnnnannn n n:onnnnn' Bor roi(a
xi cxo»cx c ocnonanncx cxa:ari axcpnxancxnx n aninnn-
cxnx com:nnxax: nn(nrc, iocno(a, na ucn croponc napo("'
Hama no6c(a 6y(cr :axpcnncna.
÷ 2 npornn raxon nonnrnxn, xax 6i ri, Ccnqyna, nn
na:inan cc «mnpoxon» n «(cxoxparnuccxon», ÷ orpc:an n.
÷ Oro onon:annc n ccxranrcrno' ÷ ncxpnxnyn Ccnqyna.
÷ Oro no:npamcnnc x ron nnnnn, xoropym xi ocy(nnn n
Icparc. A xnc, ronapnm Onncp, npnxo(nrcn c co»ancnncx n
oiopucnncx xoncrarnponari, uro ni cmc nc nonnnn 6cpar-
cxoio Hncnyxa.
÷ 2 nnxoi(a nc nonnxan (a n nnxoi(a nc nonxy 6c-
parcxoio Hncnyxa rax, xax ¬ro ni ionopnrc, ÷ orncrnn n
cxy. ÷ £cnn n Icparc 6inn pacxpnrnxonani nxcnmnc xccro
n npomnox no:nnnn n yxnoni ccxranrcxoio xapaxrcpa, ro
¬ro nncxonixo nc :naunr, uro rcncpi xi (on»ni y(apnricn
n (pyiym xpannocri ÷ n onnoprynn:x.
÷ Tonixo npn ccxranrcxon oncnxc xo»no na:inari on-
251
noprynncrnuccxon nonnrnxon nnarqopxy, xoropym n n:naiam,
:amnmam n :amnmari 6y(y (o xonna, ÷ (o xpnnori xpnuan
Ccnqyna. ÷ Hycri nicxa:inamrcn n ronapnmn'
÷ ¹ro ¬ro nc npocric ncmn, ÷ ncrynan n 6ccc(y Koun
µ:o(:c, ÷ raxoc nccx ncno. Ho, cnyman xax Ccnqyny, rax n
Onncpa, n (yxam, uro xi (on»ni 6iri ncxno»xo 6oncc ypan-
noncmcnnixn. 2 nn c ncpnix, nn co nropix, no ionopm rax: y
nac ccri onir npcxcn «Hyna» n Kopuc. Koi(a Koxnnrcpn npn-
cnan nax n 1937 io(y nonym nnnnm, xi npnnnnn yuacrnc
n ni6opax n xauccrnc onno:nnnn, nicrannnn cnon cnncxn,
n naccncnnc Kopun or(ano nax caxoc 6onimoc uncno mapn-
xon. Mi o(cp»ann roi(a no6c(y, (pyioc (cno, uro norox pc-
»nx npoinan xcnn n pn( (pyinx ronapnmcn. B ¬rox orno-
mcnnn n xnonmci x Ccnqync. On npan. Ha(cmci, pcaxnnoncpi
nnucio nc nonyuar. Ho n ccnn nonyuar ÷ rax nn(no 6y(cr...
Mi nc (a(nx nx :axnarnri nnacri... K roxy »c y nac onir
miocnancxnx ronapnmcn. Onn nc no6onnnci (oionopnricn n
c 6yp»ya, c Cy6amnucx. On y nnx n npannrcnicrnc. ¹ro (a
xax ÷ ¬ro y» nxncc (cno, xi nc nxcmnnacxcn, o(naxo nc
cnc(ycr :a6inari, uro onn nponnnnnn n nponnnnmr yxcpcn-
nocri n ncnnxo(ymnc n ornomcnnn pcaxnnn. Ha naprnnnox
c¡c:(c n Ccp6nn miocnancxnc ronapnmn nicxa:annci :a cno-
6o(y (cncrnnn nccx nonnrnuccxnx naprnn, :a ro, uro6i y nnx
6inn n cnon ia:cri n »ypnani, npornnonono»nic naprnn-
non ncuarn, nycri pa:ncprinacrcn nocpc(crnox ia:cr n ni-
crynncnnn 6opi6a xc»(y o6cnxn croponaxn, raxnx o6pa:ox
napo( y6c(nrcn n rox, uro on (cncrnnrcnino :anocnan cc6c
cno6o(y. Onn nocrynamr rax noroxy, uro nnauc pcaxnnn xo-
»cr (ocrannnri nx xnonori. Hax ro»c na(o yunricn y nnx,
nc(i onn nax (py:in. µcno nc n ncxoropix or¡nnncnnix pc-
axnnoncpax, n :nam, xax c nnxn o6xo(nricn, (cno n com:nn-
xax. Mi »(cx, uro6i onn npn:nann nac, a onn nac nc npn-
:namr, nc ynn(cn pc:yniraron ni6opon. Horoxy n n ionopm
uro na(o nponnnnri 6onimcc ncnnxo(ymnc. Hycri onn yua-
crnymr n ni6opax, ncc panno onn nponipamr, nc(i nx xapra
y»c (anno 6nra. Ho n ornocnrcnino roio, uro cxa:an Onncp,
no-xocxy, no(yxari na(o. 2 cunram, uro ncxoropix ynirpa-
252
pcaxnnoncpon o6nnunri ny»no n nc no:nonnri nx ni(nniari
cnonx xan(n(aron, ocraninix »c ÷ (a.
÷ 2 :a yxcpcnnym n xy(pym nonnrnxy, ÷ no(nnnan
xacna n oioni Haxo Cnnpy. ÷ Tonapnm Koun xoc-uro yno-
xnnyn n: onira nocnc(ncio c¡c:(a Koxxynncrnuccxon nap-
rnn Ccp6nn. 2 ro»c unran ¬rn xarcpnani n na nnx xo»no
yunricn, oco6cnno uro xacacrcn cxcnocrn n in6xocrn miocnan-
cxnx ronapnmcn. Onn nc 6onrcn yuacrnn pcaxnnoncpon n ni-
6opax n (a»c n:6pannn nx n concri. «µa»c n ccnn n o(nox
concrc no:ixyr ncpx pcaxnnoncpi, ÷ cxa:ann miocnancxnc
ronapnmn ornocnrcnino cnocn crpani, ÷ xi nc (on»ni or-
crpannri nx, n6o nx n:6pannc noxa:ano, uro nc ncc xacci
na namcn croponc. Ha(o (anari nx ynpannnri, a nocxonixy
onn pcaxnnoncpi, onn nc 6y(yr y(onncrnopnri :anpoci xacc.
Ornx onn 6y(yr pa:o6naucni n n:onnponani napo(ox». Tax
ionopnnn miocnancxnc ronapnmn, ÷ nonropnn Haxo, ÷ n n
cunram, uro ¬ro yxnan n cxcnan raxrnxa. Hax ro»c, nocxoni-
xy xi y nnacrn, nc:aucx 6onricn.
÷ 2 nacrannam na rox, uro y»c ionopnn, ÷ cnona n:nn
cnono n. ÷ Tonapnmn, nax n:nccrno, uro pcaxnnn, nonyunn
y(ap, cxnonnna ionony, no ona nc orxa:anaci n nnxoi(a nc
orxa»crcn or cnonx ncncn. Ona :amcncnnnaci, nauana cxannn-
nari cnni, ycranannnnari cnn:n, opiann:oninari y(ap. Ona
noni:ycrcn no((cp»xon nncmncn pcaxnnn, oco6cnno axcpn-
xano-aninnncxon.
Ccnuac nc xoxcnr n(anaricn n no(po6nocrn o 6ccxoncu-
nix (c6arax, xoropic xi ncnn no ¬rnx xap(nnaninix nonpo-
cax roio ncpno(a, a xouy nccio nnmi orxcrnri, uro nponcxo-
(nnmcc cpc(n nac ncc 6oncc n 6oncc 6ccnoxonno xcnn no pn(y
npnunn:
Bo-ncpnix, n no(xcuan, uro omymannci onacnic rcn(cn-
nnn n (yx onnoprynn:xa, a :naxn ¬rnx rcn(cnnnn ncc Ccn-
qyna Mancmona.
Bo-nropix, nnno omymanoci orcyrcrnnc c(nncrna xncnnn
n (cncrnnn xc»(y naxn. B (c6arax n cnopax yuacrnonann nou-
rn ncc (:a ncxnmucnncx Ic(pn Cnaxny n Tyxa 2xona), no n
:axcuan, uro no:pa»cnnn Koun n Han(n, a n n:nccrnon crc-
253
ncnn n Haxo Cnnpy, npornn Ccnqyni nc nnnnnnci cnn(crcni-
crnox pacxo»(cnnn no n:inn(ax, onn xacannci cxopcc nccio
nropocrcncnnix nonpocon, «or(cninix pcnnnx» n r.(. Mnc xa-
:anoci, uro ronapnmcn 6ccnoxonn nc cronixo onnoprynn:x
Ccnqyni, cxonixo cax Ccnqyna, cio na(xcnnocri, cio no:i
«nc(m»nnnoio» anropnrcra, «¬py(nra», pyxono(nrcnn «ncpnon
pyxn».
Taxoc nono»cnnc nco6xo(nxo 6ino n:xcnnri, ncnpannri.
B ¬rox n cmc 6onimc y6c(nncn nocnc ycncmnoio nponc(cnnn
ncco6mnx ni6opon, npoxo(nnmnx no nccn crpanc n (cxa6pc
1945 io(a. Cnonxn ionocaxn napo( (oxa:an, uro on 6in nc-
pa:pinno cnn:an c naprncn n namnx µcxoxparnuccxnx 0pon-
rox. O(naxo, xorn n ncnox ncc 6ino nono»nrcnino, nxcnnci
n or(cninic, ni:nanmnc 6oni cnyuan. Ho( (anncnncx Ccn-
qyni Mancmona n (pyinx n or(cninix cnyuanx 6inn nxnmuc-
ni n cnncxn xan(n(aron rax»c nm(n, xoropix napo( ncnann-
(cn. K nax cpa:y »c nocrynnnn nccrn:
÷ Mi ioroni npoinornri mapnxn, a Pn:a µann nx nc
or(a(nx, ÷ orxpiro :annnna ipynna ipa»(an n n:6nparcni-
nox nynxrc, i(c 6ina ni(nnnyra xan(n(arypa ¬roio anrn-
napo(noio ¬ncxcnra. Tax 6ino n c ncxoropixn (pyinxn. Hxc-
nnci cnyuan, xoi(a n:6nparcnn ionoconann :a nm(cn, xoro-
pix onn nc nm6nnn, a ¬ro noroxy ronixo, uro raxona 6ina
nonn naprnn, no nc no cnocxy »cnannm. Pcui n(cr o raxnx
¬ncxcnrax, xax Cyar Acnann, Ccnny(nn Toro, Ucqucr Icn,
Icpi Koxomn n (pyinc, xoropic no:(ncc orxpiro nicrynnnn
onacnon npa»(c6non ipynnon n namcx Yupc(nrcninox Co-
6pannn.
B ro »c npcxn Ccnqyna Mancmona ycnncnno npo(on»an
nonirxn x no:xo»no 6oncc mnpoxoxy orxpirnm n opncnra-
nnn na 3ana(, x ycranonncnnm c nnx ¬xonoxnuccxnx cnn-
:cn n6o, no cio cnonax, «raxnx o6pa:ox xo»no 6y(cr 6icrpcc
n(rn nncpc( n nirccnnri n: iononi com:nnxon n(cm o rox,
uro xi napymacx (cxoxparnm», «xi n o(nnouxy nnucio c(c-
nari nc xo»cx», «y (py:cn (on nxcn n nn(y miocnanon) cnon
:a6ori» n r.(. Cnc(onarcnino, no xncnnm Mancmona, nax
na(o 6ino o6parnri n:opi na 3ana(. Ha o(non n: ncrpcu,
254
nipa»an cnoc xncnnc ornocnrcnino «npn:nannn» nac com:-
nnxaxn, Ccnqyna cxa:an:
÷ Ha(o ncpccxorpcri nonpoc o coinamcnnnx, :axnmucn-
nix c axcpnxannaxn n aninnuanaxn n ncpno( npanncnnn 3oiy'
÷ B xaxox nanpanncnnn" ÷ y(nnnncn n.
÷ B nanpanncnnn npn:nannn ¬rnx coinamcnnn (cncrnn-
rcninixn. Mi nncxonixo nc nocrpa(acx or roio, uro nx npn-
:nacx n xi' ÷ xax nn n ucx nc 6inano orncrnn Ccnqyna.
÷ To ccri orncpinyri pcmcnnn Hcpxcrcxoio c¡c:(a" ÷
incnno no:pa:nn n cxy. ÷ Oroio xoucmi ri, Ccnqyna"
÷ Hc :a6inanrc, ronapnmn, ÷ o6parnncn Ccnqyna x
Koun, Haxo n (pyinx, ÷ uro Hcpxcrcxnn c¡c:( cocronncn
n ncpno( ccxranrcrna, cmc (o Icpara' Toi(amncc pcmcnnc
o «ncpccxorpc», ro ccri o ncnpn:nannn coinamcnnn 3oiy c co-
m:nnxaxn xa»crcn xnc ccxranrcxnx pcmcnncx'
2 pcmnrcnino n c ncio(onanncx no:pa:nn npornn ¬roio
n, x xocxy y(nnncnnm, Koun µ:o(:c no((cp»an xcnn, uro
pc(xo 6inano co npcxcnn 6cparcxoio Hncnyxa.
÷ Ccnqyna Mancmona, ri ncpcxo(nmi xcpy, ÷ o6pa-
rnncn on x ncxy. ÷ Kax »c nax orncpinyri c¡c:(, (anmnn
nax npannrcnicrno. Hocrynari rax, xax ri ionopnmi, :naunr
cnn:aricn c Axcpnxon n Aninncn, no rc npcxcna xanynn y»c
n npomnoc. £cnn pcui non(cr o cnn:nx n (py:inx, ro rcncpi
y nac ccri (pyinc. Hpn:nari xonncccnn aninnuan n axcpn-
xanncn na ncqri' Oro nc ccpic:no. Hcqri ny»na nax caxnx,
n ncn ny»(amrcn rax»c namn miocnancxnc (py:in' ÷ :axon-
unn Koun µ:o(:c n, nonnin pa:(pa»cnnn, 6pocnn na cron
xonncpr, na xoropox nn(ncnnci (nc-rpn cio :axcrxn.
÷ Hc npornnonocrannnn xcnn miocnancxnx ronapnmax'
÷ na6pocnncn Ccnqyna na Koun µ:o(:c. ÷ Mi nxccrc 6inn,
xoi(a 6ccc(onann c nnxn, n onn nopcxoxcn(onann nax npn-
:nari coinamcnnn, :axnmucnnic 3oiy c com:nnxaxn, n6o ¬ro
nax nnucio nc cronr.
÷ Kax, xax" ÷ ryr »c cnpocnn n. ÷ Koi(a ¬ro 6ino"'
÷ Mi c Koun 6inn y Kap(cnn n Iinnnca, ÷ nauan
o6¡ncnnri Ccnqyna, ÷ n ionopnnn nx o6 ycnonnnx, npc(¡n-
nnncxix nax :ana(nixn com:nnxaxn. Onn cxa:ann nax, uro
255
coinamcnnn c nnxn xo»no npn:nari (cncrnnrcninixn. Hycri
Koun cax paccxa»cr.
÷ A ri nc cxcmnnan ncmn, nc nnyrinan n ronapnmcn
Kap(cnn n Iinnnca, ÷ no:pa:nn cxy Koun µ:o(:c xpaunin,
no (po»amnx ionocox. ÷ Mi 6ccc(onann nc o xonncccnnx,
npc(ocranncnnix 3oiy, xi 6ccc(onann o npn:nannn namcio
npannrcnicrna com:nnxaxn.
÷ Ho nc(i n ro »c caxoc ionopnn, ÷ pa:incnanno oro-
:nancn Ccnqyna.
÷ µa, no cncpna ri ionopnn 6onimc, ucx onn. Ti ncc
n:no»nn nx no nnrouxc, conccx c6nn nx c ronxy. Ti n xcnn
:anyran, nc ionopn y»c o nnx. Bor, xax o6cronr (cno. Hc
nnyrinan ronapnmcn.
÷ Pa: ni 6ccc(onann o6 ¬rox c miocnancxnxn ronapnma-
xn, ÷ o6parnncn n x Koun n Ccnqync, ÷ ro noucxy nc npo-
nnqopxnponann nac no no:npamcnnn orry(a" Oro oucni cc-
pic:nan npo6ncxa.
÷ A xax »c nc nnqopxnponann' ÷ cran :amnmaricn
Ccnqyna. ÷ Bcc xon ycnnnn n Impo n nanpanncnnn nponc-
(cnnn xy(pon raxrnxn no ornomcnnm x com:nnxax n ¬rox
»c (yxc n npnnaiannci. 2 (yxan, uro Koun no(po6no ionopnn
nax o6 ¬rox.
÷ Ti :anyrinacmi (cna, a rcncpnua :anyrinacmi nccx
nac' ÷ cnona no:pa:nn cxy Koun µ:o(:c. ÷ Cnocn 6onimon
rcopncn ri xamy nanapnnacmi.
Bor, :naunr, xaxnc concri (anann nax miocnancxnc «ro-
napnmn» n «(py:in»' Orncpinyri ro, uro 6ino pcmcno naxn
n Hcpxcrcxox c¡c:(c, coinacnricn co nccxn npc(no»cnnnxn
axcpnxanncn n aninnuan, ocrannnri n cnnc xa6aninic coina-
mcnnn, :axnmucnnic 3oiy c nnxn. Koun µ:o(:c nonirancn
yxannri n orpnnari ¬ry ncrnny, o(naxo ucripc-nnri xccnncn
cnycrn miocnancxoc pyxono(crno cnona npn6cino x orxpiroxy
(anncnnm, uro6i :acrannri nac npn:nari (cncrnnrcninixn
xa6aninic coinamcnnn 3oiy
1
. Mi, ccrccrncnno, nc no((annci
¬rnx na»nxax n npo(on»ann cnon npc»nnn xypc.
_________________________________
1 B pa(noipaxxc, nanpanncnnon ronapnmy Onncpy Xo(»a n:
256
Cnona nauannci cnopi, no na ¬ror pa: nccixa ocrpic,
nonnic n:anxnix o6nnncnnn xc»(y Koun n Ccnqynon. Ic(pn
n Tyx, xax o6iuno, xonc6annci, onn npnxn(inannci 6onimc
nccio ncnrpaninixn, roi(a xax Haxo Cnnpy ncnymnnancn n
crapancn onpc(cnnri caxym no(xo(nmym no:nnnm, xoropym
ny»no 6ino :annri. ¹ama nccon xnonnnaci n cropony Koun
µ:o(:c. Ccnqyna Mancmona nco»n(anno oxa:ancn n ncnrpc
y(apa. K xocxy y(nnncnnm, na ncnox pn(c :acc(annn n ncrpcu
roio ncpno(a Koun, Haxo n Han(n Kpncro pcmnrcnino onon-
unnnci na Ccnqyny Mancmona. Hpnno(nnn onn ynxy nonix
qaxron n apiyxcnron n (oxa:arcnicrno n:xcni Ccnqyni Ma-
ncmona, (oxa:inan n o(no n ro »c npcxn cmc n (pyioc:
onn axxyparno cxpinann or xcnn ¬rn qaxri, xoropic 6inn
nx n:nccrnixn n xoropic onn o6cy»(ann n cnocx xpyiy.
Bcc ¬ro nponnnano cncr nc ronixo na ipy6ic omn6xn Ccn-
qyni Mancmona, o xoropix n :nan n o6mnx ucprax n xoro-
pic n (anno 6nucnan. Inannoc 6ino ro, uro nponnnancn no-
nin cncr na «crapym» omn6xy, na 6cparcxnn Hncnyx. Y»c
nacrano npcxn cnoxonno, :pcno n co nccn orncrcrncnnocrim
anann:nponari n o6cy»(ari ncc ¬rn (cna.
Koncn Ccüqynm Mancmona cmc 6onumc o6nanac1
:aronop, coc1anncnnmü mrocnanamn
µnancxrnxa ncmcn (cnana cnoc. 3aionop, :a xynncaxn co-
cranncnnin n Icparc, noxnxo onacnocrcn n nccx (pyinx 6c(,
xoropixn on 6in upcnar (nn naprnn n crpani, rann n cc6c
n ccxcna :na (nn caxnx :aionopmnxon.
_____________________________________
Icnipa(a 25 anpcnn 1946 io(a, Haxo Cnnpy, n uacrnocrn, nncan:
«Orn cunramr, uro xi (on»ni npn:nari coinamcnnn c axcpnxannaxn
no( ron qopxynon, uro An6annn npn:nacr ncc (onocnnic o6n:arcni-
crna no ornomcnnm x (pyinx iocy(apcrnax, :a ncxnmucnncx aipccco-
pon. Kacarcnino coinamcnnn c Axcpnxon Kap(cni nc nn(nr ucio-nn6o
ccpic:noio, on ionopnr, uro nx xo»no npn:nari 6c: ncnxnx onaccnnn».
HHA.
257
Koun µ:o(:c, Haxo Cnnpy n Ccnqyna Mancmona cocra-
nnnnn n Icparc «c(nncrno», n miocnani 6pocnnn nx n coina-
conannym araxy na namy naprnm, no(xapxnnnan n xa»(ox n:
nnx crpcxncnnc x :annrnm inannoio nocra. Ho nx 6ino rpoc,
a nocr ÷ ronixo o(nn. Tax uro nacran xoxcnr pa:nana «c(nn-
crna» inannon 6cparcxon anrnnaprnnnon rponxn. ununic ax-
6nnnn xa»(oio 6inn nanpanncni na orcrpancnnc ocraninix
(nyx xoxnanionon.
Xo( co6irnn n nnrcpcci :aionopmnxon onpc(cnnnn ror
qaxr, uro ncpnon ncmxon, xoropym ny»no 6ino ninccrn n:
nipi, oxa:ancn Ccnqyna Mancmona. 0axrnuccxn, on :acny-
»nnan ocy»(cnnn nc ro uro rcncpi, a cmc panimc, uro6i
nc cxa:ari, uro noo6mc ni(nn»cnnc cio na pyxono(nmnn nocr
6ino omn6xon. B ror xoporxnn ncpno( nocnnoio npcxcnn,
xoropin nponcn n An6annn, on noxa:an cc6n pc(uanmnx rpy-
cox, on (a»c npc(cranncnnn nc nxcn o rox, i(c n xax npo-
ncxo(nnn 6on n concpmannci nancri na npaia. Bicrynan on
:a 6opi6y xaqc n canonon, :a 6opi6y pcnnnxaxn, (a n ¬ro,
ccrccrncnno, ronixo cnonccno, n6o nncari on cunran (nn
cc6n 6onimnx rpy(ox n xyxon. Hocnc ocno6o»(cnnn on yr-
ncp(nn cc6n xax nn6cpaninoio, napnaxcnrcxoio (cxoxpara, on
nc: n: xo»n non, uro6i nann:ari naprnn «mnpoxym» onnop-
rynncrnuccxym nnnnm, «0ponr 6c: ipannn», n xoropin 6i
nomnn (a»c nocnnic npccrynnnxn.
Ccnqyna Mancmona xax n ncpno( nonni, rax n nocnc
ncc noxa:an, uro 6in (pyiox n croponnnxox nccx nonnrnxanon
xaqc n xynnc, 6yp»ya:nix ¬ncxcnron, xynauccrna n pcax-
nnonnoio (yxoncncrna. 0axrnuccxn on, n rcopnn n na npaxrn-
xc, 6in npornn connanncrnuccxon pcnonmnnn, npornn (nx-
rarypi nponcrapnara.
3a raxnc anrnxapxcncrcxnc n npa»(c6nic no:nnnn n (cn-
crnnn, xoropixn on y»c ncpcnonnnn uamy, xi no npany pc-
mnnn ocy(nri cio na V Hncnyxc HK KHA, cocronnmcxcn n qc-
npanc 1946 io(a. Ho ¬ro 6in nnmi oucnn(nin, naprnnnin
xornn ocy»(cnnn Ccnqyni Mancmona. Ionopm n ¬ro noroxy,
uro n ¬rox ocy»(cnnn 6in :annrcpcconan cmc «xoc-xro» (py-
ion. Ornx «xoc-xro» 6inn, n ncpnym oucpc(i, miocnani.
258
Anrnnaprnnnic naxnonnocrn Ccnqyni Mancmona onn
ncnoni:onann cronixo, cxonixo ¬roio n rpc6onann nx nnrc-
pcci, no :arcx, ynn(cn, uro on cran (nn nnx na(oc(nnnix n
(a»c onacnix cnonxn nnno npo:ana(nixn naxnonnocrnxn, co-
inacnnnci y6pari cio co cncni. Hpn ¬rox onn cmc 6onimc
y(onncrnopnnn ax6nnnn cnocio inannoio nm6nxna, Koun µ:o-
(:c. C orcrpancnncx Ccnqyni Mancmona orcrpannncn o(nn
n: xonxypcnron n 6opi6c Koun µ:o(:c :a a6conmrnym nnacri.
Oro nnnncrcn n inannon npnunnon roio, noucxy Koun µ:o(:c,
a :ao(no c nnx n Haxo Cnnpy, cmc xoi(a n nocrannn n Impo
nonpoc o nco6xo(nxocrn co:ina V Hncnyxa, nipa:nnn non-
nym conn(apnocri, y nnx nnno npocnnno. Ho:(no n y:nan
npan(y, a nxcnno, uro onn yxnarnnnci :a xoc rpc6onannc o6
o6cy»(cnnn ipy6ix omn6ox n npocrynxon Ccnqyni Mancmo-
na, no cyrn (cna, n (pyinx, anrnnaprnnnix nnrcpccax n nc-
nnx. B (annox cnyuac naprnn ncnonino «noxoiana» Koun n
Haxo y6pari co cncni o(noio n: xoxnanionon-concpnnxon.
Ho na(o or(ari nx (ani, onn rax»c ncnonino «noxoinn» nap-
rnn, npc(crannn cn ynxy qaxron.
2, xoncuno, nc :nan, (a n nc xoi :nari roi(a ncrnnnic
xornni, no6y»(anmnc Koun µ:o(:c nccrn no(o6nym araxy
npornn «onnoprynn:xa», n ronixo no(xcuan, uro on nponnnnn
6onimym axrnnnocri n xa»(in (cni niracxnnan n: (ocic no-
nic «apiyxcnri» npornn Ccnqyni. Hc orcranan n ¬rox (cnc
n Haxo Cnnpy. On npo(on»an crapym nccnm: c noxomim
cnonx nm(cn co6npan n:o6nnuammnc (annic o Ccnqync, cra-
panci ncpcinari (a»c Koun µ:o(:c n 6opi6c :a pa:o6naucnnc
onnoprynncra. Ha V Hncnyxc o6a onn npnxn(inannci «cna-
cnrcnnxn nono»cnnn». Bo npcxn :acc(annn, cy(n no roxy,
uro onn ionopnnn, onn 6inn conn(apnixn (pyi c (pyiox, co-
nn(apnixn co xnom n co nccxn ronapnmaxn n: Hcnrpaninoio
Koxnrcra. Oro noxa:anoci xnc xopomnx npn:naxox. Mo»cr,
no(yxan n, nacrynacr xoxcnr ynpoucnnn xnoio»cnannoio n
croni nco6xo(nxoio c(nncrna. Mo»cr, ronapnmn crann nonn-
xari, xy(a xoina npnnccrn nac 6cparcxan ycranonxa, n rcncpi
o(yxinamrcn. Ho n omn6ancn, a ncpnic coxncnnn n npn:naxn
¬roio nonnnnnci cmc na Hncnyxc. Kax Koun, rax n Haxo n
259
cnonx nicrynncnnnx n pcnnnxax oipannunnann :no o(nnx roni-
xo Ccnqynon, o(nnx ronixo onnoprynncrox, ynycxan n: nn(y
onnoprynncrnuccxnn (yx, onnoprynncrnuccxnc rcn(cnnnn, xo-
ropic crann nonnnnricn nocnc 6cparcxoio Hncnyxa. Ccnqyna
6in caxix nnnix cpc(n nnx, on 6in :naxcnocncx ¬roio uy»-
(oio, anrnxapxcncrcxoio (yxa, no rcx nc xcncc xi nnucio
nc ninipann 6i n cnyuac cocpc(oroucnnn anann:a n xpnrnxn
ronixo na ncx. Houcxy cpc(n nac nonnnnaci raxan onnopry-
nncrnuccxan rcn(cnnnn" I(c na(o 6ino ncxari cc xopnn, npn-
unni, ncroxn"' Kaxnc qaxropi noxoinn Ccnqync pcmnrcni-
no pa:ncpnyri cnon nn6cpaninic naxnonnocrn"'
Or orncra na ¬rn :axonnic nonpoci xax Koun µ:o(:c, rax
n Haxo Cnnpy yxnonnnnci, ynnnnnann. 2 6in rncp(o yncpcn,
uro ncrounnxox nccio ¬roio 6in Icpar, 6inn nccnpanc(nnnic
o6nnncnnn Bcnnxnpa Cronnnua n rax na:inacxox «ccxranr-
crnc» n nnnnn KHA, n n orxpiro yxa:an npnunny :na n (oxna-
(c, c(cnannox na V Hncnyxc. £crccrncnno, n (oxna(c, xax
n n cnonx pcnnnxax, npnxo n nc araxonan nn Cronnnua, nn
cio «(npcxrnni». (Hnauc, noxnxo nccio npoucio, n (onycrnn
6i omn6xy, n6o ¬ro (ano 6i Koun n Haxo c xoxnanncn no:-
xo»nocri ononunricn na xcnn, xax «anrnmiocnana», «ccxranra»,
«ncnonpannxoio» n r.(.) Tax uro xaprnny omn6ox Ccnqyni
Mancmona n ocropo»no napnconan na cc ncrnnnox qonc, nrnc-
nyn cc n paxxn «nonoio», «mnpoxoio» (yxa, o xoropox mna
pcui n Icparc.
÷ B Icparc, ÷ orxcrnn n, n uacrnocrn, ÷ xi ncxann
ccxranrcrna (a»c rax, i(c cio nc 6ino, n ccxranrcrno 6ino
o6¡nnncno caxon 6onimon (nn naprnn onacnocrim. A ¬ro
6ino upcnaro 6onimnxn onacnocrnxn, n6o npnno(nno x roxy,
uro xono(an, n(o6anox nc oucni-ro onirnan naprnn, xax nama,
ncpcxo(nna n (pyiym xpannocri, ÷ na onnoprynncrnuccxnc
no:nnnn. Ionimc nccx, ÷ orxcrnn n, ÷ norcpnnn uyncrno
xcpi ronapnmn, xoropic nc nocunrannci c onirox namcn
naprnn n xoropic nn(cnn n npomnox o(ny ronixo «ccxranr-
cxym» rcn(cnnnm.
3(cci nc xccro pacnpocrpannricn o (oxna(c, c xoropix
26O
n nicrynnn na ¬rox Hncnyxc (on y»c ony6nnxonan
1
n qax-
rnuccxn npc(crannncr co6on ncpnin ncpccxorp 6cparcxoio
Hncnyxa), a nnmi xouy orxcrnri, uro xax Koun, rax n Haxo
(o xonna yxnonnnnci or raxoio iny6oxoio anann:a ncmcn, uro
xnc n 6pocnnoci n ina:a.
÷ Houcxy »c onn nc na:inamr :no cnonx nxcncx" ÷
cnpamnnan n cc6n. ÷ Iiri xo»cr, nx rpy(no npn:naricn n
rox, uro n Icparc onn omn6nnci" Houcxy onn rax npnxo(nr
n y»ac (a»c or o(noio ronixo ynoxnnannn cnona «6cparcxnn
Hncnyx»" ÷ Y xcnn ycnnnnanoci no(o:pcnnc, uro onn uro-ro
yrannann.
µpyioc, uro nc nonpannnoci xnc n nonc(cnnn Koun µ:o-
(:c n Haxo Cnnpy na V Hncnyxc, 6ina nx xannn n:o6pa»ari
cc6n rcxn, xro «ncxpin» ¬ro (cno n «cnac nono»cnnc».
B cnocx nicrynncnnn n cnonx pcnnnxax Koun µ:o(:c
no:ncnnunnan poni oxpy»anmnx cio «xa(pon», xoropic, no
cio cnonax, «xoncrarnponann» omn6xn Ccnqyni n (ann o
nnx :nari. 3axonunn c «xoncrarannnxn xa(pon», Koun onon-
unncn na Ccnqyny:
÷ Ti, ÷ cxa:an on cxy, ÷ xorcn y6c(nri nac n rox, uro
rnon nnnnn 6c:npc(nan, n ycrpannn xa(pi. Ti npnunnnn nax
6onimon npc(. Mi ynycrnnn n: nn(y xonrponi. Y nac nc
6ino nnnnn xonrponn, xi nc xonrponnponann. Hco6xo(nxo
noccranonnri xonrponi...
«Inannin cncnnanncr no xa(pax» ioronnncn :axnarnri
6pa:(i npanncnnn, orxpiri nnunic (cna. Ho( xacxon 6opi-
6i c npa»ccxnxn ¬ncxcnraxn, no(nanmnxn «no( nnnnnnc
onnoprynncrnuccxon nnnnn Mancmona», Koun µ:o(:c nan(cr
na:cnxn, uro6i nnnnm «xonrponn», cnc»xn, npccnc(onannn n
naxa:annn pacnpocrpannri no nccx nanpanncnnnx, oco6cnno
na na(c»nix naprnnnix n iocy(apcrncnnix pa6ornnxon.
Haxo Cnnpy, n cnom oucpc(i, «:acnyiy» npnnncinan «xo-
no(c»n», «ronapnmax, ornnuanmnxcn pcnonmnnonnix (yxox»,
________________________________________
1 Cx. Onncp Xo(»a, H:6pannic npon:nc(cnnn, r. I, crp. 517-562,
n:(. na pyc. n:., Tnpana, 1974.
261
«nponnnarcninix» ronapnmax, «pacxpinmnx» Ccnqyny Ma-
ncmona' µomcn on (o roio, uro orxpiro npornnonocrannn
xono(c»i naprnn.
÷ Tonapnmn n: xono(c»non opiann:annn, ÷ cxa:an
Haxo, ÷ noxa:ann cc6n 6oncc 6(nrcninixn, ucx naprnnnic
(cnrcnn, n ornomcnnn Ccnqyni Mancmona. Mono(c»i n co-
cronnnn ni(nniari yxcnic xa(pi, cnoco6nic ninonnnri nm-
6oc :a(annc n pa:pcmari nm6ym npo6ncxy'
Koncuno, nocnnrannic naprncn, xax xa(pi, rax n xono-
(c»i, (cnann n npo(on»ann (cnari cnoc (cno no nccx o6nac-
rnx, n naprnn nanpannnna, no((cp»nnana nx, nccxn cnnaxn no-
xoiana nx. Ho nc(i ornm(i nc crannncn nonpoc o rox, xro
ncpnix «pacxpin» Ccnqyny Mancmona ÷ xono(c»i nnn nap-
rnn, xa(pi nnn naprnn' Taxnc pa:(cncnnn, raxnc npornno-
nocranncnnn 6inn nc(onycrnxixn n onacnixn. Omn6xn Ccn-
qyni Mancmona pacxpinn naprnn, pa6ounn xnacc, nm(n n:
napo(a, n rox uncnc n xono(c»i n xa(pi. Mannn (cncnnn
na «xono(c»i» n «xa(pi» 6ina ncnpannninon n onacnon. H
rcx nc xcncc Koun µ:o(:c n Haxo Cnnpy xax na Hncnyxc,
rax n (o n nocnc ncio, paccxarpnnann n ni(anann xax xo-
no(c»i, rax n xa(pi (no( nnxn Koun no(pa:yxcnan npc»(c nccio
pa6ornnxon iocy(apcrncnnon 6c:onacnocrn, a :arcx n pa6ornn-
xon annapara) :a nnunic «ccxropi», i(c, no nx xncnnm, poni
npnna(nc»ana nc naprnnnix (npcxrnnax, a «pyxono(crny» co
croponi Koun n Haxo. Mi cmc na Hncnyxc o6nnunnn ¬rn
rcn(cnnnn (n ron xcpc, n xaxon onn nponnnnnnci n rc xoxcn-
ri), no nnocnc(crnnn xi cmc nyumc nincnnnn ncrnny n npo-
ncnn c Koun µ:o(:c n Haxo Cnnpy ocrpic (c6ari n cnopi
Ha Hncnyxc 6pocanaci n ina:a rax»c n:anxnan :no6a n
nc(ononicrno n ornomcnnnx xc»(y Koun µ:o(:c n Haxo
Cnnpy. Xorn n nonpocc ocy»(cnnn Ccnqyni n 6inn conn(ap-
ni, ro, xax onn o6nnuann cio n xax n:naiann qaxri, co:(a-
nano nncuarncnnc cnocio po(a concpnnuccrna xc»(y nnxn.
Bnocnc(crnnn ncc ¬ro ncnnino na noncpxnocri n 6ino (o-
xa:ano, uro xax Koun µ:o(:c, rax n Haxo Cnnpy ncc (cnann
n nnanc 6opi6i :a nnunym nnacri. Bnpoucx, o6 ¬rox pcui
non(cr nn»c. B (annox »c cnyuac nnrcpcc npc(crannncr ror
262
qaxr, uro na V Hncnyxc 6in y6pan n: namnx pn(on o(nn n:
nanonacncnmnx n nanxonapncnmnx npaion. Bcc ronapnmn cy-
pono ocy(nnn Ccnqyny Mancmona, n n ron nnn nnon xcpc
nincnnnoci, uro n ocnonc omn6ox Ccnqyni Mancmona nc»ann
nc npocro cio nnunic naxnonnocrn, cio ncrncp(in, onnopry-
nncrnuccxnn xapaxrcp.
Bcc ¬ro 6ino rax, no inannoc n rox, uro, no-ncpnix, na-
xnonnocrn Ccnqyni namnn onopnym 6a:y n «ycranonxc», (an-
non n Icparc Bcnnxnpox Cronnnucx; no-nropix, cymccrno-
nanman n namcx Honnr6mpo nc:(oponan arxocqcpa nc crana
6apicpox n nc 6inn co:(ani ycnonnn (nn roio, uro6i n ca-
xox :apo(imc npcccui ncnpannninic rcn(cnnnn Ccnqyni
Mancmona.
V Hncnyx nonnocrim no(rncp(nn ¬ry ncrnny. Mc»(y
rcx n 6in yncpcn, uro xi (onycrnnn 6i nocncmnocri, ccnn
6i nocnc(onann «:axnmucnnm» Koun, Haxo, Han(n Kpncro
n xoxnannn o rox, uro, «:no y»c ycrpancno», rax uro, xon,
«(cna non(yr na na(». Hcr, V Hncnyx ronixo orxcrnn, n ucx
ncrounnx :na, ycrpannn uacri ¬roio :na, no xopnn ocranannci
rax, i(c n 6inn. Pana xoina cnona :ainonricn n nanccrn nax
cmc 6onimnn ymcp6.
Oro no(rncp(nnoci cpa:y »c nocnc V Hncnyxa. Honnnn-
mnccn cmc no nropon nononnnc 1945 io(a ncpnic npn:naxn
:no6i n ornomcnnnx xc»(y Koun n Haxo, crann rcncpi ycy-
iy6nnricn n nponnnnricn orxpiro. Xo( co6irnn co:(anan
nonic cnryannn: ipi:nn xc»(y Haxo n Koun nono»nna xo-
ncn xocn n:onnnnn, ycranonncnnon nxn nocnc Icpara, onn
crann npnxo(nri xo xnc «»anonaricn», paccxa:inari o nono-
»cnnn (cn, npocnri xocio nxcmarcnicrna. Bcc 6onimc n
6onimc n :axcuan, uro npnno(nxic nxn «apiyxcnri» ionopnnn
cxopcc o nnunix ax6nnnnx xa»(oio, nc»cnn o npnnnnnnaninix
(cnax, cnn:annix c namnxn (cnaxn nnn c nnnncn noo6mc.
Orn nx ax6nnnn, xoropic ni:nann y xcnn ornpamcnnc,
(nn nnx, ccrccrncnno, nxcnn ncpnooucpc(noc :naucnnc, n
«npo(nn»cnnc» o(noio nc xoino nc 6ccnoxonri (pyioio.
Oro qaxr, uro nocnc ocno6o»(cnnn Koun µ:o(:c 6pan ncpx
na( Haxo, xorn y ncio nc 6ino nn xynirypi, nn ocrpori,
263
cnoncrncnnix Haxo. Ho Koun npo(nnnyncn noroxy, uro mio-
cnani crann npn(anari :naucnnc «xaxc(onny» Koun µ:o(:c,
onn naxaunnann n aqnmnponann cio, no nx nnanax nxcnno
on (on»cn 6in crari inannix. Koun nauan xo(nri n xyn(npc
co :nanncx «icncpan-ncnrcnanra», on 6in xnnncrpox nny-
rpcnnnx (cn n ccxpcrapcx naprnn no opiann:annonnix no-
npocax, no(o6no Panxonnuy n Kiocnannn. Cran on nccrn
cc6n ipy6o, caxo(ypcrnonari, npnxn(inanci «ncc:nammnx»
ucnoncxox.
Haxo Cnnpy c y(nnncnncx n rpcnoion cnc(nn :a ¬rnx
6icrpix pocrox Koun. On :nan cnoco6nocrn Koun, xoropic
6inn nourn panni nynm, cxy 6ino n:nccrno n namc o6mcc
xncnnc o ncx, rax uro on 6in yncpcn, uro xro-ro, xaxan-ro
nocroponnnn cnna naxaunnana Koun. Haxo nouynn, uro mio-
cnani no(no(nnn cio, uro cio ax6nnnn nc c6inannci. Ho nccn
ncponrnocrn, orcm(a n nauannci oxna»(cnnc Haxo c mio-
cnanaxn n opncnrnponxa cio na xoio-ro «6oncc cnninoio». Ho
o6 ¬rox pcui non(cr nn»c. Bnauanc Haxo cran o6ocrpnri
ipi:nm c Koun c ncnim onpoxnnyri ¬ry cnryannm nc nap-
rnnnixn xcro(axn n qopxaxn, a cnoncrncnnixn cxy xo:nn-
xn, qpaxnnonnon pa6oron.
«Bonni» Haxo crann cmc ncnocpc(crncnncc xarnricn na
xcnn, no nc orxpiro, nc ncxpcnno. Bxccro roio uro6i or-
xpiri xnc ccp(nc, paccxa:ari o6o nccx, ucio n uro on na(cnan,
on ncci(a xpnrnxonan Koun no( npc(noiox rcxymnx (cn.
To »c caxoc (cnan Koun n ornomcnnn Haxo. H: nccio ¬roio
n ninocnn :axnmucnnc, uro nponnncnnoc n Icparc nx «c(nn-
crno» (anano rpcmnni, uro nponnnnnnci rcn(cnnnn o6pa:o-
nannn (nyx ipynn ÷ ipynni Koun, Han(n, Kpncro Tcxcnixo
(xoropin nocnc Icpara oxonuarcnino cran ucnoncxox mio-
cnanon
1
) n ipynni Haxo Cnnpy c cio croponnnxaxn n: xono-
____________________________________
1 Ho( no:(cncrnncx Koun µ:o(:c n n pc:ynirarc (anncnnn n
aicnrypnon (cnrcninocrn rnronncn, Kpncro Tcxcnixo, nocnc 6cparcxoio
Hncnyxa, rax»c npnxxnyn x anrnxapxcncrcxon n anrnan6ancxon (cnrcni-
nocrn nn(cpon Icnipa(a n nx aicnrypi n An6annn. Koi(a 6ina pa:o6naucna
rnroncxan n:xcna n 6in pacxpir n pa:ipoxncn :aionop, cocranncnnin
miocnanaxn npornn cno6o(i n nc:anncnxocrn namcn crpani, Kpncro Tc-
264
(c»n ÷ unpn Icnnmona, 0a(nncx Haupaxn n (pyinxn. ¹ro-
»c xacacrcn Ic(pn Cnaxny n Tyxa 2xona, ro nnnori (o xonna
1945 io(a onn nn6o :annxann «ncnrpaninic» no:nnnn, nn6o
nicrynann na croponc Ccnqyni, a nocnc o6nnucnnn Ccnqyni
ocrannci n croponc.
B ro npcxn na namnx ina:ax cnyunnoci xnoio (pyinx
raxoio po(a nponcmccrnnn, n, xoi(a n pa:ximnnn o nnx, ncc
onn crcxannci x o(non rouxc, x o(noxy c(nncrncnnoxy ncrou-
nnxy ÷ x 6cparcxoxy Hncnyxy. Bor roi(a n namcn, uro
nacran xoxcnr nocrannri nonpoc n Honnr6mpo. Tax n n c(c-
nan. Kax n:nccrno, xon coo6pa»cnnn o6 ¬rnx nonpocax, o npn-
unnax n ncrounnxax nccio ¬roio n n:no»nn n xarcpnanc, co-
cranncnnox (nn Honnr6mpo n n:nccrnox no( na:nanncx
«Tc:nci o ncpccxorpc II Hncnyxa HK naprnn»
1
. Orn rc:nci
nonnocrim 6inn ony6nnxonani xnoio ncr na:a(, rax uro nc
npnxo(nrcn nnoni pacnpocrpannricn :(cci o nnx. Xouy roni-
xo orxcrnri, uro roi(a, ro ccri nccnon 1946 io(a, n orxpi-
ro n oqnnnanino n:no»nn n Honnr6mpo nino( o rox, uro
inannix anropox ipy6ix omn6ox, concpmcnnix na II Hncny-
xc, 6in miocnancxnn nocnancn Bcnnxnp Cronnnu, uro ncc
cio «rc:nci» n «(npcxrnni» 6inn ncncpnixn, a conn(apn:a-
____________________________________
xcnixo npn:nan cnom 6onimym nnnonnocri n cnon rn»xnc omn6xn
n nicrynnn c caxoxpnrnxon. Cnocn no:nnncn on noxoi KHA cmc
nyumc ninnnri rannic nnrn :aionopa, cocrpnnannoio miocnancxnx py-
xono(crnox n cio aicnrypon ÷ Koun µ:o(:c n xoxnannn. Bnn(y nccio
¬roio npornn Kpncro Tcxcnixo 6inn npnnnri ronixo naprnnnic xcpi
naxa:annn (on 6in ninc(cn n: cocrana Honnr6mpo, n xoropoc 6in
xoonrnponan ncrox 1946 io(a, n ncxnmucn n: HK KHA) n cxy 6ina
npc(ocranncna no:xo»nocri cnonx rpy(ox n npannninixn no:nnnnxn
ncxynnri nnny n ncnpannri npc»nnc omn6xn. Kpncro Tcxcnixo nicoxo
oncnnn ncnnxo(ymnoc n (o6po»cnarcninoc ornomcnnc naprnn x ncxy
n npnno»nn ncc cnni, uro6i c uccrim ninonnnri o6n:annocrn, no:no-
»cnnic na ncio n na»nix o6nacrnx napo(noio xo:nncrna. 3a xopomym
pa6ory n naprnnnocri, noxnxo nccio (pyioio, on naipa»(cn Hpc-
:n(nyxox Hapo(noio Co6pannn HPA.
1 Cx. Onncp Xo(»a, H:6pannic npon:nc(cnnn, r. I, crp. 589-623,
n:(. na pyc. n:., Tnpana, 1974.
265
nnn namnx ronapnmcn c nnxn npnncna xo nccx nocnc(ymmnx
rpy(nix cnryannnx. Orxcuan onacnocri ¬rnx (cncrnnn, ni-
:nanmnx n cmc npo(on»anmnx ni:inari pacxon, n cunran,
uro nocrynan npannnino, uro ¬ro 6ino nco6xo(nxo (nn npc(or-
npamcnnn (anincnmcio pacxona naprnn. C (pyion croponi, 6i-
no cpounon nco6xo(nxocrim yxa:ari ronapnmax, uro n pyxono(-
crnc orcyrcrnonano xapxcncrcxo-ncnnncxoc c(nncrno, a ¬ro ipo-
:nno ocna6ncnncx c(nncrna naprnn n napo(a, no¬roxy 6ino
a6conmrno nco6xo(nxo noccranonnri ¬ro c(nncrno n pyxo-
no(crnc naprnn n npc»(c nccio rax, i(c ono orcyrcrnonano,
n Impo.
Ha o(non n: pa6ounx ncrpcu n nicxa:an Koun n Haxo
¬ro cnoc xncnnc, no onn ncxounnn c xccra:
÷ 3aucx nax n:nricn :a anann: npomc(mnx co6irnn"
÷ 6y(ro 6c: xaxoio-nn6o yxicna onpocnn Koun. ÷ Icpar
xacancn ncpno(a nonni. Oror ncpno( y»c no:a(n. µa»c or-
nocnrcnino (nyx ncpnix ncr xnpnoio npcxcnn (cna nocra-
nnn na cnoc xccro V Hncnyx. Hc:aucx :annxaricn anann-
:axn.
B raxox »c (yxc no:pa:nn, raxnc »c apiyxcnri npnncn
n Haxo Cnnpy:
÷ Co»ancm, ÷ cxa:an n, ÷ no cpc(n nac n nocnc V
Hncnyxa ornomcnnn narnnyric. Bi ¬ro :nacrc nyumc nccx.
O6a no6aiponcnn n onycrnnn ionony. Hx crano ncnonxo
or n:o6nnucnnn n rox, uro xa»(in n: nnx n or(cninocrn
npnxo(nn xo xnc n »anonancn na (pyioio.
÷ £cnn y nac nopom n na6nm(amrcn narnnyric orno-
mcnnn, ro ¬ro no :no6o(ncnnix nonpocax, ÷ nonirancn
or(cnaricn Koun µ:o(:c.
÷ Hcr, ÷ cxa:an n n orncr, ÷ ni npc(crannnnn xnc
(cna n 6oncc xpaunox cncrc. B namcx pyxono(crnc ncr c(nn-
crna, n n nacrannam, uro :no na(o ncxari rax, i(c cio xopnn
÷ n 6cparcxox Hncnyxc. Ha(o ccpic:no o6cy(nri nonpoc
n Impo.
÷ Pa: ri nacrannacmi, (anan co6cpcxcn ronixo xi
nrpocx, ÷ ri, Haxo n n, ÷ cxa:an Koun µ:o(:c. ÷ Ocrani-
nix ronapnmax nc:aucx :annxaricn nponcmc(mnx n Icparc.
266
Ora cio xicni nopa:nna xcnn.
÷ Houcxy "÷ cnpocnn n. ÷ Hc npon:omno nn rax
uro-nn6y(i raxoc, o xoropox nc (on»ni :nari (pyinc" Onn
»c caxn 6inn na Hncnyxc. ..
÷ Iinn, no nc xax uncni Impo, ÷ :acrynnncn Haxo
Cnnpy :a cnocio concpnnxa-npornnnnxa. ÷ uyumc nccio 6y-
(cr, ccnn nonpoc o6cy(nx xi nrpocx.
Ora nx nnc:annan «conn(apn:annn» n raxoc npcxn, xoi(a
6ino n:nccrno, uro onn ioroni 6inn cxnarnri (pyi (pyia
:a inorxy, ycnnnna xoc no(o:pcnnc. Toi(a n pc:xo n pcmn-
rcnino cxa:an nx:
÷ Bropoio Icpara 6onimc n nc (onymy. µnn pcmcnnn
nnn o6cy»(cnnn or nxcnn Impo co6nparicn n croponc 6oni-
mc nc 6y(cx. 2 ioron nino»nri Impo cnon xicnn (nn
anann:a.
Onn 6inn niny»(cni coinacnricn, no nx norpnccnnc
6ino oucnn(nix. Hrax, n n:no»nn cnon xicnn n nn(c rc:n-
con, c caxoio nauana o6parnn nnnxannc ronapnmcn n Ho-
nnr6mpo na ro, uro xcnn 6ccnoxonno npc»(c nccio orcyr-
crnnc c(nncrna n Impo, no¬roxy na(o 6ino o6cy»(ari ¬ror
nonpoc, ncxpiri npnunni n ynyumnri nono»cnnc.
B ro »c npcxn n o6parnncn x Koun µ:o(:c n Haxo Cnnpy:
÷ Hrax, xoc y6c»(cnnc raxono, uro ncc nauanoci co
npcxcnn, xoi(a xi ioronnnn II Hncnyx, n nonnocrim pa:-
ncpnynoci na ¬rox »c Hncnyxc. Tax n na(o ncxari xopnn,
no¬roxy, oco6cnno ni, ronapnmn Koun n Haxo, a rax»c
n ri Han(n, (on»ni o6¡ncnnri nax: noucxy ni :annnn n
Icparc no:nnnm, n(ymym npa:pc: c nnnncn naprnn, noucxy
ni rax nicrynnnn c xpnrnxon n a(pcc naprnn, n: xaxnx
no:nnnn ni rax ncxo(nnn, no:(cncrnonan nn xro-nn6y(i
na nac n npn(cp»nnacrcci nn cmc cnonx npc»nnx n:inn(on"'
Orncra na ncc ¬rn nonpoci, ÷ no(ucpxnyn n, ÷ rpc6ym nc
uro6i npnnncui nac x orncrcrncnnocrn, a c rcx, uro6i pa:o-
6paricn n ¬rox (cnc xax nax, rax n nax, uro6i npn:nari
omn6xn, ncncnnricn nocpc(crnox 6onimcnncrcxon xpnrnxn n
caxoxpnrnxn n xopcnnix o6pa:ox ynyumnri nono»cnnc.
Hocnc ¬roio nauannci (ncxyccnn. O6a onn (onio co-
267
npornnnnnnci, onpan(inanci rcx, uro «n Icparc xi o6nnunnn
nnncnnn, a nc nnnnm», uro «xi nc xorcnn ncxa:nri npom-
noc», uro «6iri xo»cr, nxcnn xccro n ncpcin6i, no 6c:
:noio yxicna» n r.(.
Ha apiyxcnrax n (oxa:an nx, uro no(o6noio po(a onpa-
n(annn nc ni(cp»nnamr xpnrnxn. 2 nanoxnnn nx o6 nx
nccnpanc(nnnox n 6c::acrcnunnox nxcmarcnicrnc no npcxn
no(ioronxn xnom (oxna(a, no Haxo npc(ynpc(nn (ypnoc.
Iom nnny on n:nannn na Ccnqyny Mancmona.
÷ Hxcnno Ccnqyna :anyrinan nac cnonxn rcopnnxn,
÷ «conn(apn:onancn» c Haxo Koun µ:o(:c. ÷ On ionopnn,
uro na(o no(ioronnri conn(nin (oxna(, n xi npc(ocrannnn
cxy ¬ro (cno.
Tax npo(on»ann xi (nc nnn rpn noun, niranci (o6-
paricn (o ncrnni, no Koun, Han(n n Haxo Cnnpy ynnnn-
nann or ncnxon ncrnni.
Kax n n io(i nonni, :acc(annn Impo xi n n ¬ror ncpno(
npono(nnn nouim. B ocnonnox co6npannci xi n xocx (oxc, oc-
no6o»(ann o(ny n: xoxnar, xoropym n ncnoni:onan n xauccrnc
pa6oucio xa6nncra, n uacro npo(on»ann o6cy»(ari (cna nourn
(o caxoio yrpa. Hcpc(xo (nc ronixo xoi(a xi o6cy»(ann
6cparcxnc nonpoci, no n panimc, n no:(ncc) (c6ari o6pama-
nnci n ncpc6panxy, n ionoca rax nonimannci, uro nac cni-
mann nc ronixo xo:ncna (oxa, no n xaxon-nn6y(i npoxo»nn,
xoropin cnyuanno npoxo(nn no ynnnc nouim. (Toi(a ynnna
pn(ox c (oxox, i(c n »nn n npo(on»am »nri, nc 6ina
:a6noxnponana, rax uro no ncn xoinn cno6o(no xo(nri, xax
ionopnr, nc ronixo (o6pic, no n :nic.)
Ha ccn pa: ro»c 6inn xoxcnri o6ocrpcnnn, o(naxo na(o
orxcrnri, uro xax Haxo, rax n Koun n Han(n Kpncro y»c
nonn:nnn ron, uro panimc 6inano oucni pc(xo. Onn cronnn
na «o6oponnrcninix no:nnnnx» n xorcnn, uro6i ncc npoxo-
(nno «rnxo-xnpno», ncnn cc6n, xax «anicni», uro6i ciopnua
nc yponnri ucio-nn6o nc»cnarcninoio.
Ic(pn n Tyx, xax o6iuno, cncpna (cnann 6onimnc ina:a
or roio, uro cnimann, a norox, 6cpn cnono, nc :nann, xo-
xy yio(nri, a xoxy ncr. 2 ocranancn o(nnx npornn rpcx, n:
268
nonnn, uro npn raxon o6cranonxc (animc n(rn nncpc( 6ino
ncno:xo»no. 2 nncc npc(no»cnnc pacmnpnri cocran Honnr-
6mpo :a cucr nonix ronapnmcn, uin cnona n xicnn (on»ni
6inn cnoco6crnonari nincncnnm ¬ron npo6ncxi, xax n n:-
xcncnnm n ynyumcnnm cnryannn.
÷ 3axonunx ¬ror anann:, ÷ cxa:an Koun µ:o(:c, ÷ a
norox nn(no 6y(cr. ÷ Tcncpi nc na(o, uro6i n (pyinc :a-
nnnnci ¬ron ncropncn.
÷ Bi »c nn(nrc, uro 6c: yuacrnn nonix ronapnmcn
nax nc ninrn n: ¬roio nono»cnnn, ÷ no:pa:nn n µ:o(:c.
÷ Kpoxc noni:i nnucio nnoxoio nc 6y(cr, ccnn xi nonon-
nnx cocran Impo, ccnn y nac 6y(yr n xncnnc n cy»(cnnc no-
nix ronapnmcn.
Cnona pa:iopcncn cnop. Koun, Haxo n Han(n no:pa»ann
oco6cnno npornn ncxc(ncnnoio nxnmucnnn nonix ronapnmcn
n Impo. «Ho:(ncc, ÷ ionopnnn onn, ÷ xo»no 6y(cr».
Orno»nnn xi :acc(annc na cnc(ymmym noui (nc(i 6ino
oucni no:(no) (nn npo(on»cnnn o6cy»(cnnn xonx rc:ncon
n nncccnnn npc(no»cnnn o pacmnpcnnn Impo.
O(naxo na cnc(ymmnn (cni ncc 6ino npnocranonncno:
B(pyi n: Icnipa(a nocrynnnn «xopomnc» nccrn. Cpouno ni-
:inann ry(a Haxo Cnnpy n (nyx-rpcx (pyinx ronapnmcn-xo-
:nncrncnnnxon (nn o6cy»(cnnn na»nix (nn namcn crpani
n an6ancxo-miocnancxnx ornomcnnn npo6ncx. Kiocnancxan
xnccnn n Tnpanc «c pa(ocrim» coo6mnna nax, uro 6inn npn-
nnri ncc xcpi: 6nncri 6inn ioroni, xccra n caxoncrc ÷ :a-
6ponnponani. «Tonixo ronapnmy Haxo Cnnpy xax xo»no
cxopcc nincrcri»'
Ora nco»n(annan nccri xcnn n nopa(onana, n y(nnnna.
Mi caxn (anno nipa:nnn »cnannc nccrn c miocnancxnx py-
xono(crnox ncpcionopi no nonpocax n:anxoornomcnnn, oco-
6cnno n ¬xonoxnuccxon o6nacrn, no xonxpcrnoio orncra nc
nonyuann. «Tonapnmn :annri, ÷ orncuan nax Hocnn Icpin,
÷ xax ronixo ocno6o(nrcn, onn npnxyr nac. Mi (py:in,
nonnxacx :a6ori (pyi (pyia, rax uro nc 6ccnoxonrcci».
H nor nyrn orxpinnci' µa xoi(a"' Kax pa: n pa:iap (c-
6aron o ncpccxorpc ipy6on omn6xn npomnoio' Kaxoc crcuc-
nnc o6cronrcnicrn'
269
Ho no(rncp(nnoci, uro ¬ro ornm(i nc 6ino crcucnncx
o6cronrcnicrn' «µo6po»cnarcninoc» ornomcnnc miocnancxnx
ronapnmcn, no «npn orcrynncnnn», «n:(ancxa», xonunnoci. Bn-
(nxo, onn 6inn cninann:nponani o nponcxo(nnmcx n namcx
Impo. Houynnn onacnocri roio, uro xoiyr 6iri ninc(cni na
uncrym no(y, uro xo»cr 6iri pacxpir cocrpnnannin nxn n
Icparc :aionop n ryr »c npnnnnn xcpi. Hx ncpnix maiox
6ino cpounoc npninamcnnc Haxo Cnnpy n Icnipa(. Ornpa-
nnnn xi cio cmc na :anrpamnnn nnn nocnc:anrpamnnn (cni,
(an cxy coorncrcrnymmnc naxa:i, n nccxonixo (ncn cnycrn
nocnc cio ornpanncnnn ry(a, n cxa:an ronapnmax:
÷ µananrc npo(on»nx :acc(annc'
÷ Ic: Haxo" ÷ no(npiinyn omcnoxncnnin Koun. ÷
Hcr, ¬roio ncni:n (cnari. Y ncio cnon xicnn, on (on»cn
6iri :(cci, uro6i nicxa:ari nx. On xo»cr cxa:ari, uro xi
pa:ionapnnann :a cnnnon y ncio. Ti :nacmi, on nn :a uro, nn
npo uro o6pymnnacrcn na xcnn.
÷ ua(no, ÷ cxa:an n, ÷ no(o»(cx no:npamcnnn Haxo,
a norox npo(on»nx.
Mc»(y rcx Haxo npcxn or npcxcnn npncinan nax nccrn
n: Icnipa(a.
Hcpnoc, uro «noconcronann» cxy Kap(cni n Iinnnc cpa:y
»c nocnc ncrpcun c nnx, ¬ro «6ccxoncuno orxna(inari naxc-
ucnnin naxn na V Hncnyxc cpox co:ina I c¡c:(a KHA
1
. «µa-
»c xi cmc nc co:inacx cnocio c¡c:(a, ÷ ionopnnn cxy ioc-
no(a, ÷ a nc ro, uro ni, nconirnic». Onn nicrannnn cxy
ynxy «rpy(nocrcn» (no(ioronxa (oxna(on, pc:onmnnn; uro
ni 6y(crc o6cy»(ari, xax 6y(crc opiann:onari cio; uro 6y(crc
ionopnri o namcn nnnnn, xax 6y(crc nicrynari, ncianino nnn
ncncianino, n r.(. n r.n.), a :arcx cxa:ann cxy:
÷ Ho(o»(nrc, noxa xi nponc(cx cnon c¡c:(, nocxo-
rpnrc, xax xi cio 6y(cx npono(nri, no(ioronircci, npnnc-
cnrc cm(a xarcpnani, uro6i xi npocxorpcnn nx, a :arcx
y» pcmanrc, co:nari nnn ncr nam c¡c:(. ¹ro »c xacacrcn
nyrn cio nponc(cnnn, ÷ (o6annnn onn,÷ xi cunracx nc-
_____________________________________
1 V Hncnyx HK KHA npnnnn pcmcnnc co:nari I c¡c:( naprnn n
Tnpanc 25 xan 1946 i.
27O
nccoo6pa:nix, uro6i c¡c:( npoxo(nn nrannc, ncncianino,
uro6i nc o6ocrpnnnci nn nnyrpcnnnn pcaxnnn, nn nncmnnn'
Tax nocrynnnn xi co c¡c:(ox KH Ccp6nn
1
.
2 nnxoi(a nc coinamancn c no(o6nixn «concraxn» miocnan-
cxnx ronapnmcn, no oco6cnno nx nacronrcninoc rpc6onannc
cxpinari cymccrnonannc naprnn xa:anoci xnc nacronixo ncnc-
nix n cxcmnix, nacxonixo n onacnix. Tcx nc xcncc xon no:-
pa»cnnn n Honnr6mpo naranxnnannci na «c(nncrno» ocraninix
ronapnmcn, xoropic nc ronixo nonropnnn «apiyxcnri Kap(cnn
n Iinnnca, no n «orxpinann» (pyinc, no:(nnian nx ncpc(o xnon
6appnxa(on, uro6i o6ccncunri no6c(y cnocio rc:nca. ¹ro xaca-
crcn orno»cnnn cpoxa co:ina c¡c:(a, ro xi ncc panno orno»nnn
6i cio n 6c: «concron» miocnancxnx ronapnmcn, no no concp-
mcnno nnix xornnax n npnunnax, a nc no rcx, xoropic npn-
no(nnn Kap(cni n Iinnnc. C¡c:( (on»cn 6in 6iri orno»cn
noroxy, uro xi cmc nc xoinn (oionopnricn n Impo o rox,
xax nanrn xopnn :na, (a n noroxy, uro xi »(ann Haxo, uro6i
(animc npo(on»nri (ncxyccnm.
Hacxonixo n noxnm, Haxo no:nparnncn n: Icnipa(a n
xac, n rcx npcxcncx n:no»cnnic na npc(i(ymnx :acc(annnx
xicnn o ncpccxorpc 6cparcxoio Hncnyxa n nauan nyumc
cncrcxarn:nponari nncixcnno, n nn(c (oxna(a. Oro 6in no-
cnc(nnn napnanr (nxcnno ror, xoropin ony6nnxonan), po:-
(annin xnom n nauanc nmnn 1946 io(a uncnax Impo (nn
urcnnn n n:yucnnn.
÷ Tax nyumc 6y(cr, ÷ cxa:an n nx. ÷ Hc cnc(ycr xax
n ncpnin pa: :arcpnricn n 6ccxoncunix (ncxyccnnx. Ha(o
nccx ccpic:no no(ioronnricn n nicxa:aricn.
3acc(annc no:o6nonnnoci nccxonixo (ncn cnycrn. Cnona
ro »c (anncnnc c ron nnmi pa:nnncn, uro na ¬ror pa: qpa-
:i n «apiyxcnri» Koun n Haxo 6inn 6oncc «o6(yxannixn»,
6oncc «n:yucnnixn» n (a»c naunncnnic nc6onimon (o:on
«caxoxpnrnxn». Kax ncpnin mai, ¬ro nc rax y» nnoxo 6ino.
Iy(cx npo(on»ari (animc.
______________________________________
1 Oror c¡c:( npoxo(nn n no(nonic n Icnipa(c c 8 no 12 xan
1945 i.
271
Ho xi nc xoinn npo(on»nri. B xon a(pcc nocrynnna
cpounan pa(noipaxxa. Hanpannnn cc Xmcnn Kano, xoropin
n ro npcxn 6in namnx nocnox n Kiocnannn. £io ni:nan
«Mapxo» (Panxonnu cmc coxpannn xnnuxy nocnnoio npcxc-
nn) n coo6mnn cxy, uro na ccn pa: onn cpouno npninamann
n Icnipa( Onncpa Xo(»a' O»n(ann ronixo xoc cnono,
coinaccn nn n nnn ncr «xax xo»no cxopcc» nicxari n Icn-
ipa(, i(c xcnn »(ana «ncnnuccrncnnan» ncrpcua
1
.
Coo6mcnnc, 6cccnopno, o6pa(onano xcnn n n npnnnn
«ycnonnn», ro ccri coinacnncn nicxari «xax xo»no cxopcc».
Ho nocxorpnrc, xaxoc nonoc crcucnnc o6cronrcnicrn, npnucx
no o(non n ron »c npo6ncxc: xoi(a xi nncpnic nocrannnn
n Impo nonpoc o ncpccxorpc 6cparcxoio Hncnyxa, (py:in
cpouno ni:nann Haxo, rcncpi, xax ronixo xi no:o6nonnnn
npcpnannoc :acc(annc, onn ni:inamr xcnn'
Ho n ¬ro nc 6ino crcucnncx o6cronrcnicrn. Koun µ:o(:c,
nnc ncnxoio coxncnnn, cnona cninann:nponan cnonx xo:ncn
o xocx nacronrcninox rpc6onannn, n onn namnn ncxapcrno.
H, uro6i n nicxan «xax xo»no cxopcc», onn ynoxnnann
xnc Tnro, Iinnnca n caxoio Crannna' £crccrncnno, onn cra-
nnnn n xoc pacnopn»cnnc «cronixo caxoncron, cxonixo xnc
ny»no 6y(cr», n o6cmann «ncnnuccrncnnym ncrpcuy», nnmi 6i
n nicxan'
Honyunn ¬ry nccri, n, npan(a, no6ccnoxonncn o rox,
uro cnona npcpinancn nco6xo(nxin anann:, no, xax-nnxax,
noc:(xy n Icnipa( n cunran na»nix xoxcnrox (nn namnx
(cn ÷ xax n nnanc namnx ornomcnnn c Kiocnanncn, rax n
n xc»(ynapo(nox nnanc. Ho¬roxy xi npcpnann Icpar. Hcpc(
naxn cronn Icnipa(, on cpouno nac ni:inan.
_________________________________________
1 «Mapxo cxa:an xnc, ÷ nncan, n uacrnocrn, Xmcnn Kano, ÷ uro
xopomo 6y(cr, ccnn Onncp npnc(cr xax xo»no cxopcc, no no:xo»nocrn.
n nocxpcccnic. O»n(acrcn ronixo namc xncnnc. µnn namcio npnc:(a
onn nocrannr n pacnopn»cnnc cronixo caxoncron, cxonixo n ¬rox 6y(cr
nco6xo(nxocri. Haxcpcnamrcn ycrponri nax ncnnuccrncnnym ncrpcuy»
(Faouoepa++a om !9.6.!946 e. HHA.)
27
IV
V TWTO
Tn1o nconnuanno npnrnamac1 mcnn n Bcnrpau *
Oqnnnanunmc ncpcronopm mcnuy an6anckoü ucnc-
ranncü n mrocnanckoü ucncranncü. Faccmo1pcnnc
nonpoca Koconm n upyrnx an6ancknx kpacn n Kro-
cnannn * Tn1o c1pcmn1cn norno1n1u ncc Banka-
nm * Uonn1nka macconoro ynnu1oncnnn n Koconc
* Hnanc1no n ckanuanunan pockomu Tn1o * O nn-
:n1ax n Xopna1nm n Cnoncnnm * Ucpcmonnn n Upc-
:nunymc Krocnanckoü Ckynmnnm * Hc1pcua c Tn1o
n Bncuc. «Ham Tn1o» nnn «±yuc a non»? * ±oronop
o upyn6c n n:anmonomomn * «Uomomu» no kannnm.
C npoci6on ornpannri n Kiocnannm no:inannncxym xnom
npannrcnicrncnnym (cnciannm nicmcio yponnn, xi o6parn-
nnci x miocnancxnx ronapnmax y»c (anno. Hoc:(xon ry(a
¬ron oqnnnaninon (cnciannn xi crpcxnnnci c(cnari (pyion
na»nin mai no nyrn (anincnmcio yxpcnncnnn n:anxnix (py-
»ccxnx ornomcnnn xc»(y namnxn crpanaxn, napo(axn n
naprnnxn, pocra npccrn»a namnx crpan na (xc»(ynapo(non
apcnc, ncnoni:onannn co:(anmnxcn no:xo»nocrcn (nn o6cy»-
(cnnn na nicmcx yponnc pa:nnunix, npc(crannnnmnx o6om(-
nin nnrcpcc npo6ncx nonnrnuccxoio, ¬xonoxnuccxoio n (py-
ioio xapaxrcpa.
Kiocnancxoc pyxono(crno orncrnno nax, uro n npnnnnnc
273
ono coinacno 6ino n no(xo(nmnn xoxcnr npnnnri (cnciannm
nicmcio yponnn, o(naxo npomnn ncnic xccnni, a orncr ocra-
nancn nono»nrcninix, no ronixo «n npnnnnnc». Onpan(inann
onn ¬ry :arn»xy cnonxn xnoiouncncnnixn :a6oraxn n npo-
6ncxaxn n, caxo co6on pa:yxccrcn, ¬ro 6ina cocronrcninan
npnunna. Ho n ro »c npcxn xi :axcuann n uro-ro (pyioc:
c o(non croponi, miocnancxnc ronapnmn 6inn «oucni :ann-
ri» (cnaxn n :a6oraxn, rax uro «nc xoinn npnnnri n 6nn»an-
mcc npcxn» (cnciannm, no:inannncxym xnom, a c (pyion, Iin-
nnc, Kap(cni n cax Tnro naxo(nnn npcxn npnnnxari c:(nnmnc
ry(a namn xono(c»nic (cnciannn nnn pa6ounc ipynni n
npono(nri c nnxn (nnrcninic 6ccc(i, naxo(nnn npcxn npnnn-
xari (a»c unpn Icia' Hy uro n ionopnri o Koun µ:o(:c,
Haxo Cnnpy n Ccnqync Mancmona ((o cio ocy»(cnnn),
xoropix, xoi(a c:(nnn n Icnipa(, onn ncrpcuann rax, uro Koun
«nc xoi xnc n nipa»ari cnonaxn'».
Hccxorpn na ¬ro, xi npo(on»ann onpan(inari nx rcx,
uro, 6iri xo»cr, onn nc xoinn npnnnri xcnn noroxy, uro,
xax ionopnn Haxo Cnnpy, «nicmnn yponcni» (cnciannn rpc-
6onan 6onimnx npc(napnrcninix npnioronncnnn ('), a, 6iri
xo»cr, noroxy, uro noc:(xy ny»no 6ino concpmnri n na»-
nin nannonaninin nnn xc»(ynapo(nin xoxcnr, 6iri xo-
»cr. . .
Mo»no npnnccrn :(cci cmc xnoio «6iri xo»cr» or-
nocnrcnino npnunn, no(o6nix rcx, xoropic n ynoxnnyn nimc
(y xa»(on n: nnx cnoc o6¡ncncnnc), o(naxo, no-xocxy, inan-
nan npnunna :arn»xn (cna c noc:(xon namcn (cnciannn
n Icnipa( :axnmuanaci n (pyiox «6iri xo»cr»: miocnancxnc
pyxono(nrcnn, nancpnoc, nc xorcnn, uro6i ncpnym oqnnn-
aninym (cnciannm nicmcio yponnn no:inannnn n' Ho(no»nn
xnni n Icparc, onn »(ann xocio cxopcnmcio orcrpancnnn or
pyxono(crna (nc(i onn :nann, uro n Impo, n:6pannox n Ic-
parc, n 6in o(nn npornn ucripcx, uro6i nc cxa:ari o(nn
npornn nccx mccrn ronapnmcn), cnc(onarcnino, »(ann xocio
cxcmcnnn, crano 6iri, »(ann, uro6i (cnciannm no:inannnn
ror, xro (on»cn 6in cxcnnri xcnn ÷ nx nannyumnn (pyi,
Koun µ:o(:c.
274
Ory xom innorc:y n ocnoninam nc ronixo na 6ccuncncn-
nix qaxrax, no(rncp(nnmnx, uro miocnancxoc pyxono(crno
xorcno orcrpannri xcnn cmc n Icparc, a npn ncno:xo»nocrn
÷ no:(ncc. Ocnoninam cc na oipoxnox xno»ccrnc (pyinx
qaxron, n rox uncnc na nnxopa(ounix nonirxax Tnro c xox-
nanncn xcmari n, no xcpc no:xo»nocrn, copnari noc:(xy na-
mcn (cnciannn roio »c yponnn n Mocxny ÷ x Crannny, n
Ioniapnm ÷ x µnxnrpony n r.(.
Kax n y»c ionopnn, xi roi(a xnoioio nc :nann n no¬-
roxy nax ocrananoci ronixo »(ari. H nxcnno n ro npcxn,
xoi(a npnnnnnci :a o6cy»(cnnc n Impo «Tc:ncon o ncpc-
cxorpc II Hncnyxa HK KHA», xi nonyunnn nccri o rox,
uro nyri n Icnipa( 6in orxpir.
Mi npcpnann ncc (cna n, nnn(y roio, uro nax npc(cronno
nicxari n 6nn»anmcc npcxn, cmc pa: cncrcxarn:nponann
nonpoci, xoropic (on»ni 6inn o6cy»(ari c miocnancxnx
pyxono(crnox n c Tnro.
B rc xoxcnri ncpc( naxn, xax n ncpc( nccxn (pyinxn
crpanaxn napo(non (cxoxparnn, ncranan nonpoc o rox, uro-
6i nama ¬xonoxnxa 6ina nc crnxnnnon, a opiann:onannon,
ro ccri pa:nnnammcncn no nnany connanncrnuccxon ¬xono-
xnxon. Hccxorpn na 6onimym 6c(nocri, ynacnc(onannym or
npomnoio n or nonni, xi npncrynnnn x ¬roxy (cny c nponc-
(cnnn pn(a xpynnix npco6pa:ymmnx connaninix n ¬xono-
xnuccxnx pcqopx npannninix, xapxcncrcxo-ncnnncxnx ny-
rcx. Mi or(anann cc6c orucr n rox, uro n (cnc connanncrn-
uccxoio crponrcnicrna nax ny»no 6ino onnparicn n ncpnym
oucpc(i na cnon nnyrpcnnnc cnni, o(naxo corpy(nnuccrno
n noxomi nncmnnx (py:cn, oco6cnno n ron ncpnon qa:c,
6inn (nn nac ny»nixn n nco6xo(nxixn.
Hoxnxo nccio (pyioio, n ¬ron ocnonnon o6nacrn, xoro-
pan noinomana n (on»na 6ina n n 6y(ymcx noinomari ncnc-
cnxacxic cnni n ¬ncpinm, y nac nc(ocranano nc ronixo
cpc(crn n qon(on, no n onira. Mi n:yuann xapxcncrcxo-
ncnnncxym nnrcparypy, rpy(i xnaccnxon xapxcn:xa-ncnn-
nn:xa, orpa»cnnin n nnrcparypc onir crponrcnicrna co-
nnann:xa n Concrcxox Com:c, no, pa:yxccrcn, no o(nnx
275
ronixo xnniax cio ncni:n 6ino n:yunri. Mi y»c (cnann
ncpnic main n na npaxrnuccxox nonpnmc, o(naxo ¬ro 6ino
cmc nauanox nccx nauan. B uacrnocrn, na V Hncnyxc HK
naprnn 6ina oco6o no(ucpxnyra nco6xo(nxocri nipa6orxn
n nocnc(onarcninoio ocymccrnncnnn npannninoio xypca na
connanncrnuccxoc npco6pa:onannc crpani. Iino pcmcno pa:-
nnnari ¬xonoxnxy no nnany, xoropin xi (on»ni 6inn ax-
xyparno cocrannri cnonxn co6crncnnixn cnnaxn, o(naxo npn
cio pa:pa6orxc xi cunrann nco6xo(nxix xoncynirnpo-
naricn c (py:inxn. Hrax, noc ¬ro (on»no 6ino cocrannnri
o(nn n: ocnonnix nonpocon, xoropic namcn (cnciannn npc(-
cronno o6cy»(ari c miocnancxnx pyxono(crnox n c Tnro.
Kax n y»c ionopnn, n anpcnc xccnnc onn ni:nann ry(a Haxo,
xoropin nxcn c miocnancxnxn ronapnmaxn-¬xonoxncraxn
nco(noxparnic 6ccc(i, rax uro ornocnrcnino ¬roio nonpoca
xoc-xaxan npc(napnrcninan pa6ora 6ina y»c nponc(cna. Ha-
ma (cnciannn naxcpcnanaci xacarcnino ¬roio nonpoca nonpo-
cnri miocnancxnx ronapnmcn noxoui nax cocrannri ¬xono-
xnuccxnn nnan no xpanncn xcpc (nyxncrncn ncpcncxrnni,
uro6i :arcx xo»no 6ino n(rn no nyrn cocranncnnn nnrnncr-
ncio nnana.
C miocnanaxn xi y»c (oionopnnnci o6cy»(ari n pcmnri
n ncpnym oucpc(i nonpoc :axnmucnnn (oionopa o (py»6c n
n:anxonoxomn xc»(y (nyxn namnxn crpanaxn, uro xi cun-
rann 6onimnx nonnrnuccxnx n ¬xonoxnuccxnx ycncxox, xax
n ycncxox n o6nacrn o6oponi. K ¬roxy xi no(ioronnnnci
co nccn ccpic:nocrim nnn(y 6onimoio nnrcpcca, xoropin
npc(crannnnn (py»ccrncnnic ornomcnnn xc»(y (nyxn na-
mnxn com:nixn connanncrnuccxnxn crpanaxn, a rax»c n
nnrcpccax (anincnmcio ¬xonoxnuccxoio pa:nnrnn, n nnrc-
pccax o6oponi namnx (nyx connanncrnuccxnx crpan, oxpy-
»cnnix c :ana(a n c mia npa»(c6nixn nax iocy(apcrnaxn,
n n ro »c npcxn (nyx napo(no-(cxoxparnuccxnx iocy(apcrn-
yuacrnnxon connanncrnuccxoio naicpn, no:inannncxoio Co-
ncrcxnx Com:ox.
Mi nncpnic cxann :a ipannny n xauccrnc npc(crannrc-
ncn napo(noio npannrcnicrna n, xoncuno, cxann n (py»c-
276
crncnnym nax crpany, n npn ¬rox cunrann cnonx ncpnoouc-
pc(nix (oniox ncpc(ari (py:inx, ÷ xax miocnancxoxy na-
po(y, rax n cio pyxono(crny, ÷ uncric uyncrna namcio na-
po(a, uyncrna ncxpcnncn (py»6i, n paccxa:ari nx o namcn
o6¡cxrnnnon (cncrnnrcninocrn. B coorncrcrnnn c ¬ron (cn-
crnnrcninocrim, xax n c nx pcaninix nono»cnncx, c xoro-
pix onn, no(o6no nax, (on»ni 6inn o:naxoxnri nac, xi
naxcpcnannci n:no»nri nx cnon :anpoci n o:naxoxnri nx
c namnxn no:xo»nocrnxn, orxpiro n ncxpcnnc o6cy»(ari
nx n npnnrn x pcmcnnnx o6om(noio nnrcpcca.
µpyian npnunna roio, noucxy xi pa(onannci npc(cron-
mcn ncrpcuc c Tnro, :axnmuanaci n oucni rccnix n oucni
ncxpcnnnx ornomcnnnx, cymccrnonanmnx (xax xi nonaiann
n ro npcxn) xc»(y Concrcxnx Com:ox n Kiocnanncn, xc»(y
Crannnix n Tnro. Y nac 6ino nncuarncnnc n xi ncpnnn (a
n ¬rox xncnnn nac yxpcnnnnn rax»c naxo(nnmnccn n Tnpanc
concrcxnc nm(n, nc ionopn y»c o caxnx miocnanax), uro «Tnro
o6o nccx (oionapnnacrcn co Crannnix, xoncynirnpycrcn c
nnx» n r.(. Ho¬roxy xi (yxann roi(a, uro o6o nccx, o ucx
6y(cx ionopnri n pcmari c Tnro, y:nacr n Crannn, n on
6y(cr coinaccn c naxn. Hpn ncno:xo»nocrn ncrynari n ro
npcxn n xaxnc-nn6o cnn:n co Crannnix (npnxic an6ancxo-
concrcxnc ornomcnnn ucpc: concrcxym xnccnm, xoropan, na-
cxonixo n noxnm, ronixo uro 6ina orxpira n Tnpanc, 6inn
oucni 6nc(nixn, n ¬ro nc no namcn nnnc), xi (yxann, uro
ncrpcua c Tnro nnnrcn, xax cxa:ari, cnocio po(a ncpc(aucn
n pa:nnrncx rax»c n:inn(on Crannna.
To, uro nncan nax Xmcnn n pa(noipaxxc, a nxcnno, uro
«Tnro y»c (oionopnncn co Crannnix, xoropin nono»nrcni-
no orncccn x noc:(xc namcn (cnciannn n Icnipa(», cmc
6onimc yxpcnnno n nac na(c»(y, uro ucpc: Tnro xi ycni-
mnx rax»c xncnnc n concri Crannna.
Koncuno, no nccx nonpocax, xoropic xi (on»ni 6inn
o6cy»(ari n pcmari, y nac 6inn cnon nnnnn, cnon n:inn(i,
cnon coo6pa»cnnn n xi 6inn y6c»(cni n nx npannninocrn.
µoionop o (py»6c n n:anxonoxomn, xoropin xorcnn :axnmunri
c nnxn, xi nc ninpamnnann, xi 6inn npcncnonncni pcmn-
277
xocrn nc (onycrnri, uro6i xori cxonixo-nn6y(i 6inn ymc-
xncni »n:ncnnic nnrcpcci namcn connanncrnuccxon Po-
(nni. Mi nponnnann xponi nxcnno (nn roio, uro6i 6onimc
nc nonropnnoci npomnoc. B ro npcxn xi ncpnnn, uro n mio-
cnani (yxann ro »c caxoc.
Mi no(ioronnnnci n:no»nri miocnancxnx ronapnmax n
namn n:inn(i na xc»(ynapo(nym o6cranonxy cxno:i npn:xy
roi(amnnx xon¡mnxryp, ocranannnnanci npn ¬rox oco6cnno
na npa»ccxnx n (nncpcnonnix (cncrnnnx, xoropic ipcuc-
cxnc xonapxo-qamncri concpmann na namnx m»nix ipa-
nnnax, a nraninncxnc ncoqamncri, no((cp»nnacxic anino-
axcpnxannaxn ÷ na namcn xopcxon ipannnc n n namcx no:-
(ymnox npocrpancrnc. Mi xorcnn napnconari miocnancxnx
(py:inx ncnym xaprnny namcio oucni :(oponoio nnyrpcnncio
nonnrnuccxoio nono»cnnn, craninix cnn:cn naprnn c na-
po(ox, orxcuari nx ycncxn n nc(ocrarxn n namcn pa6orc. Kio-
cnancxnc ronapnmn (on»ni 6inn nixnnyri n: iononi n xa-
xon-nn6y(i ryxan, n xaxym-nn6y(i ncncnocri, ni:nannic rcn-
(cnnno:nixn, nc o6¡cxrnnnixn (oncccnnnxn, xoropic, na-
ncpnoc, npncinann nx rc, xro nc xorcn pa:nnrnn npannninix
nyrcx (py»6i xc»(y (nyxn namnxn crpanaxn. Mi, xoncuno,
naxcpcnannci xax xo»no 6onimc yunricn na miocnancxox
onirc n o6nacrn opiann:annonnon pa6ori, pa6ori concron,
naprnnnon n xo:nncrncnnon pa6ori, a rax»c n nocnnon o6-
nacrn, n6o cunrann cio ny»nix n ro npcxn. Iinn na:nauc-
ni (a»c ronapnmn, xoropic (on»ni 6inn oco6cnno no(io-
ronnricn x o6cy»(cnnm ¬rnx nonpocon n nonrn n cocran
(cnciannn, uncnaxn xoropon, noxnxo xcnn, (on»ni 6inn
6iri, nacxonixo n noxnm, n Haxo Cnnpy, Mmcnnx Hc:a n
nam nocon n Icnipa(c Xmcnn Kano n (pyinc.
Haxoncn, xi no(yxann npcno(nccrn Tnro xaxon-nn6y(i
no(apox. Crann noxari cc6c ionony na( rcx, uro cxy npcno(-
nccrn, n6o nc xorcnn ocpaxnricn, no nnucio no(xo(nmcio
nc naxo(nnn. Mnc npnmna n ionony n(cn no(apnri cxy or-
(cnannin ccpc6pox crapnnnin an6ancxnn nncroncr, o ucx
n n cxa:an namnx ronapnmax. Oro npcxpacnin no(apox.
Tonapnmn pa:(cnnnn xoc xncnnc. Bi:nann xi Crcpno Iic-
278
xopcnn n nopyunnn cxy nanrn raxon nncroncr. On cxa:an,
uro npn xonqncxannn nxymccrna y o(noio xnncnnnioncxoio
npccrynnnxa 6inn nan(cni rpn npcxpacnix nncroncra, cpc(n
xoropix xi ni6npari xoinn. Mi cxa:ann cxy npnnccrn nx,
n, xoi(a on npnncc nx, n xa6nncrc c naxn 6in n npc(crann-
rcni Kiocnannn, Hocnn Icpin. Oro (cncrnnrcnino 6inn xpa-
cnnic nncroncri. 2 ni6pan o(nn n: nnx n cxa:an miocnany,
:aucx on xnc ny»cn 6in. On pa:inn(cn cio n, ocranmnci
oucni (ononinix namnx ni6opox, 6c: xancnixn cri(a cxa:an:
÷ Tnro 6y(cr 6c:xcpno (ononcn, npnmnnrc cxy ncc rpn
nncroncra.
¹ro xoinn xi cxa:ari ¬roxy cxonn(oxy"' Ocrananoci
nnmi npnnnri cio npc(no»cnnc. (Tax uro Tnro n:nn rpn
or(cnannix ccpc6pox nncroncra n nono»nn nx n cnon no-
(apounin apccnan.)
Ho nor cmc o(na xcnoui, xoropym xi npo:cnann: y
xcnn nc 6ino ny»non icncpanicxon qopxi' 2 xorcn noc-
xari n mrarcxox, no ronapnmn nacrannann na rox, uro xnc
ny»no 6ino n:nri c co6on n icncpanicxym qopxy, nocxoni-
xy 6in n Inannoxoxan(ymmnx. O6iunan qopxa 6ina y xcnn,
a «napa(non» nc 6ino. Ho¬roxy nax na(o 6ino xax-nn6y(i
o6:anccrnci raxon qopxon, naunnan or 6ornnox c nocxox
n xonuan icncpanicxon qypa»xon. Xopomo, uro 6ornnxn n:-
ioronnnn, cmnnn n cnnnc 6pmxn c xpacnixn naxnacaxn, no
ny»no 6ino nanrn cmc xnrcni, nor n ucx 6c(a' Bi:inam x
cc6c n xa6nncr Coxonona (concrcxoio nocnnoio arramc n
Tnpanc) n ionopm cxy:
÷ £cri y rc6n nnmnnn xnrcni"
÷ 3aucx on nax" ÷ cnpocnn ror.
÷ Hc cnpamnnan, ÷ ionopm n cxy, ÷ ny-xa cnnxn
rnon xnrcni n (an xnc nonpo6onari'
Ha(cn cio, n ynn(cn, uro on na xnc xan. Toi(a n pac-
cxa:an cxy o cnocn :a6orc. Coxonon orncuacr:
÷ £cri y xcnn nccmnrin orpc:ox nocnnoio cyxna; n
npnmnm cio nax, n, ccnn nonpannrcn ÷ cmcnrc n: ncio xn-
rcni n qypa»xy.
Tax xi pa:pcmnnn n nonpoc o «napa(non qopxc». Mi
279
»(ann ronixo naxcucnnon naxn (ari ornpanncnnn, n n:
«ncoipannucnnoio» uncna caxoncron, nocranncnnix n namc
pacnopn»cnnc, n nonpocnn nnmi o(nn n (a»c cxa:an Icpic,
uro, n cnyuac ccnn y nnx rpy(no 6y(cr, ro nycri :a6ponnpy-
mr 5-6 xccr n pcnconox caxoncrc.
÷ µa uro ni ionopnrc' ÷ oro:nancn Icpin. ÷ Bi xo-
»crc :axa:ari cronixo caxoncron, cxonixo nax xoucrcn. Iy-
(cr cncnnaninin caxoncr.
Caxoncr npn6in, n ncpnan (cnciannn Hapo(non Pcc-
ny6nnxn An6annn ornpannnaci n Icnipa( c (py»ccxnx nn-
:nrox
1
.
Ocxarpnnan n: oxna caxoncra :cxnn ¹cpnoiopnn n (py-
inx xpacn Kiocnannn, n c iny6oxon 6onim n 6onimnx yna-
»cnncx (yxan o cornnx xonx ronapnmcn-naprn:an, nanmnx
n ¬rnx xpanx n 6opi6c c ncxcnxnxn qamncraxn. µnc (nnn-
:nn, cocronnmnc n: an6ancxnx mnomcn n (cnymcx, no npn-
xa:y, or(annoxy xnom n: Icpara naxanync nonnoio ocno-
6o»(cnnn An6annn, ncpcmnn ipannny n n »ccroxnx cxnarxax
c :axnarunxaxn crn»ann cnany n ¬rnx xpanx cnonx icpon:-
xox, caxoorncp»cnnocrim, (ncnnnnnnnponannocrim, nnrcp-
nannonann:xox n nonncxon (o6nccrim. C 6opra caxoncra
n c nm6onim (yxan o6 an6ancxnx xarcpnx, xoropic, nc xopi-
nyn ina:ox, ornpannnn cnonx cinoncn n (oucpcn na 6opi6y
:a ocno6o»(cnnc Po(nni, a npcxn norpc6onano or ¬rnx nap-
ncn n (cnymcx, nocnnrannix naprncn xoxxynncron, (yxari
n o cno6o(c cocc(nnx napo(on n (a»c nponnnari :a ncc
xponi. Ticnun n: nnx ncpnynnci n: ¬rnx icponuccxnx 6nrn,
(yxan n n rc xoxcnri, a cornn nann na nonnx cpa»cnnn na
rcppnropnn Kiocnannn; cornn an6ancxnx xarcpcn »(yr, uro-
6i xi npnnc:nn nx cnnric ocranxn nx cinon. Oro, cxa:an n
npo cc6n, xi c(cnacx, ¬ro nam (oni, onn 6y(yr noxonricn
n caxix xpacnnix xccrax cnocn Po(nni, i(c noxoncnnn na
________________________________
1 Hpannrcnicrncnnan (cnciannn HP An6annn, no:inannncxan rona-
pnmcx Onncpox Xo(»a, naxo(nnaci c nn:nrox n 0HP Kiocnannn c
23 nmnn no 2 nmnn 1946 io(a.
28O
nporn»cnnn nccn ncropnn 6y(yr nocncnari nx cnany n ic-
pon:x
1
.
Caxoncr ncrcn y»c na( Icnipa(ox n xi c nicori cxo-
rpcnn na cronnny. Hocnn Icpin crapancn uro-ro yxa:ari nax
nanincx, no n nnucio nc xoi :aqnxcnponari, n6o rpy(no 6ino
c caxoncra :naxoxnricn c iopo(ox, xoropin n noccman nncp-
nic. B ro »c npcxn xi 6inn n:nonnonannic oco6cnno noroxy,
uro nncpnic ncrpcrnxcn c Tnro n (pyinxn miocnancxnxn py-
xono(nmnxn ronapnmaxn. Mi y»c na( a¬po(poxox, caxoncr
npn:cxnncrcn, cxoni:nr, ocranannnnacrcn, orxpinacrcn (ncpi.
Hac ncrpcuacr xno»ccrno nm(cn, con(ari; rax »c nocnnin
(yxonon opxccrp. Hax nnxoi(a panimc nc npnxo(nnoci yua-
crnonari n raxnx ncpcxonnnx, onn 6inn nax nc:naxoxi, n
xi (on»ni 6inn nponnnnri ocropo»nocri, uro6i nc (onycrnri
xaxym-nn6y(i omn6xy n rax na:inacxix nporoxoninix nopn(-
xax. Mi (cnacx nccxonixo maion, a nancrpcuy nax n(cr Tnro.
On no(acr nax pyxy, xpcnxo c»nxacr cc. Mi (yxann, uro
o6nnxcxcn, xax ¬ro npnnnro y nac. µa ncr. µpyinc nopn(xn n
o6iuan. Bnpoucx xi nncxonixo nc o6parnnn na nnx nnnxa-
nnn. 2 no oucpc(n npc(crannn Tnro nccx ronapnmcn, n xi
ycnimann :nyxn namcio Inxna :naxcnn. Mi nirnnynnci n
:nax nourcnnn; nocnc namcio inxna 6in ncnonncn miocnan-
cxnn inxn. 3arcx Tnro npninacnn xcnn crari n npanym cropony
n xi o6omnn noucrnin xapayn. «Con(ari ÷ xax namn, ÷ iono-
pnn n npo cc6n, ÷ 6inmnc naprn:ani, cxcnic». Tonixo o(c»-
(a y nnx nyumc namcn, a opy»nc ÷ 6oncc nonoc, concrcxoc.
Hamc opy»nc ÷ rpoqcnnoc. 3arcx Tnro npc(crannn nax
miocnancxnx (cnrcncn, ncrpcuanmnx nac na a¬po(poxc, a na
nocnc(ymmnx ncrpcuax no:naxoxnn xcnn n c (pyinxn mio-
cnancxnxn naprnnnixn n iocy(apcrncnnixn (cnrcnnxn. Ioni-
mnncrno n: nnx (:a ncxnmucnncx Iinnnca, o(na»(i rpan-
:nrox npocxanmcio ucpc: An6annm) xi nn(cnn nncpnic:
__________________________________
1 Ocranxn corcn namnx naprn:an, nanmnx n Koconc, ¹cpnoiopnn
n r.n. npnnc:cni n An6annm n noxoponcni na Kna(6nmc Hanmnx
Icpocn Hannn n na xna(6nmax nanmnx icpocn coorncrcrnymmnx pan-
onon n 1947 n 1975 io(ax.
281
Kap(cnn, Bnaxona, Panxonnua, Cnxnua, Hin(c, Hononnua,
Honanonnua, Kn(pnua n (p. Bcpcnnna anroxo6nncn, npoc-
xan ucpc: Icnipa(, npn6ina n µc(nnm, i(c naxo(nnaci nama
pc:n(cnnnn.
÷ Oipoxnan, upc:niuannan uccri' ÷ ncnnnrno ionopnn
Icpin. ÷ Oro µc(nnn, :(cci inannan pc:n(cnnnn caxoio Tnro'
Kax nax ionopnnn n xax xi caxn ynn(cnn no:(ncc, on
»nn n pa6oran n inannox (nopnc 6inmnx ccp6cxnx xoponcn.
B ro npcxn, xax ncpcnnna anroxo6nncn xc(ncnno rnnynaci no
ynnnax napxa, Icpin nanincx yxa:inan xnc na xaxoc-ro
:(annc.
÷ Bor, ÷ cxa:an on, ÷ Icnin µnopcn, (nopcn 6inmnx
xoponcn. Tcncpi on nam, Tnro'
Hpocxan cmc ncxnoio no napxy, xamnni ocranonnnnci.
÷ µnopcn 6inmcio npnnna-pcicnra' ÷ ionopnr xnc
Icpin. ÷ Tcncpi ni »nri rax 6y(crc.
2 nc npn(an xaxoio-nn6o :naucnnn ¬rnx no(po6nocrnx,
xax n xnoinx (pyinx :naxax nnnxannn x namcn (cnciannn,
xoropic Hocnn Icpin cunran «na»nixn, upc:niuannixn».
Ornx on xorcn y6c(nri nac n npon:nccrn na nac nncuarncnnc,
uro o6 An6annn nponnnnnn «upc:niuannym :a6ory n nm6oni»
n uro (nn namcn (cnciannn (cnann, xon, raxoc n npnnnxann
raxnc xcpi, ucio nc (cnann (nn (pyinx (cnciannn. Koncuno,
¬ra :a(aua, :a(aua npcyncnnunnari n npnyxpamnnari ncmn,
6ina nopyucna miocnancxoxy nocny n Tnpanc.
Hocnc or(ixa onn coo6mnnn nax (nc noxnnrcn xopomo,
n ror »c (cni nnn n cnc(ymmnn), uro xi (on»ni 6inn na-
nccrn Tnro nn:nr nc»nnnocrn n Icnox µnopnc. µnn oxpy»an-
mnx nac miocnanon (cno ¬ro 6ino cnnmxox cno»nix: Kaxnc
xocrmxi xi (on»ni 6inn o(cri, uro6i nonrn x Tnro"
O(cnirc nor ¬ror xocrmx, o(cnirc (pyion. Hporoxon cmc n ro
npcxn nauan cnom pa6ory no «(nopnc Tnro». µnn nac »c (cno
6ino oucni npocro. Y nac 6ino nccio (na xocrmxa: npccnony-
rin nocnnin, o xoropox n ionopnn nimc, n o(nn mrarcxnn.
Ho¬roxy xi o(cnnci n mrarcxnc. B xonnc xonnon, xi mnn x
namcxy ronapnmy, 6in on xoxxynncrox xax n xi' H nomnn
x ncxy ncmxox ucpc: napx.
282
Co nccx cropon (nopcn cropo»nnn nm(n, o(cric n «no-
ncnixnc» xyn(npi n noopy»cnnic anroxaraxn. 3aucx ncn
¬ra crpa»a" ÷ ionopnn n npo cc6n, ncnoxnnan, uro xon (ox
oxpannnn ronixo (na naprn:ana, a no ynnnc ncpc( nnx nm(n
npoxo(nnn n ro npcxn cno6o(no. O(naxo n ryr »c naxo(nn
«npnunny»: «Ioniman crpana, a cax Tnro ncnnxan nnunocri,
xopomo n (cnamr, uro cio rax oxpannmr». Hcpc( (nopnox
6in nicranncn noucrnin xapayn, n xonax (nopna ncc 6ino
npc(ycxorpcno, naunnan c o(c»non mcrxn n nnnori (o ucno-
ncxa, xoropin (on»cn 6in rpnnxon ouncrnri nax nanincnnic
(opoion ucpc: napx 6ornnxn' ÷ K Tnro ny»no xo(nri «mc-
ioncx»' ÷ ionopnnn xi npo cc6n. H no(yxari ronixo, uro
¬rn cxcniuaxn, ounmammnc 6ornnxn n ycny»nnno cycrnmnccn,
cmc io( c nnmnnx na:a( cpa»annci n »nnn naprn:ancxon
»n:nim'
Bomnn n 6onimon canon (nopna. Pocxomi. Bo inanc ca-
nona, n ncnrpc, no( xaxon-ro xaprnnon cronn o(nn ronixo
Tnro, o(crin n 6cnym xapmanicxym qopxy, cio nopornnx n
pyxana yxpamann no:onoucnnic nncrxn n :nc:(i, na ipy(n
6ino y ncio :naunrcninoc uncno op(cncxnx ncnr. Bncno or
ncio cronn pn( ronapnmcn, uncnon Honnr6mpo KHK n xn-
nncrpon; no o6cnx croponax canona ÷ xpccna crapoio qpan-
ny:cxoio crnnn XVII n XVIII ncxon, n ccpc(nnc canona ÷
xpacnnic ncpcn(cxnc xonpi. C (ncpcn canona (o roio xccra,
i(c xi no(ann pyxy Tnro, xoropin nc (nnnyncn c xccra,
noxa:anoci, 6y(ro npomnn ncnin xnnoxcrp.
Kax ronixo xi ccnn, nac nauann yiomari cniapcraxn n
nannrxaxn. Tnro no(nnn rocr :a (py»6y xc»(y (nyxn namn-
xn napo(axn n :a nac, :a(an nccxonixo o6mnx nonpocon o
namcn crpanc, o noio(c, xynirypax, xacnnnax n ancnicnnax.
Mi no6naio(apnnn cio, ncpc(ann cxy npnncr namcio napo(a,
naprnn, apxnn n nonpomannci c nnx. Hcpnin nporoxoninin
npncx y Tnro (nnncn nc 6oncc nonuaca. Hocnn Icpin nc
:axc(nnn cxa:ari, uro npncx «npomcn oucni xopomo», n nonro-
pnri cnona, xoropic y ncio nc cxo(nnn c ycr: «n:yxnrcninin»,
«ncxnmunrcnino ccp(cunin», «pc(xo 6inacr rax na npncxax
y Tnro», n r.(.
283
Ho nporoxony Tnro (on»cn 6in nanccrn nax orncrnin
nn:nr, no on ¬roio nc c(cnan, nxccro «cio npnmnn (pyinc
ronapnmn, xoropic cxa:ann nax, uro Tnro «npocnn npomc-
nnn, rax xax y ncio nimno oucni na»noc n cpounoc (cno»
n r.(. n r.n. Ho roi(a xi concpmcnno nc o6pamann nnnxa-
nnn na raxnc ncmn n nnxaxoio nonnrnn nc nxcnn o nporoxo-
nax. K roxy »c c naxn 6in Hocnn Icpin, xoropin nccxy
naxo(nn «npnunni». Ba»no 6ino (nn nac ro, xoi(a naunyrcn
c miocnancxnxn ronapnmaxn (cnonic ncpcionopi c ncnim
pa:pcmnri n nocrannri na npannninin nyri pn( npo6ncx.
µcni ncpcionopon 6in naxcucn.
Kax n y»c ionopnn, xi 6inn y»c no(ioronncni x ¬rnx
ncpcionopax. Kiocnancxym (cnciannm no:inannnn Tnro. B
xocn pcun, xoropym xi no(ioronnnn cmc n Tnpanc, n crapan-
cn 6iri xax xo»no 6oncc naxonnunix, o6¡cxrnnnix n pcann-
crnunix. Caxn npo6ncxi namcn crpani 6inn n ro npcxn
rpy(nopa:pcmnxixn, no caxn no cc6c, xax npo6ncxi, onn
nc 6inn cno»nixn. Mi co:nanann, uro xanoncnncx pyxn
ncni:n 6ino ncc pa:pcmnri, n uro xi nc xoinn npocnri y
Kiocnannn roio, uro cn 6ino nc no( cnny. Hac :annxann
npc»(c nccio ¬xonoxnuccxnc nonpoci, no¬roxy xi nonpocnnn
y nnx noxomn xpc(nraxn. Kpc(nri, xoropix xi npocnnn y
nnx, ny»ni 6inn nax (nn pa:nnrnn ccnicxoio xo:nncrna n
npoximncnnocrn. ¹ro xacacrcn ccnicxoio xo:nncrna, ro y
nac nc xnarano (a»c npocrcnmnx ccnicxoxo:nncrncnnix opy-
(nn, naunnan c »cnc:non coxn n xonuan 6oponaxn n cpc(-
crnaxn (nn npononxn. Koncuno, xi nonpocnnn y nnx n nc-
cxonixo rpaxropon n (pyinx ccnicxoxo:nncrncnnix xcxann:xon
n: uncna rcx, uro onn nonyuann n: Concrcxoio Com:a, KHPA
n r.(.; nonpocnnn xi y nnx rax»c ncxnoio ccxnn :cpnonix
n rcxnnuccxnx xyniryp n (pyinx no(o6noio po(a xarcpnanon.
Kax nn(no, namn :anpoci 6inn cxpoxnixn, :anpocaxn ncnxy-
mnx, o(naxo nnoio nyrn y nac nc 6ino'
¹ro xacacrcn npoximncnnocrn, ro xi nponnqopxnpona-
nn miocnanon o namcx noncrnnc 6c(crncnnox nono»cnnn. Ha-
ma crpana nc ynacnc(onana or npomnoio nnucio (pyioio, xpo-
xc orcranoio pcxccncnnnuccrna, xoropoc xi npo(on»ann no(-
284
(cp»nnari. Hxcnmnccn y nac ncxnoiouncncnnic, crapic, xcn-
xnc, axoprn:nponannic, x roxy »c pa:pymcnnic nonnon qa-
6pnxn, xi orpcxonrnponann rax, xax cxoinn, no xo»no npc(-
crannri cc6c, xax ocrpo xi ny»(annci n :anacnix uacrnx x
¬rnx crapix xamnnax, x ¬rnx crapix anroxo6nnnx n ycno-
nnnx, xoi(a y nac nc 6ino xorn 6i o(noio xcxannuccxoio
:ano(a, xoropin xo»no 6ino na:inari :ano(ox n nonnox cxi-
cnc ¬roio cnona. Bcc, uro nxcnoci n crpanc, 6ino nnc(cno
n crpon namnxn co6crncnnixn cnnaxn, a rcncpi ¬ro ny»no
6ino no((cp»nnari, unnnri n (ononnnri, n6o norpc6nocrn n
nnx yncnnunnannci.
Ba»noc :naucnnc (nn namcn ¬xonoxnxn nxcno (anincn-
mcc pa:nnrnc py(nnxon n maxr, nax na(o 6ino npouno onn-
paricn na nx pa:nnrnc n ¬xcnnyarannm. Ho¬roxy xi nonpo-
cnnn miocnanon noxoui nax n (cnc (anincnmcio pa:nnrnn
npoximncnnocrn no (o6iuc ncqrn, 6nryxa, xax n xpoxonon,
xc(non n (pyinx py(. Mi nonpocnnn nx noxoui nax, no xcpc
nx no:xo»nocrcn, n crponrcnicrnc nccxonixnx nc6onimnx
npc(npnnrnn ncixon npoximncnnocrn (nn y(onncrnopcnnn nc-
orno»nix n nacymnix norpc6nocrcn namcn crpani.
C(cnan o6:op xc»(ynapo(noio nono»cnnn n paccxa:an
nx rax»c o rox, uro nponcxo(nno na namnx m»nix ipann-
nax, n nicxa:an miocnancxnx ronapnmax n Tnro namc xnc-
nnc o nco6xo(nxocrn :axnmunri (oionop xc»(y (nyxn na-
mnxn crpanaxn, (oionop o (py»6c n n:anxonoxomn, xaxon
Kiocnannn y»c :axnmunna c ocraninixn crpanaxn napo(non
(cxoxparnn. 2 orxcrnn npn ¬rox, uro ¬ror (oionop oucni ny-
»cn oco6cnno (nn :amnri cno6o(i, nc:anncnxocrn n cyncpcnn-
rcra HPA OT nocronnnix no»(cncnnn nxncpnanncron, ipcuc-
cxnx xonapxo-qamncron n nraninncxnx ncoqamncron. 2 no(-
ucpxnyn, uro (oionop ¬ror cmc 6onimc ynpounr ncxpcnnmm
(py»6y xc»(y (nyxn namnxn napo(axn n 6y(cr cny»nri,
no(o6no (pyinx (oionopax, :axnmucnnix crpanaxn napo(-
non (cxoxparnn c Concrcxnx Com:ox, xax n xc»(y nnxn
caxnxn, yxpcnncnnm namnx crpan. B ro »c npcxn n ionopnn
miocnancxnx ronapnmax n Tnro o 6onimon nm6nn n npc(an-
285
nocrn namcio napo(a, namcn naprnn n namcn apxnn CCCP n
ncnnxoxy Crannny.
Hoxa n ionopnn, Tnro ncn xaxnc-ro :anncn n cnocx 6nox-
norc n nocronnno xypnn n: xyn(mryxa c n:oinyrix n nn(c
rpy6xn xonnox. On nocnn ouxn, 6in ncci(a ccpic:nix, xxy-
pix, cnonno nnanmnn n iny6oxoc pa:(yxic. Hax xa:anoci,
uro on nnnxarcnino cnyman. Bpcxn or npcxcnn nanonnnn cro-
nnmym ncpc( nnx na cronc xpy»xy xnncpaninon no(on n
ninnnan cc. Hocnc xocio n:no»cnnn, xi c(cnann ncpcpin,
on noncn nac n 6yqcrnin :an, i(c croni 6inn noxpiri
ncnxon ncnunnon, naunnan c ropron n cocncox n nnnori (o
cnnnonnni n npoxna(nrcninix nannrxon. Tax Tnro nauan
pa:ionapnnari, myrnri co OIOHMH ronapnmaxn n cxcnricn 6c:
oco6ix npnunn, npocro pa(n npcxnnpcnpono»(cnnn; ncpcno(-
unxn ncc ncpcno(nnn nax. Bnocnc(crnnn raxnc myrxn n 6ccc-
(i Tnro c Momc Hin(c noxa:annci xnc nourn o(nnaxonixn
c myrxaxn n 6ccc(axn Xpymcna n Mnxonna, xoropic, co6n-
panci nxccrc, noc npcxn (cnann ro »c caxoc.
Hocnc ncpcpina ncpcionopi no:o6nonnnnci, n cnono n:nn
Tnro. On c(cnan nax o6:op xc»(ynapo(noio nono»cnnn ro-
io ncpno(a, o6pymnnanci npn ¬rox na nxncpnanncron n
pcaxnnonnic npannrcnicrna. Xopomo no(ucpxnyn on «ncnnxym»
poni connanncrnuccxon Kiocnannn nc ronixo na Ianxanax, no
n n £nponc n oco6cnno n napo(no-(cxoxparnuccxnx crpanax,
xoncuno, nocnc Concrcxoio Com:a, ÷ orxcrnn on. Hnucio no-
(o:pnrcninoio nc :axcrnnn xi n cio cnonax, xpoxc «rop»c-
crncnnoio» rona, «anropnrapnix» cnon n roio oco6oio :naucnnn,
xoropoc on npn(anan cnonx cnonax, xoi(a ionopnn «rax-ro n
cxa:an roxy», «rax-ro n cxa:an (pyioxy».
C(cnan on rax»c xparxnn ncropnuccxnn o6:op 6opi6i c
ncxnaxn, c icncpanox µpa»a Mnxannonnucx n c ¬xnipannon-
nix npannrcnicrnox n uon(onc. Tyr on nc npcxnnyn orxc-
rnri «yxcnnc n xnrpocri ¹cpunnnn», c xoropix cxy npnmnoci
ncrynnri n cronxnoncnnc n c xoropix npo(on»anoci o6cy»(c-
nnc nonpoca o Bcncnnn-µ»ynnn.
O6 ¬xonoxnuccxnx nonpocax Kiocnannn on ionopnn xpar-
286
xo, cxa:an ronixo «y nac xnoio rpy(nocrcn» n ncpcmcn x na-
mcxy nonpocy, o xoropox orxcrnn: «Hc:anncnxo or ¬rnx rpy(-
nocrcn, xi (on»ni noxoiari nax no xcpc namnx no:xo»-
nocrcn». Tnro cxa:an, uro c nx croponi onn na:nauar (nn
¬roio (cna ronapnma Iopnca Kn(pnua.
÷ Ha:nauirc n ni namcio ronapnma, ÷ oxa:an on, ÷ n
nycri onn paccxarpnnamr ncc namn ¬xonoxnuccxnc npo6ncxi
n :arcx npc(crannr nx nax (nn npnnnrnn pcmcnnn.
Mi (oionopnnnci o rox, uro6i ¬rnx nonpocox npo(on-
»an :annxaricn Haxo Cnnpy, xoropin n n anpcnc naxo(nncn
n Kiocnannn (nn o6cy»(cnnn nxcnno raxnx npo6ncx. Haxo
Cnnpy 6in n ro npcxn y nac xnnncrpox ¬xonoxnxn n npc(cc-
(arcncx Iocy(apcrncnnon Hnanonon Koxnccnn n, na:nauan
cio ncnocpc(crncnno nccrn ncpcionopi c miocnanaxn o6 ¬xo-
noxnuccxnx nonpocax, xi xorcnn noxa:ari, xaxoc :naucnnc
npn(anann ¬rnx npo6ncxax.
Hocnc roio, xax n nponnqopxnponan nx o pa:nnrnn npo-
cncmcnnn n xynirypi n namcn crpanc n npc(crannn ncxoro-
pic :anpoci n ¬rox nanpanncnnn, oco6cnno o npnnnrnn nc-
cxonixnx an6ancxnx cry(cnron n Icnipa(cxnn ynnncpcnrcr, Tn-
ro cnpocnn xcnn, uro n (yxan o pcmcnnn nonpoca Koconi n
(pyinx an6ancxnx xpacn n Kiocnannn. Hoxonuan, uro6i co-
6paricn c xicnnxn n xax xo»no 6oncc c»aro n nonno n:no-
»nri namn n:inn(i na ¬ry na»nym npo6ncxy, n cxa:an cxy:
÷ Bax n:nccrni ncropnuccxnc nccnpanc(nnnocrn, concp-
mcnnic n ornomcnnn An6annn pa:nnunixn nxncpnanncraxn
n ncnnxoccp6cxon pcaxnncn. Bax n:nccrni rax»c npnnnn-
nnaninan no:nnnn, xoropym nama naprnn :annxana no npcxn
Hannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninon 6opi6i, n (o6poc »cnannc na-
mcio napo(a »nri n (py»6c c napo(axn Kiocnannn.
Horox n nicxa:an Tnro xncnnc an6ancxon croponi o rox,
uro Kocona n (pyinc :accncnnic an6annaxn xpan n Kiocna-
nnn npnna(nc»ar An6annn n (on»ni 6iri no:npamcni cn.
÷ An6anni, ÷ cxa:an n cxy, ÷ 6oponnci :a cno6o(nym
n cyncpcnnym An6annm, x xoropon rcncpi (on»ni 6iri npn-
coc(nncni n an6ancxnc xpan Kiocnannn. Hacrano npcxn npa-
287
nnninoio pa:pcmcnnn namnxn naprnnxn ¬ron nannonaninon
npo6ncxi.
Hpc:n(cnr Tnro orncrnn:
÷ 2 pa:(cnnm namy rouxy :pcnnn, no (o nopi (o npc-
xcnn xi nc xo»cx c(cnari ¬roio, n6o ccp6i nc nonxyr nac.
3arcx Tnro ncpcmcn x (pyioxy nonpocy, x nonpocy o
rax na:inacxon «Ianxancxon qc(cpannn» n cnpocnn xoc xnc-
nnc no ¬roxy nonpocy.
÷ H(cn o6 ¬rox nonpocc, ÷ orncrnn n, ÷ (anno cymc-
crnonana. An6ancxnc (cxoxpari n anrn:oincri, n rox uncnc
n xoxxynncri-¬xnipanri, ncrynnnn n cnn:i c Koxnnrcpnox
n co:(ann nonnrnuccxym opiann:annm KOHAP£
1
.
Iy(yun n cnn:nx c ronapnmcx µnxnrponix, ¬ra opiann-
:annn nocnpnnnna n(cm Koxnnrcpna o «Ianxancxon xonqc(c-
pannn» n nponaian(nponana cc. Ora n(cn ni(nnianaci n
ocnonnox n npnnnnnc n xacanaci 6ocnoio corpy(nnuccrna pa6o-
ucio xnacca n napo(on Ianxan n 6opi6c c qco(aninixn xo-
napxnuccxnxn pc»nxaxn. Hcpcncxrnna ¬roio nonpoca 6ina
ncncnon n :axpiron.
÷ Mnc caxoxy, xoi(a 6in cry(cnrox n Kopunncxox nn-
ncc, no oco6cnno xoi(a nocxan no 0pannnm na yuc6y, cnyua-
noci unrari ia:cry KOHAP£ «unpnn Kox6crapc» («Hannonani-
nan cno6o(a»), a rax»c nonyuari or(cninic noxcpa »ypnana
«Ia Icdcfation Balcaniquc». B nnx nnoi(a ynoxnnanaci n(cn
«Ianxancxon qc(cpannn», no ncci(a xax nonpoc nnn no:yni
6y(ymcio.
Haunnan Hannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninym 6opi6y, xax n
n xo(c cc, ÷ orxcrnn n (animc, ÷ xi nnxoi(a nc (yxann o6
¬ron npo6ncxc, n ¬ra n(cn 6ina :axcncna n(ccn conxccrnon
6opi6i 6anxancxnx napo(on c nann-qamncrcxnxn :axnarunxa-
xn. Ccnqyna Mancmona, nocnc cnocio no:npamcnnn n: ¬xn-
ipannn, nauan rcopcrn:nponari nax o nonpocc «Ianxancxon
xonqc(cpannn» nnn «Ianxancxon qc(cpannn».
B npnnnnnc ¬ry n(cm xi naxo(nnn npannninon n roi(a
ncpcncxrnna nc 6ina y»c raxon :axpiron, no nco6xo(nxo
___________________________________
1 Hannonaninin Pcnonmnnonnin Koxnrcr.
288
6ino xnoio pa6orari, na(o 6ino, n ncpnym oucpc(i, o(cp»ari
no6c(y n 6opi6c npornn nann-qamncrcxnx :axnarunxon.
Mi npo(on»acx npn(cp»nnaricn roio »c xncnnn, o(na-
xo na(o, uro6i cnryannn na:pcnn, na(o xnoio pa6orari (nn
npco(oncnnn crapon npa»(i, xcrarn, nax xorcnoci 6i, uro-
6i ni cmc nyumc pa:¡ncnnnn nax ¬ry croni na»nym npo-
6ncxy, rax xax nax nc n:nccrna nn nama rouxa :pcnnn, nn
rouxa :pcnnn 6oniap n ipcxon.
Tnro oucni nnnxarcnino xcnn cnyman n, xoi(a n xonunn,
cxa:an:
÷ 2 concpmcnno npannnino nac nonnn, ronapnm Onncp,
n coinaccn co cxa:annix naxn. H xi cronnn n cronx :a co:(a-
nnc raxon qc(cpannn, npnnaiann n 6y(cx npnnaiari n xon-
xpcrnic ycnnnn, no ¬ro, xax ni y»c oxa:ann, rpy(nan npo6nc-
xa, xoropym ncni:n ryr »c pa:pcmnri n xoropan nc or nac
ronixo :anncnr. B cnom oucpc(i, xi n no(xo(nmcc npcxn
nicrynnx c xonxpcrnixn npc(no»cnnnxn n paccxorpnx ncc
no:xo»nic nyrn, no n iny6nnc (ymn xi cronx :a co:(annc
qc(cpannn. Hpnxcp n onir nonon, qc(cparnnnon Kiocnannn
no xnoiox co(cncrnycr nax n ¬rox nanpanncnnn. Ho ocrannx
na ccio(nn ¬ry npo6ncxy. 2 ynoxnnyn cc cxopcc noroxy, uro
pcui :amna o 6y(ymcx Koconi. B paxxax «Ianxancxon qc(c-
pannn» o6¡c(nncnnc Koconi c An6anncn y(anoci 6i xy(a
nciuc.
÷ Icccnopno' ÷ cxa:an n. ÷ Ho xi ncci(a npn(cp»n-
nacxcn roio xncnnn, xoropoc nipa:nnn n caxox nauanc: co-
:(a(yrcn nnn ncr no:xo»nocrn (nn o6pa:onannn «Ianxan-
cxon qc(cpannn» ÷ ¬ro o(na npo6ncxa, roi(a xax pa:pc-
mcnnc xoconcxoio nonpoca ¬ro conccx (pyian npo6ncxa. Ha-
(o, xax ni caxn cxa:ann, (o6nnaricn npannninoio pa:pcmc-
nnn xoconcxoio nonpoca.
÷ Mi 6y(cx pa6orari n ¬rox nanpanncnnn, ÷ «(an
xnc cnono» Tnro.
O(naxo ncc cnona n xnnrncnnic o6cmannn Tnro oxa:a-
nnci npocro 6ncqox. On nian n o6xaninan nac ornocnrcnino
npan(i o6 n(cc «Ianxancxon qc(cpannn». Tnro, xax 6ino
no(rncp»(cno qaxraxn n npcxcncx, 6in npix anrnxapxcn-
289
crox, on 6in nannonanncrox, monnnncrox n aicnrox 6yp»y-
a:nn n nxncpnann:xa, on 6in «rponncxnx xoncx» n conna-
nncrnuccxox naicpc, n xc»(ynapo(nox xoxxynncrnuccxox
(nn»cnnn n oco6cnno na Ianxanax. Yxnarnnmnci :a n(cm «Ian-
xancxon qc(cpannn», on crpcxnncn n 6oponcn :a npncoc(n-
ncnnc x Kiocnannn nccx 6anxancxnx crpan, a n paxxax ¬roio,
n An6annn.
B 1947 io(y, xoi(a ornomcnnn xc»(y An6anncn n Kio-
cnanncn nonyunnn pa:nnrnc n 6inn :axnmucni, noxnxo (oio-
nopa o (py»6c n n:anxonoxomn, rax»c Oxonoxnuccxan
xonncnnnn n pn( (pyinx cnn:annix c ncn ¬xonoxnuccxnx coina-
mcnnn, o xoropix n 6y(y no(po6no ionopnri nn»c, ncxoro-
pic ronapnmn n: namcio Honnr6mpo, n oco6cnnocrn Kpncro
Tcxcnixo, no n Koun µ:o(:c n Han(n Kpncro, no(crpcxacxic
miocnanaxn, naxo(nnmnxncn y nac nnn npnc:»anmnxn n
An6annm, 6ccnpcpinno oxa:inann na xcnn (anncnnc, c rcx
uro6i xi rpc6onann ncrynncnnn n «Ianxancxym qc(cpannm»,
uro o:nauano, no nx n(cc, npncoc(nncnnc x Kiocnannn. 2 nc
no((cp»nnan ¬ry nx n(cm, no o(na»(i, n nauanc 1948 io(a,
onn npnmnn xo xnc n cxa:ann, uro «co:(acrcn «Ianxancxan
qc(cpannn» xc»(y Kiocnanncn n Ioniapncn'». 2 no(yxan,
uro npo6ncxa ¬ra 6ina o6cy»(cna Crannnix, µnxnrponix
n Tnro, xorn onn concpmcnno n nc cnpamnnann namcio xnc-
nnn. B ¬ron o6cranonxc xi pcmnnn n nanncann HK KHK n Tn-
ro nncixo, n xoropox, n uacrnocrn, npocnnn pa:¡ncncnnn no ¬ron
npo6ncxc, rax xax ncxicnnxo co:(ari «Ianxancxym qc(cpa-
nnm» c Ioniapncn, ocrannnn nnc cc An6annm.
Hn orncra, nn pa:¡ncncnnn xi rax n nc nonyunnn. µnn
nac crano ncno, i(c co6axa :apira. Tnroncxan Kiocnannn xo-
rcna o(nnx nicrpcnox (nyx :anncn y6nri: anncxcnponari An-
6annm, npnxpinanci rax na:inacxon Ianxancxon qc(cpa-
nncn, xoropan nonnocrim nponannnaci, n pacnpocrpannri cnom
nnacri n na ¬ry uacri Ianxan.
Crannn, xoropin y»c nponmxan ¬xcnancnonncrcxnc nnani
Tnro, o6parnn nnnxannc µnxnrpona n ror (µnxnrpon), c(c-
nan n nauanc 1948 io(a ny6nnunoc :annncnnc o rox, uro
omn6cn, (yxan o qc(cpannn xc»(y Kiocnanncn n Ioniapncn.
29O
Ho, npc»(c ucx npo(on»nri (anincnmcc onncannc nn-
:nra, n xouy orxcrnri, uro cnona n o6cmannn Tnro ornocn-
rcnino xoconcxoio nonpoca 6inn raxnx »c 6ncqox, uro n cio
cnona o «Ianxancxon qc(cpannn».
Y ¬roio Tnro, xoropin rax «nonxo» nipa:nn coinacnc
co xnom xacarcnino xoconcxon npo6ncxi, concpmcnno nc no-
ncpnyncn n:ix cxa:ari: «Tonapnm Onncp, n npc(naiam, uro6i
ni, xpoxc (pyinx xpacn Kiocnannn, noccrnnn n Kocony. Mi
(on»ni noxa:ari an6ancxoxy napo(y Koconi, uro nacrynnno
npcxn nacronmcn (py»6i c napo(axn Kiocnannn» n r.(. Ho
Tnro n cio ronapnmn 6onnnci c(cnari ¬ro. Bcxopc npcxn no-
xa:ano xomcnnnuccrno n »ccroxocri Tnro, ¬roio ccp6cxo-xop-
narcxoio monnnncra, nc ronixo n ornomcnnn an6anncn, npo»n-
nanmnx n cnonx xpanx n Kiocnannn, no n n ornomcnnn Ha-
po(non Pccny6nnxn An6annn. Tannin nnan Tnro npc(ycxarpn-
nan coc(nncnnc nc Koconi c An6anncn, a An6annn c Koconon,
a :ao(no c ¬rnx n noinomcnnc An6annn rnroncxon Kiocna-
nncn. O(naxo rnronni nc (ocrninn ¬ron xonapnon ncnn. 1948
io( nnnncn (nn nnx poxonix io(ox.
0animnnocri Tnro n xoxnannn 6ina nacronixo nnnon,
uro no ornomcnnm x Koconc n xo nccx npo»nnanmnx n
Kiocnannn an6annax onn npa»(c6no ornocnnnci (a»c roi(a,
xoi(a xc»(y (nyxn namnxn pccny6nnxaxn nponcxo(nnn ¬rn
«(py»ccxnc axri», nc ionopn y»c o ncpno(c nocnc 1948 io(a,
xoi(a onn ncpcmnn na npocrnic anrnxapxcncrcxnc, nonnncn-
cxnc, monnnncrnuccxnc no:nnnn, nnucx nc ornnuanmnccn or
no:nnnn ccp6cxnx xoponcn. Ornomcnnn xc»(y HPA n Koco-
non n ncpno( «(py»6i» oe-mpe 6inn nourn nccymccrnymmn-
xn, nax nc pa:pcmann nocinari n Kocony namnx nm(cn, n6o
rax, nn(nrc nn, 6inn 6annicri n r.(. n r.n. Tcppop npornn
an6anncn ncc 6onimc ycnnnnancn. Bcci(a no( xacxon 6opi6i
npornn ocrarxon «6annicrcxnx 6an(», onn 6pocann n rmpixi, xy-
unnn n n xacconox nopn(xc y6nnann namnx nm(cn, y»acnic
xonnnaicpn Panxonnua 6inn 6nrxox na6nri nxn. Oro 6in
nacronmnn icnonn(, ocymccrnnnnmnncn nccxn cpc(crnaxn n
xcro(axn. ¹ro6i o6c:nm(nri Kocony, rnronni, no(o6no npc»-
nnx pcaxnnonnix pc»nxax, :acrannnn cornn ricnu an6an-
291
ncn ¬xnipnponari n Typnnm n (pyinc crpani. B Koconc, nc io-
nopn y»c o Maxc(onnn, 6c(nocri (ocrniana xynixnnannn,
mxon na an6ancxox n:ixc nc 6ino, uro Tnro n Panxonnu on-
pan(inann xnoinxn npc(noiaxn. Xorn :cxnn n nc(pi Koconi
6inn nacronixo 6oiarixn, uro rpy(no nanrn na Ianxanax (py-
iym raxym :ony, rax nnxaxnx xannranonno»cnnn nc npon:-
no(nnoci, ccnicxoc xo:nncrno 6ino caxix orcranix n £nponc.
Ior xaxym nonnrnxy npono(nn rax Tnro. Ionopnn nax o(no,
a (cnan (pyioc.
B (nn namcio nn:nra nn n Icnipa(c, nn n xaxox-nn6o
(pyiox xccrc, nn na o(nox co6pannn nnn npncxc n nc nn(cn
n nc ncrpcuan xoio-nn6o n: an6ancxnx xoxxynncrnuccxnx
pyxono(nrcncn Koconi, xorn ncxoropix n: nnx, raxnx xax
0a(nni Xo(»a, Kxcp Hynn, Hnxani n (pyinc, n nnuno
:nan. £(nncrncnnix «npc(crannrcncx» Koconi, xoropoio n
ncrpcrnn, 6ina xari Mnna(nna Hononnua...
Mi 6inn na xnrnnic, xo xnc no(omna cc(an crapymxa,
xoropan, ncnyn n o6nnxan xcnn, mcnnyna: «2 xari Mnna-
(nna n Mnxanno
1
, xoropic cpa»annci nxccrc c ro6on, cin
xon, Onncp Xo(»a». 2 xpcnxo npn»an cc x cc6c, n xa:anoci
xnc, 6y(ro pn(ox co xnom cronn n xon xnnin ronapnm Mn-
na(nn Hononnu, 6y(ro n o6nnxan n cio. 2 nc cxoi (animc
y(cp»aricn n n xocn pcun rax cxa:an o Mnna(nnc caxic xo-
pomnc n iopnunc cnona, xoropic on :acny»nnan.
O(naxo npo(on»nx (animc c nn:nrox namcn (cnciannn n
Kiocnannm.
Tnro ycrponn (nn nac 6onimon npncx n Icnox µnopnc
n µc(nnc. Hpncx 6in «ncnnuccrncnnix». Mi 6inn o(cri n
«oqnnnaninym» o(c»(y, no xaxan xaprnna orxpinaci namcxy
n:opy, xoi(a xi nomnn no (nopcn" On 6in nonon »cnmnn,
xy»unn, oqnncpon, (nnnoxaron. Bcc onn 6inn o(cri n na-
pa(nic xocrmxi, cxoxnnin, »cnmnni ÷ n (nnnnic mcnxo-
nic nnarin, c yxpamcnnnxn, c orxpiron ipy(im, y ncxoropix
__________________________________________
1 Mnxanno Hononnu 6in ocno6o»(cn an6ancxnxn naprn:anaxn n:
noccncnnn (nn ccininix n An6annn. Hoin6 n ¹cpnoiopnn n cxnarxc
c npaiox.
292
n: nnx 6inn my6i na nncuax, oqnncpi ÷ n op(cnax. Tnro
ncrpcuan nac nncpc(n n «napa(non», o6ncmannon op(cnaxn,
c ninnucnnon ipy(im; na naninc 6in y ncio ncpcrcni c xcni-
xanmnx 6pnnnnanrox. Mi conccx pacrcpnnnci' Hpomnn cpc(n
nm(cn, xoropic c nm6onircrnox pa:inn(inann nac c iononi
(o noi n anno(nponann cronixo, cxonixo ¬roio rpc6onan npo-
roxon canonon. unmi xoi(a no(omnn x Tnro n no(ann cxy
pyxy, xi no(yxann, uro cnacnnci, n na caxox (cnc cnacnnci.
Mi ncpccrann 6iri o6¡cxrox nm6onircrna 6cnipa(cxon «:na-
rn». Hcnrpaninon rouxon onnri cran Tnro, xoropoio xi :ar-
xnnn n rcucnnc nc 6oncc nnrn xnnyr. Hy6nnxa Icnoio µnop-
na ncpccrana o6pamari na nac nnnxannc n xi ycnoxonnnci.
Tnro xo(nn ry(a-cm(a, pa:ionapnnan ro c o(non, ro c
(pyion ipynnon, nccxonixo pa: 6pan n xcnn c co6on n :naxo-
xnn c nnxn, no nx nxcna y xcnn n o(no yxo nnc:ann, n (pyioc
ninc:ann. Oro 6ino (nn xcnn nconncycxon xyxon, no naxo-
ncn xi ccnn :a cron. Tnro ncran, (ocran xaxym-ro 6yxaiy n
:aunran cc co cnoncrncnnix cxy rmccnanncx, pacxnannn nac,
ny6nnxa anno(nponana cxy n on ccn. 3a nnx ncran n, (ocran
cnom «cnu+», :aunran cc, xnc ro»c anno(nponann pa:a (na,
n n ccn. 3axonunnoci n ¬ro ncnirannc, o(naxo namnx xyxax
na ¬rox «ncnnuccrncnnox» y»nnc nc 6ino xonna. ¹ro6i ni-
nnri xoqc, Tnro ncran, :a nnx ncrann ncc xi. On n:nn c co-
6on ncxoropix n: nac, concrcxoio nocna uanpcnricna n nc-
xoropix cnonx ronapnmcn n nincn nac n napx. Iina noui,
no cncrnnnci ¬ncxrpnuccxnc naxni n Tnro nac ncn. Ky(a xi
mnn" Mi nomnn n xaxym-ro ncmcpy. Oncxrpnuccxnc naxni
ocncmann ncc ÷ pa:ocrnannic xonpi, xpccna, croni, :anancn-
nic nannrxaxn, qpyxraxn, cna(ocrnxn n npoxna(nrcninixn
nannrxaxn. Mi 6c: nporoxona ccnn :a o6mnn cron c Tnro,
uanpcnricnix, Momc Hin(c, Kap(cncx n cmc c xcx-ro. Tnro,
ccrccrncnno, ncn 6ccc(y, a xi 6onimc cnymann, ucx ionopnnn;
nccxonixo pa: ionopnnn uanpcnricn n Hin(c. Hoxnnrcn, n
o(nn xoxcnr, xoi(a Tnro 6ccc(onan c uanpcnricnix o «ni-
coxon nonnrnxc», Hin(c, :nan, uro n yunncn no 0pannnn, :a-
ncn pa:ionop o qpanny:cxon nnrcparypc n ncropnn 0pannnn.
293
Pcui :amna o xap(nnanc Pnmcnic, n Hin(c :amnman rc:nc
o rox, uro on 6in »ccroxnx n xnrpix iocy(apcrncnnix xy-
»cx. 2 coinacnncn c nnx, (o6annn, o(naxo, uro xap(nnan
6in ncnnxnx iocy(apcrncnnix xy»cx n uro o cio (cnc cy-
(nri ny»no (nancxrnuccxn, c yucrox roio npcxcnn. µcno
Pnmcnic, cio nxna( n co:(annc c(nncrna xonapxnn, y(api,
nancccnnic nx xpynnix qco(anax, paccxarpnnamrcn n nc-
ropnn 0pannnn xax pcnonmnnonnic axri. Momc Hin(c
coinacnncn co xnom; xi noronxonann rax»c o nnrcparypnix
nanpanncnnnx no 0pannnn. O(naxo Tnro nc cn(cnoci n nc-
mcpc, xorn on cax npnncn nac ry(a.
÷ Homnn, ÷ cxa:an on, ÷ ncpncxcn n canoni, nc6oci,
(o»(i ncpccran. ÷ Hoxa xi 6ccc(onann n ncmcpc, na ynnnc
xopocnn (o»(nucx, xoropoio (ocrarouno 6ino, uro6i ynnna
npcnparnnaci n cnnomnym ipn:i, n, x xocxy nccuacrim, nn»-
nnn uacri 6pmx n 6ornnxn c nocxox ocnonarcnino ncnauxa-
nnci. Ynn(cn y nxo(a n canoni nm(cn, cycrnnmnxcn or roio,
uro mcn xapman, n (o ymcn noxpacncn or cri(a. Hcucio 6ino
(cnari, ocrananoci ronixo (nniaricn ocropo»no, a ¬ro :ann-
ccno or Tnro. Mnc ny»no 6ino nonounri noin, uro6i nc 6inn
nn(ni xa6nyxn. Tax n n c(cnan. Ho ncniran nacronmnc xyxn.
Xopomo, uro n:opi nccx 6inn o6pamcni na xapmana.
Iino »apxo, xi norcnn, nm(n oxpy»ann xapmana n nac,
»apa cmc 6onimc cymnna ipn:i na xonx 6pmxax n 6ornn-
xax, uro (cnano cc cmc 6oncc :axcrnon. Haxoncn, Tnro cxa:an:
÷ Hy, (py:in xon, (ananrc ocxorpnx (nopcn, i(c n »nny
n pa6oram.
Mi no(yxann, uro na ¬rox ncc xonunnoci' µa ncr, ncc
npcxn npccnc(ycxic xaccon »cnmnn, o(crix n nnarin c (c-
xonirc uin mcn n nanini yxpamann 6pnnnnanri, xax n
xy»unnaxn n cxoxnniax, xi oxa:annci ncpc( nccrnnncn
en colimaçon*.
Mi (on»ni 6inn n:o6paricn no ncn, rax uro na ¬ror
____________________________________
* Ho-qpanny:cxn : nnnronan.
294
pa: n y»c nc xoi nonounri noin. ¹ro xnc (cnari" Toi(a, npo-
rnn cnocn nonn, nxo6i n nopn(xc nc»nnnocrn, n no(nnncn na
7 nnn 8 cryncncn nc cnnnon x nm(nx, n6o n raxox cnyuac onn
ynn(cnn 6i xon noin, a nnnox x nnx n npnncrcrnyn nx. 2
ni(cp»an n ¬ry nocnc(nmm nirxy.
Ho(nnnmnci nancpx, xi nomnn n oxpy»cnnym (cpcnnnni-
xn ncpnnaxn iancpcm; nnn:y, n canonax cycrnnnci iocrn, a xi
o6omnn xpyiox iancpcm, n xoropon 6ino nccxonixo (ncpcn.
Crcni 6inn o6ncmani xaprnnaxn. Kro n: nac 6in :naxox
c nnxn" Hnxro. Tnro, xax xo:nnn, xnacrnnno paccxa:inan
nax o6 nx anropax, o6 nx xy(o»ccrncnnon n. . . (cnc»non ncn-
nocrn. Mi (cnann nn(, 6y(ro n:yxnnnnci nccxy ¬roxy, a na
caxox (cnc (yxann o ny»(ax cnocio napo(a. Tnro orxpin
o(ny (ncpi n nomcn nnyrpi, xi nocnc(onann :a nnx.
÷ Oro pa6ouan xoxnara, ÷ cxa:an on. Oro 6ina xpacn-
nan xoxnara c 6onimnxn oxnaxn, na crcnax cc nnccnn xaprn-
ni, n yiny cronn pa6ounn cron co nccxn nncixcnnixn npnna-
(nc»nocrnxn, na cronc ncc 6ino ncnnoc; nc 6ino nn o(non
xnnin, nn o(non rcrpa(n. Ha xpam crona ÷ nnxcnnponan-
nin caxoncr n xnnnarmpc na xpacnno nnxcnnponannon »cnc:-
non no(cranxc; Tnro na»an xnonxy, n caxoncr nauan ncp-
rcricn. Oro 6ina nipymxa'
÷ £c no(apnnn xnc pa6ounc, ÷ cxa:an Tnro.
H: pa6oucn xoxnari xi ncpcmnn n (pyiym xoxnary, n
xoropon cronnn n:nmnic xpccna, 6oniman pa(nona n nnonnc
xo(nan xc6cni.
÷ Oro ncpc(nnn, :(cci n :anrpaxam, ÷ cxa:an Tnro. ÷
Pa(nony ¬ry no(apnn xnc Iornani(
1
.
Orry(a on orncn nac n cnaninm, n xoropon cronna 6oni-
man pocxomnan xponari c xpy»cnnix nocrcninix 6cnicx, na
ncn ÷ mcnxonan nn»axa; on orxpin (a»c n mxaqi, non-
nic xocrmxon, py6amcx n r.(. Hc :a6in on noxa:ari nax
rax»c «cncrnym» y6opnym.
__________________________________
1 K. Iornani( (1896-1953) ÷ Hpc(cc(arcni Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra
KH¹ n Hpc:n(cnr ¹cxocnonanxon Pccny6nnxn.
295
Hocnc ¬roio Tnro cxa:an, uro noxa»cr nax n naprxa6nncr,
n xoropin, xax on nipa:nncn, «nnxro nc xo»cr nxo(nri, xnmun
or ncio nomy n cax n xapxanc». Mi ionopnnn npo cc6n: «On
(cnacr nax 6onimym uccri; nocxorpnx, uro ¬ro :a «cnnmcn-
nan xoxnara»». Oro 6ina xoxnara, xax n ncc (pyinc xoxnari.
Ha crcnc nnccna xaxan-ro cxcxa.
÷ Oro ccxpcr, ÷ cxa:an Tnro, ÷ ¬ro cxcxa naprnnnoio
crponrcnicrna. C¡c:(, Hcnrpaninin Koxnrcr, o6nacrnic xoxn-
rcri, nx annapari n ncpnnunic opiann:annn.
Y o(non n: crcn cronn nc6onimon mxaq c xnniaxn
Mapxca, Onicnica, ucnnna n Crannna, n (pyiox yiny ÷ ccnq.
Oro 6ina «ccxpcrnan xoxnara», c ocxorpox xoropon xi :a-
xonunnn 6onimon ncucp, no»cnan xapmany cnoxonnon noun.
Ha cnc(ymmnn (cni npn6in n namy pc:n(cnnnm Hocnn
Icpin, o(crin, xax ncci(a, n ucpnin xocrmx, yni6anci n c
axncnrox ionopn na an6ancxox n:ixc. Y ncio 6ina raxan
npnniuxa: nocnc xa»(on qpa:i, xax 6i (nn no(ucpxnnannn
cnon, on c»nxan noc (nyxn naninaxn n rpcnan cio. On npn-
mcn nxccrc c :anc(ymmnx nporoxoninix or(cnox ncpc(ari
nax npoipaxxy nn:nron n ocxorpa (ocronpnxcuarcninocrcn
n Icnipa(c n n (pyinx pccny6nnxax. Hoxnxo nccio (pyioio,
onn npc(no»nnn noccrnri Xopnarnm n Cnoncnnm n xi c pa-
(ocrim npnnnnn nx npc(no»cnnc. B Icnipa(c nnxy(a nc xo-
(nnn ncmxox; xoncuno, xi no:no»nnn ncnxn n Ananc, y xoin-
ni ncn:nccrnoio 6onna ccp6cxon apxnn xoponcn, npnnnron n
xauccrnc anrapn rax»c pc»nxox Tnro. Tax o(nn miocnancxnn
icncpan, Icpon Hapo(on Kiocnannn, paccxa:an nax o 6nrnax
Concrcxon apxnn n Kiocnancxon Hannonanino-ocno6o(nrcni-
non apxnn :a ocno6o»(cnnc Icnipa(a.
3arcx xi noccrnnn nccxonixo qa6pnx n anroxo6nninin
:ano(, i(c xonrnponann ipy:onnxn n: nxnoprnix uacrcn. Mi,
ccrccrncnno, pa(onannci roxy, uro nn(cnn, ¬ro 6inn xopo-
mnc ncmn, miocnani npo(nnnynnci (ancxo nncpc( no cpan-
ncnnm c naxn. Onn xoc-uro ynacnc(onann or npomnoio, no-
nyunnn (ononino 6onimnc pcnapannn :a ymcp6, noncccnnin
no npcxn nonni, roi(a xax xi nonyunnn n nacnc(crno o(nn
296
nnmi 6c(nocri n nnmcry, a uro xacacrcn pcnapannn, ro nony-
unnn nccio nnmi nccxonixo oucni crapix cranxon, xoropixn
ncni:n 6ino co:(ari (a»c nn o(nn xcxannuccxnn :ano(. B no-
pn(xc pcnapannn xi nonyunnn rax»c axoprn:nponannoc cy(-
no, na:nan cio «Iopona» n uccri xyucnnuccxon (cpcnnn n Ko-
nionc, xoropym ncxcnxnc qamncri n nopn(xc pcnpcccnn npo-
rnn naprn:an co»inn (orna, y6nn nccx naxo(nnmnxcn rax nm-
(cn ÷ »cnmnn, (crcn n crapnxon. Kiocnani :a6pann y
nac cy(no «Iopona» no( rcx npc(noiox, uro xi nc xoinn
ncnoni:onari cio, a xoi(a xi nopnann c nnxn, onn noxnrnnn
cio n 6onimc nc ncpnynn; noxnrnnn cio n xauccrnc «nocnnon
(o6iun», xax noxnrnnn n ncc (pyioc namc nxymccrno, nc(i
onn 6onimc n:nnn y nac, ucx (ann nax.
B o(nn n: (ncn namcio npc6inannn n Icnipa(c, (nn o:na-
xoxncnnn c xoropix xi ncci(a cxann na anroxamnnax, nax
ycrponnn npncx n (oxc oqnncpon, xy(a, ccnn ronixo nc
omn6amci, npnmcn n Tnro. Hpncyrcrnonann rax»c concrcxnn
nocnnin arramc, xax n (pyinc concrcxnc oqnncpi. µox oqn-
ncpon npc(crannnn co6on xnoio¬ra»noc :(annc, nocrpocnnoc
cncnnanino (nn oqnncpon. Hac ncrpcrnnn xopomo, c pa(oc-
rim, c cnxnarncn, xax 6onnon-anrnqamncron, yuacrnnxon
namcn conxccrnon ncnnxon 6opi6i. Kiocnancxnc oqnncpi
6inn npcxpacno o(cri n o6yri, nx o(c»(a nc mna nn n xa-
xoc cpanncnnc c o(c»(on namnx oqnncpon, no no xy»ccrny,
ornaic n pcmnxocrn xi nncxonixo nx nc ycrynann.
Hocnc ¬rnx nn:nron o(na»(i ncucpox Hocnn Icpin npn-
mcn x nax ncccnin, c»nxan noc (nyxn naninaxn, n cxa:an
nax:
÷ 3anrpa ni noc(crc n Hpc:n(nyx Cxynmnni, rax xax
Pn6ap (crapcn, Hpc(cc(arcni Hpc:n(nyxa, orcn uoni Pn-
6apa, noin6mcio no npcxn nonni) naipa(nr nac. Bi, ronapnm
Onncp, ÷ cxa:an Icpin, ÷ 6y(crc naipa»(cni caxix ni-
coxnx op(cnox Kiocnannn.
Ha ncpcxonnn, cocronnmcncn n cnc(ymmnn (cni n :(a-
nnn Hpc:n(nyxa Cxynmnni, xoropoc noxo(nno na 6yp»ya:-
nin napnaxcnr, rax xax qaxrnuccxn 6ino nocrpocno ccp6-
297
oxo-xopnarcxnxn xoponnxn, (oxrop Pn6ap npyunn nccx nax
naipa(i. Mnc on na(cn na mcm Op(cn Icpon Hapo(on Kio-
cnannn, npc(crannnnmnn co6on :onoron xc(anion, no(ncmcn-
nin na xpacnon ncnrc c (nyxn ucpnixn nnnnnxn nocpc(n.
B ncpcxonnn npyucnnn naipa( npncyrcrnonann Kap(cni, Hin-
(c, Iinnnc, Hononnu n (pyinc. 2 no6naio(apnn nx or nxcnn ro-
napnmcn, orxcrnn, n uacrnocrn, uro naipa(a ¬ra npnna(nc-
»nr an6ancxoxy napo(y n cio cinax, or(anmnx cnom »n:ni
n :a ocno6o»(cnnc Kiocnannn. Hccxonixo xccnncn cnycrn
nocnc ocno6o»(cnnn Hpc:n(nyx Kiocnannn naipa(nn pn(
namnx ronapnmcn Haprn:ancxon 3nc:(on. Tax uro xnc (ocra-
noci (na miocnancxnx op(cna. Hocnc pa:pina c nnxn, nocnc
nccx :on, npnunncnnix rnronnaxn namcn naprnn n namcn
crpanc, ncc ¬rn naipa(i xi ncpnynn nx o6parno n :nax
nporccra.
Bicxann xi n Xopnarnm n Cnoncnnm. Mi 6inn pa(i
roxy, uro npc(cronno nax ynn(cri nonic xpan, (py»ccxnc
napo(i. Bc:(c, xax Iaxapnu n cio ronapnmn n Xopnarnn, rax
n Mnxa Mapnnxo n cio ronapnmn n Cnoncnnn, xopomo nac
npnnnnn. Mi no6inann n 3aipc6c, um6nnnc n (pyinx iopo(ax
¬rnx (nyx pccny6nnx, noccrnnn qa6pnxn, xox6nnari n xy:cn.
Hapo( 6in xopomo o(cr, crpana 6ina 6oncc nnnnnn:onannon,
xano uro 6ino pa:pymcno. Cnoncnnn 6ina cmc 6oncc pa:nn-
ron. um6nnna nourn nc nocrpa(ana or nonni; ancrpnncxnn
crnni ancrpo-ncnicpcxon nxncpnn npco6na(an, »n:ncnnin
yponcni 6in nimc, ucx n (pyinx noccmcnnix naxn n rc (nn
xccrax, 6yp»ya:nn 6ina xcncc :a(cra. Mi no6inann na ra-
xomncx xcrannypinuccxox xox6nnarc, xoropin npon:ncn na
nac nncuarncnnc. Ipocanoci n ina:a ro, uro n ¬rnx xccrax
ncpxoni oxa:inana cnninoc nnnnnnc, o iopo(ax n :a iopo(ox
xo»no 6ino nn(cri nxoni n xpccri.
Hac nonc:nn n n Inc(, pocxomnym iocrnnnny, nocrpocn-
nym na 6cpciy o(nonxcnnoio »nnonncnoio o:cpa. Hax cxa-
:ann, uro ry(a npnc:»ann nnocrpannic rypncri n uro ¬ro
6ino ncrounnxox nanmri.
Ho:(ncc, no npcxn ncoqnnnaninoio nn:nra, n nxcn na 6c-
298
pciy ¬roio o:cpa cmc o(ny ncrpcuy c Tnro, ccnn nc omn6a-
mci, xoi(a cxan na Hapn»cxym Mnpnym Konqcpcnnnm. Hpn-
ncrcn n n Icnipa(, Tnro naxo(nncn n Cnoncnnn, »nn xax pa:
na (auc, cronnmcn na 6cpciy o:cpa Inc(a. Mcnn (ocrannnn
ry(a caxoncrox, n n nxcn c nnx ncrpcuy. Mi c nnx noionopn-
nn n ncpan(c o no:xo»nox n:no»cnnn npo6ncx, xoropic
npc(cronno o6cy»(ari n Hapn»c. Koncuno, xi npnmnn x
(oionopcnnocrn. Tnro ocrannn xcnn o6c(ari. Oro 6ina poc-
xomnan ncrnnn (aua, oxpy»cnnan nncraxn n (cpcninxn. Hc-
(ancxo or (aun, na 6cpciy o:cpa, cronnn 6cnic xoropnic
no(xn. B xoxnarc, y noi Tnro nc»an, xax 6y(ro cnan, cio
6yni(oi (noroxox :nocuacrnoio «umxca»), xoropin ro xpancn,
ro n:(anan xaxnc-ro . . . :nyxn. Haxoncn, Tnro norcpnn rcpnc-
nnc n cxa:an icncpany To(oponnuy, 6inmcxy naprn:any, no-
6inanmcxy n n An6annn: «Binc(n cio orcm(a'».
Ho oxonuannn 6ccc(i, npc»(c ucx o6c(ari, Tnro npc(no-
»nn xnc n Xycnnuy, xoropoio on nnocnc(crnnn nnxnn(nponan
nxccrc c Ic6paniox, xax crannnna, npoxararicn na no(xc. 2
nc orxa:an cxy n ¬rox, xorn n nc yxcn (a»c nnanari n cny-
uac, ccnn no(xa ncpcncpncrcn.
3apcncn xorop n no(xa rponynaci. 3a naxn (nnnani cnc-
(onan 6yni(oi Tnro. «Ho xpanncn xcpc, ÷ ionopnn n npo
cc6n, ÷ or xono(a on 6onimc n . . . nc 6y(cr». Ha 6cpciy
o:cpa xy»unni, »cnmnni n (crn xpnuann:
÷ 1epoù Tumo, opy×e Tumo, nau Tumo'
Mcnn nopa:nno ¬ro, n6o raxnc nixpnxn xi cnimann n:
ycr nraninncxnx qamncron, xoi(a rc xpnuann «µyuc a non»*.
2 c y(nnncnncx (yxan o rox, xax ¬ro xo»no, uro6i raxoio
pa:pcmann. Koi(a xi no:npamannci, Tnro cxa:an:
÷ Iyni(oi ycran, ÷ n xpnxnyn cxy: ÷ Bnc:an'
On ncxapa6xancn n no(xy n, nocxonixy 6in pocrox c
6ixa, no(xa noxaunynaci, no xi nc nocrpa(ann, nocrpa(an
ronixo xocrmx, n xoropin n 6in o(cr (nn Mnpnon xonqcpcn-
______________________________________
* Ho-nraninncxn: µyuc nam.
299
nnn: 6yni(oi ncrpnxnyncn n xom o(c»(y o6pi:iano no(on.
÷ Bicymnx cc no no:npamcnnn «a (auy, ÷ cxa:an Tnro.
÷ Hnucio, ÷ npoionopnn n n nocxorpcn n cropony
6yni(oia.
Ho ncc ¬ro 6ino no:(ncc. H: ¬roio nn:nra, xpoxc ni-
mcynoxnnyroio qaxra, y xcnn nnucio nc ocranoci n naxnrn,
rax xax, qaxrnuccxn, xi nc o6cy(nnn xaxon-nn6o nccxon
npo6ncxi. Kax n y»c ionopnn, Tnro or(ixan n nn na uro
nc npoxcnnnan cnon pa:nncucnnn. Ho ncpncxcn onnri x ncp-
noxy, oqnnnaninoxy nn:nry.
Bcpnynnci xi n Icnipa( n: Xopnarnn n Cnoncnnn oucni
ycranixn; rcx nc xcncc, or(oxnyn ncnin (cni, xi npco(o-
ncnn nom qn:nuccxym ycranocri, n6o x roxy npcxcnn cmc
xono(ixn 6inn. Hpc(cronno y»c :ancpmnri nauaric ncpc-
ionopi. Hcpnix (cnox xi (oionopnnnci o6 ocnonnox co-
(cp»annn µoionopa o (py»6c n n:anxonoxomn n pcmnnn
no(nncari cio ncxno»xo no:(ncc n Tnpanc
1
.
3arcx ncpcmnn x ¬xonoxnuccxnx nonpocax. Haxo n
ronapnmn n: ropionix opianon nponcnn pn( ncrpcu c Iopn-
cox Kn(pnucx n (pyinxn n (ocrninn xoc-xaxnx pc:yniraron,
xoropic Haxo cunran «y(onncrnopnrcninixn». Kiocnani co-
inacnnnci npc(ocrannri nax n xpc(nr nccxonixo o6¡cxron
(o6 ¬ron «noxomn» n no(po6ncc paccxa»y nn»c), no pcui
mna oco6cnno o caxapnox «:ano(c» n o ncpcnounox «:ano(c»,
onn npnnnnn o6n:arcnicrno noxoui nax pcnicaxn n noxoxorn-
nox (nn »cnc:non (opoin µyppcc-Tnpana, nocrannri nax xa-
xnc-ro ncqrcnpono(nic rpy6i n ncxoropic (pyinc xcnoun.
K roxy npcxcnn ¬ro xa:anoci nax ncnccri uro, no rcx nc
xcncc n, nocnoni:onanmnci cnyuacx, orncn Haxo n cropony n
cnpocnn:
÷ Oro n nxnmuacr nccio-nanccio nx xpc(nr"
÷ B o6mnx ucprax ÷ (a, ÷ cxa:an Haxo. ÷ Konxpcr-
no xi no:ixcxcn :a (cno no:(ncc. Onn o6cmann nax nopn-
(ounym noxomi.
_______________________________________
1 µoionop 6in no(nncan n Tnpanc 9 nmnn 1946 i.
3OO
Ba»nix 6in n nonpoc o pn(c conxccrnix xoxnannn, n
ocnonnox no pa:nnrnm namnx py(nnxon n maxr, o co:(a-
nnn xoropix xi (oionopnnnci. Koi(a, n :ancpmcnnc namcn
pa6ori, xi co6pannci (nn no(nncannn (oxyxcnron, Tnro
pcxnaxnponan nax ¬rn xoxnannn cnonaxn:
÷ Taxnc xoxnannn xi nxccx c Concrcxnx Com:ox, onn
nccixa ycncmno pa6oramr, npnnocnr pc:ynirari n noxoiamr
nax n crponrcnicrnc connann:xa'
Mi 6inn coinacni co:(ari raxnc xoxnannn, (nn xoro-
pix pa:pa6orann :arcx n ycrani, onpc(cnnnn nponc(ypy nx
pa6ori, nnarc»n, yuacrnc n npnpo(y yuacrnn. O6 ncrnnnon
cymnocrn ¬rnx xoxnannn n nc 6y(y rcncpi ocranannnnaricn,
a nnmi orxcuy, uro miocnani n cnonx ipa6nrcnicxnx ncnnx
xorcnn, uro6i xoxnannn ¬rn na 6yxaic qniypnponann xax
conxccrnic, a na caxox (cnc ynpannnnnci nxn, uro6i ncci
xarcpnan 6in nam, uro6i onn nnucio nc nxna(inann n nc
nocrannnnn, a nnmi iocno(crnonann n nonyunnn nx npo(yx-
nnm. Ho, ccrccrncnno, n»n nc ocy»(cno (onio (cncrnonari
÷ nxccrc co ncnxon (pyion no»im 6in pa:o6naucn n o6-
xan o «conxccrnix xoxnannnx», xoropic croni yccp(no pc-
xnaxnponan nax Tnro.
Koi(a ncc oqnnnaninic (oxyxcnri 6inn y»c no(io-
ronncni, xi no(nncann nx na rop»ccrncnnox co6pannn.
Binnnn maxnancxoio. Bcucpox nax npc(cronno (ari npo-
maninin y»nn; xoncuno, 6in npninamcn n Tnro. Y»nn ycrpo-
nnn n pc:n(cnnnn namcio noconicrna.
Hpn6in Hocnn Icpin, na ¬ror pa: ncncccnin. On nonpo-
cnn nac n:nnnnri Tnro :a ro, uro on nc cxo»cr npnnrn, nxo-
6i no coo6pa»cnnnx 6c:onacnocrn, rax xax namc noconicrno
naxo(nnoci na ¬ron n na ron ynnnc, pacnono»cno cpc(n (py-
inx (oxon, uro xi (on»ni nonnri ¬ro (cno n r.(. n r.n.' Hax
crano ncnpnnrno, no ncucio 6ino (cnari. Ocraninic npnmnn.
Hacran n (cni namcio no:npamcnnn na Po(nny. Ha a¬po-
(poxc nac npono(nnn c ron »c ncpcxonncn, c xoropon n
ncrpcuann, xi ccnn n caxoncr n ncpnynnci n Tnpany.
Or ncpnonauaninon pa(ocrn xocn noc:(xn nnucio nc oc-
3O1
ianoci. 2 no:npamancn c xaxnx-ro nco6¡ncnnxix uyncrnox,
ncpnn, no n ro »c npcxn 6in pa:ouaponan na(xcnnocrim n
cxan(aninon pocxomim Tnro, xoropan cmc roi(a 6ina ouc-
nn(non. 2 ionopnn npo cc6n: Con(cxcn nn xi c Tnro xapax-
rcpox, con(cxcn nn xi c nnx n namnx (cnax"
3O2
V
UOMOHb TWTOHUEH ÷ OKOH1 ±AH OKOHOMW-
HECKO1O W UOAWTWHECKO1O 3AKABAAEHWH
AABAHWW
Tpyunoc nononcnnc namcü skonomnkn nocnc oc-
no6onucnnn * ±py:un oc1annnm1 nac ncpc6nna1ucn
n cnocü co6c1ncnnoü nynuc n Ba:apnmc rpa6n1cnn
nponnnnm1 mcupoc1u n «conc1ax» n «opncn1nponkax»
* 1opukan nc1opnn an6ano-mrocnanckoü Okonomn-
ucckoü konncnnnn. Uo nonpocy yc1anonncnnn na-
nm1noro napn1c1a, cnn1nn 1amoncnnmx rpannn, o6-
pa:onannn conmcc1nmx komnannü, ynnqnkannn ncn.
Hamn no:pancnnn n cnn:n c nc1nnnoü npnpouoü
nounncannmx cornamcnnü * Upccnony1mü Cano 3na-
1nu n An6annn * Tn1onckoc o6nnncnnc n «cymcc1no-
nannn unyx nnnnü n pykonouc1nc KUA» * O noc:ukc
n Mockny namcü ucncrannn na nmcokom yponnc.
Bcnrpau o6nnnnc1 nac n «an1nmrocnanmnnc» n Tn1o
n cro npn6nnncnnmc xo1n1 unckpcun1npona1u namc
pykonouc1no n rna:ax C1annna * Krocnanm cncun1
:a namn n ncuy1 npo1nn nac ca6o1an * ±anuncü-
mcc o6oc1pcnnc n:anmnmx o1nomcnnü.
Kaprnna n:anxoornomcnnn xc»(y (nyxn namnxn naprnn-
xn n (nyxn namnxn crpanaxn n ncpnin nocncnocnnin ncpno(
6ina 6i conccx ncnonnon, ccnn 6i xi nc :arponynn nonpoca
o6 ornomcnnnx n ¬xonoxnuccxon o6nacrn. Oro nccixa o6mnp-
nan o6nacri, ncci(a npnnncxanman xax namc nnnxannc, rax
n nnnxannc nm(cn Tnro. O(naxo, ccinanci na ¬xonoxnuccxnc
ornomcnnn o(noio n roio »c ncpno(a, no(xo( x nnx o6cnx
cropon, nx oncnxa npnxo npornnonono»nic.
B ro npcxn, xax Tnro, xoi(a on 6in cmc »nn, a :a nnx
ncci apccnan miocnancxon nponaian(i npn »n:nn Tnro n
3O3
nocnc cio cxcprn, no(nnxann n no(nnxamr (o nc6cc mio-
cnancxo-an6ancxnc ¬xonoxnuccxnc cnn:n ncpno(a 1945-1947
io(on, ni(anan nx :a o6pa:cn «6parcxnx ornomcnnn», npo-
nnxnyrix «(yxox no»cprnonannn» n «mc(pocrn» rnronncn
no ornomcnnm x nax, xi, c namcn croponi, ncci(a iono-
pnnn n ionopnx npornnonono»noc.
Ham nino(, c(cnannin nc ccio(nn n (a»c nc n 1948
io(y (xoi(a Tnro n rnrn:x 6inn o6nnucni ny6nnuno), a cmc
panimc, cmc xoi(a n ny6nnunix :annncnnnx xi npo(on»ann
cunrari (pyi (pyia «(py:inxn», 6in n ocracrcn raxnx: O6-
nacri ¬xonoxnuccxnx ornomcnnn xc»(y (nyxn namnxn nap-
rnnxn n crpanaxn 6ina o(non n: rcx o6nacrcn, i(c ca-
xix oucnn(nix n ncnpninn(nix o6pa:ox nponnnnnci xa-
paxrcpnic ucpri rnroncxoio pcnn:nonn:xa noo6mc, ncci cio
anrnan6ancxnn, nannonanncrcxnn n monnnncrnuccxnn yiap
÷ n uacrnocrn. B «rcopcrn:nponannnx» n ncpnix npaxrn-
uccxnx maiax Tnro n cio npncnix n o6nacrn connanncrnuc-
cxoio crponrcnicrna n Kiocnannn xi ucrxo ynn(cnn nx iny-
6oxnc orxnoncnnn or rcopnn n npaxrnxn nayunoio connann-
:xa. B nx rax na:inacxon ¬xonoxnuccxon noxomn namcn
crpanc xi ncxopc ynn(cnn n yia(ann nonirxn n xonapnic
ncnn rnronncn npcnparnri namy ¬xonoxnxy n npn(arox mio-
cnancxon ¬xonoxnxn, o(nn n: inannix nyrcn na(cri na An6a-
nnm xan(ani nonoio pa6crna. Hrax, «¬xonoxnuccxan noxomi»
rnronncn nax, ccnn noo6mc cc xo»no n na:inari noxomim,
npccnc(onana o(ny nnmi ncni: noxoui Tnro no:xo»no cxopcc
(o6nricn ¬xonoxnuccxoio n nonnrnuccxoio nopa6omcnnn An-
6annn.
C caxoio nauana npnno(n raxon nino(, n n n ¬ron o6-
nacrn nncxonixo nc xouy nn ornnarnri :nox :a «(o6po», nn
orpnnari ncrnny. Hrax, xaxona ¬ra ncrnna"
±py:un nnn rpa6n1cnn?!
Unn ncpnic io(i nocnc ocno6o»(cnnn. Hama crpana
6ina co»»cna, pa:opcna no nccx ornomcnnnx, napo( nnaunn
»anxoc cymccrnonannc, no cio xopaninin (yx 6in ncxnmun-
3O4
rcnino nicox. 3ao(no c :axnarunxaxn xi pa:ipoxnnn n pcax-
nnonnix noxcmnxon n 6yp»ya:nm, n napo(, no( pyxono(-
crnox cnocn icponuccxon Koxxynncrnuccxon Haprnn, ycra-
nonnn cnom, nonym, napo(no-(cxoxparnuccxym nnacri.
Tcncpi, nocnc ocno6o»(cnnn, na(o 6ino npouno y(cp-
»nnari ¬ry napo(nym nnacri, nco6xo(nxo 6ino (animc :a-
xannri cc n xnacconix 6nrnax n nocrponri, naunnan c nynn,
nonym An6annm n crpanc nnmcri n ncnc»ccrna. Hcn:npan
na cnom xarcpnaninym 6c(nocri, napo(, no( pyxono(crnox
naprnn, c oipoxnix n nconncycxix ¬nry:na:xox ninonnnn
¬ry :a(auy cnonxn cnnaxn, nc nonyunn n ncpnic io(i nn-
xaxon noxomn n:nnc. Oro 6inn o(nn n: caxix icponuccxnx
ncr n ncropnn namcio napo(a, ¬ro 6ino npcxn, xoi(a on nnn
nor, rpy(nci nonyiono(nix, o(crix n noxxorin, nc nxcn
xpona na( iononon, npcxn, xoi(a xi 6oponnci co ncnxoio
po(a ncxnarxaxn, crnxnnnixn 6c(crnnnxn, xax n npornn
(nncpcnn npaion ÷ nnyrpcnnnx n nncmnnx, ÷ no ncci(a c
yxopcncnnon n nac naprncn rncp(on ncpon n ro, uro o(onccx
ncc rpy(nocrn n nccx npaion.
Oco6cnno n ncpnic (na io(a nocnc ocno6o»(cnnn nax
nnxaxon noxomn xpc(nraxn nc 6ino oxa:ano Concrcxnx Com-
:ox, a rax»c Kiocnanncn. Tc ncxnoinc ronapi cpounon nc-
o6xo(nxocrn, xoropic 6inn nocranncni nax, 6inn concpmcn-
no nc:naunrcninixn, uro6i nc cxa:ari nnuro»nixn, npnucx
ncc onn 6inn xynncni nn6o na uncric (cniin, nn6o nyrcx
npo(a»n miocnanax ncqrn, xcpocnna, 6nryxa nnn (pyinx
npo(yxron, xoropic onn uacro npno6pcrann y nac :a 6ccnc-
nox, n nn(c «o6n:arcnicrna» n «:nax (py»6i» n «6parcrna».
Cnc(onarcnino, xo»no cxa:ari, uro n ncpnox io(y nocnc
ocno6o»(cnnn xi no((cp»nnann ropionic cnn:n ronixo c
Kiocnanncn. Ho ropionnn ¬ra 6ina nourn o(no6oxon n nc-
6naionpnnrnon (nn nac. Mi (anann 6onimc, ucx nonyuann.
µanann xi (o6pornic ronapi, a nonyuann 6apaxno. Mi xon-
qncxonann nxymccrno xpynnix ropionncn n oro6pannin y nnx
rcxcrnni npo(anann miocnanax no nxn »c ycranonncnnix
ncnax, roi(a xax :a nc:nnn n (pyinc raxoio po(a iananrcpcn-
nic n:(cnnn, xoropic :axynann y nnx, xi nnarnnn nrpn(opo-
3O5
ia. Mi noxynann y nnx xnc6, rax xax y nac cio nc xnarano,
ncxoropoc xonnuccrno xo»n, »cnc:nic coxn, n ncc ¬ro onn
npo(anann nax no nx nnyrpcnnnx, oucni nicoxnx ncnax. Mi
npo(anann nx xacnnni, 6pin:y, onnnxonoc xacno n r.(. n
raxoc npcxn, xoi(a y nac caxnx nx nc xnarano; xi ncc (c-
nnnn nononax, npnucx or nccio ccp(na.
Oro nono»cnnc xa:anoci nax n ro npcxn (o n:nccrnon
crcncnn nopxaninix, rax xax nonnxann, uro Kiocnannn 6ina
co»»cna nonnon, xax n xi, uro y ncc 6inn ¬xonoxnuccxnc
rpy(nocrn n ncncixo cn 6ino noxoiari nax. Ho xi na(cn-
nnci, uro nono»cnnc ynyumnrcn.
Hoxnxo nccio nimcn:no»cnnoio, xax n 1945 io(y, rax
n n 6onimcn uacrn 1946 io(a xopomnc 6parcxnc ornomcnnn c
Kiocnanncn (no n c Concrcxnx Com:ox) :axnmuannci n n
«o6xcnc onirax», n npc(ocranncnnn namnx napnnx n:nccrno-
io uncna crnncn(nn na o6yucnnc n Mocxnc n Icnipa(c n n
nanpanncnnn nccxonixnx cncnnanncron pa:nix npoqnncn (nn
oxa:annn nax noxomn. Ho:(ncc, oco6cnno nocnc xocio nn-
:nra n Icnipa( n nmnc 1946 io(a, ¬xonoxnuccxnc ornomcnnn
nauann pa:nnnaricn 6oncc «nnrcncnnno», no pa:nnrnc ¬ro cno-
(nnoci x ncpcionopax, npocxrax n :annncnnnx na 6yxaic, x
6ccxoncunix o6cmannnx, a xonxpcrno noxa uro nn x ucxy
(cninoxy. Kax 6i ro nn 6ino, 6y(ymcc npc(crannnnoci nax
o6cmammnx. Bcci ¬ror ncpno(, o(nn n: caxix rpy(nix
n caxix rn»cnix (nn nac, xi napnnnci, rax cxa:ari, n «co6-
crncnnox coxy», n concpmcnno ncrpy(no npc(crannri cc6c,
xaxnc xi pc:cpni nonyunnn n nacnc(nc or npomnoio' Hourn
nnucio. Honcxnoiy, ryio, n iono(nox nnn nonyiono(nox co-
cronnnn, no napo(y xi nc (ann yxcpcri nn c iono(y, nn c
xono(a. Caxic ¬ncxcnrapnic norpc6nocrn xi y(onncrnopnri
nauann.
O(naxo :a(aua n ncni namcn naprnn ornm(i nc oipannun-
nannci ronixo 6naioycrponcrnox »n:nn n y(onncrnopcnncx
ncorno»nix :anpocon naccncnnn. 3a(aua namcn Koxxynn-
crnuccxon Haprnn n napo(non nnacrn n rox n :axnmuanaci,
uro6i ocymccrnnri coxponcnnic xcuri napo(a, no nxn ucio
n 6ino nponnro croni xnoio xponn. Ha(o 6ino ocymccrnnri
3O6
xpynnic pcqopxi connanino-¬xonoxnuccxoio xapaxrcpa, na(o
6ino npnnccrn xapaxrcp ¬xonoxnxn n coorncrcrnnc c xapaxrc-
pox nonon nnacrn. Hrax, na(o 6ino nocnc(onarcnino npo(-
nniari crpany nncpc( no nyrn nocrpocnnn connann:xa no nccx
o6nacrnx, a, n (annox cnyuac, n n o6nacrn ¬xonoxnxn.
Mi or(anann cc6c orucr n rox, uro ocnonnix qax-
ropox connanncrnuccxoio npco6pa:onannn crpani 6in nny-
rpcnnnn qaxrop, co:nanann, uro nncmnnx, ncnoxoiarcninix
qaxropox 6y(cr npc»(c nccio Concrcxnn Com: Crannna, no,
oco6cnno n ycnonnnx, xoi(a naxn cmc nc 6inn ycranonncni
ny»nic npnxic cnn:n c concrcxnx iocy(apcrnox, xi c or-
xpirix ccp(ncx o6parnnnci x cocc(nnx (py:inx, Koxxynn-
crnuccxon naprnn Kiocnannn. H onn nc :axc(nnnn «npnnrn
nax na noxomi», oco6cnno «onirox», «opncnrannnxn», xoro-
pic (anann nax nn6o nyrcx npninamcnnn n Icnipa( namnx
ronapnmcn, nn6o nocpc(crnox 6pommpox n pcqcparon, nn6o
ucpc: Cronnnua, Icpin, a no:(ncc n npccnonyroio Cano 3na-
rnua, xax n nocpc(crnox ncnoio pn(a «¬xcncpron» n «nonnr-
¬xonoxncron», xax na:inan nx Ccnqyna.
O(naxo na uro «opncnrnponann» nac ¬rn canonnnxn"'
Bimc n xocnyncn nonpoca o6 «¬ranax» pcnonmnnn n o
«:a6orc», xoropym Tnro, Kap(cni, Iinnnc nponnnnnn o rox,
uro6i xi «nc ncpccxaxnnann ¬rani». Tcncpi nonpoci ¬rn
npc(cnino ncni, n naprncn nponc(cna oipoxnan pa6ora na(
rcx, uro6i nx ocnonarcnino nonnxann (a»c mxoninnxn, no
n 1945-1946 io(ax, xi, xoropic pyxono(nnn naprncn n io-
cy(apcrnox, n n:nccrnon xcpc rax»c 6inn mxoninnxaxn. B
caxoorncp»cnnocrn n npnnc»nocrn nc(ocrarxa y nac nc 6ino,
no xax nax rpy(no 6ino, xax xnoio xi rcpnnn, xoi(a uacro
npnxo(nnoci ncrpaunnari ¬ry npnnc»nocri na ro, uro6i ninccrn
na uncrym no(y nnoxnc concri, xoropic (anann nax «(py:in»'
Mi rparnnn xnoio cnn n npcxcnn, ccopnnnci c Ccnqy-
non n c rcxn, xro, cron :a Ccnqynon, npcno(nocnn nax n(cm
«(nyx napanncninix xo:nncrn»
1
, ionopnn, uro «ccnuac nc npcxn
__________________________________
1 Ho(nan no( nnnnnnc anrnxapxcncrcxnx rcopcrn:nponannn npa-
ion connann:xa n Concrcxox Com:c, i(c on n 6in, Ccnqyna Mancmona
3O7
npco6pa:onannn connanncrnuccxoio xapaxrcpa», uro «n conna-
nn:x non(cx nxccrc c 6yp»ya:ncn» n r.(. n r.n., a n nponcccc
¬rnx cronxnoncnnn xi nocrynann rax, xax nac yunn xapxcn:x-
ncnnnn:x. Oro qaxr, uro An6annn ncrynnna na nyri connann-
crnuccxoio npco6pa:onannn crpani panimc, pcmnrcnincc n
mna ¬rnx nyrcx nocnc(onarcnincc nccx crpan, n xoropix no-
cnc nropon xnponon nonni 6in ycranonncn napo(no-(cxoxpa-
rnuccxnn crpon. Iicrpo npo(nnianci no ¬roxy nyrn, xi, xo-
ncuno, ornm(i nc ncpccxaxnnann ¬rani pcnonmnnn n ncnnn-
cxox cxicnc ¬roio cnona. «Mi «ncpccxounnn» nnmi miocnan-
cxnc rcopcrn:nponannn n cxpinanmnccn :a nnxn :nic yxicni.
Ionimnc poiarxn crannnn nax n cnnino (c:opncnrnponann
nac «(py:in» n n cnn:n c aipapnon pcqopxon. Cpa:y »c no-
cnc ocno6o»(cnnn xi npncrynnnn x ninonncnnm o6cmannn
ncpc(ari :cxnm rcx, xro cc o6pa6arinacr, no cronnnun, icpin
n nx no(o6nic nocncmnnn «concronari» nax nc «noprnri or-
nomcnnn» co crapixn nna(cninaxn :cxnn; pcxoxcn(onann nax
xoc-uro oro6pari y nnx (a xoc-xro (a»c «concronan» xynnri
cc y nnx'), ocrannnn :a nnxn (o6pym uacri :cxcni, uro cocra-
nnnno 6i qaxrnuccxn n (ccnri nnn (na(nari pa: 6onimc, ucx
y «6c(nnxon»'
Taxan ncncpnan «opncnrannn» nnauanc 6ina npnnnra no(
(anncnncx Ccnqyni Mancmona, no ncxopc xi nouyncrnonann,
x xaxnx onacnix nocnc(crnnnx xoi npnnccrn ¬ror mai, n nnc-
cnn nco6xo(nxic ncnpanncnnn. Ycranonnnn npannninic pa:-
xcpi :cxcninon nnoma(n (nn xa»(on ccxin (nc 6oncc nnrn
ia), npnnnnn pn( (pyinx xcp no npc(ornpamcnnm o»nnncnnn
xannranncrnuccxoio ccxropa n (cpcnnc (:axonox 6ina :anpc-
mcna xynnn-npo(a»a n c(aua :cxnn n apcn(y n (p.).
¹ro xacacrcn «opncnrnponox» n o6nacrn npoximncnnocrn,
ro miocnanax nc na(o 6ino oco6cnno noxari ionony na( na-
xo»(cnncx «napnanron».
Bnauanc onn «noconcronann» nax noncc nc n:nricn :a
______________________________
npononc(onan nono»cnnc o6 o(nonpcxcnnox cymccrnonannn n an6ancxon
¬xonoxnxc (nyx ccxropon, connanncrnuccxoio n xannranncrnuccxoio. Oro
nono»cnnc nnucx nc ornnuanoci or rcopnn «pannonccnn», uin pcaxnnon-
nan cymnocri (anno 6ina orncpinyra H. B. Crannnix.
3O8
¬ro (cno, rax xax xi 6inn 6c(nixn, y nac nc xnarano xnc6a
n nanrcn, nn(ycrpnn 6ina nax nc no nncuy' «Ho:(ncc, ÷ cxa-
:ann onn, ÷ nn(no 6y(cr uro xacacrcn py(nnxon n ncqrn,
no, (o nopi (o npcxcnn, nc(nrc yucr roio, uro y nac ccri,
(ananrc nax cipic n xi :anonnnx nam pinox ioronon npo-
(yxnncn».
÷ Bax, xax orcranon aipapnon crpanc, ÷ concronann
onn, ÷ na(o n:nri xpcn n cropony ccnicxoio xo:nncrna'
Uccri nnn ccxi ncr cnycrn ananoinunic «concri» npc(-
cronno nax ycnimari n: ycr rcx, xro nocnc cxcprn Crannna
y:ypnnponan naprnm n nnacri n Concrcxox Com:c. Ho(po6no
o6 ¬rox n ionopnn n (pyion xnnic
1
. 3(cci xouy nnmi nanox-
nnri, uro, oxa:anmnci nnnox x nnny c Xpymcnix, Mnxonnox
n (pyinxn, xi npomnn y»c ncnnxym mxony xapxcn:xa-nc-
nnnn:xa, mxony ncnocpc(crncnnoio cronxnoncnnn c rnroncxnx
pcnn:nonn:xox. Oro noxoino nax 6icrpo onpc(cnnri xpy-
mcncxym pa:nonn(nocri conpcxcnnoio pcnn:nonn:xa. O(naxo
n ncpnon «mxonc», n ncpnox cronxnoncnnn, rpy(nocrn n npc-
nnrcrnnn 6inn 6oncc ccpic:nixn, rax xax xnoioc 6ino nax
ncn:nccrno, onir y nac orcyrcrnonan, x roxy »c xi crpa(ann
ron «¬nqopnuccxon oncnxon» (pyinx, o xoropon n ionopnn n
nimc. Hax xa:anoci, 6y(ro ncc, no(o6no nax, ncxpcnno orno-
cnnnci xax x xapxcn:xy-ncnnnn:xy n rcopnn n na npaxrnxc,
rax n x namcn naprnn n namcn crpanc. B cnny nccx ¬rnx,
xax n (pyinx npnunn, nonnrnix n ¬rox ncpnox cronxnoncnnn
c pcnn:nonncraxn, xi nopon (cnann n xaxon-nn6y(i ncncp-
nin mai, npnnnxann n xaxoc-nn6y(i pcmcnnc, xoropoio n nc
cnc(onano npnnnri. Ho ¬ro ncnnxoc cuacric nnn, ncpncc, ¬ro
ncnnxan :acnyia namcn naprnn, uro n n roi(amnnx oucni
rpy(nix, nncmnnx n nnyrpcnnnx, ycnonnnx, ccnn xi n «npo-
xaxnynnci» n ucx-nn6y(i, ro ¬ro nnmi no or(cninix nonpo-
cax, no nonpocax xcro(on nponc(cnnn nnnnn, no :aro nn-
xoi(a nc (onycxann omyrnxix omn6ox n nonnrnuccxon, n(co-
noinuccxon n ¬xonoxnuccxon nnnnn.
2 y»c ionopnn, uro miocnancxnc «(py:in» c caxoio nauana
________________________________
1 Cx. Onncp Xo(»a, «Xpymcnni (Bocnoxnnannn)», n:(. na pyc. n:.,
crp. 65-1O7, Tnpana, 198O.
3O9
6inn npornn connanncrnuccxon nn(ycrpnann:annn namcn crpa-
ni. B ro »c npcxn ¬ro qaxr, uro n ncpnic io(i nocnc ocno-
6o»(cnnn xi nc c(cnann ucio-nn6y(i :axcrnoio n (annon o6-
nacrn. Ho ¬ro ornm(i nc noroxy, uro xi npnnnnn miocnan-
cxym opncnrannm' Hcr, xi nnxoi(a nc coinamannci c ¬ron
opncnranncn; ccnn nax nc y(anoci 6icrpo npo(nnnyricn no
nyrn nn(ycrpnann:annn, ro ¬ro noroxy, uro n(rn 6icrpcc 6i-
no ncno:xo»no, rax xax nax nc (ocranoci or npomnoio xaxon-
nn6o 6a:i, na xoropym xo»no 6ino onnparicn, y nac nc 6ino
n rc xoxcnri nnxaxon noxomn co croponi miocnancxnx «(py-
:cn» nnn co croponi concrcxnx. Mi cpa:y »c ncnoni:onann
nm6ym co:(anmymcn no:xo»nocri. Tax 6ino, nanpnxcp, xoc
c xaxnx crapix o6opy(onanncx (nn xcxannuccxon npoxi-
mncnnocrn, cnc (ocranmnxcn nax or xnnnxaninix pcnapannn,
xoropic 6inn npc(na:naucni (nn nac. Hocxonixy xi «nc yxcnn»
caxn nonyuari npnna(nc»anmnc nax pcnapannn, «nopyunrcnn-
xn» n «nocpc(nnxaxn» crann miocnancxnc «(py:in». Hocnc(nnc,
ni(cnnn cc6c ncc, uro cunrann nyumnx n: npc(na:naucnnoio
(nn nac, ornpannnnn n Tnpany ocrarxn. Tcx, uro npn6ino x
nax, xi o6opy(onann (na :ana n npon:ncnn rop»ccrncnnin
nycx ncpnoio n An6annn xcxannuccxoio :ano(a, a nxcnno :a-
no(a, xoropin c 1946 io(a nocnr xoc nxn, no xoropin c rc-
ucnncx ncr no:poc, npco6pa:nncn n npcnparnncn n o(nn n:
xpynncnmnx n conpcxcnncnmnx xox6nnaron namcn xcxannuc-
cxon npoximncnnocrn.
Taxym »c npannninym, xapxcncrcxo-ncnnncxym no:nnnm
:annxann xi cmc n rc xoxcnri no nccx (pyinx acncxrax nap-
rnnnon nnnnn n connanncrnuccxoio crponrcnicrna crpani.
Ho, xax n y»c ionopnn, n or(cninix acncxrax nponc(cnnn nn-
nnn ncno:xo»no 6ino n:6ciari n omn6ox n onpoxcrunnix
nnn nann:annix pcmcnnn.
Tax npon:omno, nanpnxcp, c opncnranncn, (annon naxn
xpccrinncrny n 1946 n 1947 io(ax ornocnrcnino pn(a ccnicxo-
xo:nncrncnnix xyniryp, xoropic (on»ni 6inn noni:onaricn
«npcnxymccrnax»'
Hcnixn uacaxn n (nnxn miocnani na6anrinann nax o rox,
xax c(cnari ccnicxoc xo:nncrno no:xo»no 6oncc «npo(yxrnn-
31O
nix», «6onimnx ncrounnxox» (oxo(on, qon(on, o6opy(onannn.
÷ Hpn namnx ycnonnnx, xoi(a y nac nc xnaracr qnnan-
conix n ncnxnx (pyinx cpc(crn na npno6pcrcnnc ronapon mnp-
norpc6a nnn o6opy(onannn :a ipannncn, ÷ ionopnnn onn
nax, ÷ nannyumnx nyrcx nnnncrcn npcnpamcnnc ccnicxoio
xo:nncrna n 6onimon ncrounnx qon(on n ncnnocrcn. O6na(an
raxnxn :cxnnxn n raxnxn :axcuarcninixn xnnxarnuccxnxn
ycnonnnxn, ni xo»crc (o6nricn ucio nax yio(no'
A xax xonxpcrno"
÷ Orxa»nrcci or xyxypy:i n nmcnnni' ÷ concronan nax
Hocnn Icpin. ÷ 3cpnonic nnxoi(a nc ninc(yr nac na cncr-
nin nyri. Onn nc o6ccncunnamr nax (a»c nononnni xnc6a
(nn napo(a, a nc ro uro (ononnnrcninic (oxo(i. Ccnrc no(-
connyx' 3nacrc nn ni, uro raxoc no(connyx"'
Hpan(y ionopn, xi xoc-uro :nann o6 ¬ron xynirypc, no
:aro nc :nann roio, uro :nan Icpin.
÷ Oro 6naio(arnoc pacrcnnc' ÷ «o6¡ncnnn» on nax. ÷
H: ncio xo»no nonyuari xacno, pacrnrcninoc xacno. Bi 6y-
(crc y(onncrnopnri norpc6nocrn naccncnnn n »npax, x roxy
»c xi n Kiocnannn oucni n ncx ny»(acxcn. £io npo(anari
xo»crc n na :ana(nix pinxax. Ho(connyx :cxnm ncpcnopa-
unnacr, on-ro n pinxn nanmron ncpcnopaunnacr.
÷ Mi n xnc6c ny»(acxcn, ÷ no:pa»ann xi. ÷ Hamn
nm(n npnnixnn ccri 6nm(a, n rox uncnc qaconi, n 6c: xacna,
no 6c: xnc6a o6xo(nricn onn nc xoiyr. Bnpoucx 6onimnn-
crno namcio xpccrinncrna na o(nn ronixo xnc6 »nncr, nnmc
ncxno»xo rnopoia n nyxa.
÷ Hpnnc:cx xi nx n: Bonno(nni' ÷ ryr »c or:inancn
Icpin. ÷ Bi npc(crannri cc6c nc xo»crc, uro raxoc Bonno-
(nna. Oro »nrnnna (nn Kiocnannn n (nn nac. Konoc nmcnn-
ni rax c mamxy. Mi c y(ononicrnncx n na niio(nix (nn
nac ycnonnnx 6y(cx (anari nax xnc6 n o6xcn na no(connyx.
Ho(connyx...
Tc »c inxni «ncnn» no(connyxy n Icnipa(c, rc »c inxni
nonropnnn nax nc ronixo cncnnanncri miocnancxoio :cxnc-
(cnnn, no n rc, xro npnc:»an x nax no naprnnnix (cnax,
(a»c n nocnnic.
311
Hc cunrann onn :a rpy( n:nricn n :a xapan(am, no(cun-
rinan, uro «¬ro cronr cronixo-ro, a ¬ro cronixo-ro», rax uro
nax ocrananoci nccio nnmi npn:nari, uro y nac (o6po 6ino
no( caxnx nocox, a xi cio nc :axcuann'
Hrax, xi opncnrnponann xpccrinn ncc :cxnn ornccrn no(
no(conncunnx, concpmcnno nc 6ccnoxonci o xnc6c, xoropin
n n:o6nnnn (on»cn 6in (ocrannnri nax Tnro n: Bonno(nni
(xax «(ocrannn» cio Xpymcn c Yxpanni 1O-12 ncr cnycrn')
¹ro6i noxa:ari nicmym crcncni crpa(annn n xyx, nam
napo( ynorpc6nncr xcrxoc nipa»cnnc: «ni»nxari coxn, xax
n: xacnnni». O(naxo crpa(ari, cnonno n: rc6n «ni»nxamr
coxn, xax n: xacnnni», ¬ro concpmcnno nnucio n cpanncnnn
c ncnirannix naxn, xoi(a n: nac «coxn ni»nxann, xax n:
ccxnn no(conncunnxa». Hocnymanmnci nac, xpccrinnc :accnnn
¬rnx pacrcnncx ncnic nnoma(n, no n:-:a nonnoio orcyrcrnnn
onira, n:-:a orcyrcrnnn yncpcnnocrn n niio(ax no(connyxa,
n:-:a roi(amncio oucni nnoxoio cocronnnn :cxcni, orcyrcrnnn
ccxnn, xcxann:xon, opocnrcninon cncrcxi n r.(., xi ocrannci
nc ronixo 6c: «nanmri n o6opy(onannn», no n 6c: xnc6a' A
miocnancxnc «(py:in», xoi(a xi nx nanoxnnnn o nonno(nn-
cxon »nrnnnc, npcnparnnnci n: «mc(pix» n ropionncn:
÷ Mi (a(nx nax :cpno npn ycnonnn, uro ni nn6o (ocra-
nnrc nax ccxcna no(connyxa, xax xi y»c (oionopnnnci, nn6o
ynnarnrc uncrixn (cniiaxn' Iccnnarno ncni:n'
Onn 6inn npani' Bc(i xi napymnnn «(oionopnic o6n-
:arcnicrna» '
¹ro6i (onio nc :a(cp»nnaricn na ¬ron «ncropnn», xo-
ropan, npan(a, ni:inacr rcncpi n mxop, no n 1946 n 1947
io(ax nc (anana nax :acinari, xouy cxa:ari nnmi o(no:
«opncnrannn» miocnanon oxa:inari npc(nourcnnc no(connyxy
n cpanncnnn c :cpnonixn 'xynirypaxn, nc 6ina nx cnyuannon
«omn6xon», nc nnnnnaci cnc(crnncx xaxoio-nn6o ncixoxicncn-
noio n noncpxnocrnoio ornomcnnn x namnx roi(amnnx ycnonn-
nx n no:xo»nocrnx' Hcr' Bcc 6ino rmarcnino npo(yxano, a
«opncnrannn», na ncpnin n:inn( «ccnicxoxo:nncrncnnoio» xa-
paxrcpa, cxpinana npc»(c nccio onpc(cncnnic nonnrnuccxnc
ncnn.
312
B o6mcx nnanc ncccroponnnx ycnnnn rnronncn x noinomc-
nnm An6annn, nann:inannc nax omn6ounon n nopounon
nonnrnxn n o6nacrn ccnicxoio xo:nncrna co:(ano 6i 6cnipa(-
cxoxy pyxono(crny 6oncc 6naionpnnrnic ycnonnn (nn ocymc-
crnncnnn cio ncncn: crpana oxa:anaci 6i no( yipo:on iono-
(a, naprnn (ncxpc(nrnponanaci 6i n ina:ax xacc, xax «nccno-
co6nan» ninccrn 6c(nnxa na cncrnin nyri, n xi 6inn 6i
niny»(cni, n xoncunox nroic, npornnyri pyxy «(py:inx»,
xoropic ronixo n (cnann, uro ni»n(ann no(xo(nmnn xoxcnr,
uro6i cxnarnri ncc rcno.
Hnixn cnonaxn, onn crpcxnnnci npcnparnri ncm An6a-
nnm n «no(conncunnx», xoropin 6i iononxon n rcnox noncp-
nyncn 6i x «nx connny», x rnrn:xy n rnroncxon Kiocnannn.
Ananoinunoc (anncnnc oxa:inann onn na nac, nacrannan
n na (pyiox «ncrounnxc» «nanmrnix (oxo(on» ÷ na xnonxc'
÷ Xnonox ÷ ¬ro :onoro' ÷ ionopnn nax Icpin, a :arcx
n (pyion nocnancn Tnro, 3narnu. ÷ Ho6cnnrc Mm:cucm, Bnc-
py, Capan(y xnonxox, on cax :nacr, xax (cnari nax uccri'
To »c caxoc, xi noconcronann xpccrinnax ccnri xnonox,
no, xax n:nccrno, on nc ronixo nc c(cnan nax xaxon-nn6o uc-
crn (on nc no6cnnn (a»c :accnnnic nx yuacrxn), a, nanpornn,
yncnnunn namn rpy(nocrn n xnonori.
2 nnxax nc xouy ¬rnx cxa:ari, uro n rc xoxcnri xi
nc(ooncnnnann ¬rn rcxnnuccxnc xynirypi nnn uro nam xpcc-
rinnnn 6in xonccpnaropox n nc nocnpnnnxan nonoio' Hn-
cxonixo. Koi(a nacran xoxcnr xi nipamnnari crann n nipa-
mnnacx n rcncpi n no(conncunnx n xnonox, npnucx nx ypo-
»annocri ncnpcpinno pacrcr. Ho n 1945 n 1946 io(ax, xoi(a
y nac nnucio nc 6ino, xoi(a nononnna pannnnnon xccrnocrn
6ina noxpira 6onoraxn n rpncnnaxn, xoi(a xnc6 cran y»c
ocrpix opy»ncx n 6opi6c :a ro, 6iri nnn nc 6iri namcn
crpanc, n rcx ycnonnnx orxa:aricn or :cpna o:nauano ncrari
na nyri nponanon n xaracrpoqi. O(naxo xi ncxopc y6c(n-
nnci n rox, uro ncc ¬ro 6ino npcnparnix, anrnxapxcncrcxnx.
Bc(i nacran (cni, xoi(a «xonoc c mamxy» nonno(nncxon nmc-
nnni nannc na( namcn iononon, xax (axoxnon xcu. Ho xi
cyxcnn yxnonnricn or y(apa. Hcy(aun 1946-1947 io(on crann
313
(nn nac 6onimnx ypoxox. Ha npaxrnxc, n nponcccc cronxno-
ncnnn, uacro nccixa onacnix, xi cmc nyumc ocnannann rco-
pnm n npaxrnxy nayunoio connann:xa. Ho:(ncc, xoi(a (pyion
Tnro, Hnxnra Xpymcn, yxa:an nax nyri nixo(a n: :arpy(nc-
nnn n onnax, nnrpyconix n n myuicx ncncnnn, xi yni6ny-
nnci c nponncn n n ro »c npcxn c iopcuim. «Hcropnn» nonro-
pnnaci, no nama ncpnan omn6xa ÷ ncr. «Ho(conncunnxn»
nayunnn nac roxy, uro ionony na(o noncpnyri nc x Bonno(nnc
n nc x Yxpannc, a ronixo x xapxcn:xy-ncnnnn:xy' Mi y»c
nonnnn, uro raxoc conpcxcnnin pcnn:nonn:x no nncmnocrn
n no co(cp»annm.
Mc»(y rcx xi nacronunno n, npnnaian ncccroponnnc
ycnnnn, ncxann nonix nyrcn, cpc(crn n no:xo»nocrcn npo(-
nn»cnnn nncpc(. Oco6cnno nocnc ycranonncnnn (nnnoxarnuc-
cxnx ornomcnnn n xonnc 1945 io(a, xi o6parnnnci :a noxo-
mim n x Concrcxoxy Com:y.
2 6ccc(onan c corpy(nnxaxn concrcxoio noconicrna n
Tnpanc o6 ¬ron npo6ncxc, no onn, xorn n 6naiocxnonno ornocn-
nnci x namnx npc(no»cnnnx n :anpocax, ncci(a ionopnnn:
«(ono»nx Mocxnc». µoxna(inari Mocxnc 6ino (cnox ccrc-
crncnnix, no Mocxna xaxoio-nn6o ucrxoio orncra nc (anana
n xocncnno (anana nonnri, a, naxoncn, orxpiro coo6mnna nax,
uro «¬xonoxnuccxan noxomi nax 6y(cr oxa:ana ucpc: Kio-
cnannm, rax xax cn xi oxa:inacx :naunrcninym noxomi,
xoropan npc(na:naucna n (nn nac. Ho¬roxy o6pamanrcci x mio-
cnanax». To »c caxoc nonropnn nax cnonxn co6crncnnixn
ycraxn n Monoron n Hapn»c, xoi(a xi naxo(nnnci na Mnp-
non xonqcpcnnnn, npnucx cxa:an on ¬ro n npncyrcrnnn Kap(c-
nn n Momc Hin(c.
Xorn n nc nonnxann raxoio cnoco6a oxa:annn ¬xonoxn-
uccxon noxomn, xi (yxann n ncpnnn, uro xc»(y connanncrn-
uccxnxn crpanaxn xo»no 6ino npaxrnxonari n raxnc qop-
xi. Hax ocrananoci nccio nnmi »(ari, uro6i «nocpc(nnxn»
(anann nax ro, uro ny»no 6ino (anari. Ho onn, ccnn xax «no-
cpc(nnxn» no nonpocy nocnnix pcnapannn n (ann nax xaxoc-
ro 6apaxno, ro xax «nocpc(nnxn» no nonpocy concrcxon noxo-
mn nnucio nc (anann.
314
Taxona pa:pcxnaxnponannan 6cnipa(cxnx pyxono(crnox
«noxomi» namcn crpanc nnnori (o ccpc(nni 1946 io(a: nn-
ucio xonxpcrnoio, a ronixo «concri» n «opncnrannn», no :aro
opncnrannn, o xoropix n ionopnn nimc.
Hocnc xocn noc:(xn n Icnipa( n nmnc 1946 io(a xa-
:anoci, naunnanaci nonan, 6oncc ncpc(onan qa:a n namnx
¬xonoxnuccxnx n:anxoornomcnnnx. Mi n:no»nnn Tnro n cio
corpy(nnxax npoci6y noxoui nax n o6nacrn xcro(onoinn cocra-
nncnnn c(nnoio nnana, noxa uro ronixo o(noncrncio nnn (nyx-
ncrncio nnana, a rax»c oxa:ari nax, no xcpc no:xo»nocrn,
xaxym-nn6o noxomi xpc(nraxn, nanpannri x nax nccxonixo
cncnnanncron no pa:nnunix o6nacrnx ¬xonoxnxn n r.(. Ha
ccn pa: namc nacronnnc c(cnari ncpnic main no nyrn co-
nnanncrnuccxon nn(ycrpnann:annn crpani :acrannno mio-
cnancxnx pyxono(nrcncn nponnnri 6onimc yxcpcnnocrn n
cnonx «opncnrannnx». Onn orncrnnn, uro noxoiyr n n ¬ron
o6nacrn, «noconcronan», o(naxo, napn(y c pa:nnrncx pn(a
py(nnxon n ncqrcnpoxicnon, inannoc nnnxannc y(cnnri
ncixon n nnmcnon npoximncnnocrn.
÷ Mi 6y(cx noxoiari nax n xoc-xaxnxn xpc(nraxn,
÷ cxa:ann onn, ÷ o(naxo (oionopnricn na(o o rox, xaxnx
nyrcx ni 6y(crc nonyuari ¬ry noxomi. Ho naxonncnnoxy
(o cnx nop oniry, ÷ npo(on»ann onn, ÷ xi nn(nx, uro
nccixa (cncrncnnix nyrcx corpy(nnuccrna n oxa:annn no-
xomn nnnncrcn nyri conxccrnix xoxnannn. Taxnc xoxna-
nnn xi co:(ann y»c c concrcxnxn n (cna npcxpacno n(yr,
µananrc co:(a(nx raxnc »c xoxnannn n c naxn"
Unpoxoc pcxnaxnponannc «niio(» or ¬rnx xoxnannn n
uacroc ynoxnnannc roio, uro raxnc xoxnannn onn co:(ann
n c Concrcxnx Com:ox, no6y(nnn nac cmc no npcxn xocio
npc6inannn n Kiocnannn coinacnricn, n npnnnnnc, na co-
:(annc no(o6nix xoxnannn n 6y(ymcx.
÷ Bpcxn y nac ccri, ÷ cxa:ann onn, ÷ (o xonna io(a
xo»no no(po6no o6cy»(ari nonpoc o nnx, o rox, xax onn
6y(yr co:(ani, xax 6y(yr (cncrnonari n ynpannnricn. Ho
¬ro nc raxon nonpoc, xoropin (on»cn 6iri paccxorpcn pyxo-
no(crnox. Hycri nx :anxyrcn cncnnanncri coorncrcrnymmnx
ccxropon.
315
Hrax, xi no:nparnnnci n Tnpany c ncnix pn(ox o6c-
mannn n «6oncc mnpoxon npo6ncxarnxon n:anxoornomcnnn»,
o(naxo na ncc namn nonpoci onn (anann yxnonunnic, nco-
npc(cncnnic orncri. Hocnc nccxonixnx xccnncn xonuannn onn
coo6mnnn nax, uro nacrano npcxn co6paricn n Icnipa(c
¬xcncprax o6cnx crpan n ncc yrounnri. Ka:anoci, 1947 io(
nauncrcn 6naiononyuno. K xonny oxrn6pn 1946 io(a xi
nanpannnn ry(a Haxo c ipynnon ronapnmcn n: Mnnncrcpcrna
¬xonoxnxn n Iocy(apcrncnnon nnanonon xoxnccnn, n nax
ocrananoci nccio nnmi »(ari nroion ncpcionopon. Hxcnno
orcm(a n naunnacrcn iopixan ncropnn no(nncannn n xonnc
non6pn 1946 io(a an6ancxo-miocnancxon ¬xonoxnuccxon xon-
ncnnnn.
Oxonoxnuccxan xonncnnnn xc»(y An6anncn n Kiocnanncn
6ina nonnomcnncx com:a xc»(y o6cnxn namnxn crpanaxn.
Konncnnnn ¬ra conpono»(anaci nporoxonaxn o coinacona-
nnn nnanon, o6 ynnqnxannn ncn, o6 ycranonncnnn nanmrnoio
napnrcra, o co:(annn conxccrnix xoxnannn, o cnnrnn raxo-
»cnnix ipannn xc»(y (nyxn crpanaxn n r.(.
Mi no(nncann ¬rn coinamcnnn, no, xax n o6 ¬rox 6y(y
ionopnri nn»c, cmc n xo(c ncpcionopon no ¬rnx nonpocax y
nac no:nnxnn no(o:pcnnn, ccpic:nic npo6ncxi n :axcua-
nnn. Haxanync nx no(nncannn xi cmc pa: nipa:nnn miocnan-
cxon croponc cnon :axcuannn n cnoc 6ccnoxoncrno, a onn, cc-
rccrncnno, c(cnann xncnym xnny, no xnonnynn nac no nncuy:
÷ Hc 6ccnoxonrcci, noc 6y(cr n namy noni:y'
Hpomno nc rax y» xnoio npcxcnn n xi orucrnnno ynn-
(cnn, uro Oxonoxnuccxan xonncnnnn co nccxn cc xoxnoncnra-
xn 6ina nc ucx nnix, xax nonix cnnpcnix opy»ncx rnron-
cxon (nncpcnn n ca6ora»a n 6opi6c :a noxopcnnc n noinomc-
nnc An6annn. Oron xonncnnncn miocnancxoc npannrcnicrno
crpcxnnoci, n xauccrnc ncpnoio maia, (animc ¬xcnnyarnponari
n pacxnmari 6oiarcrna namcn crpani n:nccrnixn ncoxono-
nnanncrcxnxn qopxaxn; n xauccrnc nropoio maia, ono crpc-
xnnoci ncnnxox npcnparnri namy ¬xonoxnxy n npn(arox mio-
cnancxon . ¬xonoxnxn, nonnocrim n:nri cc n cnon pyxn n no-
crannri no( cnon xonrponi, a, n xauccrnc rpcricio maia, co-
316
:(ari raxnc ycnonnn, npn xoropix nax noncn-ncnoncn npnm-
noci 6i coinacnricn na ¬xonoxnuccxoc n nonnrnuccxoc «coc(n-
ncnnc» c Kiocnanncn, paccxarpnnan ¬ro xax c(nncrncnnin
nyri cnaccnnn'
µnn roio, uro6i (cranino npoanann:nponari ro, uro npo-
n:omno na caxox (cnc c Oxonoxnuccxon xonncnnncn, nona-
(o6nnnci 6i ncnic roxa, n xoropix namnn 6i orpa»cnnc xax
rcopcrnuccxnc apiyxcnri n xomcnnnuccrno miocnancxon cro-
poni, rax n conocranncnnc na ocnonc nnqp n qaxron roio,
uro nax 6ino o6cmano, n roio, uro nax 6ino (ano, roio,
uro nax 6ino npo(ano, n roio, uro y nac 6ino noxnmcno
caxixn ipy6ixn xcro(axn. Bo xnoinx naprnnnix (oxyxcnrax
n xarcpnanax, naunnan c (oxna(a, c(cnannoio xnom na XI
Hncnyxc HK KHA n ccnrn6pc 1948 io(a, n xonuan (oxna(axn,
c(cnannixn na I c¡c:(c KHA n non6pc roio »c io(a, n r.(.,
npo6ncxi ¬rn no(ncpinyri npannninoxy, xapxcncrcxo-ncnnn-
cxoxy anann:y
1
. Ho:(ncc npon:nc(cni n (pyinc, 6oncc
(craninic anann:i, n xoropix ncno npocrynamr :axicni n nc-
oxononnanncrcxan, anrnan6ancxan no:nnnn miocnancxoio pyxo-
no(crna n nonpocc ¬xonoxnuccxnx ornomcnnn c namcn crpa-
non, a n ¬rox nnanc n xapaxrcp no(nncannon n non6pc 1946
io(a Oxonoxnuccxon xonncnnnn. O(naxo, nccxorpn na ¬ro,
iopixan n nonnan onacnocrcn ncropnn roio ncpno(a npo(on-
»acr ocranaricn orxpirix n nccixa nnrcpccnix noncx (nn
namnx nccnc(onarcncn, oco6cnno (nn rcx, xro :annxacrcn
ncropncn namnx ¬xonoxnuccxnx ornomcnnn c :apy6c»nix
xnpox. Hnqpi n qaxri nconponcp»nxo (oxa:inamr, uro
crpcxncnnn n ycnnnn rcx, xoropic na:inann cc6n «pyxono(n-
rcnnxn-xoxxynncraxn» Kiocnannn, n cymnocrn nnucx nc
ornnuannci no cnocxy co(cp»annm or ncoxononnanncrcxnx
crpcxncnnn n ycnnnn nraninncxoio, aninnncxoio, axcpnxan-
cxoio n (pyioio xannrana n ucpnic io(i :oioncxoio xo-
poncncrna. Oncxcnrapnoc ornnunc :axnmuacrcn n qopxax,
______________________________________
1 Cx. Onncp Xo(»a, H:6pannic npon:nc(cnnn, r. I, n:(. na pyc,
n:., crp. 81O-832, Tnpana, 1974.
317
n xacxax, :a xoropixn nicrynann nonic xononn:aropi, a
ocnonnoc n pcmammcc ornnunc n rox, uro nama naprnn n
nam napo( cnonx rpy(ox, 6opi6on n nnmcnnnxn nc (ony-
crnnn nonropcnnn 1939 io(a n 1947 nnn 1948 io(y. Kax n
no nccx (pyinx o6nacrnx, n n o6nacrn ¬xonoxnxn nponannnnci
nnani n crpcxncnnn 6cnipa(cxnx pcnciaron.
Hrax, cunran ncny»nix nonropnri n ¬ron xnnic :ann-
cox n nocnoxnnannn ro, uro y»c oxa:ano, nnn »c npnno(nri
(craninic nnqpi n qaxri ¬xonoxnuccxoio xapaxrcpa, xouy
nnmi yxa:ari na ycnonnn, npn xoropix xi niny»(cni 6inn
no(nncari xonncnnnm n cnn:annic c ncn coinamcnnn.
Kax n y»c ionopnn, namy (cnciannm no:inannnn Haxo.
Cnn:i c naxn on no((cp»nnan ucpc: pa(noipaxxi, n, cy(n
no cio ncpnix coo6mcnnnx, xa:anoci, uro ncc 6naiononyuno
naunnanoci. £io npnnnxann n npono»ann nicmnc miocnan-
cxnc xo:nncrncnnic pyxono(nrcnn ÷Kn(pnu («icnnn ¬xono-
xnxn», xax na:inann cio miocnani'), cio :axccrnrcnn xopnun,
ncxn(pnun, ncrponnun nxccrc c ncnixn 6pnia(axn (pyinx
cncnnanncron n orncrcrncnnix pa6ornnxon cpc(nnx nnn nn:-
mnx panion.
£crccrncnno, nocnc yni6ox n no6:annn, nocnc o6c(on
n nnpmccrn ncpcxo(nnn onn x (cny. Ha 27-28-ncrncio Haxo
. o6pymnnannci :nannn n 6aia» nccx «6occon» miocnancxon
¬xonoxnxn: conxccrnic xoxnannn co:(amrcn na ocnonc xonn-
uccrna n nxna(a n ocnonnic qon(i; nonnrnxa xannranonno-
»cnnn 6y(cr raxon-ro n raxon-ro; ncpnonauaninan npn6ini,
uncran npn6ini...; cc6ccronxocri...; cipic... crpana, n xo-
ropon (cncrnycr xoxnannn, nxccr raxnc-ro npana n raxnc-ro
o6n:arcnicrna...; crpana-yuacrnnna nxccr raxnc-ro npana n
raxnc-ro o6n:arcnicrna; xpc(nr npc(ocrannncrcn na raxnc-ro
ycnonnn; 6y(cr noiamaricn raxnx-ro nyrcx n r.(. n r.n.
Hocnc roio, xax cncnnanino no(ioronncnnic (nn ¬roio
(cna nm(n unrann cxy ncxnnn, xoropic (nnnnci ncnic (na-
rpn uaca, «(py:in» (anann Haxo pa6orari «cnoxonno», «6c:
nxcmarcnicrna»; ninannnann cxy na cron 1OO-2OO crpannn xa-
rcpnanon rcopcrnuccxoio n npaxrnuccxoio xapaxrcpa o npn-
po(c «conxccrnix xoxnannn» n oucni nc»nnno (o6annnnn:
318
÷ £cnn y rc6n no:nnxncr xaxon-nn6o nonpoc, ro noio-
nopnx o6 ¬rox :anrpa, na yrpcnncx :acc(annn. Hc :a6y(i,
ccio(nn xi npninamcni na y»nn ronapnmcx Kn(pnucx.
Haxo cmc nc ycncnan co:(ari ncnoc npc(cranncnnc o
xapaxrcpc «conxccrnix xoxnannn», xax y ncio nanannnann
(pyinc cncnnanncri pa:¡ncnnri npocxri xa»(on xoxnannn n
or(cninocrn («Conxccrnan xoxnannn no crponrcnicrny »cnc:-
nix (opoi», «Conxccrnan xoxnannn no (o6iuc n ¬xcnnyara-
nnn ncqrn», xoxnannn «in(pocrannnn», «nxnopra-¬xcnopra»
n (p.). Cnona npninamcnnn na oqnnnaninic o6c(i n y»nni,
(py»ccxnc n uacrnic, cnona ncnic nanxn c pa6ounxn xarc-
pnanaxn, cnona ncpcionopi, ronixo na ccn pa: o (pyinx no-
npocax: o6 ynnqnxannn ncn, o6 ycranonncnnn nanmrnoio
napnrcra, o npnnnnnax raxo»cnnoio o6¡c(nncnnn n r.(.
n r.n.
Bpcxn or npcxcnn n nonyuan xoporxnc pa(noipaxxi, xo-
ropic n pa:(pa»ann cnocn naxonnunocrim (n nnucio nc no-
nnxan, uro nponcxo(nno), n 6ccnoxonnn xcnn. Cpounixn pa-
(noipaxxaxn n rpc6onan or Haxo no(po6nocrcn n pa:¡ncnc-
nnn, no on nn6o «ncuc:an» ncnixn (nnxn, nn6o ycnoxannan
xcnn raxnxn coo6mcnnnxn: «Hacronunno npninamamr xcnn
na xaxym-ro io(onmnny ocno6o»(cnnn n xaxon-ro xpan Cno-
ncnnn cron Hcpcionopi no:o6nonnrcn ucpc: rpn (nn cron
Ho(po6noc nncixo no:(ncc cron Haxo».
H xax pa: n ro npcxn, xoi(a Haxo nonnocrim ymcn n no-
(onopori na6npnnron miocnancxnx ¬xonoxncron, xoi(a cxy
nc ocrananoci (a»c o(noio uaca na or(ix nnn »c na ro,
uro6i pa:¡ncnnri nax nono»cnnc no(po6nix nncixox, x nax
nocrynacr or ncio (pyian norpncamman nccri:
«Tonapnmn (on nxcn n nn(y miocnanon) ionopnr, uro
nocranox nc 6y(cr n nnucio (pyioio nc 6y(cr c(cnano, ccnn
xi ncxc(ncnno nc npc(crannx cnon nnan pa:nnrnn na 1947
io(»'
Bor ono uro' Bnauanc xi (oionopnnnci, uro miocnani
npc(ocrannr nax ro, uro xoinn, n: :anpomcnnoio naxn, a
nocnc ¬roio xi cn(cx n no:ixcxcn :a pa:pa6orxy nnana, roi(a
xax rcncpi onn crannnn npc(napnrcninix ycnonncx npc(cra-
319
nncnnc nnana' Bor nxcnno n raxnx ycnonnnx Haxo Cnnpy ca-
(nncn n cpc(n ynxi (cn no cnocxy ycxorpcnnm pa:pa6arinan
n Icnipa(c «opncnrnponounin nnan» pa:nnrnn An6annn'
Hc xouy nnnnri n ¬rox Haxo nnn »c n:nannri nnny na
nac, no:nonnnmnx Haxo raxnx o6pa:ox nocrynari. Hcr, ¬ro
6ina ncnan nonnrnxa, xoropym miocnani npono(nnn, pac-
cunrinan c6nri nac c ronxy n :acrannri nc:axc(nnrcnino,
nocncmno coinacnricn c rcx, uro ionopnnn onn n uro 6ino
n nx nnrcpccax.
Tax nocrynann onn no nccx nonpocax. B uncnc caxix
ccpic:nix npo6ncx, xoropic onn ni(nniann ncpc( naxn n n
cnn:n c xoropixn rpc6onann, uro6i xi ncxc(ncnno no(nn-
cann coorncrcrnymmnc (oxyxcnri, nxo(nnn nonpoci o6 ycra-
nonncnnn nanmrnoio napnrcra, o6 ynnqnxannn ncn n (pyinc.
Cnon coo6pa»cnnn, npc(no»cnnn n «apiyxcnri» onn 6pocann
Haxo; Haxo »c n: iny6nn rpncnni, n xoropym cio noipy-
:nnn, o6pymnnancn na xcnn c pa(noipaxxaxn; «Hoxoinrc'
Cxa»nrc, xax xnc nocrynari'».
Hpn ¬rox nc cnc(ycr :a6inari o na»nox qaxrc. Bo xno-
inx nonpocax n: o6nacrn qnnanconon, rcxnnuccxon, opiann-
:annonnon n (pyion, xi cmc ronxox nc pa:6npannci, (a n nc
xoinn xi n nnx pa:6nparicn. Hax 6ina ncna ycranonxa na
pa:nnrnc crpani n coorncrcrnnn c npnnnnnaxn xapxcn:xa-
ncnnnn:xa, no xax 6y(yr xonxpcrno opiann:onani conxccr-
nic xoxnannn, xaxnc 6inn orpnnarcninic n nono»nrcninic
croponi y ¬rnx xoxnannn nnn »c y raxo»cnnoio o6¡c(nnc-
nnn, nanmrnoio napnrcra n r.(., ÷ no nccx ¬rnx nonpocax
y nac nc 6ino ny»noio onira, a no ncxoropix (pyinx nc
6ino noo6mc nnxaxoio onira. Haxo, nanpnxcp, xi cunrann
o(nnx n: inannix ¬xcncpron, n n nncxonixo nc xouy yxannri
nn cio nonn, nn cio cnoco6nocrcn. Ho Haxo, xorn 6i xax
¬xonoxnuccxoio pa6ornnxa, :naunr ocno6o»(cnnoio or nc-
noio pn(a (pyinx nc(ocrarxon, na(o paccxarpnnari raxnx,
xaxnx on 6in n ro npcxn. On nc nxcn nicmcio ¬xonoxnuc-
cxoio o6pa:onannn, nc ionopn y»c o nonnox orcyrcrnnn y ncio
onira. Oro ncc panno, uro no:no»nri na nncun xono(oio nap-
nn, yunnmciocn n nicmcx yuc6nox :anc(cnnn (na-rpn io(a,
32O
pa:pcmcnnc croni cncnnaninix npo6ncx ncnoio iocy(apcrna,
xaxnx 6i xanix ono nn 6ino. Tcncpi (cno iopa:(o npomc,
n6o (a»c n ccnn xaxon-ro o(nn ucnoncx, 6y(i on pyxono(nrc-
ncx yupc»(cnnn, nc xo»cr nnn nc yxccr pyxono(nri, nap-
rncn co:(an 6onimon n iapxonnuccxnn xcxann:x, xoropin
pa6oracr n concpmcncrnc, no(xnmuacr xono(oio pa6ornnxa x
pa6orc n ynpanncnnm, yunr, xnannqnnnpycr cio, nc nanocn
ymcp6 (cny. B 1946 »c io(y (cno o6cronno concpmcnno nna-
uc: 6onimon xcxann:x connanncrnuccxon ¬xonoxnxn 6in
roi(a cmc n :apo(imc. K roxy »c ncpc( naxn 6inn crapic
nonxn miocnancxon ¬xonoxnxn. Ho ¬ro cmc nc ncc. Onn
y»c (anno (yxann na( ¬rnx, xoncynirnponannci, ncc no(cun-
rann. Iinn onn pn(ox (pyi c (pyiox, co6npannci, xoncyni-
rnponannci, xoi(a nx yio(no n cxonixo nx yio(no, n naxo-
(nnn ricnuy :ancnox, uro6i c6nri nac c ronxy.
Cnc(onarcnino, n raxnx ycnonnnx Haxo npnxo(nnoci o6pa-
maricn xo xnc. 2, xoncuno, nc xoiy npcrcn(onari, uro n ro
npcxn nyumc Haxo pa:6npancn n «ronxnx» nonpocax qnnan-
con, xpc(nra, xannranonno»cnnn n r.(. ¹ro »c xacacrcn Koun,
ro cnon cnoco6nocrn «¬xonoxncra» on nonnocrim ncucpnan,
cran nnrcn(anrox cxna(on n Hanapnrc no npcxn nonni. Tc-
ncpi na ncio nc»ann «(pyinc :a6ori». £xy na(o 6ino npono-
(nri n naprnn n opianax nnyrpcnnnx (cn (npcxrnni Panxonn-
ua. £xy na(o 6ino nrannc (cnari cnoc ucpnoc (cno.
Kax 6i ro nn 6ino, xnc o6n:arcnino ny»no 6ino (anari
Haxo opncnrannn n yxa:annn, npnucx no:xo»no 6oncc ncnic
n ucrxnc. B ror ncpno(, cpc(n ynxi (pyinx (cn, n npomcn
nacronmnn xypc «nnrcncnnnoio ycnocnnn» ¬xonoxnuccxnx npo-
6ncx. Hcnixn cyrxaxn unran n Mapxca, Onicnica, ucnnna n
Crannna ÷ ry nnrcparypy na qpanny:cxox n:ixc, xoropym
nax y(ananoci npno6pcrari n n xoropon rpaxronannci nonpo-
ci ¬xonoxnxn, ni:inan cncnnanncron no qnnancax n (pyinx
ccxropax (cpc(n nnx n nc :a6y(y Hayxa Crpany), cnpamnnan
nx xncnnn, npnxo(nn, raxnx o6pa:ox, x n:nccrnoxy :axnm-
ucnnm n nncan Haxo:
÷ Ocropo»no, no ncno n onpc(cncnno nipa:n ronapn-
max namn 6onimnc oionopxn n cnn:n c nonpocox ycrano-
321
nncnnn nanmrnoio napnrcra. Cxa»n nx, uro pa:nan crcncni
¬xonoxnuccxoio pa:nnrnn (nyx crpan nc co:(acr no:xo»nocrn
(nn npannninoio n pcaninoio ypanncnnn namcio ncxa c nx
(nnapox. Taxoc ypanncnnc 6ino 6i cmc ncpcaninoc nnn(y
pa:nnunn n yponnc oxna(on xc»(y pa6ornnxaxn o6cnx crpan,
n ncnax na namn n nxnnc ronapi n r.(. Cxa»n nx, uro raxon
mai, noxnxo nccio (pyioio, nopo(nr n napo(c xnoio npo6ncx
connaninoio n nonnrnuccxoio xapaxrcpa, ocna6nr ncpy xacc
n namy nanmry n r.(.
To »c caxoc, n ncpc(an Haxo namn xonxpcrnic, ccpic:-
nic n apiyxcnrnponannic :axcuannn, o6¡ncnnnmnc ncno:xo»-
nocri ncxc(ncnnon ynnqnxannn ncn, rpy(nocrn n onacnocrn,
c xoropixn 6ino 6i conpn»cno raxo»cnnoc o6¡c(nncnnc n
(p. 2 naxa:an cxy no(po6no o6cy»(ari ¬rn nonpoci c Kn-
(pnucx, a ccnn y(acrcn, n c caxnx Tnro n nc:axc(nnrcnino
(ari nax orncr. Ho npomna nc(cnn n or Haxo nc 6ino nn-
xaxnx nccrcn.
B rc (nn no cncnnaninoxy npninamcnnm c¡c:(nn ry(a n
Koun µ:o(:c, «uro6i oxa:ari uccri (py:inx cnonx npncyr-
crnncx n npa:(nccrnax no cnyuam 7 non6pn»' On ro»c npncnan
xnc pa(noipaxxy, n xoropon nncan o rox, xax cio ncrpcuann
c noxnon, o6 y»nnax, na xoropix Panxonnu n (pyinc no(nn-
xann «no 3O rocron :a :(oponic An6annn'», n (a»c xnannncn rcx,
uro na o(nox n: oqnnnaninix y»nnon onn ninnnn c mio-
cnancxnxn ronapnmaxn (o ucripcx uacon yrpa, no Koun (o
xonna noxa:an cc6n nacronmnx xy»unnon n nc ocpaxnn nac'
2 nc cxoi c(cp»ari incna:
÷ B cnocx nn onn yxc' ÷ oxa:an n ronapnmy, npnncc-
mcxy xnc pa(noipaxxy «ronapnma icncpana». ÷ Y nac io-
nona n(cr xpyiox, a onn paccxa:inamr nax o rox, (o xaxoio
uaca ninnnann. I(c pa(noipaxxa Haxo"
÷ Mi cc pacmnqponinacx, ÷ orncuacr xnc ronapnm,
÷ no oxa:ann npnopnrcr ronapnmy icncpany, cunran, uro cio
pa(noipaxxa xoina co(cp»ari cpounic (nn nac coo6mcnnn.
÷ ua(no, na(no, ÷ npoionopnn n, ÷ no xnc cpouno
ny»cn «ronapnm nnan».
Haxoncn-ro xnc npnnccnn pa(noipaxxy Haxo. Ho:(no,
322
no :aro ncpnic (na-rpn a6:ana n:o6nnonann nonnxn: «Hxnopr-
¬xcnopr 1 OOO OOO nonix qpanxon
1
; maxri ÷ 2 OOO OOO; 6anx
÷ 4 OOO OOO; ncqri ÷ 4 OOO OOO; ¬ncxrpnuccrno ÷ 2 OOO OOO;
»cnc:nic (opoin ÷ 4 OOO OOO''
¹cpnix no 6cnoxy, ncc ¬rn ncpcnnni noncn npc(crannnnn
co6on xannranonno»cnnn, xoropixn miocnancxan cropona pa:-
xaxnnana nax na 1947 io(, o6cman npon:nccrn nx n mccri
conxccrnix xoxnannn, xoropic npc(nonaianoci co:(ari. µa-
ncc nax o6cmann cmc rpn-ucripc qa6pnxn, ronapi mnpo-
xoio norpc6ncnnn n r.(. n r.n., a :a ¬rnx cnc(onann ycnonnn:
¬rn nonn na 6yxaic o6parnrcn no qpanxn, nnn ncpncc, n xan-
(ani n ¬rox cnyuac, ccnn xi coinacnxcn na co:(annc xox-
nannn, na ynnqnxannm ncn, na o6¡c(nncnnc raxo»cn n
r.(. n r.n.
¹ro »c xacacrcn xonx :axcuannn n xonx oionopox, ro
miocnani (ann cnc(ymmnn orncr: «Hponnncnnc nc(oncpnn x
6parcxoxy (yxy Oxonoxnuccxon xonncnnnn»'
2 cnona co6pan namnx ronapnmcn n xi npnnnnnci o6cy»-
(ari ro, uro nncan Haxo. Ho ror cran y»c oucni «roponnn-
nix». Yrpox cnc(ymmcio »c (nn xnc ncpc(ann pa(noipaxxy
n noncrpoxy:
«Cpouno »(cx orncra na nucpamnnn xarcpnan»'
µna-rpn (nn no(pn( (¬ro 6inn nocnc(nnc (nn non6pn)
o(na :a (pyion nocrynann naxonnunic pa(noipaxxi Haxo,
«(py:in» cncmno rpc6onann orncra, npocxr :annncnnn 6in y»c
ioron, npnucx cio cocranncnnc onn no:no»nnn na Haxo (').
Iina ycranonncna (a»c (ara no(nncannn :annncnnn ÷ 27 no-
n6pn. Tonixo namcio orncra n »(ann: (a nnn ncr' Mc»(y
rcx no:nparnncn Koun µ:o(:c, xoropin ncci (cni, noxnxo
onncannn cnocn ornain n cxnarxc co mnnnonnncn, nc npcxn-
nyn mnpoxo aqnmnponari cnon rananr n o6nacrn iny6oxoio
nonnxannn ¬xonoxnuccxnx npo6ncx' On xnnncn n rox, uro
no(nncannc xonncnnnn 6y(cr nxcri (nn nac :naucnnc ranni
n: cxa:xn npo Cm:axa.
____________________________________
1 B ncpnic io(i nocnc ocno6o»(cnnn c(nnnny namcn nanmri co-
crannnn qpanx.
323
÷ Hc cnc(ycr nponocnri xycox xnxo pra' ÷ ionopnn
on. ÷ Onn ionopnr «na», a xi 6onxcn n:nri.
B ¬rnx ycnonnnx, naxoncn, xi counn ncnccoo6pa:nix cxa-
:ari: «Cm:ax, orxponcn'». 27 non6pn xonncnnnn 6ina no(-
nncana. µnn ucpc: (na Haxo Cnnpy n ipynna cio corpy(nn-
xon npnnccnn nax xnni nnccx, npocxron, n, ccrccrncnno,
n ncpcnnni noncn na 6yxaic.
C ncpnon »c ncrpcun c Haxo y xcnn cmc 6onimc ycn-
nnnnci rpcnoin n no(o:pcnnn no nono(y c(cnannoio naxn
maia.
3a ncxnmucnncx xoc-xaxnx yxcpcnnix no:6y»(cnnn, n
ncnox ron Haxo 6in xpaunix n ncccnxncrnuccxnx. Kax
n n, on nonaian, uro no(nncannic naxn coinamcnnn rannn n
cc6c (nn nac onacnocrn n rpy(nocrn. On npnxo cxa:an xnc,
uro «(py:in» conccx nc (anann cxy npcxcnn (yxari n nnnxari
n cyri roio, uro cxy npcno(nocnnn, na namn :axcuannn
nnn npc(no»cnnn orncuann onn xparxo n naxxypnn 6ponn.
÷ Oro nccio nnmi coinamcnnc, ÷ cxa:an n cxy, ÷ n
cunrari 6y(cx, uro ono no(nncano o6cnxn croponaxn c nan-
nyumnxn naxcpcnnnxn. Tcncpi, xoi(a nauncrcn pa6ora no cio
npaxrnuccxoxy ocymccrnncnnm, xi ynn(nx xax nono»nrcni-
nic, rax n orpnnarcninic croponi xa»(oio nono»cnnn co-
inamcnnn n or(cninocrn. Mi 6y(cx nnocnri ny»nic nonpanxn
n npnxcx nco6xo(nxic xcpi x npc(ornpamcnnm nm6on onac-
nocrn. µyxam, uro miocnancxnc ronapnmn 6y(yr pyxono(crno-
naricn rcx »c (yxox.
÷ Hanpn( nn onn npn:namr xaxym-nn6o omn6xy n cnonx
xncnnnx n n cnocn pa6orc' ÷ cxa:an Haxo c npncymcn cxy
nponncn n ncccnxn:xox.
2 noconcronan cxy n:nricn :a (cno n cxa:an, uro xi, c
namcn croponi, (on»ni ncc c(cnari ocxorpnrcnino, ocro-
po»no n 6(nrcnino, npnucx nc ronixo npo(nnian namn (cna
nncpc(, no n coxpannn n yxpcnnnn nnrcpnannonanncrnuccxym
(py»6y c napo(axn Kiocnannn n miocnancxon naprncn.
B nocnc(ymmcx xnc npcxn or npcxcnn npnxo(nnoci io-
nopnri c Haxo na ¬ry rcxy n o6o nocx, uro ona nonncxna
:a co6on, n on rax nnn nnauc (o6annnn cnon :axcuannn n
324
oionopxn ornocnrcnino «ncxpcnnocrn» miocnancxnx ronapn-
mcn, nnon pa: ioronnncn cxa:ari xnc uro-ro 6onimc, no nnc-
:anno xnncn n yxanxnnan, cranonnncn ranncrncnnix. 2cno
6ino, uro on uro-ro or xcnn cxpinan. Ho:(no, nocnc cio ca-
xoy6nncrna, oco6cnno nocnc VIII Hncnyxa HK KHA, cocronn-
mciocn n qcnpanc 1948 io(a, n y:nan, noxnxo nccio (pyioio,
cmc o(nn iopixnn n norpncammnn qaxr, cnn:annin c «ran-
non», xoropym on ioronnncn orxpiri xnc, no rax n nc orxpin.
Bo:nparnnmnci n: Icnipa(a nocnc no(nncannn xonncnnnn,
on nnrnxno cxa:an ncxoropix ronapnmax-uncnax cnocn nn-
rcnncxryaninon «¬nnri» (unpn Icnnmona, 0a(nni Haupaxn,
Hnxo Onapn n (p.):
÷ Hy uro" Ionopnr nn napo( o6o xnc, uro Haxo Cnnpy
npo(an An6annm Kiocnannn, xax Axxcr 3oiy Hrannn"'
¹ro Haxo Cnnpy ornnuancn, xax n xnoinxn (pyinxn no-
poxaxn n :acnyiaxn, rax»c ro iopixnxn n nponnuccxnxn, ro
nocrop»cnnixn n ¬nqopnuccxnxn nipa»cnnnxn, ¬ro cyman
npan(a, nipa»anman cio npornnopcunnin n cno»nin xapax-
rcp. B (annox xonrcxcrc n ¬rn iopixnc, npa»(c6nic cnona,
cxa:annic nx n nnrnxnix o6cronrcnicrnax n oxpy»cnnn uncnon
cio «¬nnri», naxo(nnn o(no n: cnonx o6¡ncncnnn. Ho on ipy6o
omn6ancn npn raxon oncnxc n na6nnan cc6c nicoxym «ncny».
Bo-ncpnix, nnxax ncni:n 6ino npono(nri cpanncnnc xc»-
(y ucpnix (cnox Axxcra 3oiy n xornnaxn, xoropixn ror
pyxono(crnonancn, :axnmuan coinamcnnn c (pyinxn crpanaxn,
n ncnnxn n xornnaxn, xoropixn pyxono(crnonannci xi, :a-
xnmuan coinamcnnn c Kiocnanncn.
Kax n y»c ionopnn, xi pyxono(crnonannci, no-ncpnix, ca-
xixn 6nainxn naxcpcnnnxn n ncxo(nnn n: roio, uro nxcnn
(cno c connanncrnuccxnx iocy(apcrnox. Bo-nropix, pcnonm-
nnn, xoropym xi concpmnnn n nocronnno yiny6nnnn, nc (a-
nana no:xo»nocrn nn Haxo, nn xaxoxy-nn6o (pyioxy or(cni-
noxy nnny npo(anari nnn noxynari An6annm, xax ¬ro (cnan
ncxoi(a Axxcr 3oiy. Tcncpi naprnn 6ina y nnacrn, napo(
cronn y nnacrn n onn nc xoinn (onycrnri, xax n nc (onycxann,
nc ro, uro npo(a»n Po(nni, no (a»c nocniarcnicrn na cc
cno6o(y n nc:anncnxocri.
325
Ho n (yxam, uro nipa»cnnc Haxo o «npo(a»c An6annn»,
o6n:arcnino nxcno, noxnxo ¬roio, n (pyinc, 6oncc nccxnc
npnunni, nixo(nnmnc «:a npc(cni» Haxo. Ho nccn ncponr-
nocrn, na 6cnipa(cxnx ncpcionopax, (nnnmnxcn ncnin xccnn,
on oxa:ancn ncpc( nnnox 6oncc cyponix n 6oncc cnnpcnix
rpc6onannn n na»nxon, ucx rc, o xoropix on nncan nax n
cnonx pa(noipaxxax nnn paccxa:inan no no:npamcnnn na
Po(nny. Iiri xo»cr, «(py:in» naxcxann n (a»c orxpiro rpc-
6onann, uro6i ror no(nncan iopa:(o 6onimc ucx «¬xonoxn-
uccxnc coinamcnnn». Tor qaxr, uro n caxin xpnrnuccxnn
ncpno( ncpcionopon onn «npninacnnn» n Icnipa( n Koun µ:o-
(:c n «no((cp»xy» nnn »c (nn oxa:annn (anncnnn na Haxo
÷ (pyion apiyxcnr (nn raxoio npc(nono»cnnn. Iiri xo»cr,
Haxo y»c nonnn, uro ¬rnxn coinamcnnnxn Kiocnannn crpc-
xnnaci «cnn:ari no pyxax» An6annm, ncn:npan na xacxn 6par-
cxon «noxomn», xoropixn miocnani naxcpcnannci xaxyqnn-
ponari raxym 6a:apnym c(cnxy. Haxo orxa:ancn, no miocnani
nanoxnnnn cxy n nopn(xc yipo:i n (anncnnn xoxnpoxcrn-
ponanmnc cio n namnx ina:ax qaxri n (oxyxcnri n: npom-
noio (cio poni npn 6cparcxnx nponcxax, rannic nncixa anrn-
naprnnnoio co(cp»annn, xoropic on npncnan nx, n (p.). B
¬rox cnyuac y:ocri xcmancxoio (yxa n:nna ncpx na( pcnonm-
nnonnix (yxox Haxo Cnnpy. Y ncio nc xnarano cxcnocrn
no(po6no paccxa:ari nax o rox, xaxnc ncnn rannn miocnani,
a ionopnn nax nccio nnmi o «ncxoropix oionopxax» (y nac
caxnx 6inn nc ro uro oionopxn, no n ccpic:nic :axcuannn)
n, c namcio pa:pcmcnnn, nocrannn cnom no(nnci no( ncnix
pn(ox coinamcnnn, :nan, uro onn 6inn ncnpannninixn, anrn-
an6ancxnxn. Hrax, ccnn Haxo :nan, uro cxy npc(cronr no(nn-
cari raxon anrnan6ancxnn (oxyxcnr, ro cio omn6xa 6ina
ncnpocrnrcninon, n6o on cnocnpcxcnno nc (an :nari naprnn o
rox, uro cxpinanoci :a xonncnnncn.
Ioncc roio, no:nparnnmnci na Po(nny, on nc na6pancn
cxcnocrn n cnni no(po6no paccxa:ari nax ncc, uro xoi :nari
n uro nancpnnxa :nan.
Ho qaxr, uro nocnc ¬roio Haxo cran (cp»aricn 6nn»c
xo xnc. ¹acro npnxo(nn ncrpcuaricn n concronaricn co xnom,
326
crannn npo6ncxi (npnucx crannn nx ncnnoxo), pa6oran npn-
nc»no n crapancn, uro6i (cna n o6nacrn ¬xonoxnxn mnn no:-
xo»no nyumc n nnrcpccax pa:nnrnn n yxpcnncnnn namcn
crpani.
B ¬ro npcxn n ncnnx ocymccrnncnnn coinamcnnn n oco6cn-
no co:(annn conxccrnix xoxnannn npn6ina n: Kiocnannn
ipynna cncnnanncron, concrnnxon n rcxnnxon no pa:nnunix
o6nacrnx. O(nonpcxcnno no namcn npoci6c crann npn6inari
rax»c concrcxnc concrnnxn n cncnnanncri.
Hrax, ncci ncpnin ncpno( 1947 io(a npcnparnncn n nn-
rcncnnnin ncpno( ocymccrnncnnn, noxnxo (pyinx :a(au, n
:a(au, nircxanmnx n: namnx ¬xonoxnuccxnx coinamcnnn c
Kiocnanncn. B nponcccc ¬ron pa6ori nax npc(cronno ynn-
(cri ncc :ancnxn, xoropic rannn n cc6c y»c no(nncannic co-
inamcnnn. Cpc(n rcx, uro cpa:y 6pocnnoci nax n ina:a, 6ino
nnnoc ncxpnnncnnc miocnanaxn xapaxrcpa raxo»cnnoio o6¡c-
(nncnnn. Mi coinacnnnci na raxoc o6¡c(nncnnc n npnnaiann
ncc ycnnnn x roxy, uro6i xcponpnnrnc ¬ro o6nciuano ropio-
nin o6xcn xc»(y (nyxn namnxn crpanaxn. Hpc(napnrcni-
nix ycnonncx npc(ynpc»(cnnn anoxannn n 6ccnopn(xon na
pinxc n no nccx nponcccc ropionoio o6xcna xi cunrann
co6nm(cnnc nono»cnnn o rox, uro ropionnn xc»(y naxn,
npan(a, (on»na 6ina ocymccrnnnricn 6c: raxo»cnnix ra-
pnqon, no :aro ncci(a naxo(nci n pyxax n no( xonrponcx iocy-
(apcrna; uro xax ncx n Kiocnannn, rax n (nnap n An6annn
(on»ni 6inn o6pamaricn n o6xcnnnaricn nc cnonranno, a
na ocnonc oqnnnaninix xonrpaxron; uro npc(npnnrnnx nnn
uacrnix nnnax o(non crpani nc pa:pcmanoci noxynari n
(pyion crpanc, uro nx :axoucrcn n cxonixo nx :axoucrcn, no-
xnxo oqnnnaninix xonrpaxron, n r.(.
Kiocnani nonpann n orncpinn ¬rn ocnonnic ycnonnn.
Hamn :axonnic no:pa»cnnn onn counn :a «xannranncrnuc-
cxnc nacrpocnnn» ('); :a nonirxn «pyxono(crnonaricn y:xnxn
nnrcpccaxn», :a «napymcnnc (yxa (py»6i» n r.(. B pc:ynirarc,
no( (anncnncx miocnanon, orxpinnci ipannni, n namy crpany
xninynn miocnancxnc iocy(apcrncnnic n uacrnic npc(npnn-
rnn, xax n xonrpa6an(ncri n: ¹cpnoiopnn, Maxc(onnn, Ccp-
327
6nn n (p., xoropic ipa6nnn na namcx pinxc ncc, uro xo»no
6ino ipa6nri, :a 6ccncnox. Bcnc(crnnc ¬roio nponcxo(nno
nonnoc onycromcnnc namcio pinxa n :anonncnnc 6anxa xcpr-
nixn (nnapaxn. Bnocnc(crnnn xi pcmnrcnino nicrynnnn
npornn ¬roio nacronmcio pa:6on (xi npo(anann ronapi n
noxynann (nnapi'), no ¬ro qaxr, uro pinox pa:opnncn. Ha
naxonncnnix (nnapax xo»no 6ino ronixo ipcricn, n6o na
cno6o(nox miocnancxox pinxc ncucio 6ino noxynari. Tnro
n cio npncnic y»c npnnnnn xcpi ÷ ncc pacnpc(cnnnoci no
nanxy, rax uro na cno6o(nox miocnancxox pinxc xo»no 6ino
noxynari nccio nnmi (crcxnc nipymxn, xyxni n cnncrxn'
O(nnaxonic n:npamcnnn nn(cnn xi n n (pyinx coina-
mcnnnx. Iino npnnnro pcmcnnc o co:(annn «conxccrnix
xoxnannn» n 6inn c(cnani (a»c ncpnic xonxpcrnic main,
o(naxo naprncpi xorcnn ronixo ipa6nri (onm npn6inn, nn
c(nnoio (nnapa nc nxna(inan n nnnccrnnnonnic qon(i. Hpc-
(ocrannnn onn nax xpc(nr n (na xnnnnap(a (nnapon, o(naxo
uro »c onn pcann:onann n: ¬roio pa:pcxnaxnponannoio nxn
xpc(nra" Hourn nnucio (cninoio. Ha ocnonc ¬roio xpc(nra,
noxnxo ncxoropix norpc6nrcnicxnx ronapon, onn (on»ni
6inn nocrannri nax, n nocrannnn, cmc rpn-ucripc :ano(a:
o(nn xinonapcnnin, o(nn ncpcnounin, o(nn caxapnin n,
xa»crcn, o(nn xyxoxoninin :ano(.
¹ro onn n: cc6n npc(crannnnn n cxonixo onn cronnn"
Hcni 6inn ycranonncni miocnancxnxn «¬xcncpraxn».
O6omnnci onn nax nrpn(opoia' 3naxcnnric «:ano(i» npc(-
crannnnn n: cc6n npocro »cnc:o, (a»c nc naxpamcnnoc xax
cnc(ycr. Ha crponrcnicrno caxapnoio :ano(a n Kopuc xi
ncrparnnn 6onimnc (cniin, npncnonnn cxy n noucrnoc nxn
Ann Kcnixcn(n, no on nc pa6oran nn o(non xnnyri n nc
(an nax nn o(noio ipaxxa caxapa n nonnox cxicnc ¬roio
cnona.
Bcpcnounin :ano( cocronn n: xaxnx-ro opy(nn npoxicno-
noio npon:no(crna npcxcn xnn:n Hnxoni. Hccxonixo xoncc,
nccxonixo (cpcnnnnix occn n rax6yp (nn rpcnannn xononnn,
xoropan nponana (apox, rax xax nax nnxoi(a nc y(anoci
npnioronnri n: ncc nc ro, uro ncpcnxn, no (a»c n mnypxa.
328
Bcci ¬ror «:ano(» 6in cxonrnponan n xaxox-ro capac n Po-
io»nnc, n rax no nopn(xy.
Bcc ¬ro n xnoioc (pyioc, xax n y»c ionopnn, o6omnoci
nax nrpn(opoia, rax xax :a noc ny»no 6ino nnarnri ncqrim,
6nryxox, xnncpanaxn n r.(. O(naxo nax cnc(onano ocranari-
cn «(ononinixn» ¬rnx ipa6c»ox, rax xax pa(n nac miocnani
«orxa:inann cc6c n caxox nco6xo(nxox», npc(ocrannnn nax
«xpc(nri» (xoropic nnxoi(a nc pcann:onannci), n 6ccxoncuno
(anan nax (pyinc «concri» n «opncnrannn» no nccx o6nacrnx
»n:nn.
µanan raxnc «opncnrannn», onn nponnnnnn nnnym 6c::a-
crcnunnocri, a nopom cranonnnnci concpmcnno cxcxornopnixn.
K nauany 1947 io(a xi nanpannnn n xauccrnc xnnncrpa npn
namcn xnccnn n Kiocnannn Tyxa 2xona, xoropin :axcnnn
rax Xmcnn Kano, oro:nannoio naxn n Tnpany, rax xax n cun-
ran ny»nix cio xicni, nonm n ncpnocri (cny naprnn.
Hrax, nicxan Tyx n Icnipa( n na ncrpcuc c Tnro n cnn:n
c npyucnncx cxy ncpnrcninix ipaxor, orncrnn na nonpoci
xapmana o xnnxarc n noio(c n An6annn, nonyunn or ncio
coorncrcrnymmnc naxa:i:
÷ Hayunci ccp6cxoxy' ÷ 6ino ncpnix naxa:ox Tnro,
÷ n6o roi(a rc6c xo»no 6y(cr 6ccc(onari c ina:y na ina:
xax co xnom, rax n c (pyinxn; crapancn xax xo»no 6onimc
yunricn na namcx onirc n nnqopxnpyn nac o (ocrn»cnnnx
n ny»(ax An6annn.
Hacronixo no(po6no :nan Tnro namc nono»cnnc, uro
Tyx 6in (o iny6nni (ymn pacrpoian rcx, uro ¬raxnn xap-
man namcn npcxn nonnrcpcconaricn (a»c onnaxn n xo:axn
An6annn n co6crncnnixn ycraxn cxa:ari cxy, uro xo:i ynn-
uro»amr ncca'
Hocnc ¬ron «nonnymmcn» ncrpcun Tyxy ycrponnn o:na-
xoxnrcninin nn:nr n Iocnnm-Icpncionnny, i(c on rax no-
o(ymcnnncn nccx ynn(cnnix n ycnimannix, uro xy:a no6y-
(nna cio, noxnxo (craninix nnccx o6 ¬rox, caxoxy npnc-
xari n Tnpany n (ono»nri nax o6 ¬rox.
÷ B Capacno, ÷ ionopnr on xnc, ÷ xcnn npnnnn ca-
xonnuno :axccrnrcni npcxicp-xnnncrpa Pccny6nnxn, xoro-.
329
pin nopn(ouno no6ccc(onan co xnom n (an oucni ncnnic co-
ncri. Onn npc(crannnmr nnrcpcc (nn namnx ycnonnn.
÷ µa, (a' ÷ orncrnn n. ÷ Hocnymacx nx.
÷ Oco6cnno o xo:ax n 6apanax' ÷ y(nnnn xcnn Tyx.
÷ Onn cnpocnnn xcnn, ccri nn y nac xo:i n 6apani xccrnon
nopo(i, ccri nn y nnx poia. 2 orncrnn, uro poia y nnx c
npn(nninin ipc6cni. «3nacrc, uro xi ccnuac (cnacx" ÷ cxa-
:ann xnc ronapnmn n Capacno. ÷ Y6npacx rpa(nnnonnix
xo: n :axcnncx nx nonno(nncxnxn nnn xanirnncxnxn. Ka»-
(an (acr no 5-6 nnrpon xonoxa, onn (a»c o(non nnmi rpanon
nnramrcn. Oxanxy rpani ÷ n 5 nnrpon xonoxa' H na(on xo-
noxa yncnnunnacx, n ncca cnacacx' Bc(i xo:i ncca ynnuro-
»amr». ÷ 3arcx, ÷ npo(on»an Tyx, ÷ onn nonnrcpccona-
nnci naxn n 6inn norpnccni xonx coo6mcnncx o rox, uro
xnoinc ccxin n namnx (cpcnnnx nxcmr no 1O, 2O, a ro n
6onimc xo: n oncn xccrnix, rpa(nnnonnix nopo(, n uro n
xa»(ox cra(c xi (cp»nx no (na-rpn xo:na n 6apana.
Hy n «y(nnnnn» xcnn nam xnnncrp ¬rnxn «ncpnaxn», no
6onimc nccio «nopa»an» oipoxnin nnrcpcc miocnanon x na-
mnx xo:ax n 6apanax' Bcc-raxn n (an Tyxy npo(on»ari,
uro6i (o xonna nicnymari uy(o.
÷ 3nacmi, uro (cnann n Capacno" ÷ ionopnr on xnc
ncc »c npo o(no n ro »c. ÷ O(nn nopo(ncrin xo:cn nnn
6apan onno(ornopncr rax ncnic cra(a. Tax xo:ni n 6apani
6onimc nc nacyrcn na nonc. Onn noconcronann nax (cnari
ro »c caxoc. «Pc»irc, ÷ cxa:ann onn xnc, ÷ xo:non n 6a-
panon, (a»c n xo:, n6o onn ynnuro»amr ncca. µa(nx xi
nopo(ncrin cxor. Hax ny»ni n xnco, n mxypi, no oco6cnno
ny»ni poia' 3a poia xi 6onimc nnarnx»'
2 nocxorpcn Tyxy npnxo n ina:a, uro6i y6c(nricn, n
cnocx nn on yxc, no ror ionopnn concpmcnno cnoxonno n
ccpic:no. Coxncnnn nc 6ino, on ionopnn cymym npan(y.
Kiocnani npocnnn poion' B ¬rox ncr nnucio cxcmnoio nnn
o6pa:noio' Oro 6ino nxcnno rax, no :aucx nx ny»ni 6inn
poia ÷ ¬ro (onio ocrananoci (nn xcnn :aia(xon. Ho npn(cr
(cni, xoi(a Cano 3narnu non(cr n xon xa6nncr n nocrannr
ncpc(o xnon (nnnnin nncr 6yxain:
33O
÷ Bi nc co6nm(acrc (oionopnix o6n:arcnicrn' ÷ npo-
rccrycr on. ÷ Bi nc nocrannnn nax ricnun ronn ncqrn'
÷ 3nam, ÷ orncrnn n cxy, n co»ancm o6 ¬rox. Ho nn-
rcpcconannci nn ni y:nari npnunny ¬roio" Hcqri (o6inacr
conxccrnan xoxnannn ÷ nama n nama. Ho xonrpaxry, nax
na(o 6ino npc(napnrcnino, cmc io( na:a(, nocrannri nax
coorncrcrnymmcc 6ypnninoc n ncqrc(o6inammcc o6opy(ona-
nnc. Baxn ono nc 6ino nocranncno, a, xax n:nccrno, ncqri
caxa nc 6icr n:-no( :cxnn.
3narnu npo(on»an cmc (nyxn-rpcxn ronapaxn, :arcx
ncn:nauan yponnn cnono, o xoropox n nourn conccx :a6in:
poia'
÷ ¹ro, uro" ÷ ncpccnpocnn n cio. ÷ Kaxon ronap ni
nxcnn n nn(y"
÷ Hccxonixo corcn ncnrncpon poion, ÷ ccpic:no npo-
ionopnn on. ÷ Mi :axnmunnn xonrpaxr, no on nc ninonncn
namcn croponon'
÷ O raxon ncropnn xnc xax-ro ionopnn nam nocon n
Icnipa(c, ÷ orncrnn n cxy, ÷ no, npan(y ionopn, ¬ro xa:a-
noci xnc nacronixo cxcmnix, uro npocro nc xorcnoci ncpnri
cxy. Ho pa: ¬ro npan(a, oxa»nrc, na uro nax poia"
÷ Kax, na uro"' ÷ oro:nancn 3narnu, moxnponannin
xocn ncocnc(oxncnnocrim. ÷ Kpacnnic ipc6cmxn n 6ynanxn,
xoropic xi npo(acx n nax, n: poion-ro n:ioronnnmrcn'
2 :acxcnncn n 6opo(y, no ncxopc onpannncn. 2 6in pa(
roxy, uro xon «ncocnc(oxncnnocri» n ¬ron o6nacrn no6y(nna
xcnn npc(ornparnri npnncccnnc xo:, xo:non n 6apanon An-
6annn n »cprny nnmi noroxy, uro (py:inx ny»ni 6inn poia
1
.
Hrax, xi (on»ni 6inn npnnixnyri cnymari co croponi
«(py:cn» «o6nnncnnn» n »ano6i rax»c no qninnpcrnax npo(c
nimcnpnnc(cnnon n (pyinx ananoinunix ncropnn. A xc»(y
_______________________________________
1 B «Icnon Knnic - Kiocnancxo-an6ancxnc ornomcnnn 1939-1948»,
ony6nnxonannon n Icnipa(c n 1949 io(y, miocnancxnc oqnnnaninic nnna
»anymrcn, n uacrnocrn, na ro, uro «an6ancxan, cropona nc cxoina ni-
nonnnri cnon (oionopnic o6n:arcnicrna o npo(a»c miocnancxon
croponc 245 ncnrncpon poion».
331
rcx no(o6nic ncropnn :nyuar cxcmnixn nnmi rcncpi. Bc(i,
xoi(a nponcxo(nnn, ¬rn ncropnn crannnn nac ncpc( ccpic:-
nixn rpy(nocrnxn n npcnnrcrnnnxn.
Mi, ccrccrncnno, nc xoinn ocranaricn panno(ymnixn, rax
uro n cronxnoncnnn c «(py:inxn» 6inn ncn:6c»nixn. Hpnucx
(a»c cmc nc nonnn, uro nxcnn (cno c pa:6onnnxaxn, crano
6iri, xoi(a cmc cunrann nx (py:inxn, xi npo(on»ann ocro-
po»no n ncxpcnnc n:naiari nx namn :axcuannn n npc(no»c-
nnn o nncccnnn coorncrcrnymmnx n:xcncnnn, nonpanox n ynyu-
mcnnn. Ho onn 6y(ro ¬roio n »(ann: co6npann namn :axcua-
nnn, «ninnnnnn» cmc (pyinc (a»c rax, i(c nx nc 6ino, n
ioronnnnci x nonon anrnan6ancxon araxc. Hpomno ncxnoio
npcxcnn n xi oxa:annci nnnox x nnny c ¬ron araxon.
3a 1n1oncknm o6nnncnncm n «unyx nnnnnx»
n n «an1nmrocnanmnnc» n pykonouc1nc KUA
Honin y(ap, n:nccrnin n ncropnn xax ncpnoc o6nnncnnc
Tnro n a(pcc namcn naprnn, miocnancxoc pyxono(crno npc(-
npnnnno n xonnc nmnn 1947 io(a ucpc: cnocio inannoio npc(-
crannrcnn n An6annn, npccnonyroio Cano 3narnua.
Oroio nicoxonocranncnnoio miocnancxoio xnccnoncpa,
npn6inmcio x nax ncxoropoc npcxn na:a( n xauccrnc npc(-
crannrcnn HK KHK npn HK KHA, Tnro n cio npn6nn»cnnic
pcxoxcn(onann, xax «ornnunoio» ronapnma, o6na(anmcio
«6onimnx onirox naprnnnon pa6ori», xax «¬xcncpra no ¬xo-
noxnuccxnx nonpocax», xax «xnannqnnnponannoio opiann:a-
ropa n xoop(nnaropa», n r.(.
Kopouc ionopn, on 6in ucnoncxox, na(cncnnix raxnxn
ncccroponnnxn cnoco6nocrnxn, uro nax ocrananoci nonaiari,
uro Kiocnannn ocna6ncr n xnoinx no»cprnycr, nocinan x
nax raxoc «uy(o», no :aro oxpcnncr An6annn'
Ha caxox (cnc, Cano 3narnu 6in nanpanncn x nax, uro-
6i pyxono(nri nccn miocnancxon (cnrcninocrim n An6annn.
333
On npncxan x nax c naxcpcnncx nonnocrim n:nri n cnon pyxn
6pa:(i npanncnnn (nn ocymccrnncnnn ioronnnmciocn rnron-
naxn icncpaninoio nacrynncnnn na namy cno6o(y n ncnpn-
xocnoncnnocri n, nancpnnxa, n npc(cranncnnn Kiocnancxoio
pyxono(crna nipan poni nxncpcxoio naxccrnnxa n «an6ancxon
nponnnnnn». µe-mpe on :annxancn oqnnnaninixn cnn:nxn
n An6annn, a oe-{atmo ÷ nonnrnuccxnxn, ¬xonoxnuccxnxn,
nocnnixn, aicnrypnixn n (pyinxn nonpocaxn. Bcc mio-
cnancxnc ipa»(anc, pa6oranmnc n An6annn n pa:nnunix ccx-
ropax, no(unnnnnci cio npnxa:ax. On «orncuan» :a nm6oc nap-
rnnnoc (cno n :a ncnxym (pyiym pa6ory pa6oranmnx y nac
uncnon Koxxynncrnuccxon naprnn Kiocnannn.
Hy»no or(ari cxy (on»noc, 6in on 6onimnx xnrpcnox.
Hauan on cnom pa6ory nccixa raxrnuno n (nnnoxarnuno.
Yxcn npnxn(inaricn ronapnmcx, nc crannmnx cc6c ncnim
nxcmnnaricn n (cna An6annn n namcn Koxxynncrnuccxon
Haprnn.
÷ Ho, ÷ cxa:an on nax, ÷ n ncci(a 6y(y n namcx pac-
nopn»cnnn, uro6i noxoiari nax ncnxnn pa:, xoi(a ni ¬ro
courcrc ny»nix.
Hpnrnopnncn on cnoxonnix, anropnrcrnix, ccpic:nix,
ionopnn xc(ncnno, cio cnona 6inn o6(yxannixn, rmarcnino
n:ncmcnnixn n nonnixn yurnnocrn.
Bnauanc namn ncrpcun c nnx 6inn oucni pc(xnxn, a
¬ro, noxnxo cio :a6ori o rox, uro6i «nc nxcmnnaricn» n
namn nnyrpcnnnc (cna, o6¡ncnnnoci cmc n nc:nanncx n:ixa.
Ha ncpnon »c ncrpcuc c nnx n paccxa:an cxy o nono»c-
nnn n namcn crpanc n namcn naprnn, napouno ynoxnnyn cxy
o6cy»(cnnc n Honnr6mpo nonpocon o ncpccxorpc nponcmc(-
mcio na II Hncnyxc HK naprnn, o nc oucni-ro npounox no-
no»cnnn n namcx pyxono(crnc (on ncc ¬ro :nan, n :nan (a»c
6onimc xcnn, rax xax npnc:»an n: Icnipa(a), n paccxa:an
cxy n o pacmnpcnnn cocrana namcio Honnr6mpo rpcxn no-
nixn ronapnmaxn ÷ Xmcnn Kano, Ioio Hymn n Kpncro
Tcxcnixo.
÷ Ha pacmnpcnnn cocrana Impo, ÷ noncnnn n cxy,
333
÷ nacrannan n, n6o npn ron cnryannn, xoropan cno»nnaci
n:-:a 6cparcxoio Hncnyxa, rpy(no 6ino n(rn nncpc(. Honic
ronapnmn ncnpcxcnno o»nnnr namc Honnr6mpo n cnoco6crno-
nari 6y(yr ncxopcncnnm nccx crapix nc(oxonnox n ncxpn-
nncnnn.
On nnnxarcnino xcnn cnyman, pnrxnuno xnnan iononon
ncc npcxn, ionopnn n o6 ycncxax nnn »c nc(ocrarxax, no
nc nicxa:inancn nn nono»nrcnino, nn orpnnarcnino.
2 cxa:an cxy, uro 6y(cx xoncynirnponaricn c nnx no
pa:nnunix nonpocax, paccunrinan na cio noxomi. Cxa:an
cxy rax»c, uro (pyinc uncni Impo npcxn or npcxcnn xoiyr
o6cy»(ari c nnx pa:nnunic nonpoci. On coinacnncn c raxnx
xcro(ox pa6ori, no n ocnonnox cio »cnannc :axnmuanoci
n rox, uro6i npnnnxari yuacrnc n pa6orc Impo. Ho o6»ci-
mnci o(nn pa:, xi n:nnnci :a yx. O(pnuan n Icpar 6onimc
nc nonropnrcn.
Koi(a xcnn nc 6ino n Tnpanc (nacxonixo noxnm, roi(a n
or(ixan), Cano 3narnu npncyrcrnonan na o(nox n: :acc(a-
nnn namcio Honnr6mpo. Tax, no( xacxon ncpc(aun cnocio
onira, on nicrynnn no nonpocy xcro(a pa6ori Impo, oco6cn-
no :aocrpnn nnnxannc na ¬xonoxnuccxnc nonpoci, na ro,
xax na(o n:yuari ¬rn na»nic npo6ncxi, xax na(o pcmari nx.
Mnc (ono»nnn, uro na ¬rox :acc(annn Koun n Haxo
pa:omnnci no n:inn(ax na ¬xonoxnuccxoc nono»cnnc namcn
crpani. B caxox (cnc, ¬ro 6ino c(nncrncnnix :acc(anncx
Impo, na xoropox npncyrcrnonan Cano 3narnu. Mc»(y rcx
on ycrpannan ncrpcun c pa:nixn uncnaxn Impo. Bcrpcun co
xnom npocnn ucpc: Koun µ:o(:c n xi nrpocx o6cy»(ann
ni(nniacxic nx npo6ncxi. Bnauanc on ncn cc6n na ncrpc-
uax oucni nc»nnno n c raxrox (rax 6ino (o rcx nop, noxa on
nc ncpcmcn n araxy).
¹ro »c coo6man on nax na ¬rnx ncrpcuax" Ionopnn o
pa:nnunix opiann:xax, co:(annix n iocy(apcrncnnox anna-
parc Kiocnannn, xnxoxo(ox xoxxcnrnponan n:inn(i Kap(c-
nn na ycrponcrno concron n iocy(apcrncnnon nnacrn (xi caxn
cmc (o ¬roio 6inn nponnqopxnponani o nnx), nocxnannn ni-
334
crynncnnn Tnro no nonpocy opiann:annn qponra, no(ucpxn-
nan, uro nonpoc o qponrc 6in «ucx-ro nonix», xoropix Tnro
o6oiarnn xapxcn:x('), n uro ncc crpani napo(non (cxo-
xparnn (on»ni 6inn nnnxarcnino n:yunri n npono(nri n
»n:ni rnroncxnn onir'
«Bcc:nanxa» 3narnu crapancn npon:no(nri na nac nncuar-
ncnnc oucni cnninoio no nccx (cnax ucnoncxa, no no xnc no-
cronnno yxpcnnnnoci xncnnc o rox, uro cio cnna :axnmua-
naci nnmi n o(nox ÷ n nnrpniax. £io rax na:inacxan no-
xomi cno(nnaci nourn x nynm. Kax n y»c orxcuan, on co-
o6man nax (anno :naxoxic ncmn, npnucx n ro, uro coo6man,
6ino xparxnx n:no»cnncx (npcxrnn, xoropic cxy npnci-
nann n: Icnipa(a, xax n n:no»cnncx nino(on, c(cnannix nx
nocnc urcnnn crarcn nnn nicrynncnnn Tnro n Kap(cnn. Mi
nn pa:y nc :axcuann, uro6i on pacnpocrpannncn o6 ¬rnx
nonpocax, yiny6nnncn n ionopnn uro-nn6o nonoc. Taxona 6ina
npnpo(a «oqnnnaninon» (cnrcninocrn Cano 3narnua. 3aro cio
pa6ora no opiann:annn n xynyapax cpina namcio nnana,
no pyxono(crny xonuannnon 6opi6on, xoropym on ioronnn
npornn nac n npornn pa6oranmnx n An6annn concrcxnx concr-
nnxon, ipa»(ancxnx n nocnnix, 6ina oipoxnon.
Ho(pinnan pa6ora npornn nac, xax n pa6ora no (ncxpc-
(nrannn concrcxnx concrnnxon, ncnaci xano-noxany n ncnpc-
pinno ycnnnnanaci npn noxomn miocnancxnx cncnnanncron,
nn»cncpon, rcxnnxon n nccx corpy(nnxon miocnancxon xnccnn.
µymon nccn ¬ron npa»(c6non nax pa6ori 6in Cano 3narnu,
no on, 6y(yun xomcnnnxox, npnnnxan ncc xcpi, uro6i cxpi-
nari cnom npnuacrnocri x ¬ron ipn:non pa6orc. Kax 6i ro
nn 6ino, namc (cno mno cnonx ucpc(ox, pa:nnnanoci npa-
nnninix nyrcx, nccxorpn na nocronnnic cronxnoncnnn n rpc-
nnn c miocnanaxn n nponcccc npaxrnuccxon pa6ori. Taxoc
nono»cnnc, ccrccrncnno, nc npnxo(nnoci no (ymc Hcnrpani-
noxy Koxnrcry Koxxynncrnuccxon naprnn Kiocnannn n cio
ynonnoxoucnnoxy, Cano 3narnuy.
Oco6cnno n ncpnic xccnni 1947 io(a, xoi(a xi na
npaxrnxc nn(cnn n:¡nni n n:npamcnnn, co(cp»anmnccn n
coinamcnnnx, nnn, xax xi na:inann nx roi(a, n ¬xonoxnuccxnx
335
(oionopax c Kiocnanncn, xi nauann pcmnrcnino no(nnxari
cnon ionoc, rpc6yn nx ncnpanncnnn n ncpccxorpa npannninix,
(py»ccxnx nyrcx. Hocxonixy miocnancxan cropona nnucio
nc ninonnnna n: :axnmucnnix xonrpaxron, uro xoino npn-
nccrn x cpiny nnana 1947 io(a, n anpcnc xccnnc xi nanpa-
nnnn Haxo Cnnpy n Icnipa( c ncnim no(po6no o6cy»(ari
nono»cnnc c «nanon» miocnancxon ¬xonoxnxn, Kn(pnucx, n
cio corpy(nnxaxn. Haxo npnmnoci cnona no:nricn, cio cnona
:a6pocann onpan(annnxn n o6cmannnxn. Ho rcncpi namn :a-
xcuannn 6inn npo(yxannixn, xi y»c nayunnnci nnanari n
n no(onoporax ocrpix ¬xonoxnuccxnx npo6ncx. Kiocnancxoc
pyxono(crno nouyncrnonano, uro xi xoinn pacxpiri anrn-
xapxcncrcxym n anrnan6ancxym cyri :axnmucnnix coinamc-
nnn, xax n (pyinx cio (cncrnnn, rax uro no n:6c»annc nc»c-
narcninon araxn, ni6pano nyri nnc:annon xonrparaxn.
K ccpc(nnc nmnn npnxo(nr xo xnc Koun µ:o(:c n io-
nopnr:
÷ Kiocnancxnc ronapnmn nc(ononini naxn.
÷ Hc(ononini" Houcxy" ÷ cnpamnnam n.
÷ Horoxy, uro xi nc :axanunnacx (cno c ynnqnxanncn
ncn, a :arninnacx cio. Tax cxa:an xnc ronapnm 3narnu.
÷ Ho :nacr nn 3narnu noucxy xi cio :arninnacx" ÷
cnpocnn n Koun.
÷ 2-ro cxa:an cxy nccxonixo cnon, ÷ nponc(nn cxno:i
:y6i Koun, ÷ no on nc :axorcn 6ccc(onari, a npocro ni-
pa:nn nc(ononicrno.
2 nc o6parnn nnnxannn na ¬ror qaxr, n6o roi(a miocna-
ni 6ccxoncuno nipa»ann nc(ononicrno no xcnouax.
O(na»(i :amcn xo xnc 3narnu, ¬raxnn npc(crannrcni
HK KHK npn namcx HK, n cran »anonaricn:
÷ Bam cncnnanncr nocninyn na npccrn» Kiocnannn.
÷ Hcy»cnn"' ÷ cnpocnn n. ÷ Mi paccxorpnx ¬ro (cno,
no npc»(c nccio cxa»nrc xnc, n xaxox cxicnc on yponnn
uccri (py»ccxon nax Kiocnannn"
÷ On conpono»(an n Icparc namcio cncnnanncra no
xnonxono(crny n na ina:ax y :cxnc(cnincn orncpi concri
namcio ronapnma'
336
÷ Hy, a concri namcio ronapnma xaxnx nonpocon xaca-
nnci" Honnrnuccxnx" ÷ napouno cnpocnn n.
÷ Hcr, nonpocon xnonxono(crna, ÷ orncrnn xnc 3narnu
c ncnnuanmcn ccpic:nocrim. ÷ Ham ionopnn «na(o rax (c-
nari», nam ionopnn o6parnoc.
÷ H ni ¬ro cunracrc nocniarcnicrnox na npccrn»"' ÷
y(nnncnno n n ro »c npcxn nponnuccxn ncpccnpocnn n. ÷
Tonapnm 3narnu, (anrc cncnnanncrax :annxaricn cnonxn
(cnaxn, nc(i ¬ro nc yponncr npccrn»a nn namcio, nn namcio,
nn xnonuarnnxa'
÷ Hcr, ncr' ÷ nacronn na cnocx 3narnu. ÷ Ha(o iny6-
»c nnnxnyri n cyri (cn. Orxy(a ¬ro nam ronapnm :nacr ncc,
uro ionopnn o xnonxc"' Y nac nc(i onira ncr. Bixo(nr, uro
xro-ro cio nayunn. Honyuacrcn, uro on npc(nounracr nn6o
cnoc xncnnc, nn6o, rouncc ionopn, xncnnc rcx, xro cio nay-
unn. Pa:nc ¬ro nc ccri ocxop6ncnnc Kiocnannn"'
2 nonnn, uro 3narnu nxcn n nn(y nc nac o(nnx. Ornx
«xro-ro», xoropin nayunn (") namcio ronapnma, 6in, no xnc-
nnm 3narnua, xaxon-nn6y(i n: concrcxnx cncnnanncron. µan-
no cran uyncrnonaricn n ¬ror «nonin» cnoco6 oncnxn mio-
cnanaxn namnx no:nnnn n namnx (cncrnnn. Bcnxnn pa:, xoi(a
xi nicrynann c xaxnx-nn6o no:pa»cnncx, onn ryr »c :axnm-
uann, uro nac «yunnn» concrcxnc, xorn, nc yxannn nx :acnyi,
cxa:ari na(o, uro n 1946 n (a»c n 1947 io(y nocnc(nnc cxo-
rpcnn na nac cxopcc ina:axn miocnanon. 2 (an 3narnuy :a-
cny»cnnin orncr. Cnoxonno, ccpic:no n n ro »c npcxn ocro-
po»no noconcronan cxy 6iri c(cp»anncc n cnonx nino(ax,
ncc panno xacamrcn onn cio corpy(nnxon nnn »c nac. Ymcn
on or xcnn, 6opxoua n (a»c nonpocnn n:nnncnnn :a 6ccno-
xoncrno, no, (o6annn on, n «pyxono(crnymci npnnnnnox, uro
xi c naxn xo»cx o6o nccx 6ccc(onari».
Ho:(ncc on cnona npnxo(nn xo xnc no nono(y raxnx
xcnoucn, no xi ncci(a paccranannci, «nincnnn (cno». O(naxo
na ccn pa: «nc(ononicrno», xoropoc onn nipa:nnn xnc ucpc:
«ronapnma» µ:o(:c, nnnnoci cninanox x ucxy-ro 6oncc ccpic:-
noxy. µnn ucpc: (na nnn rpn npnxo(nr xo xnc Haxo n
ionopnr:
337
÷ Tonapnm 3narnu oxa:an xnc, uro n An6annn xpncran-
nn:ycrcn nropan nnnnn n naprnn'
÷ Kax, xax" ÷ y(nnncnno cnpocnn n n ycrannncn na ncio
ina:axn.
÷ Ho cnonax 3narnua, ÷ cnoxonno n c ncxoropon npo-
nncn cxa:an Haxo, ÷ nixo(nr, uro y nac (nc ¬xonoxnuccxnc
nnnnn: nnnnn Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra, xoropan n npnnnnnc
npannninan n, napn(y c ncm, xonxpcrn:annn na npaxrnxc
xaxon-ro nropon nnnnn, n(ymcn npa:pc: c nnnncn Hcnrpani-
noio Koxnrcra'
÷ Crpanno' ÷ :axcrnn n. ÷ Ho ucx on o6ocnoni-
nan ¬ro"
÷ Hc npnncn xaxoio-nn6o apiyxcnra.
÷ A ri nc cnpocnn cio"
÷ On nocrannn nonpoc n npnnnnnc, rax uro n nc cucn
yxccrnix :on(nponari cio, ÷ orncrnn xnc Haxo, no6aiponcn.
÷ Hcnpannnino' ÷ cxa:an n. ÷ Bicxa:inannc 3narnua
nc ccri xoncrarannn, ¬ro o6nnncnnc. Ti (on»cn 6in ocrano-
nnricn na ¬rox nonpocc n rpc6onari c ncio no(po6nocrcn.
÷ Bcpno' ÷ cxa:an Haxo. ÷ 2 nc npn(an ¬roxy oco-
6oio :naucnnn.
2 (an cxy yxa:annc ncxc(ncnno ncrpcrnricn co 3narnucx
n ocnonarcnino noionopnri c nnx. On rax n c(cnan, n pc-
:ynirarc ucio ncrnna crana xoc-xax nincnnricn.
÷ Cnoc o6nnncnnc onn o6ocnoninamr rcx, uro naxn
cmc nc npon:nc(cna ynnqnxannn ncn, ÷ ionopnr xnc Haxo.
÷ B ¬rox onn nnnnr ¬xonoxnuccxnn ccxrop, ro ccri xcnn.
Ho cnonax 3narnua, 6ino pcmcno cnncox ncn na namn rona-
pi :axonunri x xonny xan, no cio noxa-uro cmc ncry. Hcxo(n
n: ¬roio, onn yrncp»(amr, uro ¬ro n xcmam ocymccrnncnnm
npannninon nnnnn Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra, cnc(onarcnino,
npono»y, xon, nropym nnnnm n Hcnrpaninox Koxnrcrc.
Mnc noxa:anoci ncncponrnix, uro6i ¬raxoc o6nnncnnc
miocnani ocnoninann na raxon nonnmmcn inynocrn, no¬roxy
pcmnn npo(on»nri o6¡ncncnnn co 3narnucx, na ¬ror pa: npnc-
nan x ncxy nxccrc c Haxo n Koun µ:o(:c, nnno noni:onanmc-
iocn cnxnarncn miocnancxnx (py:cn.
338
K 2O nnn 21 nmnn onn ncrpcrnnnci co 3narnucx n (ono-
»nnn xnc o 6ccc(c c nnx, npnnccn (a»c nncixo n (nyx crpa-
nnnax, n xoropox 3narnu npnno(nn miocnancxnc «apiyxcnri»
n o6ocnonannc no:nc(cnnoio nxn o6nnncnnn.
Bcc nx apiyxcnri no nono(y «(nyx nnnnn n pyxono(crnc»
6inn ucnyxon na nocrnox xacnc, no Koun µ:o(:c cnnmxox
npnnnn nx nccpic:.
÷ Oro oucni ccpic:noc (cno, ÷ ionopnr on xnc n npn-
cyrcrnnn Haxo. ÷ Ha(o rmarcnino n ccpic:no ornocnricn x
ncxy. 2 (yxam, uro ¬ro o6cy(nri ny»no n pyxono(crnc.
÷ Hcy»cnn n ri coinaccn, uro Hcnrpaninin Koxnrcr
omn6cn, uro y nac xpncrannn:ycrcn «nropan nnnnn»" ÷ cnpa-
mnnam n cio.
÷ Bc(i n nc ro cxa:an' ÷ nonn:nn ron µ:o(:c. ÷ Kio-
cnancxnc ronapnmn ro»c nc nxcmr n nn(y ncci Hcnrpaninin
Koxnrcr. Onn (a»c ionopnr, uro naprnnnan nnnnn n npnnnnnc
npannninan, no ona ncxpnnnncrcn na npaxrnxc, cranonnrcn
anrnnnnncn. Oro (cnamr ronapnmn n: coorncrcrnymmcio ccx-
ropa. Tonapnm Haxo, xax :anc(ymnn ¬rnx ccxropox, (on»cn
(ari o6¡ncncnnn n Impo.
Haxo nc naxo(nn cc6c xccra, pa:incnannin on na6paci-
nacrcn na ncio:
÷ Coinaccn, o6cy»(ari 6y(cx n Impo nonpoc o6 «anrn-
nnnnn» n xocx ccxropc n ynn(nx, xro npan' Hc :a6inan, uro
xi y»c ncnin io( xornx nocrannri n Impo nonpoc o rnocx
ccxropc, no ri noxa uro cmc nc npc(crannn nax xarcpnana o6
opiann:annonnix nonpocax'
÷ A ri nc ncpccxaxnnan na (pyiym ncrxy, ÷ ncnixnyn
µ:o(:c. ÷ Mi nc o6 opiann:annonnix nonpocax ionopnx
n n nc (onymy, uro6i rax 6inn (nc nnnnn' Pcui n(cr :(cci
o6 ¬xonoxnuccxnx nnnnnx.
2 y»c orxcuan, uro pa:(opi xc»(y nnxn y»c (anno na-
uannci.
÷ 3(cci ncr xccra ncpno:nocrn' ÷ oxa:an n nx. ÷ H n
cunram, uro o6nnncnnc nncxonixo nc xacacrcn Haxo. Ono io-
pa:(o rn»cncc. Iy(cx cio o6cy»(ari n pyxono(crnc, rax xi
xax cnc(ycr paccxorpnx cio.
339
2 coo6mnn naprnnnoxy pyxono(crny o6 o6nnncnnn 3na-
rnua, n ono orncpino cio, (a rax, uro (a»c Koun µ:o(:c nc
ocxcnnncn no:pa:nri. B ncpnic (nn nmnn n ni:nan 3narnua,
c xoropix nxcn npo(on»nrcninym n ocrpym 6ccc(y; nacxoni-
xo xnc noxnnrcn, xi npo(on»ann cc c ncpcpinaxn ncnic
(na (nn
1
.
÷ Kax c Koun µ:o(:c nnauanc, ÷ oxa:an n cxy, ÷ rax
n c Haxo Cnnpy no:(ncc ni c(cnann ÷ na:oncx cio xnixo
÷ «:axcuannc» o rox, uro y nac xpncrannn:ycrcn nropan nn-
nnn, n(yman npa:pc: c nnnncn namcio Hcnrpaninoio Ko-
xnrcra'
÷ µa, (a' ÷ coinacnncn 3narnu.
÷ Ory cnom ccpic:nym xoncrarannm, ÷ npo(on»an n,
÷ nacxonixo xi nonnnn, ni o6ocnoninacrc (nyxn apiyxcn-
raxn: no-ncpnmx, rcx, uro xi (on»ni 6inn ynnqnnnponari
ncni n xac xccnnc, a (cno ¬ro :arnnynoci (o xonna nmnn n,
no-n1opmx, rcx, uro n xonnc xan nc 6inn oxonuarcnino pa:-
pcmcni nonpoci o :apnnarax n pa:pcmamrcn nourn na xc-
cnn c nnmnnx no:»c, :naunr, n nmnc. Hc rax nn" Hnn »c
n omn6amci"
÷ Tato /e, tako /e' ÷ coinacnncn 3narnu c na(cnannon
nc»nnnocrim. ÷ 2 (a»c n nncixcnnox nn(c ncpc(an cnon
rc:nci o6 ¬rox nonpocc' ÷ (o6annn on.
÷ Bi cmc npn(cp»nnacrcci nx" ÷ cnpocnn n.
÷ Koncuno' ÷ orncrnn ror.
÷ £cnn ¬ro rax, ro n:nnnnrc y» xcnn, ÷ cxa:an n cxy
c nc»nnnocrim, n xoropon cnc cxpinancn nnyrpcnnnn incn,
÷ no ni nocncmnnn namnxn cy»(cnnnxn, ccnn ni ncxpcnno
ionopnrc ro, uro ni(nnnynn.
÷ Hpomy nac, ÷ cxa:an on, ÷ ni xcnn ocxop6nncrc.
2 nocnancn crpani n naprnn, (oxa:anmnx cc6n. . .
÷ Kax pa: noroxy, uro ni nx nocnancn, n co»ancm o
rox, uro ni yponncrc nx npccrn» no(o6nixn nc(onycrnxi-
xn (a»c (nn conccx xono(oio ronapnma o6nnncnnnxn.
_________________________________________
1 Ora 6ccc(a cocronnaci 4 n 6 nmnn 1947 io(a.
34O
2 :axcrnn, uro on uacro n:xcnnncn n nnnc.
÷ Cnymanrc, ronapnm 3narnu' ÷ npo(on»an n. ÷ µa-
nanrc noionopnx cnoxonncc n nocxorpnx, uro nxcnno noc-
ncmno ÷ namc o6nnncnnc n a(pcc namcn nnnnn nnn »c
xoc o6nnncnnc n a(pcc namcio onpoxcrunnoio n nco6ocno-
nannoio cy»(cnnn. Bi o6ocnoninacrc o6nnncnnn rcx, uro
(na «ncnrpaninix» nonpoca ÷ nonpoc o ncnax n :apnna-
rax, 6inn pa:pcmcni naxn nc n xonnc xan, a n nauanc nmnn,
c ono:(anncx na xccnn c nnmnnx. Hcy»cnn n:-:a :a(cp»xn
na 3O (ncn ni npc(¡nnnncrc nax raxnc o6nnncnnn"' Oro
nn»c ncnxon xpnrnxn' µa»c qopxaninic axri, (a»c pac-
cxorpcnnc xaxoio-nn6o nncixa :arninnamrcn uacro na nc-
cxonixo (ncn, nc ionopn y» o croni na»nix npo6ncxax, cnn-
:annix c ¬xonoxnxon ncnon crpani. Mi ÷ (py:in, ÷
npo(on»an n, ÷ xc»(y naxn ycranonncni pa:nic cnn:n, xoro-
pic nocronnno mnpnrcn. Hcpc( naxn cronr :a(aun no pa:-
nnrnm n yxpcnncnnm ¬rnx cnn:cn, xax ¬ro onn cronr n
ncpc( naxn. O(naxo na npaxrnxc 6inacr n rax, uro c ncxo-
ropixn (cnaxn namn ronapnmn nc cnpannnmrcn, ryr n ncy-
xcnnc, n xc(nnrcninocri, n xanarnocri, n ncnonnxannc. Ho
nc(i ananoinunic nnncnnn ncrpcuamrcn n y namnx ronapn-
mcn. B namcn crpanc rax»c 6inano n 6inacr, uro no ron
nnn nnon npnunnc o(na nnn (ccnri npo6ncx pa:pcmamrcn
nc n npc(ycxorpcnnin cpox. £cnn nocxorpcri na xonrpa-
xri, ro raxnx npnxcpon xnoio. Hc rax nn"
÷ Tato /e' ÷ cnonno nonyian nonropnn 3narnu.
÷ Toi(a uro" ÷ cnpocnn n. ÷ O6nnnnri nam Hcn-
rpaninin Koxnrcr n nponc(cnnn «nropon nnnnn»" O6nnnnri
nac n rox, uro ionopnrc o(no, a (cnacrc (pyioc" B raxox
cnyuac ni pacccp(nnnci 6i, nc rax nn"
On onycrnn ionony, cran uro-ro :anncinari, no cio n:nm-
6ncnnoio nipa»cnnn «tako |c» na ¬ror pa: nc nocnc(onano.
÷ µcno n rox, ronapnm 3narnu, uro6i paccy»(ari npa-
nnnino n c 6oncc ncnix yxox. Mi nncxonixo nc no:pa»ann
6i, ccnn 6i ni crannnn ncpc( naxn noncrnnc rpcno»nic
npo6ncxi n apiyxcnri, nao6opor, xi no6naio(apnnn 6i
nac. Ho ro, o ucx ni ionopnrc, nc apiyxcnri.
341
2 :axcrnn, uro on cronn xax nxonannin n »(an nnoio
cnyuan no:pa:nri xnc, no¬roxy n cxa:an (ancc:
÷ µa»c n ccnn :a(cp»xy na xccnn cunrari ucx-ro cc-
pic:nix, no:nnxacr nonpoc: xopomo nn paccxorpcnn ni npn-
unny raxon :a(cp»xn"
÷ £cri pa:nic npnunni' ÷ xoporxo orncrnn on.
÷ Coinaccn' ÷ npo(on»an n. ÷ 2 npnnc(y cnon, a ni
(o6anirc ro, uro nc npnnc(cno xnom. ¹ro xacacrcn namcn
croponi, ro ccnn n 6ina xaxan-nn6o :a(cp»xa, ¬ro noroxy,
uro ncxoropic ncmn, cnn:annic c ncnaxn, namn nn:onic
pa6ornnxn n (a»c pa6ornnxn ncnrpaninix yupc»(cnnn roni-
xo rcncpi ycnannamr. H:nccrno nn nax, uro (na-rpn io(a na-
:a( 6onimnncrno rcx, xro ninc :annxacrcn y nac (cnaxn
iocy(apcrncnnoio ycrponcrna, cnc yxcno unrari"' K roxy »c,
nocxonixy npo6ncxa ¬ra xacanaci coinamcnnn, :axnmucnnoio
xc»(y (nyxn namnxn crpanaxn, xi xo6nnn:onann na :ancp-
mcnnc n cpox ¬roio (cna nyumnc cnni namnx ¬xonoxncron.
H noroxy nnmi, uro xi na xccnn :arnnynn ¬ro (cno, ni
o6nnnncrc nac no «nropon nnnnn»' Ha nam n:inn(, n:-:a ra-
xon :arn»xn ncni:n npnnrn x nino(y, uro :(cci nxccr xccro
n:npamcnnc nnnnn nnn »c nropan nnnnn. Mo»no ionopnri
o ucx yio(no, nnmi nc o nropon nnnnn. Oro, ÷ cxa:an n cxy,
÷ nc ronixo xoc xncnnc. 2 nipa:nn cnoc xncnnc pyxono(-
crny namcn naprnn, n:no»nn n rax n namn «rc:nci» n «ap-
iyxcnri», n ncc ronapnmn orncpinn nx, xax nccocronrcninic,
xax ncyxccrnic.
On oropnancn or xnouxa 6yxain, na xoropon ncn :anncn,
nocxorpcn na xcnn n ynop n uyri nc cnpocnn: «Hcy»ro
ncc coinacni c naxn"'».
Ho on cnona nrnnyn xoirn n yxonx.
÷ H rcx nc xcncc, ÷ npo(on»an n, ÷ inannan npn-
unna :a(cp»xn noncc nc :axnmuacrcn n nac, n namcx ncy-
xcnnn nnn »c n namcn xanarnocrn. Inannan npnunna ¬ro ni,
namn ronapnmn, naunnan c Ccpicn Kpanicpa ÷ inannoio npc(-
crannrcnn miocnancxon croponi n ¬xonoxnuccxnx ornomcnnnx
c naxn, n nnnori (o nccx naxo(nmnxcn :(cci cio corpy(nnxon n
(pyinx namnx ronapnmcn n Icnipa(c.
342
÷ Kax ni xo»crc rax ionopnri" ÷ incnno napymnn xon-
uannc nncnna 3narnu ÷ Bi o6nnnacrc ipn:im namy noxomi,
nam nxna(, ni . . .
÷ Hncxonixo, ÷ npcpnan n cio, ÷ (ananrc ocrannx n
croponc o6mnc coo6pa»cnnn. Comncxcn na qaxri: Bax n:-
nccrno, uro nonpoc o6 ynnqnxannn ncn n :apa6ornix nnar
nauan o6cy»(aricn x xonny nnnapn nnn n nauanc qcnpann
¬roio io(a. B qcnpanc xi cnpocnnn, xax 6y(yr ypanncni ¬rn
ncni n An6annn n Kiocnannn. Kpanicp n o(nn n: cio noxom-
nnxon, Hcponnu, npc(crannnn nax n nauanc xapra nccxonixo
cnncxon ypanncnnix ncn n 6ina (ocrninyra (oionopcnnocri
npncrynnri x conxccrnon pa6orc no ycranonncnnm crpyxrypi
namnx ncn. Ho namn ronapnmn :arnnynn ¬ro (cno (o xonna
xapra. Hpncnannic naxn x nax cncnnanncri nccio nnmi rcx
n :annxannci, uro pa:¡c:»ann no An6annn, nnucio nc c(cnan
n ¬rox nanpanncnnn. A ¬ro xcmano cocranncnnm namcio nna-
na n 6m(»cra. Kpanicp nacronrcnino rpc6onan ycranonnri
namn ncni nroponnx, n Tnpanc, roi(a xax xi n (a»c n
noxomnnxn Kpanicpa ionopnnn, uro pa6ory ¬ry (cnari na(o
na xccrax. Iina (ocrninyra (oionopcnnocri ornpannricn na
xccra, na npc(npnnrnn, no namn ronapnmn npc(nounn Icnipa(
an6ancxnx xccrax. Bo:nparnnnci onn n Tnpany x xonny anpc-
nn, no y»c c nonix npc(no»cnncx: orxa:aricn or ma6non-
non ynnqnxannn ncn n o6cnx crpanax, ycranonnri conxccrnym
crpyxrypy ncn' Mi n:yunnn namn nonic npc(no»cnnn, xo-
ropic namnn 6oncc npannninixn, n n ncpnic (nn xan co6pa-
nn nccx namnx ¬xonoxncron n ornpannnn nx na xccra. Hamn
ronapnmn nonyunnn :a(annc pa6ory, rpc6onanmym 4-5 xccn-
ncn, :axonunri xcncc, ucx :a xccnn. B nauanc nmnn xi :axon-
unnn namy pa6ory, xoncuno, rax, xax yxcnn, n ncpc(ann na-
mcn croponc (nn paccxorpcnnn. B ccpc(nnc nmnn nax 6inn
no:npamcni namn xarcpnani co xno»ccrnox nonix :axc-
uannn n opncnrnponox, (nn o6cy»(cnnn xoropix nax nona-
(o6nnoci 6i no xpanncn xcpc 1O-15 (ncn. Taxona ncropnn,
ronapnm 3narnu. A nax-ro ncropnn ¬ra npcxpacno n:nccrna.
Ho¬roxy n nnpanc cnpocnri nac: :aucx namn ronapnmn :a(cp-
343
»nnann ¬ro (cno 4-5 xccnncn" H no xaxoxy npany namy
»c nnny ni na nac n:nannnacrc"'
Tcncpi 3narnu cnc c(cp»nnan cc6n.
÷ Mo»no ncxari npnunn n nanrn nx, ÷ orncrnn ror.
÷ Ho, nccxorpn na namn coo6pa»cnnn, n nacrannam na rox,
uro npo6ncxi ¬rn xo»no 6ino pa:pcmnri 6icrpcc. Hopn-
(ox ynnqnxannn ncn 6in n:yucn naxn n Kiocnannn, rax
uro nax nc:aucx 6ino :annxaricn iny6oxnx o6cy»(cnncx n
anann:ox ¬roio (cna na npc(npnnrnnx. Ha(o 6ino npocro yc-
ranonnri n y nac namn ncni, xnnyn ncc ¬rani.
÷ Hpocrnrc, ÷ :axcrnn n, ÷ no ni, nacxonixo xnc n:-
nccrno, cncnnanncr n no ¬xonoxnuccxnx nonpocax' Kax »c
¬ro xo»no ycranonnri na namn ronapi raxnc »c ncni, uro
n n Kiocnannn, ccnn n:nccrno, uro ycnonnn npon:no(crna,
cipic, xnannqnxannn pa6ounx, npon:no(nrcninocri rpy(a,
yponcni rcxnonoinn n r.(. n r.n. y nac concpmcnno pa:-
nnunic "'
H ncc-raxn, (nnnoxarnn rnopnr uy(cca. 3narnu cyxcn
c»ari iy6i n nc npoponnri nn c(nnoio cnona.
Ha ocnonc raxnx apiyxcnron n npo(on»an (oxa:inari
cxy, uro n n ocraninix nonpocax, raxnx xax ynnqnxannn :a-
pa6ornnx nnar, 6m(»cr, nam nnan 1947 io(a n (pyinc,
nnna :a :arninnannc (cna nc»ana noncc nc na nac, a na nx
caxnx.
÷ £cnn ni (ononini cnocn pa6oron, ro ni omn6acrcci, ÷
cxa:an 3narnu. ÷ Binonncnnc nnana no:naiacr na nac 6oni-
mym orncrcrncnnocri ncpc( namnxn napo(axn, no n ncpc(
(cxoxparnuccxnx xnpox. £cnn xi 6y(cx nc xax cnc(ycr ni-
nonnnri nx, ro cax Crannn na(cpcr nax ymn. 2 ionopm, uro
ni nc nonnocrim xo6nnn:onann cnon xa(pi.
÷ Mi nc xo»cx xnunricn, yrncp»(an, 6y(ro ncc c(c-
nann, ÷ orncrnn n. ÷ Mi or(acx cc6c orucr n rox, uro nax
npc(cronr cmc 6onimc pa6orari, cmc 6onimc xo6nnn:onaricn
n yunricn. O(naxo, uro xacacrcn o6cy»(acxix naxn xonxpcr-
nix npo6ncx, xi ncnnxox xo6nnn:onann cnon cnni. Mnoioio
ni rpc6onann or nac ynopno n nocncmno, xi nopyunnn nccx
344
namnx nm(nx npono(nri nccnc(onannn, n:yuari (annic no-
npoci, cocrannnri cnncxn, no xax ronixo onn (oxo(nr (o
xaxoio-nn6y(i py6c»a, npnc:»acr Kpanicp n ni(nniacr nonic
napnanri, npnc:»acr Knpo Ipniopicn n onpoxn(inacr npc»-
nnc opncnrnponxn, (anan nonic, npnc:»acr Hcponnu n npn-
nocnr xno»ccrno (pyinx napnanron n rcx (nn nccnc(onannn.
Honnxacrc nn ni, xaxan y nac co:(acrcn o6cranonxa"' Bxccro
roio uro6i (cnox :annxaricn, namn nm(n :annxamrcn nnxo-
xy nc ny»nixn nccnc(onannnxn n nnanaxn. A nnnonni
n ¬rox nc xi. Kcrarn, pa: ni ynoxnnynn xnc Crannna, n ync-
pcn, uro ccnn cxy n na(o 6y(cr xoxy-nn6o na(pari ymn :a
nponcxo(nmcc, ro ¬ro 6y(yr nc namn ymn.
÷ Oro cno»nic npo6ncxi, ÷ xoxcnranino orcrynnn
3narnu, n n :axcrnn ncixym (po»i na cio nnnc. ÷ £cnn ncp-
nic opncnrnponxn n:xcnnmrcn, ro ¬ro (cnacrcn n noni:y nyu-
mcn, 6oncc npannninon opncnrnponxn.
÷ 2 nnonnc coinaccn' ÷ cxa:an n, ÷ no (o xaxnx nop
6y(cr npo(on»aricn ¬ro"' Bi o6nnnncrc nac n «(nyx nnnnnx»
:a ro, uro xi, nc no namcn nnnc, npc(crannnn cnncox ncn c
ono:(anncx na 3O (ncn no cpanncnnm c naxcucnnon (aron.
¹ro »c xi (on»ni ionopnri o nac, ccnn nnan 1947 io(a ni
:a(cp»ann (o xonna anpcnn n (a»c (o cnx nop cmc nc yrounnnn,
uro ni 6y(crc (anari n ucio ncr :a cucr npc(ocranncnnoio nax
xpc(nra"' Bax npcxpacno n:nccrno, uro nam 6m(»cr xi (on»ni
6inn yrncp(nri cmc n ncpnic xccnni nincmncio io(a. Knpo
Ipniopicn o6cman nax cmc n anpcnc npncnari cncnnanncra
no qnnanconix nonpocax. Bonpoc o namcx 6m(»crc nc pc-
mcn n noninc, rax xax ni nacrannacrc na rox, uro cio
(on»ni npc(napnrcnino npocxorpcri namn cncnnanncri, no-
cxonixy ¬roio rpc6ycr xoop(nnnponannc namnx conxccrnix
nnanon. ¹ro »c nax ocracrcn cxa:ari nax o6 ¬rnx :a(cp»xax
n npcnnrcrnnnx, npo(on»ammnxcn y»c 5-6 xccnncn"'
Bcrpcua (onio (nnnaci n n ocnonnox ionopnn n. 3narnu
no(anan xaxym-nn6o xoporxym pcnnnxy, crapancn :amnmaricn,
nonropnn ro, uro oxa:an nax c caxoio nauana:
÷ 2 nacrannam na rox, uro xpncrannn:ymrcn (nc nnnnn'
345
Ynn(cn, uro n nocnc npnnc(cnnix xnom no(po6nix n
xonxpcrnix (ono(on on nacrannan na cnocx, nc npc(¡nnnnn co
cnocn croponi nnxaxnx apiyxcnron n nc 6y(yun n cocronnnn
uro-nn6o onponcpinyri n: n:no»cnnoio xnom, n cxa:an cxy:
÷ O(no ncncc ncnoio: uro xacacrcn cyiy6o ¬xonoxnuc-
cxnx nonpocon namc o6nnncnnc n «(nyx nnnnnx» nccocronrcni-
no. Iiri xo»cr, ni nxccrc n nn(y uro-nn6o (pyioc"
÷ Cnoc xncnnc n y»c nipa:nn, ÷ orncrnn ror. ÷ Bc(i
x (cny ncni:n no(xo(nri npocro rax: ¬xonoxnuccxnc nnn »c
nonnrnuccxnc ¬rn nonpoci. Hcpnic n nropic n:anxocnn:ani.
Bi, nanpnxcp, npn ycranonncnnn cnonx ncn nc npnnnnn rcx
cnncxon n ron xcro(onoinn, xoropic 6inn pa:pa6orani n
ncpc(ani naxn. Bamn rcxnnxn n cncnnanncri ncc nauann
cnauana. Houcxy" Mo»cr, ronapnmn ¬rn nc ncpnr n namn
cnncxn n n namy xcro(onoinm" Oro xcmacr nccxy (cny,
n6o ccnn y nac nocrynamr rax, a y nac nnauc, ro nc xo»cr
6iri coinaconannn xc»(y namnx n namnx nnanaxn. Oro, no-
xocxy, nc xopomo. Co6crncnno ionopn, raxan xpncrannn:ym-
mancn rcn(cnnnn nipa»acr nc(oncpnc x Kiocnannn. Y xcnn
ccri n (pyinc or(ammnc anrnmiocnanmnnon qaxri'
÷ Bi oucni yiny6nncrcci n npo6ncxy, ÷ cxa:an n n or-
ncr, ÷ n nc :nam, nnnncrcn nn ¬ro ronixo namnx xncnncx.
H: cxa:annoio naxn nonyuacrcn, uro «(nc nnnnn» cocrannnmr
nc npo6ncxy, cnn:annym npocro c naxn, c ¬xonoxnuccxon no-
nnrnxon namcio pyxono(crna, a npo6ncxy, cnn:annym c naxn.
Oxa:inacrcn, y nac ccri o(na «npomiocnancxan» n o(na «anrn-
miocnancxan» nnnnn' Oro ni xornrc cxa:ari"'
÷ Hc nxcnno rax, ÷ nonirancn xoc-uro «cxniunri» 3na-
rnu, ÷ no :aro na6nm(amrcn ncxoropic nnncnnn, ncxoro-
pic rcn(cnnnn, xoropic nxcnno ry(a n nc(yr.
÷ Bi paccy»(acrc cnnmxox onpoxcrunno n npnxo(nrc
x ncnpannninix n npc(nix :axnmucnnnx, ÷ :axcrnn n. ÷ Y
nac ccri o(na n ronixo o(na nnnnn xax no namnx nnyrpcnnnx
npo6ncxax, rax n no nonpocy ornomcnnn c (py:inxn, n (an-
nox cnyuac c naxn. B xocx n:no»cnnn n (oxa:an, uro c na-
mcn croponi nc 6ino nnucio raxoio, uro nccnpanc(nnno npo-
346
rnnonocrannnnoci 6i namnx xncnnnx, npc(nono»cnnnx nnn
:anpocax. Hpon:omno o6parnoc, ccnn ronixo xornx ocranari-
cn ncpnixn qaxrax. Hc nmnrc n nac «anrnmiocnanmnni». K
npannninix (ncxyccnnx, no:pa»cnnnx nnn nc(oionopcnnocrn
no pa:nnunix npo6ncxax, 6y(i ¬ro ¬xonoxnuccxnc, nonnrn-
uccxnc, rcxnnuccxnc n (pyinc, xi nnxoi(a nc xo»cx npnxncn-
nari npnix «anrnmiocnanmnni» nnn «npomiocnanmnni». £cnn
y nac nxcmrcn (pyinc apiyxcnri nnn qaxri, npnno(nmnc nac
x raxnx nino(ax, ro (ananrc o6cy(nx nx.
÷ Hcr, cnyuan :(cci nc no(xo(nmnn. 2 ocramci npn npc»-
ncx xncnnn. Xouy nnmi (o6annri, uro ncc (cnam n nnrcpccax
namcn (py»6i. Mc»(y naxn cymccrnymr oco6ic cnn:n n xi
(on»ni coxpannri n yxpcnnnri nx. Hcni:n (onycrnri, uro6i
xaxnc-ro rcxnnxn nnn cncnnanncri no(po6nocrnxn n xanc-
paxn cnocio pcxccna c6nnn nac c icncpaninon nnnnn.
÷ C namcn croponi ¬roio nnxoi(a nc npon:on(cr, ÷ :a-
xcrnn n. ÷ Ho xnc ro»c, pa: xi :ancpmacx ¬ry ncrpcuy,
xoucrcn nonropnri nax: Bipa»am co»ancnnc no nono(y roio,
uro ni npo(on»acrc nacrannari na raxox nino(c, xoropoio
noo6mc nax nc cnc(onano nicxa:ari. Or nxcnn pyxono(crna
namcn naprnn :annnnm, uro xi nc npnnnxacx cio, rax xax
on concpmcnno omn6ounin.
Ha ¬rox n xonunnaci ncrpcua, xoropan cmc 6onimc yxpc-
nnna no xnc y6c»(cnnc n rox, uro (cna c miocnancxnxn ro-
napnmaxn o6ocrpnnnci n cranonnnnci ncc 6oncc cno»nixn.
Onn nc:acny»cnno o6n»ann nac. Houcxy, cnpamnnan n cc6n,
n nocnc namnx no(po6nix n o6ocnonannix pa:¡ncncnnn onn
cronr na cnocx"' ¹ro »c cxpinacr raxoc nacronnnc 3narnua
na a6cyp(nix o6nnncnnnx «n (nyx nnnnnx»"' H uro »c :a-
crannno cio npn6cinyri x raxoxy (anncnnm xax pa: n ¬rn
xoxcnri "'
Ho ncxopc nauano nponcnnricn ncc no(o:pnrcninoc n
rcxnoc, ocranmcccn nocnc o6nnncnnn 3narnua n xocn ncrpc-
un c nnx.
µnn (na nnn rpn nocnc xocn ncrpcun c nnx x nax no-
crynnna o(na n: caxix pa(ocrnix nccrcn: Mocxna npnina-
347
mana npannrcnicrncnnym (cnciannm HP An6annn, no:ina-
nnncxym xnom. Hax npc(cronno nicxari ry(a x 12 nnn 13
nmnn 1947 io(a.
2 coo6mnn o6 ¬rox 3narnuy naxanync or¡c:(a, n na
xcnn npon:ncno iny6oxoc nncuarncnnc ro, xax on ncrpcrnn
xoc coo6mcnnc: on uyri-uyri ncpc(cpnyncn, naxxypnnnci
6ponn, n n :axcrnn, uro yni6xa, xoropan nonnnnaci na cio
nnnc, 6ina (cnannon, nanpn»cnnon yni6xon.
÷ Pa( ¬roxy, ÷ cnoxonno n xono(no cxa:an ror. ÷ Iiri
xo»cr, nax npc(crannrcn cnyuan ncrpcrnricn co Crannnix.
Oro 6in no(xo(nmnn xoxcnr nponnuccxn (o6annri: «¹ro-
6i on na(pan nax ymn», no n c(cp»ancn. H rcx nc xcncc,
y xcnn no:nnxno no(o:pcnnc, uro on :apancc, 6iri xo»cr,
panimc nac caxnx, :nan o rox, uro xi noc(cx n Mocxny.
Tyr »c n ionony npnmno xnoio nonpocon: Hc npn6ci nn
3narnu nccxonixo (ncn na:a( xo nccx ¬rnx o6nnncnnnx n
(anncnnm noroxy, uro :nan o cxopox noccmcnnn naxn Mocx-
ni"' Hc nn(cn nn on xax pa: n ¬rox nn:nrc npn:nax «anrn-
miocnanmnni»" Y xcnn 6inn ocnonannn no(o:pcnari cio no
nccx ¬rox, n npcxn no(rncp(nno, uro xon no(o:pcnnn 6inn
6oncc ucx pcaninixn, npnucx cnnmxox 6nc(nixn no cpan-
ncnnm c iopixon (cncrnnrcninocrim.
Hamc »cnannc nanpannri n Concrcxnn Com: (cnciannm
nicmcio yponnn 6ino nnaxcnnix, (anno xnncnmnx n namnx
ccp(nax »cnanncx. Kax nm6on xoxxynncr, n nnuno ro»c c
ncrcpncnncx »(an cnyuan ynn(cri po(nny Oxrn6picxon pcno-
nmnnn, concpmcnnon no( pyxono(crnox ncnnxoio ucnnna, n
na xccrc :naxoxnricn c onirox concron, yunricn y nnx n nc-
nocpc(crncnno cnymari cnona, concri nnn :axcuannn ncnnxoio
Crannna. Mi 6inn cio yucnnxaxn, xi naxcpcnannci nnnxa-
rcnino npncnymnnaricn x xa»(oxy cio cnony. Kopouc ionopn,
nama noc:(xa n Concrcxnn Com: 6ina nc ronixo »cnanncx,
no n nco6xo(nxocrim. Mi cunrann, uro 6inn (ocronnixn
uccrn noccrnri Concrcxnn Com:, xi :acny»nnn ¬ro cnocn
6opi6on, nnnncn, xoropym npono(nnn, nyrcx, no xoropoxy
crpcxnnnci nccrn An6annm. Taxoc »cnannc xi nicxa:ann n
348
concrcxnx ronapnmax, naxo(nnmnxcn n ncpnic io(i n An-
6annn, xi npocnnn rax»c noxomn Koxxynncrnuccxon naprnn
Kiocnannn, a no:(ncc, xoi(a 6inn orxpiri noconicrno Co-
ncrcxoio Com:a n Tnpanc n namc noconicrno n Mocxnc, rcx
nnn nnix nyrcx xi nicxa:ann cnoc »cnannc n oqnnnanino.
Orncri conpono»(annci yni6xaxn, no yni6xn nn o ucx
nc ionopnnn. Orucio »c rax"' Iiri xo»cr, nax xcmano n
¬rox xaxan-nn6o omn6xa na namcx nyrn n n namcn pa6orc"
Ic:ynpcunixn xi nc 6inn, no xi nc naxo(nnn xaxon-nn6o
npnunni, xoropan nnnnaci 6i noxcxon na namcx nyrn. K ro-
xy »c xi nc nonnxann cmc o(noio: ccnn y nac 6inn omn6xn,
ro noucxy onn nc ionopnnn nax o6 ¬rox orxpiro, xax xox-
xynncr xoxxynncry"
Hpan(y xi (on»ni 6inn y:nari no:(no. Hoxcxon na na-
mcx nyrn n Mocxny cranonnnnci miocnani.
Caxn Tnro n cio npncnic ucio ronixo nc (cnann, uro6i
nyri x Crannny xax xo»no (onimc, a no no:xo»nocrn, nancc-
i(a ocranancn (nn nac :axpirix.
Onn crpcxnnnci co:(ari ncco6mcc xncnnc o rox, uro (nn
nac «ncnrpox» nccio nnnnncn Icnipa(, uro Tnro 6in (nn
nac «Crannnix n xy(a 6onimc Crannna»' K co»ancnnm, ¬ra
roi(amnnn nponaian(a ocrannna cnon cnc(i. K roxy »c, ncp-
nic aicnri rnronncn, raxnc xax Koun µ:o(:c, Han(n Kpncro n
(pyinc, nocnpnnnnn xax cnoc n nponaian(nponann ¬ro nono»c-
nnc, no n cpc(n pn(a (pyinx ronapnmcn yrncp»(anoci xncnnc
o rox, uro «ncrpcuaricn co Crannnix xo»cr Tnro», a xi
«(on»ni ncrpcuaricn nnmi c Tnro», uro «nax nc:aucx c:(nri
n Mocxny, ry(a :a Kiocnannm n An6annm c:(nr Tnro, xo-
ropin n:naiacr Crannny xax cnon, rax n namn :a6ori».
Bipa»cnnc «Hyri n Mocxny npoxo(nr ucpc: Icnipa(»
crano n ror ncpno( xo(nix n cy»(cnnnx n xicnnx nc roni-
xo miocnanon, no n nx aicnrypi n namnx pn(ax n ono yrncp-
(nnoci (a»c n yxax ncxoropix (pyinx ronapnmcn.
Ho no:npamcnnn n: o(non noc:(xn n Icnipa(, xoropic
6inn xnoiouncncnnixn, xax-ro Kpncro Tcxcnixo npnxo(nr
xo xnc «(oxna(inari».
349
÷ Hpnnnnn nac xax ncni:n nyumc' ÷ nocrop»cnno cran
paccxa:inari on. ÷ Cocronnaci rax 6oniman ncrpcua c mio-
cnancxnxn pyxono(nrcnnxn, xy(a npninacnnn n nac. Pcui mna
o ncpcncxrnnax Icnipa(a, n Tnro cxa:an, uro Icnipa( pa:pa-
crcr n pacmnpnrcn, crancr ncnrpox Ianxan. «Cm(a, ÷ oxa:an
on, ÷ 6y(yr npnc:»ari :a onirox ncc nonic cnponcncxnc
(cxoxparnn».
Toi(a ronixo uro 6ino ocnonano Hnqopx6mpo n, xax n:-
nccrno, nnauanc ncnrpox cio onpc(cnnnn Icnipa(, npnucx
nixo(nn rax n rcopcrnuccxnn opian Hnqopx6mpo «3a npou-
nin xnp, :a napo(nym (cxoxparnm'». Oro n no6y(nno Tnro
n xoxnannm ycnncnno nponaian(nponari cc6n n Icnipa(
xax ncnrp Ianxan n Hcnrpaninon £nponi n (a»c xax «ncnrp
napo(nix (cxoxparnn»' Taxon qaxr onn ncnoni:onann oco-
6cnno n ornomcnnn namcn crpani, uro6i :axpiri nax (ncpn
cnn:cn c (pyinxn 6parcxnxn crpanaxn n nonnocrim (cp»ari
nac npnnn:annixn x Kiocnannn.
Crpanno' Bcnxnn pa:, xoi(a xi nicxa:inann xicni o
rox, uro6i nanpannri (cnciannm n Concrcxnn Com:, Ionia-
pnm, ¹cxocnonaxnm n r.(., miocnani ncnirinann nccxpina-
cxoc pa:(pa»cnnc. H xoi(a, naxoncn, xaxon-nn6o (cnciannn
nn:mcio yponnn y(ananoci c¡c:(nri n ry nnn (pyiym n:
¬rnx crpan, ro ona nn6o «oxa:inanaci» no( oncxon, nn6o no(-
ncpianaci xaqnncxon cnc»xc co croponi miocnanon. Cxpi-
ric ncnn Tnro no ornomcnnm x nax n (pyinx rpc6onann,
uro6i na xc»(ynapo(non apcnc xi, n xoi(a ionopnnn co6-
crncnnixn ycraxn, ionopnnn ro, uro npnxo(nnoci no nxycy
miocnanax, nonropnnn ro, uro nax (nxronann miocnani n
Icnipa(c. A xoi(a xi orxa:inannci or raxon «pa6oucn
npaxrnxn» c cyqncpox, nm(n Tnro pa:pa»annci nporc-
craxn.
Tax npon:omno c noccrnnmcn Concrcxnn Com: n xac
1947 io(a xynirypnon (cncianncn, n cocran xoropon nxo(n-
nn Haxo Cnnpy, Hc(»xnc Xo(»a n (pyinc. Hc ycncna nama
(cnciannn xax cnc(ycr ycrponricn n iocrnnnnc, xax mio-
cnancxoc noconicrno n Mocxnc no(nnno rpcnoiy. Kiocnancxnn
33O
nocon nonpocnn cpounon ncrpcun c namnx nocnox n Mocx-
nc, :arcx miocnancxnn nocnnin arramc nonpocnn ncrpcun
c an6ancxnx nocnnix arramc, »cni miocnancxnx (nnnoxa-
ron npncranann x »cnax namnx (nnnoxaron, xax 6annin
nncr, a miocnancxnc cry(cnri npncranann x an6ancxnx cry-
(cnrax: «3aucx nama (cnciannn npncxana n Mocxny"», «C xcx
ona ncrpcuanaci"», «Hc 6ina nn ona nucpa y Monorona"»,
«Hax ionopnnn, uro cc xopomo ncrpcrnn Mnxonn, uro ona
no(nncana rax»c xaxoc-ro ¬xonoxnuccxoc coinamcnnc» n r.(.
n r.n. Pa(noipaxxi, nocrynanmnc or namnx ronapnmcn n
Mocxnc, norpncann n 6ccnoxonnn nac. H, xax 6y(ro ¬roio cmc
nc xnarano, nccxonixo (ncn cnycrn nocnc no:npamcnnn (c-
nciannn n An6annm, miocnancxnn nocon n Mocxnc conccx
naino :annnn namcxy npannrcnicrny nporccr no nono(y no-
c:(xn an6ancxon xynirypnon (cnciannn n Concrcxnn Com:'
On na:nan ¬ry noc:(xy «napymcnncx (ocrninyron c Kiocna-
nncn (oionopcnnocrn» n or(an npnxa: o rox, uro6i n nm6ox
(pyiox ananoinunox cnyuac npc(napnrcnino npocnri 6na-
iocnoncnnn Icnipa(a
1
'
÷ Tnro n cio npncnic oco6cnno crapannci :axpiri xnc
ncc nyrn ycranonncnnn cnn:cn c 6parcxnxn naprnnxn n crpa-
naxn n npc»(c nccio c Concrcxnx Com:ox. Kax nincnnnoci,
«xom npo6ncxy» onn (oncnn (o caxoio Crannna, ncxa:nn
____________________________________
1 B uacrnocrn, n cnn:n c noc:(xon an6ancxon xynirypnon (cnciannn
n Concrcxnn Com: miocnancxnn nocon n Mocxnc nicxa:ancn 6yxnanino
rax: «Hco6xo(nxo xopomo yncnnri cc6c, uro o6c namn crpani cnn:ani
y:axn mnpoxoio ¬xonoxnuccxoio coinamcnnn. Mi nc nonnxacx, xax
¬ro xo»no, uro6i n ycnonnnx, xoi(a xi rax cnn:ani n ¬xonoxnuccxox
ornomcnnn, ni xornrc :axnmunri (pyinc ¬xonoxnuccxnc n ropionic
coinamcnnn c (pyinxn crpanaxn, xi nc xo»cx nonnri, xax ¬ro 6c:
npc(napnrcninon xoncynirannn c naxn, 6c: npc(napnrcninon (oionopcn-
nocrn c naxn ni :annxacrcci no(o6nixn (cncrnnnxn. Bi xoinn 6i :a-
xnmuari raxnc coinamcnnn n cnyuac orcyrcrnnn coinamcnnn c naxn. Oro
nc xopomnc (cncrnnn, 6onimc rax (cnari ncni:n, ¬ro ncconxccrnxo
c namnxn coinamcnnnxn». (Faouoepa++a o ecmpe+e c meocaaectu+ noc-
ao+ e Moctee, cocmo»eueùc» : umn» !947 e. HHA.).
351
n nocrannn iononon nnn: ncm o6cranonxy n namcn crpanc.
Caxn Kap(cni n Iinnnc :acnn(crcnicrnonann ¬ro. Onn nn-
myr n cnonx nocnoxnnannnx, uro, xoi(a Tnro noccrnn Mocx-
ny n 1946 io(y, Crannn, nn(nrc nn, cxa:an cxy: «Y xcnn n:
An6annn nccxonixo :anpocon npninacnri n Mocxny oqnnn-
aninym (cnciannm no inanc c Onncpox Xo(»a» n npo(on-
»an, xon, ionopnri Tnro, uro «xi (o cnx nop xonc6annci,
rax xax ncxopomo nx :nacx», uro «cpc(n pyxono(crna an6an-
ncn nxcmrcn pa:noinacnn», uro «raxomnnc ronapnmn rpc-
6ymr ("'),uro6i nxccrc c Icncpaninix Ccxpcrapcx, npnc:»an
n Mocxny n Koun µ:o(:c, nnnnmmnncn ccxpcrapcx no opi-
nonpocax'» n r.(. n r.n.
Hxcna nn xccro raxan 6ccc(a n xax ona qaxrnuccxn
npoxo(nna, n o6 ¬rox nc n xypcc n :a ¬ro pyuaricn nc xoiy.
Ha pa:nnunix ncrpcuax, xoropic n nxcn co Crannnix n
1947 io(y n n nocnc(ymmcx, on nn pa:y nc ynoxnnan xnc
o6 ¬ron 6ccc(c, xoropym, xax yrncp»(amr, on nponcn-(c
c Tnro n cio npncnixn. Oro qaxr, uro xon cnn:n co
Crannnix crann nccixa ccp(cunixn n nnrnxnixn, a Crannn
6in n: rcx, xro nc 6onncn npan(i, xaxon 6i ona nn 6ina.
Ho¬roxy (a»c n ccnn nxn Koun µ:o(:c 6ino ynoxnnyro
na ¬ron rax na:inacxon ncrpcuc, ro cio, nancpnnxa, ynoxn-
nynn Tnro, Iinnnc n Kap(cni. Onn-ro (a, xax cnn(crcnicrnycr
ncn ncropnn, cmc x xonny nonni nccxn cpc(crnaxn (o6nna-
nnci roio, uro6i Koun µ:o(:c nc:(c :annxan xnmucnic
nocri. Pa:yxccrcn, Tnro n Iinnncy nc:aucx 6ino nc npcno(-
nocnri n Crannny cnoc xncnnc n ipc:i o cnocx nm6nxnc,
npc(crannnn cxy ncrnny n ncxa»cnnox cncrc. H no:(ncc,
uro6i «ornncui» nnnxannc or ncrnni, onn 6c: :a:pcnnn co-
nccrn npnnncinann cnon :aionopi Crannny, xorn Crannn nn-
ucio n nc :nan o rox, uro n An6annn cymccrnycr xaxon-ro
Koun µ:o(:c.
Ho (cna o6cpnynnci rax, uro Koun µ:o(:c, ¬ror nm6nxcn
Tnro, cmc n nmnc 1947 io(a 6in «y(ocrocn» uccrn, xoropym
miocnani crapannci oxa:ari cxy: nocpc(crnox nx nxcmarcni-
crna on orcrpannn Haxo Cnnpy n npncxan n Mocxny n xa-
352
uccrnc :axccrnrcnn inani (cnciannn, npncyrcrnonan rax»c na
ncrpcuax co Crannnix, no noc npcxn ocranancn 6an(on. On nc
npoponnn nn c(nnoio cnona, n xopomo noxnm, uro Crannn
nc nponnnn x ncxy nnxaxoio nnrcpcca. £cnn 6i Crannn xori
uro-nn6o :nan, on :axonnnn 6i cnoncuxo o ncx, :a(an 6i
cxy nonpoc, xorn 6i (nn y(onncrnopcnnn nm6onircrna n or-
nomcnnn ¬roio ucnoncxa, npc(crannnnmcio «nponcrapcxym
conccri» KHA'
O nc:a6inacxix ncrpcuax co Crannnix n no(po6no nn-
can n or(cninon xnnic nocnoxnnannn
1
, no¬roxy :(cci xouy
orxcrnri uro-ro (pyioc: nn:nr namcn (cnciannn n Mocxny
n nmnc 1947 io(a nocny»nn xomnix xarann:aropox, cno-
co6crnonanmnx cmc nyumc ninccrn na uncrym no(y ncm inyc-
nocri, xoropym 6cnipa(cxnc pcnn:nonncri cxpinann n orno-
mcnnnx c naxn. Oro crano oucnn(no xax ronixo xi no:npa-
rnnnci n Tnpany.
B rc (nn 3narnu no( npc(noiox roio, uro cxy ny»no
6ino n:yunri xaxnc-ro nonpoci, cnn:annic c npocxrox na-
mcio nnrnncrncio nnana, ioronnncn nicxari n Icnipa(. 2
ocnc(oxnn cio o rox, uro Concrcxnn Com: npc(ocrannn nax
xpc(nr n paccxa:an cxy oco6cnno o namnx nncuarncnnnx,
o rox, xax nac ncrpcuann concrcxnc ronapnmn, xaxym 6onimym
pa(ocri xi ncnirinann, ynn(cn ronapnmcn Crannna, Mono-
rona n nccx (pyinx concrcxnx pyxono(nrcncn, n r.(. Bcc ¬ro on
cnyman c 6onimnx nc(ononicrnox, c nc(nnix xono(ox. 2
cxa:an cxy rax»c, uro nam xnnncrp, Tyx 2xona, cncnnanino
ornpannncn n Icnipa( c nncixox, n xoropox Tnro nnqopxn-
pycrcn o coinamcnnn, :axnmucnnox n Concrcxox Com:c.
3narnu c¡c:(nn n Icnipa(, n, ccrccrncnno, ocnc(oxnn
Tnro o6o nccx ¬rox n, xorn Tyx 2xona rpn»(i npocnn ncrpc-
un c Tnro, rax n nc 6in npnnnr nx.
Taxoc xono(noc o6pamcnnc no6y»(ano nac x 6oncc iny-
6oxnx pa:ximncnnnx. Mi caxn ncpnynnci n: ncrpcu co
_________________________________________
1 B xnnic «Co Crannnix (Bocnoxnnannn)», n:(. na pyc. n:.. Tn-
pana, 1979.
353
Crannnix npcncnonncnnic cmc 6onimcio ¬nry:na:xa n nc-
pi n npannninym nnnnm, xoropym xi npono(nnn. Oro qaxr,
uro nn Crannn, nn (pyinc ronapnmn, xax Monoron n X(anon,
c xoropixn xi ncrpcuannci, nnucio nnoxoio o Tnro n cio
nm(nx nax nc ionopnnn, no :aro nc ionopnnn o nnx nnucio
oco6oio n nono»nrcninox cxicnc. H nnmi xoi(a n ynoxn-
nyn Crannny o napymcnnn namcio no:(ymnoio npocrpancrna
miocnancxnxn caxoncraxn, ror oxa:an xnc:
÷ Bam napo( nc(ononcn ornomcnnnxn c Kiocnanncn"
Bc(i ¬ro xopomo, uro ni ipannunrc c (py»ccrncnnon Kio-
cnanncn.
3a ncxnmucnncx ¬roio xoxcnra, nn pa:y nc 6inn yno-
xnnyri nn Kiocnannn, nn namn ornomcnnn c ncn. Ho, cy(n
no xicnnx, nicxa:annix Crannnix ornocnrcnino ni(nnnyrix
naxn npo6ncx, xi :axcrnnn iny6oxoc npornnopcunc xc»(y
opncnrannnxn, xoropic nax (anann miocnani, n opncnrann-
nxn, xoropic rcncpi (anan nax Crannn. Tax, Crannn 6in
nnonnc coinaccn c namnx xypcox na connanncrnuccxym nn(y-
crpnann:annm An6annn, na xcxann:annm ccnicxoio xo:nncrna,
on noo6cman n mc(po oxa:an nax :anpomcnnym noxomi,
opncnrnponan nac na pacmnpcnnc cnn:cn c (pyinxn crpanaxn
n oco6cnno co crpanaxn napo(non (cxoxparnn n r.(. n r.n.
Ioncc roio, xancpy Crannna pa:ionapnnari c naxn n (anari
nax concri, cio ron ncni:n 6ino n cpannnnari c noncnnrcni-
nix n xnunnnix ronox miocnanon.
Bcc ¬ro xi y»c cnoxonno anann:nponann, npn6ciann x co-
nocranncnnnx n ninocnnn coorncrcrnymmnc nino(i. K uncny
ncpnix npnnnrix naxn n ¬ror ncpno( xcp ornocnrcn n 6oncc
ncnan opncnrnponxa namcn pa6ori no cocranncnnm npocxra
nnrnncrncio nnana. £crccrncnno, cio xi (on»ni 6inn ocno-
ninari na namnx roi(amnnx ncrounnxax n no:xo»nocrnx, no,
uro xacacrcn noxomn n:nnc, xi nc co6npannci oipannunnaricn
ronixo «o6cmannnxn» n «opncnrnponxaxn», (annixn miocna-
naxn. Hpn cocranncnnn ¬roio npocxra yunrinancn rax»c xpc-
(nr, npc(ocranncnnin nax Crannnix.
Mc»(y rcx miocnani pa:ncpnynn npornn nac nacronmym
354
xaxnannm (anncnnn n y(apon. Kax corpy(nnxn miocnancxon
xnccnn n Tnpanc, rax n miocnancxnc cncnnanncri n nc(oxcrnax
nnn »c na ¬xonoxnuccxnx npc(npnnrnnx concpmcnno orxpiro
nipa»ann nc(ononicrno n (a»c «y(nnncnnc» no nono(y roio,
xax ¬ro xi nomnn na :axnmucnnc ropionoio coinamcnnn c Co-
ncrcxnx Com:ox' Oror nam 6oncc ucx :axonnin n, no»anyn,
:ano:(anin axr onn cunrann «napymcnncx (yxa an6ancxo-mio-
cnancxoio coinamcnnn», axrox, xoropin npnnc(cr nac x pa:o-
pcnnm' Ha o(non n: «pa6ounx» ncrpcu miocnancxnn «ynonno-
xoucnnin no ¬xonoxnuccxnx nonpocax» n Tnpanc Ccpicn
Kpanicp 6c: o6nnnxon cxa:an namnx ronapnmax:
÷ An6annn ¬ro cnocio po(a uaci, x xoropix nc no(xo-
(nr xaxnc yio(no (crann. H: nnx o(nn xoiyr 6iri nyumc,
(pyinc ÷ xy»c, no :aro ncc onn (on»ni 6iri o(nnaxonon
xapxn' Hc xo»cr 6iri rax, uro6i o(nn 6inn miocnancxnxn,
(pyinc ÷ xaxoio-nn6o (pyioio npon:no(crna. Pa: y nac :a-
no»cna ncxoropan miocnancxan 6a:a, :naunr ncc, uro 6y(cr
nocrpocno na ¬ron 6a:c, (on»no 6iri ncxnmunrcnino mio-
cnancxnx '
¹cpc: cnocio npcxcnnoio noncpcnnoio n (cnax, µpaio
Kocxcpnnn, :axnnroio npaia Concrcxoio Com:a, miocnancxan
xnccnn n Tnpanc oqnnnanino :annnna nocnc namcio no:npa-
mcnnn, uro «nonnrnxa an6ancxoio npannrcnicrna n ornomcnnn
Kiocnannn npcrcpncna n:xcncnnn co npcxcnn no:npamcnnn
icncpana Xo(»a n: Mocxni».
Bcc ¬ro xi cnymann c rpcnoion, cxcmannon c oiopuc-
nncx. £mc 6onimc norpncann nac nocrynanmnc c xccr nccrn.
Ocropo»no, co cxymcnncx (n ¬ro 6ino nonnrno), no :aro
orxpiro namn ronapnmn c xccr ionopnnn nax y»c nc o cny-
uannix, a o :a(yxannix n :annannponannix miocnancxnxn
cncnnanncraxn nonpc»(cnnnx. Mi, nanpnxcp, (anno pcmnnn
n (oionopnnnci c miocnancxon croponon o rox, uro6i rop-
»ccrncnnoc nnc(cnnc ncpnon oucpc(n »cnc:non (opoin Tn-
pana-Oni6acan cocronnoci 7 non6pn 1947 io(a, n uccri 3O-nc-
rnn Oxrn6picxon pcnonmnnn. B aniycrc n ccnrn6pc miocnan-
cxan cropona na «apiyxcnrax» (oxa:ana nax, uro ¬ro nc(o-
355
crn»nxo. Mi, c namcn croponi, ninonnnnn pa6or n (na nnn
rpn pa:a 6onimc namnx o6n:arcnicrn c rcx, uro6i nc ocra-
nnri nx nn o(non na:cnxn. Onn no( ncnxoio po(a npc(noia-
xn npc(¡nnnnn nax ricnuy rpc6onannn, a, xoi(a xi non-
nocrim y(onncrnopnnn nx, onn no:pa:nnn:
÷ Unan ncr'
Mi xo6nnn:onann 6onimnc cnni, xoropic n:nnn rono-
pi n ornpannnnci ncca nannri. µocrannnn xi n mnani, no
miocnani nx nc npnnnnn.
÷ Onn nc :axncnxcni namnxn cncnnanncraxn na xcc-
rc' ÷ cxa:ann onn.
Mi no(ioronnnn (pyinc, n, naxoncn, n mnani 6inn o6c-
cncucni. Onn crann ncxari (pyinx npc(noion. Toi(a namn
napnn, xoropix na(ocno ncc ¬ro, :annnnn miocnancxnx «cnc-
nnanncrax» :
÷ 7 non6pn noc:( npon(cr. £cnn nc 6y(cr xnarari mnan
nnn pcnicon, ro xi (oionopnnnci ncui na rpaccy n nycri
noc:( npon(cr no namnx rcnax. Ho (annoc naprnn cnono xi
c(cp»nx'
Oror 6nccrnmnn pcnonmnnonnin (yx namnx nm(cn na-
nonnnn nac ncpon n y(ccnrcpnn namn cnni n 6opi6c :a pc-
mcnnc xno»ccrna rpy(nix npo6ncx rcx ncr. Hax 6ino nc (o
no(o:pcnnn n n:icxannn «onpan(annn» n «apiyxcnron», uro-
6i cxpinari nnny (py:cn. Mi ncc 6oncc n 6oncc y6c»(annci
n rox, uro nc nxcnn (cno nn c «omn6ammnxncn» nacronmnxn
xoxxynncraxn, nn c (py:inxn.
Bcc 6ino xopomo no(cunrano n coinaconano nxn. Y»c
nacrano npcxn iny6oxnx pa:ximncnnn. Mi nponnnnnn cnnm-
xox 6onimoc ncnnxo(ymnc, cnnmxox 6onimoc rcpncnnc, cnnm-
xox 6onimym ncxpcnnocri n ornomcnnnx c nnxn.
Mi ncc o6¡ncnnnn omn6xaxn or(cninix nnn, «cncnna-
nncron» n ciopannc 6onimnx xonnuccrn ia:a n Kyuonc, n 6y-
pcnnc cxna»nn 6c:o ncnxnx xpnrcpncn n npc(napnrcninix
pacucron, n poiarxn n ncnxoio po(a nonoxnry n cnn:n c »cnc:-
non (opoion, n norcpm «no nyrn» xpc(nron n xnnnnoni (n-
napon (nax ionopnnn, uro onn «6inn ornpanncni n: Icnipa(a,
356
no ncn:nccrno, i(c :acrpnnn»), n :acron n pa6orc no coopy»c-
nnm Ccnnrcxon in(pocrannnn
1
, n :ap»anncnnin xnax, o6napy-
»cnnin naxn no( xpacxon, xoropan 6ina nanc(cna na «npc-
cnonyric qa6pnxn» n r.(. n r.n. Bnauanc (a»c no:nc(cnnoc
3narnucx o6nnncnnc n «(nyx nnnnnx» n n «anrnmiocnanmnnc»
xi counn :a cio nnunin n:(op. Ho rcncpi ncc nponcnnnoci.
Bincnnnoci, uro xi nxcnn (cno c no(pinnon, anrnxapxcncr-
cxon n anrnan6ancxon (cnrcninocrim, :annannponannon n py-
xono(nxon 6cnipa(cxnxn nn(cpaxn c ncnim ocymccrnncnnn
nx crapix :axicnon: c(cp»ari pa:nnrnc namcn ¬xonoxnxn n
ncnnxox nocrannri cc n :anncnxocri or miocnanon, (ncxpc(n-
rnponari namy naprnm n ina:ax mnpoxnx napo(nix xacc, xax
«naprnm, nccnoco6nym ynpannnri crpanon n cy(i6axn napo(a»,
(ncxpc(nrnponari naprnnnoc pyxono(crno, xax nccnoco6noc
onpannnricn c cnryannnxn, n o6nnunri nccx rcx pyxono(nrc-
ncn, xoropic cny»nnn noxcxon na nyrn x ocymccrnncnnm nx
nnanon. B ro »c npcxn onn :a(annci ncnim no(opnari ncpy
n nm6oni namcn naprnn x Concrcxoxy Com:y, xonxpcrncc ÷
no(opnari namc (oncpnc x concrcxnx concrnnxax, onopounri
¬rnx concrnnxon n :acrannri nac norpc6onari, uro6i onn
ymnn or nac. Oro npnncno 6i x n:onnnnn namcn crpani a
namcn naprnn or Concrcxoio Com:a n connanncrnuccxoio na-
icpn, ni:nano 6i y 6parcxnx naprnn nnnm:nn n (ypnoc xnc-
nnc o nac, rax uro xi, oxa:anmnci n o(nnouccrnc n c6nric c
nyrn, nc cxoinn 6i n:6c»ari miocnancxon :ana(nn.
ucrox n occnim 1947 io(a nonirxn Tnro n cio npncnix
x ocymccrnncnnm ¬rnx ncncn crann xax nnxoi(a nnxopa(ou-
nixn. Hcpnoc o6nnncnnc, no:nc(cnnoc na nac ucpc: 3narnua,
cocrannnno no(ioronnrcninin ¬ran ¬roio icncpaninoio nacry-
nncnnn. Hamc pcmnrcninoc no:pa»cnnc npornn raxoio o6nn-
ncnnn, nama noc:(xa n Mocxny n 6ccxoncunic rpcnnn c mio-
cnanaxn no xno»ccrny nonpocon nocnc namcio no:npamcnnn
n: Mocxni ÷ ncc ¬ro npnncno 6cnipa(cxoc pyxono(crno x
________________________________________
1 Ho:(ncc 6ina na:nana In(pocrannnn nx. ucnnna.
357
:axnmucnnm o rox, uro »(ari 6ino ncxoi(a. An6annn xoina
ycxoni:nyri y nnx n: pyx. Cncmno ioronnncn y»c cnc(ymmnn,
caxin 6onimon n caxin onacnin (oronc y(ap no namcn
naprnn n namcn crpanc.
358
VI
TWTO UFWCTVUAET K OCVHECTHAEHWK UAA-
HA UO1AOHEHWH AABAHWW
H1opoc o6nnncnnc Tn1o... «UK KUK ncuono-
ncn o1nomcnnnmn c namn» * Oc1pmü cnop c nocnan-
ncm mrocnanckoro pykonouc1na. Tn1o c1pcmn1cn npc-
npa1n1u «qcucpa1nnnmc Bankanm» n cocpcuo1oucn-
nym n cro pykax «ucpnany». Tpc6onannc o nmcmn-
kc conc1cknx conc1nnkon * O npccnony1oü Koopun-
nannonnoü komnccnn * Tn1o pcmac1 ncp1nona1u
6mnmnm cro arcn1om ÷ Hako Cnnpy. Koun ±:ou:c
6cpc1 pcnanm. ±anuncümcc o6oc1pcnnc nononcnnn
n namcm Uonn16mpo * Uoucmy Hako Cnnpy konunn
camoy6nüc1nom? Bcnrpau uo6nnac1cn yc1pancnnn 1c-
ncpanunoro Cckpc1apn KUA * Hauano npoc1noro
nac1ynncnnn na KUA, cc pykonouc1no n nponounn-
mymcn cm nnnnm. Koun ±:ou:c n Uanun Kpnc1o n
6opu6c :a ocymcc1nncnnc :ammcnon Tn1o.
Hcpno( c nauana non6pn 1947 io(a no xapr-anpcni 1948
io(a ocrancrcn n ncropnn xax o(nn n: caxix rn»cnix n ca-
xix onacnix ncpno(on, xoropic xoi(a-nn6o ncpc»nnann
nama naprnn n nam napo(. Oro 6inn xccnni, xoi(a xi oxa-
:annci nnnox x nnny c oxonuarcninon 6nrnon, pa:ncpnyron
rnronnaxn c ncnim nnxnn(nponari KHA n anncxcnponari
359
An6annm. O(naxo, 6nrna ¬ra nxcna oco6oc :naucnnc nc (nn
o(nnx ronixo rnronncn. Ona nnnnaci n (nn nac o(non n:
caxix »ccroxnx, «o n caxix cnannix 6nrn npornn conpcxcn-
noio pcnn:nonn:xa.
Tnro n xoxnannn ncpcmnn n nacrynncnnc «a oucni xo-
pomo :naxoxon nx nounc. 5-6 ncr n:anxnix cnn:cn c naxn
(ann nx no:xo»nocri xopomo y:nari, i(c 6inn y nac cna-
6ic, a i(c cnninic croponi, xro n: nac 6in nx npornnnnxox
n na xoio xoinn onn onnparicn. Conccx o6parnoc nponcxo-
(nno c naxn. Mi ronixo uro npnmnn x :axnmucnnm, uro
nxcnn (cno c pyxono(crnox naprnn, nc npn(cp»nnanmcncn
npannninoio, ncnnncxoio nyrn, no xpanncn xcpc n ornomc-
nnnx c naxn. O(naxo, nanxy(mcc n rox n cocronno, uro namc
:axnmucnnc o miocnancxox pyxono(crnc, xax o pyxono(crnc,
ncponoxno ornocnnmcxcn x nax n npono(nnmcx anrnxapx-
cncrcxym n anrnan6ancxym nnnnm, ncni:n 6ino orxpiro
nicxa:ari roi(a (a»c n n namcx Honnr6mpo. Bnyrpn Ho-
nnr6mpo cymccrnonano n crapanoci n:nri nonnin pcnanm
npomiocnancxoc no66n c Koun µ:o(:c no inanc. Oro no-
6y»(ano nac onpc(cnnri n ocropo»no npnxcnnri xopomo
o6(yxannic raxrnuccxnc npncxi, (nnianci nncpc(, no rcx
nc xcncc n noni:y (cna n c yucrox roi(amnnx ycnonnn xi
niny»(cni 6inn ionopnri n namnx :annncnnnx n xoc-xaxoc
xopomcc cnono n a(pcc miocnancxnx «ronapnmcn» n rnroncxon
Kiocnannn.
C (pyion croponi, n ¬ror ncpno(, xax n no nccx namnx
cxnarxax c miocnancxnxn pcnn:nonncraxn, xi oxa:annci nou-
rn o(nn ncpc( »ccroxnxn npaiaxn, y xoropix 6in onir n
no(nocrnx n :no(cnnnnx. B rc rpy(nic xoxcnri nnxro nc
oxa:ancn pn(ox c naxn, uro6i cxa:ari nax, xopomo nnn nc
xopomo xi nocrynann, 6inn xi npani nnn ncr n rox, uro
conpornnnnnnci 6cnipa(cxnx pyxono(nrcnnx. Koncuno, io-
nopn «nnxro», n nxcm n nn(y xonxpcrnic naprnn, xonxpcrnix
ronapnmcn 6parcxnx naprnn, n6o ncni:n orpnnari 6onimon
qaxrop, xoropin ncci(a 6in c naxn: xapxcn:x-ncnnnn:x.
Conocranncnnc namnx no:nnnn n (cncrnnn c nyrcno(non
36O
rcopncn nponcrapnara no(cxa:inano nax, uro c(nncrncnnix
cnacnrcninix nyrcx 6ino pcmnrcninoc, no :aro ocxorpnrcni-
noc n ocropo»noc conpornnncnnc nacrynncnnm Icnipa(a. O(-
naxo, n cnny xax roi(amnnx xoxcnron, rax n nc6onimoio
nxcnmciocn y nac onira xi npcxn or npcxcnn cnpamnnann
cc6n: «Hc omn6acxcn nn xi" Pa:nc (pyinc, oco6cnno pyxo-
no(crno KHCC, nc nonnxamr, xro raxnc 6cnipa(cxnc pyxo-
no(nrcnn"'».
Kax 6i ro nn 6ino, ocrpnc no»a non:anoci n namy xocri,
rax uro cno»a pyxn xi cn(cri nc xoinn. Hrax, xi niny»(c-
ni 6inn o(nn ni(cp»ari narncx Icnipa(a. Bcc ¬ro c(cnano
qnnan namcn ncpnon cxnarxn c conpcxcnnix pcnn:nonn:xox
xy(a rpy(ncc n cno»ncc, ucx (pyinc cxnarxn, n xoropic xi
ncrynnnn no:(ncc. Cnc(onarcnino, n ¬ron ncpnon cxnarxc xi
niny»(cni 6inn rax»c ornnarnri «(ani» npomnoxy ÷
namcn npc»ncn, upc:xcpnon ncpc n ncxpcnnocrn, orcyrcrnnm
onira, orcyrcrnnm na(nc»amcn n(cnno-nonnrnuccxon no(xo-
nannocrn, orcyrcrnnm ncnocpc(crncnnon noxomn n no((cp»-
xn co croponi (pyinx n r.(. B cnny ¬roio n (pyinx npnunn
6inn na npcxn nocranncni no( ccpic:noc coxncnnc cymc-
crnonannc naprnn, cno6o(a n nc:anncnxocri Po(nni, (cno
pcnonmnnn n connann:xa n An6annn.
O(naxo ncc ¬ro xi nnonnc ycncmno npco(oncnn. H:
ncpnon ncnocpc(crncnnon cxnarxn c rnroncxnx napnanrox
conpcxcnnoio pcnn:nonn:xa xi nimnn no6c(nrcnnxn. H,
xoi(a n anpcnc 1948 io(a nax nonann n pyxn nncixa HK
KHCC x miocnancxoxy pcnn:nonncrcxoxy pyxono(crny, xi
ncnirann 6onimoc n :axonnoc y(ononicrnnc. B npnnnnnn-
aninox co(cp»annn ¬rnx nnccx xi ynn(cnn, n uacrnocrn, no(-
rncp»(cnnc npanori pa:ncprinanmcncn naxn 6opi6i. H ¬ro
nponcxo(nno n raxoc npcxn, xoi(a xi nnucio nc :nann o
rox, uro raxym »c 6opi6y (anno ncno npornn 6cnipa(cxnx
pcnciaron n pyxono(crno KHCC co Crannnix no inanc. K
o6mcxy :naxcnarcnm nac npnncna ncpnocri namnx naprnn
xapxcn:xy-ncnnnn:xy. Hxcnno :(cci, a nc n ucx-nn6o (pyiox
naxo(nr cc6c o6¡ncncnnc nonnan n ncxc(ncnnan conn(apn-
361
:annn namcn naprnn n namcio napo(a c nncixaxn HK KHCC.
Ornx o6¡ncnncrcn n «y(nnnnmnn» xnoinx (pyion qaxr o rox,
xax ¬ro xi rax 6icrpo n nocnc(onarcnino cncnn cucri c
rnronnaxn. Ho ¬ro ornocnrcn x nocnc(ncxy ncpno(y ¬ron
6nrni n no(po6ncc n paccxa»y o6 ¬rox n ny»nin xoxcnr. Ho
(ananrc ncpncxcn x nauany 6nrni.
H1opoc o6nnncnnc Tn1o n aupcc KUA
B nauanc non6pn 1947 io(a Cano 3narnu npncnan xnc
nncixo, n xoropox ionopnn, uro HK KHK nopyunn cxy nccrn
co xnom «n c ronapnmcx µ:o(:c» 6ccc(y «o ncxoropix nonpo-
cax an6ano-miocnancxnx ornomcnnn». Hcpc(an npnxa:, on, xax
(nnnoxar, nc :a6in :axonunri nncixo cnonaxn, uro «xa»(in
(cni 6y(cr n namcx pacnopn»cnnn» n uro, o»n(an or xcnn
orncra, cunran :a «ncnnxoc cuacric» ncpc(ari xnc cnon npnncr
«xopomcio ronapnma».
Kax n: ccpic:nocrn, c xoropon 3narnu ncpc(anan «npnxa:
HK KHK», rax n n: cio npnncra «or xopomcio ronapnma», xo-
ropix on xonuan mccri cnonx rcncipaqnix crpox, n nonnn,
uro cio coo6mcnnn 6y(yr upc:niuanno na»nixn. Bi:nan x
cc6c Koun, n (an cxy :anncxy 3narnua n na cnc(ymmnn (cni,
6 non6pn 1947 io(a, xi oxa:annci nnnox x nnny c «xopomnx
ronapnmcx».
÷ To, uro n nax coo6my, ÷ yipmxo nauan on 6ccc(y,
÷ ¬ro qopxynnponxn, c(cnannic na ocnonc nocnc(ncnmnx
:axnmucnnn HK KHK n cnn:n c namnxn ornomcnnnxn. £mc
nnauanc xouy rax»c orxcrnri, uro o6 ¬rox :nacr ronapnm
Tnro n uro c naxn n ionopm or cio nxcnn.
Koun µ:o(:c xnnnyn n nocxorpcn xnc n ina:a. Iiri
xo»cr, npo cc6n on n (yxan: «Tcncpi rc6c nc yncpnyricn'».
Mc»(y rcx 3narnu nauan:
÷ Hcnrpaninin Koxnrcr KHK :axnmunn, uro :a ncc ¬ro
362
npcxn namn ornomcnnn nc y(onncrnopnrcninic. Ioncc roio,
onn nc ronixo ncrccnic n ncnpounic, no (a»c n ncncnic.
Ha6nm(acrcn o6mnn yna(ox n namnx cnn:nx, oco6cnno ¬xono-
xnuccxnc cnn:n oucni cna6ic. ¹ro xacacrcn namnx conxccr-
nix xoxnannn, ro n nnx nxcmr xccro xc»(y naprncpaxn ra-
xnc cronxnoncnnn, uro ap6nrpa»non xoxnccnn npnxo(nrcn ncc
npcxn nxcmnnaricn. Ornomcnnc x miocnancxnx rcxnnxax
croni nnoxoc, uro npcxn or npcxcnn concpmamrcn (a»c oucni
6ccnoxonmnc nac axri. 2 (on»cn cxa:ari, uro namn nm(n, an-
6anni, nc n:nncxamr noni:i n: miocnancxon noxomn, (a n
nc xornr cc. Hxcmrcn nm(n, xoropic 6onrcn corpy(nnuccrna
c naxn n namcn noxomn. Bxccro roio uro6i xi npnnaiann
conxccrnic ycnnnn x npco(oncnnm npcnnrcrnnn, ncxoropic
an6ancxnc ronapnmn nc(py»cnm6no x nax ornocnrcn. Onn
ncci(a ynoxnnamr o6n:annocrn Kiocnannn, :annxan npn ¬rox
nn6cpaninym no:nnnm no ornomcnnm x o6n:annocrnx, xo-
ropic (on»ni ninonnnri ni caxn, an6anni. Hcnrpani-
nin Koxnrcr KHK nc(ononcn raxnxn croni ncxopomn-
xn ornomcnnnxn n xi :a(acx nonpoc: Hc »cnacr nn
npai ¬ron cnryannn, ro ccri, nc nc(crcn nn raxan pa6ora c
rcx, uro6i yio»(ari npaiy"
Mnc xponi 6pocnnaci n ionony n n xorcn 6ino nxcmaricn,
no 3narnu «nonpocnn» xcnn (ari cxy :axonunri coo6mcnnc
o :axnmucnnnx pyxono(crna cnocn naprnn.
÷ Orn ornomcnnn, ÷ npo(on»an 3narnu, ÷ (onc(cni
naxn (o raxoio nono»cnnn nxcnno n raxoc npcxn, xoi(a (c-
nnri xoxxynncrnuccxnx naprnn-uncnon Hnqopx6mpo, co6pa-
nnci n pcmnnn yxpcnnri cnn:n xc»(y crpanaxn napo(non (c-
xoxparnn. Hac (cncrnnrcnino y(nnnncr n nopa»acr ror qaxr,
uro y nac raxnc c naxn ornomcnnn n ro npcxn, xoi(a (pyinc
crpani Ianxan n Hcnrpaninon £nponi crapamrcn xax xo»no
6onimc cnn:aricn c Kiocnanncn. Kiocnancxon naprnn n mio-
cnancxoxy npannrcnicrny oucni »ani xoncrarnponari, uro or-
nomcnnn c Bcnipncn n Pyxinncn (a c Ioniapncn n no(anno)
naxnoio nyumc, ucx c xancnixon An6anncn, c xoropon nac
coc(nnncr 6opi6a n ncc ocraninoc.
363
3narnx nono»nn na cron nncrox 6yxain, xoropin 6in y
ncio n pyxax, n ninyn nnarox, 6pocnn na nac raxon n:inn(,
6y(ro xorcn cxa:ari: «Tcncpi ni n xonx pyxax». Hc :nam no-
ucxy, no xnc ncnoxnnnoci :acc(annc Impo n O(pnuanc, xoi(a
(pyion miocnan, Bcnnxnp Cronnnu, na6pocnncn na nac, npnnnn
raxnc »c no:i n npc(¡nnnn cxo»nc no cymccrny o6nnncnnn.
Hcropnn nonropnnaci. Hocxonixy 3narnu (onio xonuan, n no-
(yxan, uro ¬ro 6ino ncc, uro on co6npancn coo6mnri nax or
nxcnn Tnro, no¬roxy o6parnncn x ncxy:
÷ Mi nicnymann namc coo6mcnnc n n ny»nin xoxcnr
(a(nx nax orncr. O(naxo, ncnocrn pa(n, xorcn 6i cnpocnri
nac: Ha ucx ocnoninacr namc pyxono(crno cnon :axnmucnnn"
Bo-nropix, npoanann:nponano nn ono npnunni, npnnc(mnc x
raxoxy yponnm ornomcnnn xc»(y naxn"
÷ 2 cxa»y nax ncc' ÷ orncrnn on. ÷ Bc(i n cmc nc
:axonunn c :axnmucnnnxn Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra. Mi xo-
pomo npoanann:nponann cnryannm n 6y(cx ionopnri, pac-
xpin ncc xapri. Bi cnpocnnn, ncxann nn xi npnunni ¬roio"'
µa' Mi :axnmunnn, uro npnunni napymcnnn ornomcnnn nc-
xari na(o n nonnrnxc, npono(nxon no ornomcnnm x Kiocna-
nnn an6ancxnx npannrcnicrnox n cio opianaxn. Taxan, orxpi-
ro cxa»cx, anrnmiocnancxan nonnrnxa nxcna xccro oco6cnno
n ¬xonoxnuccxox ccxropc, i(c nama opncnrnponxa nnonnc
npornnonono»na nnnnn, xoropon naxcucno npn(cp»nnaricn n
ornomcnnnx xc»(y (nyxn namnxn crpanaxn.
2 :axcrnn, uro y Koun µ:o(:c nnno npocnnno na xino-
ncnnc. Bc(i nc ronixo cio «ccxrop» nc nonyuan y(apa, a inan-
noc, uro y(ap ¬ror nanocnncn npannrcnicrny («ccxropy», xoro-
pin, no xncnnm µ:o(:c n miocnanon, nxo(nn n xon o6n:an-
nocrn), n oco6cnno ¬xonoxnxc («ccxropy», nxo(nnmcxy, no
nx xncnnm, n o6n:annocrn Haxo Cnnpy).
Hocnc ¬roio Koun µ:o(:c cran nccrn :annci na nc»an-
mnx ncpc( nnx na cronc xnouxax 6yxain. «µpy:in» oqnnnani-
no ni(nniann nnarqopxy, na ocnonc xoropon on xoi y»c
«ncianino» (cncrnonari n coorncrcrnnn c nx crparcinuccxnx
nnanox no n:xcncnnm cnryannn n An6annn. Mc»(y rcx 3na-
364
rnu npnno(nn nax «apiyxcnri» n «qaxri», na xoropix Tnro
ocnoninan cnon «:axnmucnnn».
÷ Bo:ixcx nam npocxr nnrnncrncio ¬xonoxnuccxoio nna-
na, ÷ cxa:an on. ÷ Y ¬roio npocxra ncr inannoio, ro ccri
n ncx nc ynoxnnacrcn nam xpc(nr. Oroio nc nn(no. Y npocxra
anrapxnuccxoc co(cp»annc, nx conccx nc yunrinamrcn ¬xo-
noxnuccxnc ornomcnnn c naxn. µonycrnx, ¬ro npncxncxo.
Bo:ixcx yxa:annn, xoropic (ani n cnn:n c nnrnncrnnx nna-
nox. Onn nc(yr namy ¬xonoxnxy x anrapxnn. Hpoximncn-
nocri, »cnc:no(opo»nin rpancnopr, pa6ora n µyppcccxox
nopry n r.(. :annannponani c :animcnnon xomnocrim. ¹cio
ryr ncr" An6ancxan ¬xonoxnxa nc paccxorpcna xax ¬xono-
xnxa, cnn:annan c miocnancxon ¬xonoxnxon, n y nac raxoc
nncuarncnnc, uro no(o6noc yxa:annc nc yunrinacr :axnmucn-
nix c Kiocnanncn coinamcnnn n (npcxrnn Hcnrpaninix Ko-
xnrcron namnx naprnn. Mi nc npornn roio, uro6i An6ancxoc
npannrcnicrno (o6nnoci n caxoo6ccncunnacxocrn xnc6ox nnn
pa:nnnano n ncixym npoximncnnocri, o(naxo nax nc cnc(ycr
:a6inari, uro ccio(nn y nac o6mnc :a(aun n na nx ocnonc
xi 6y(cx y(onncrnopnri norpc6nocrn (pyi (pyia. To, uro
xi npon:no(nx, nc cnc(ycr n nax npon:no(nri c nauana.
Mc»(y rcx, xax on ionopnn, nnn, ncpncc, coo6man ro,
uro nopyunn cxy Tnro n miocnancxoc pyxono(crno, n c rpy(ox
nirancn c(cp»nnari cc6n. H: nccx cio cnon nyumc o6napy»n-
nanaci n cranonnnaci conccx ncnon npan(a; n ro »c npcxn
n ncc 6onimc y6c»(ancn n rox, uro namn no(o:pcnnn n ni-
no(i 6inn 6oncc ucx npannninixn. Mano cxa:ari, uro mio-
cnancxoc pyxono(crno ornocnnoci x nax ncponoxno. Ono y»c
orxpiro ionopnno nax, uro no(nncannixn io( roxy na:a(
coinamcnnnxn onn (o6nnannci nccio nnmi no(xnmucnnn na-
mcn ¬xonoxnxn x nx ¬xonoxnxc, ro ccri cc npcnpamcnnn n
cocrannym uacri, n npn(arox miocnancxon ¬xonoxnxn, n, ccnn
ona n (on»na 6ina «pa:nnnaricn», ro (on»na 6ina pa:nnnari-
cn n coorncrcrnnn c nnrcpccaxn Kiocnannn n n ron xcpc,
n xaxon ¬roio xorcna Kiocnannn.
Hcr, xi nnxoi(a nc ncxo(nnn n: raxon ocnoni; (a»c n
365
xoi(a nnauanc y nac no:nnxann no(o:pcnnn, xi crapannci
pacccnri raxoc no(o:pcnnc, n6o nc xoinn npc(crannri cc6c,
uro6i connanncrnuccxan crpana noponnna nocrannri no( cnom
:anncnxocri n n:nri n cnon xoirn ¬xonoxnxy (pyion conna-
nncrnuccxon crpani.
Hpn cocranncnnn caxoio npocxra nnrnncrncio nnana xo-
:nncrncnnoio n xynirypnoio pa:nnrnn HP An6annn xi npn-
(cp»nnannci xypca na nocrcncnnoc, no caxocronrcninoc pa:-
nnrnc crpani. Iy(yun ncxpcnnnxn n y6c»(cnnixn n npanorc
namcio xypca, xi nocnann miocnanax npocxr nnana c rcx,
uro6i onn npocxorpcnn cio, nicxa:ann cnoc xncnnc n (ann
oxonuarcninin orncr n cnn:n c rcxn uacrnxn nnana, npn co-
cranncnnn xoropix xi onnpannci na xpc(nr n 2O nnn 21 xnn-
nnap( (nnapon, o6cmannix nax cmc nccnon roio io(a. A nor
rcncpi nixo(nno, uro nam xypc na caxocronrcninoc pa:nnrnc
An6annn npnncn Tnro n xoxnannm n 6cmcncrno'
Bropoc o6nnncnnc n rox, 6y(ro npocxr namcio nnana 6in
«anrapxnunix», nxcno n nn(y nxcnno ¬ro. Ho ¬ro 6in y(ap,
xoropin nanocnnn nax, xax cxa:ari, n ncnocpc(crncnno ¬xono-
xnuccxox nnanc. 3a nnx cxpinanaci nonnrnuccxan ncni: no nx
xncnnm, «pcaninin» nnan, «cnn:annin c miocnancxnx nna-
nox», npnncn 6i nc ronixo x ¬xonoxnuccxoxy, no n x nonn-
rnuccxoxy o6¡c(nncnnm namnx crpan. Oro 6ino nc npocro
noinuccxoc paccy»(cnnc. 3narnua rax no(ionopnnn, uro on
orxpiro coo6mnn nax:
÷ B An6annn, ÷ cxa:an on, ÷ cymccrnycr nnnnn, ycra-
nonxa, nc coorncrcrnymman namnx conxccrnix coinamcnnnx.
Bama ycranonxa nc(cr nc x yxpcnncnnm, a x ocna6ncnnm na-
mnx cnn:cn.
HK KHK nacrannacr na rox, uro6i ornomcnnn Kiocna-
nnn c An6anncn xa»(o(ncnno xapaxrcpn:onannci crpcxncnncx
x roxy, uro6i namc o6¡c(nncnnc 6ino no:xo»no 6oncc
npounix n nama (py»6a ncna x 6parcrny n corpy(nn-
uccrny xc»(y namnxn napo(axn, nxnmuan cm(a n napo(
Ioniapnn.
H:-:a cnocn orcranocrn an6ancxan ¬xonoxnxa nc n cocron-
366
nnn caxocronrcnino pa:nnnaricn. Hy»na miocnancxan noxomi.
Hpnnnxan raxym noxomi, ni nc (on»ni pyxono(crnonaricn
xpnrcpncx o rox, uro6i ncc nonyuann n ioronox nn(c n na-
pa:nrnuccxn onnpannci na nac' Bi 6y(crc n(rn nncpc(, cmc
xpcnuc cnn:anmnci c naxn, n nam Hcnrpaninin Koxnrcr
nonaiacr, uro miocnancxan noxomi (animc yncnnunrcn, xoi(a
namn crpani 6y(yr o6¡c(nncni n ¬xonoxnuccxox ornomcnnn'
Bor (o ucio (omna 6c:y(cp»nan cxcnocri miocnancxoio
pyxono(crna' Ono concpmcnno orxpiro rpc6onano or nac nc
corpy(nnuccrna, nc 6parcxon n n:anxnon noxomn, a ¬xonoxn-
uccxoio o6¡c(nncnnn c Kiocnanncn' H 6oncc no:opnix nnnnn-
cn ror qaxi, uro onn xorcnn nrnnyri n nam Hcnrpaninin
Koxnrcr n ¬ry no(nym ropionnm, n ¬ry c(cnxy, npn xoropon
npo(anann n noxynann nc ronapi, a crpani, napo(i. Ham
Hcnrpaninin Koxnrcr nnxoi(a nc nicrynan c raxnxn «(n-
pcxrnnaxn», (a n nnxoi(a nc ionopnn o raxox xo(c (cn. Hpn
¬rox xnc ncnoxnnncn ncpno( nocnc no:npamcnnn Haxo n:
Icnipa(a nocnc no(nncannn Oxonoxnuccxon xonncnnnn. Bcno-
xnnncn xnc cio ncccnxn:x, orcyrcrnnc y ncio ncnxoio (onc-
pnn x xonncnnnn n ra crpannan :aia(xa, xoropan, no nccn nn-
(nxocrn, rcp:ana cio n o xoropon on nn roi(a, nn nnocnc(-
crnnn nnucio xnc nc ionopnn. 2 cnona cnpocnn cc6n: Hcy-
»cnn n Icnipa(c ¬ror nonpoc n:no»nnn Haxo orxpiro n n
raxox (yxc"' Hcy»cnn nxcnno n ¬rox n cxpinanaci cio :a-
ia(xa"' Croni orxpiric :annncnnn 3narnua x raxoxy nino(y
n npnno(nnn.
Ho nc 6inn nn xoxcnr, nn o6cranonxa, uro6i ryr »c no:-
pa:nri 3narnuy. µna-rpn pa:a n npcpinan 3narnua, a on ro-
nox «xo:nnna» n cnicoxa cxa:an xnc:
÷ Tonapnm Onncp, n nn»y, uro xnoioc n: roio, uro n
nax coo6mam, ni:inacr y nac pcaxnnm. Ho ccio(nn n :axorcn
ncrpcrnricn c naxn nc (nn o6cy»(cnnn nonpocon. Mnc nccio
nnmi nopyunnn ccio(nn coo6mnri nax ¬rn :axnmucnnn, xoro-
pic nnnnmrcn nc xonxn :axnmucnnnxn, a :axnmucnnnxn na-
mcio Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra. 2 rouno ncpc(am nx. Bi, c
namcn croponi, n:yuanrc, anann:npynrc nx n, xax ronixo
367
courcrc ncnccoo6pa:nix, n 6y(y n namcx pacnopn»cnnn, xo-
»cx o6cy»(ari n nccrn cxonixo yio(no (c6aron.
÷ O6n:arcnino rax n 6y(cx nocrynari, ÷ oro:nancn n,
÷ no n cxa:annox naxn nxcmrcn raxnc ncmn, xoropix cny-
mari xi nc xo»cx c raxnx xna(noxponncx, c xaxnx ni
coo6macrc nx nax.
÷ Hpomy nc ncpc6nnari xcnn, ÷ cxa:an on. ÷ Taxnx
o6pa:ox, ni, nc:anncnxo or roio, coinacni nn ni nnn ncr
c rcx, uro n nax coo6mam, no xpanncn xcpc npannnincc non-
xcrc cyri xocio coo6mcnnn n nax nciuc 6y(cr na ncpcio-
nopax, xoropic xi xo»cx nxcri n (anincnmcx.
Tyr nxcmancn Koun, xoropin cxa:an xnc nonymcnorox:
÷ Onncp, ¬ro cno»nic ncmn, nx nc pa:pcmnmi ryr o(non
6ccc(on'
H n coinacnncn «xna(noxponno» cnymari 3narnua, xoi(a
ror 6pocan oipoxnic «xaxnn», pcmnn cpa:y »c nocnc ¬roio
co6pari nccx ronapnmcn n (ari na(nc»amnn n :acny»cnnin
orncr anrnan6ancxnx n anrnxapxcncrcxnx «:axnmucnnnx», ni-
ncccnnix miocnancxnx pyxono(crnox.
Ocranncnnin n «noxoc», 3narnu npo(on»an cnoc coo6-
mcnnc. ¹ro6i (ari nax nonnri (xorn (cno 6ino oucnn(noc),
uro ¬xonoxnuccxoc o6¡c(nncnnc 6ino 6i xnoionnanonix
n nnnnoci 6i inannix maiox x «o6¡c(nncnnm» no nccx (py-
inx o6nacrnx, 3narnu nc npcxnnyn cnonxn ycraxn coo6mnri
nax rax»c cnc(ymmnc «:axnmucnnn» Tnro n xoxnannn:
÷ K ¬xonoxnuccxoxy corpy(nnuccrny nax cnc(ycr rax
no(xo(nri, uro6i nc ronixo nxccrc no(nnri ¬xonoxnxy, no n
or(anari cc6c orucr n rox, uro nxccrc 6oporicn 6y(cx n n(-
rn nncpc( n n (pyinx o6nacrnx, n o6nacrn o6oponi, xynirypi,
nncmncn nonnrnxn n r.(. B raxox (yxc (on»ni xi nocnnri-
nari namn napo(i, a nc rax, xax ¬ro ni nocrynann (o cnx
nop. Kax nam anrapxnuccxnn nnan, rax n o6man opncnrannn
xynirypnoio pa:nnrnn no(xapxnnnamr n napo(c n(cm yxo(a
n cnom cxopnyny. O(naxo n cnyuac naca»(cnnn n napo(c
uyncrn cnocio po(a anrnnnrcpnannonanncrcxon, xax cxa:ari,
nannonanncrcxon nc:anncnxocrn, xi (cnacx nc uro nnoc, xax
368
no(nnxacxcn npornn namnx o6mnx ocnon, ro ccri npornn
o6¡c(nncnnn'
«Oxa:inacrcn, Haxo nncan xnc npan(y, xoi(a xi naxo-
(nnnci n Concrcxox Com:c», oxa:an n npo cc6n, ycniman ¬rn
cnona 3narnua xacarcnino «o6¡c(nncnnn». Bcnoxnnncn npy-
ucnnoc xnc n ucnnnipa(c xoporxoc nncixo, n xoropox Haxo
nncan, uro naxanync namcn noc:(xn n Mocxny Byxxanonnu
Tcxno (naxo(nnmnncn n rc (nn n Tnpanc) ionopnn Koun
µ:o(:c: «O6¡c(nncnnc Kiocnannn c Ioniapncn n npnnnnnc
y»c (ocrninyro. Iino 6i nc xopomo, ccnn 6i An6annn or-
crana». 2 ryr »c cnpocnn Koun o coo6mcnnn Haxo, no Koun
cxa:an: «Taxan 6ccc(a nc cocronnaci. 2 nnucio nc :nam o
ncn». Ocrannn n ¬ro (cno, no nor ccnuac 3narnu nnuno n oqn-
nnanino ncpc(an nax ro, uro Tcxno ionopnn Koun :a xynn-
caxn. 2 ryr »c cnoxnarnncn: 6ino nn cnyuannocrim npc6i-
nannc Tcxno n Tnpanc n nauanc nmnn, naxanync namcn no-
c:(xn n Mocxny"' Hnxonx o6pa:ox' Hc 6ina cnyuannon n cio
ncrpcua c Koun µ:o(:c, xoropym onn (cp»ann n rannc or
xcnn. Tnroncxan aicnrypa o(nnaxono (cncrnonana xax n 1943,
rax n n 1947 io(ax'
2 ryr »c nocxorpcn n cropony Koun µ:o(:c, xoropin,
norcn, crapancn :anncinari na 6yxaic (nxrari 3narnua. Xorcn
cnpocnri cio: «Houcxy ni (cp»ann or xcnn n rannc ¬ry n(cm
n ¬ror nnan miocnanon" A xoi(a n cnpocnn rc6n n ucnnn-
ipa(c, noucxy ri rax 6cccri(no o6xanyn xcnn"». Ho nc 6inn
nn xoxcnr, nn o6cranonxa o6parnricn x cn(cnmcxy pn(ox co
xnom ucnoncxy. 3narnu npo(on»an ncpc(anari «coo6mcnnc»
miocnancxoio pyxono(crna o cio nnanax «o6¡c(nncnnn».
¹ro onn xoinn (onrn (o raxnx iny6oxo npa»(c6nix n
pcaxnnonnix :axnmucnnn n (npcxrnn ÷ ¬ro 6ino (nn xcnn
ncnoo6pa:nxix. Tcx nc xcncc, «ycnonnc» 6ino (ocrninyro,
xnc npnmnoci cnoxonno n (na»(i nicnymari n ncnirinari
n:nnric 3narnucx n( n »cnui, nnauanc na ccp6cxox, a no-
rox na an6ancxox n:ixc (6ccc(a npoxo(nna ucpc: ncpcno(-
unxa). Mcnn y(cp»nnana or pcainponannn xicni o rox, uro
nax cpa:y »c npc(crannrcn cnyuan orncrnri na ¬rn 6c:o6pa-
:nn, rax uro, no(annnn n cc6c incn, n crapancn (animc cny-
369
mari «coo6mcnnc». 2 nonaian, uro ncnirinacxan xnom na-
cronman xyxa nc (on»na 6ina (onio (nnricn, nc(i 3narnu
cran n:naiari n(cm Tnro o 6y(ymcx Ianxan. Ho xncnnm
miocnancxoio pyxono(crna, ncpnix maiox (on»no 6ino 6iri
«¬xonoxnuccxoc o6¡c(nncnnc» namnx crpan (nxnmuan cm(a n
Ioniapnm), a nocnc ¬roio npc(cronno c(cnari n (pyinc main:
÷ «Oxonoxnuccxoc o6¡c(nncnnc», ÷ coo6mnn 3narnu,
÷ cocrannr qaxrnuccxn ocnony 6y(ymcn qc(cpannn. Hincm-
nnn Kiocnannn ÷ :apo(im qc(cpannn, cc n(po. 3a ¬rnx
cnc(ycr nonpoc o qa:ax, o(naxo namc pyxono(crno cunracr,
uro ¬ro nc nnnncrcn axryaninon npo6ncxon. Ha npaxrnxc
«¬xonoxnuccxoc o6¡c(nncnnc» npc(crannncr co6on caxy qc-
(cpannm. Oro o6ccncunr no(nnnnin npoipccc namnx crpan,
xoropoio ncni:n (ocrninyri, (cncrnyn n:onnponanno. O6¡c(n-
nnnmnci, xi nicrynnx ncpc( xnpox xax xanan (cp»ana'
÷ Ha ¬ron ocnonc, ÷ npo(on»an naxccrnnx «xanon (cp-
»ani» n Tnpanc, ÷ nax cnc(ycr n:naiari npo6ncxy n napo(y.
Hoxa uro 6y(cx ocropo»no ionopnri nnmi o6 «¬xonoxnuc-
cxox o6¡c(nncnnn». B (pyinx »c acncxrax xi (on»ni cox-
pannri qopxaninic croponi nc:anncnxocrn, coxpannri co-
orncrcrnymmnc Mnnncrcpcrna nnocrpannix (cn n r.(., no
:aro nx ocnoni (on»ni 6iri qc(cparnnnixn. Taxon, ÷ no-
nropnn on, ÷ nino(, x xoropoxy npnmno namc pyxono(crno.
2 no(yxan, uro on y»c ncc cxa:an, no ¬ro 6ino nocncm-
noc :axnmucnnc. Pyxono(crno «xanon (cp»ani» n(anoci no ncc
no(po6nocrn n, 6y(yun y6c»(cnnix n rox, uro naronxncrcn
na pcaxnnm, xpoxc «nxncpcxoio npnxa:a», niny»(cno 6ino
(ari n ncxoropic «orxponcnnic» o6¡ncncnnn n xnncricn n rox,
uro n cio ucpnix xicnnx nnucio rcxnoio nc 6ino:
÷ Ham Hcnrpaninin Koxnrcr, ÷ npo(on»an 3narnu, ÷
nc co6npacrcn oxa:inari na nac (anncnnc no nono(y ¬rnx
npo6ncx, o(naxo xi naxo(nx, uro yxa:annin naxn nyri ÷
nannyumnn nyri x 6icrpoxy pa:nnrnm ornomcnnn xc»(y na-
mnxn o6mnxn ¬xonoxnxaxn. Kax xi 6y(cx nocrynari (ani-
mc, ¬ro xi nocxorpnx, ¬ro 6y(cr :annccri or nonn napo(a,
naprnn n Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra. Hcxoropic pa6ornnxn
xoiyr npnnnri ¬ro :a (anncnnc, no ni (on»ni ncc o6¡ncnnri
37O
nm(nx. Bax caxnx yncnnri cc6c na(o, uro Ioniapnn xo»cr
»nri n or(cnino, a An6annn n o(nnouxy nc xo»cr »nri.
Oro ni (on»ni npouno n(on6nri n ionony nm(nx.
÷ Bi xonunnn" ÷ cnpocnn n.
÷ Hcr, ÷ orncrnn on npc»nnx ronox. ÷ Y xcnn cmc
(na na»nix nonpoca. Hcpnin nonpoc ornocnrcn x pn(y no-
nix xcp, xoropic namc pyxono(crno npc(naiacr npnnnri
n paxxax namnx n:anxoornomcnnn. Hcnrpaninin Koxnrcr
KHK cunracr, uro nincmnnc opiann:annonnic qopxi n con-
xccrnon ¬xonoxnxc nc(ocrarounic, n, ccnn ocranyrcn ra-
xnxn »c, xaxnxn nnnnmrcn ccio(nn, ro onn cranyr ccpic:nix
npcnnrcrnncx na nyrn pa:nnrnn (cn yxa:annix xnom nimc
o6pa:ox.
µancc on n:no»nn xonxpcrnic npc(no»cnnn miocnan-
cxoio pyxono(crna, xoropic, no cymccrny, xacannci nonnoio
no(xnmucnnn namcn ¬xonoxnxn x miocnancxon ¬xonoxnxc.
Cpc(n nnx xcnn nopa:nnn oco6cnno (na:
÷ Conxccrnoc ¬xonoxnuccxoc nnannponannc xi (on»ni
nocnc(onarcnino ocymccrnnnri n 6y(ymcx n ncni:n (ony-
crnri, uro6i xro-nn6o (pyion npnxo(nn n (anan nax concri
n cnn:n c y»c cocranncnnix npocxrox nnn »c cocrannnn npo-
cxri na( npocxraxn'
÷ Hcni:n nn 6oncc ncno, uro6i xi nonnnn, uro nxccr n
nn(y namc pyxono(crno"' ÷ cnpocnn n.
3narnu noxonuan n nocxorpcn na xcnn co c(cp»annix
incnox.
÷ Bi, nancpnoc, nonnnn o ucx n(cr pcui, ÷ oro:nancn
on, ÷ n n nc :nam, xax nonnxari namy pcnnnxy, ronapnm
Onncp' Ho n orxpiro cxa»y nax, xoncuno, xax ronapnmax,
n ni 6onimc nc (on»ni crannri nac n raxoc rpy(noc nono-
»cnnc. Pcui n ( c r o rox, uro :(cci pa6oramr nc o(nn ronixo
namn concrnnxn. Mi (ann nax opncnrnponxn ornocnrcnino
nnrnncrncio nnana n, ccnn 6i ni npn(cp»nnannci nx, ro
nnan nc nimcn 6i anrapxnuccxnx n ncpcaninix. Hc:ann-
cnxo or roio, ornpannnn nn ni n Mocxny nnn »c on cax no-
cxan ry(a, no ¬ro qaxr, uro Haxo Cnnpy noncpnn concrax
concrcxnx. Hamn opncnrnponxn nc 6inn co6nm(cni, 6ino
371
cnpomcno uy»oc xncnnc, n nor, xaxon nnan npnncc nax Haxo.
÷ B o6mnx ucprax, ¬ror nnan xi o6cy(nnn n o(o6pnnn
n Impo, ÷ cxa:an n n nccnpocra (o6annn: ÷ On nc nnan
Haxo nnn concrcxnx. On ÷ (cno pyxono(crna namcn naprnn.
÷ Hcy»cnn ni cmc nc y6c»(cni n rox, uro ¬ro nopou-
nin, ncpcaninin, anrnmiocnancxnn n anrnan6ancxnn nnan"
÷ no:xymcnno cxa:an on. ÷ O ucx »c xi (o cnx nop io-
nopnnn"
÷ Mi nc ionopnnn, ÷ oro:nancn n. ÷ Mi ronixo cny-
mann. Mi ionopnri 6y(cx nocnc roio, xax (o xonna nicny-
macx n n:yunx coo6mcnnc namcio pyxono(crna. µo cnx nop
xi nnucio nc ionopnnn.
÷ £cnn ¬ro rax, ro noucxy ni xcnn ncpc6nnacrc"' µa»c
ror qaxr, uro ni xcnn ncpc6nnn, ionopnr o rox, uro y nac c
naxn 6y(cr xnoio xnonor.
÷ 2 nac nc ncpc6nnan. 2 nccio nnmi cnpocnn, uro6i
nyumc nonnri cyri namcio npc(no»cnnn.
÷ Cyri-ro nor xaxona, ÷ npoionopnn on co :no6on. ÷
£cnn namn nnani 6y(yr conxccrnixn, ro concrcxnx concr-
nnxax nc:aucx (anari nax concri. Hx concri 6y(yr nnmnnxn,
xorn xi c nnxn :axa(iunic (py:in. ..
÷ Oro namc xncnnc nnn »c xncnnc namcio pyxono(crna"
÷ Hamc pyxono(crno cunracr, uro nc (on»no 6iri npo-
cxron na( npocxraxn, concron na( concraxn. 2 nax pa:o6pan
nino(, uro6i on 6in nax ncnix.
÷ 2cno' ÷ cxa:an n.
Bropoc npc(no»cnnc, ocranmcccn y xcnn n naxnrn (xax
n y»c ionopnn, c(cnann onn xnoio raxnx), xacanoci «nco6-
xo(nxocrn» nyumcn opiann:annn n yxpcnncnnn Koop(nnann-
onnon xoxnccnn.
÷ Koxnccnn ¬ra, ÷ orxcrnn 3narnu, ÷ 6y(cr nipari
oucni na»nym poni. Ona 6y(cr cnocio po(a opianox, npn:nan-
nix cnn:inari pccny6nnxn, no n xonxpcrnox cnyuac n ¬nn-
ncnrpc cc 6y(yr cronri cnn:n, xoop(nnnponannic (cncrnnn
xc»(y Kiocnanncn n An6anncn.
÷ Hc xouy nn ncpc6nri nac, nn nipa:nri y»c ccnuac
namc xncnnc o6 ¬rox, ÷ ryr »c cxa:an n 3narnuy. ÷ O(-
372
naxo xo»crc nn ni nyumc pa:¡ncnnri nax, xaxym poni
orno(nr ¬ron xoxnccnn namc pyxono(crno"
÷ Koxnccnn ¬ra, ÷ c ioronnocrim orncrnn 3narnu, ÷
6y(cr oucni na»nix opianox, ona, xax nax 6ino cxa:ano, 6y-
(cr cnocio po(a conxccrnix ¬xonoxnuccxnx npannrcnicrnox,
xoropoc 6y(cr o6ccncunnari ocymccrnncnnc ynoxnnyron na-
xn nimc nonnrnxn.
÷ Mnc cmc nc ncno, rax uro npnxo(nrcn ncpc6nri nac,
÷ cxa:an n cxy. ÷ Kaxnx 6y(cr, no xncnnm namcio pyxono(-
crna, coornomcnnc xc»(y ¬ron xoxnccncn n npannrcnicrnox
xa»(on crpani"
3narnu noxpacncn, noxonuan, a :arcx npo(on»nn:
÷ 2 ncpc(am nax caxoc cymccrncnnoc. Inannoc n rox.
uro6i pcmnri n npnnnnnc o cnoco6ax nannyumcn opiann:a-
nnn ¬ron xoxnccnn c na»nixn arpn6yraxn, a norox nn(no
6y(cr. Ho(po6nocrcn n nc :nam. Mi nc n(anannci n raxnc
no(po6nocrn, xoropix ni rpc6ycrc.
÷ 2cno' ÷ npoionopnn n.
On npo(on»an n:naiari «npc(no»cnnn» o 6m(»crc, cxa-
:an, uro n «Kiocnannn nnucio nc :annannponano xacarcnino
namcio nnana», uro «xi npc(naiacx orncpinyri anrapxnuccxnn
nnrnncrnnn nnan», «orxnonnri (a»c n(cm ncnxoio nnrnncrnc-
io nnana» n na 1948 io( «cocrannri o(noncrnnn nnan' Mi
npc(ocrannx nax n xauccrnc noxomn cronixo xnnnnonon n
raxon-ro o6nacrn, cronixo-ro n (pyion, cronixo-ro xamnn,
cronixo-ro rpaxropon, cronixo-ro norpc6nrcnicxnx ronapon»
n r.(. n r.n.
÷ Taxoni, ÷ orxcrnn on, ÷ npc(no»cnnn namcio pyxo-
no(crna'
2 xorcn cxa:ari cxy ro, uro n HYXHO 6ino cxa:ari na
¬ron ncrpcuc, no on «oncpc(nn» xcnn.
÷ 2 xnoio ionopnn, ÷ npo(on»an on. ÷ no ni »c
caxn ynn(cnn, uro npo6ncxi nccixa ccpic:nic. A rcncpi
y xcnn ncuro iopa:(o 6oncc na»noc. Cxa:annoc xnom nimc
ornocnrcn x o6cnx croponax, x nax n x nax. Tcncpi v xcnn
nocnc(ncc :axnmucnnc namcio pyxono(crna, xoropoc nac roni-
xo n xacacrcn. Tonapnm Onncp no npany cmc nnauanc nocra-
373
nnn nonpoc o rox, paccxorpcni nn naxn npnunni ncnpnnr-
noio nono»cnnn namnx ornomcnnn n n (an cxy orncr. Ho
:(cci n xouy oco6o ocranonnricn n mnpc coo6mnri nax xnc-
nnc namcio pyxono(crna.
Pyxono(crno namcn naprnn npnmno x nino(y, uro no
nccx ¬rox nono»cnnn crpannym n naiy6nym poni nipan n
oco6cnnocrn nam ronapnm, Haxo Cnnpy, xax n ncxoropic
cio coo6mnnxn. Taxoc :axnmucnnc xi ocnoninacx, n uacr-
nocrn, n na cnc(ymmnx qaxrax: Koi(a pa6ounc ipynni na
yponnc xnnncrpon nocrannnn nonpoc o pa:pa6orxc namcio
nnrnncrncio nnana, Haxo Cnnpy, xax nam inannin npc(cra-
nnrcni, nicxa:ancn npornn opncnrnponox ronapnmcn Kpan-
icp n Hcponnu. B cymnocrn, no:pa»cnnc Haxo Cnnpy naxo-
(nr cc6c orpa»cnnc nxcnno n cocranncnnox n o(o6pcnnox na-
xn npocxrc nnana. Mi (yxacx, uro Haxo Cnnpy nn6o yxn-
rpnncn o6xanyri ronapnmcn n: namcio pyxono(crna, nn6o
nacnnino nann:ancn nx n raxnx o6pa:ox cxoi (o6nricn roio,
uro cio anrapxnuccxnn n anrnmiocnancxnn npocxr 6in n o6-
mnx ucprax o(o6pcn naxn n ncpc(an n nax na npocxorp.
÷ Bi npo(on»acrc ionopnri o ipy6ix n rn»cnix omn-
6xax n no:no(nri raxoio »c po(a o6nnncnnn, o6ocnoninan nx
nnmi cnonaxn nnn nccocronrcninixn «qaxraxn», ÷ orxcrnn
n. ÷ Cxa»nrc nax, no»anyncra, na ucx ni ocnoninacrc ncc
¬ro"' Bo-nropix, cmc rcncpi n (on»cn cxa:ari nax, uro ni
xnoioc y» crannrc n nnny Haxo Cnnpy. H: namnx cnon
nixo(nr, uro on pyxono(nn nccxn naxn, Honnr6mpo n namnx
Hcnrpaninix Koxnrcrox' Taxoc yrncp»(cnnc nccocronrcni-
no, c xaxon 6i croponi nn no(xo(nri x ncxy.
÷ B npnnnnnc ni, 6iri xo»cr, npani, ÷ «xna(noxpon-
no» crapancn 3narnu ninrn n: nono»cnnn, ÷ no nnoi(a 6i-
nacr, uro (a»c o(nn ucnoncx, ccnn x cio cnony oucni npncny-
mnnamrcn, xo»cr o6xanyri ncnoc pyxono(crno. K co»anc-
nnm, rax nocrynnn c naxn Haxo Cnnpy'
÷ Mcnn y(nnnncr ro, uro ni ionopnrc, ÷ oro:nancn n.
÷ Ha ucx ni ocnoninacrc ¬ro"
÷ Haxo Cnnpy, ÷ :aionopnn 3narnu, ÷ o6xaninan nac
ornocnrcnino rax na:inacxoio 21 xnnnnap(a (nnapon, xoro-
374
pic, no cio cnonax, nama cropona coinacnnaci npc(ocrannri
nax n nn(c xpc(nra na ncpno( nnrnncrncio nnana. Hamn
ronapnmn raxoio o6cmannn nc (anann, n namcx 6m(»crc nn-
ucio raxoio ncr. Hcxo(n n: namnx no:xo»nocrcn, xi (yxacx
npc(ocrannri nax xcnimym cyxxy.
÷ Kax ¬ro no:xo»no" ÷ onpocnn n. ÷ Bc(i ¬ra nnqpa
nc coo6mcna nucpa nnn xccnn na:a(. £mc n xac nincmncio
io(a nax ionopnnn o 21 xnnnnap(c, raxan cyxxa nco(noxpar-
no ynoxnnanaci n nor ccio(nn nax ionopnr, uro ¬ro ncpcani-
nan nnqpa. Houcxy ni panimc nc no:pa»ann"
÷ 2 ionopm ro, uro xnc coo6mnri nax nopyucno. Haxo
Cnnpy cax ni(yxan raxym nnqpy.
÷ Oro nc rax, ÷ cxa:an n. ÷ B xac, xoi(a ni coo6mn-
nn nax ¬ry nnqpy, Haxo Cnnpy naxo(nncn n Mocxnc. Ona
6ina coo6mcna namnx ronapnmax, naxo(nnmnxcn n Icnipa(c.
÷ Bax nc cnc(ycr :amnmari Haxo Cnnpy' ÷ o6parnncn
xo xnc 3narnu n c nnnn:xox (o6annn: ÷ Y xcnn o ncx cmc
(pyioc. H: ncnoio pn(a (annix nncrnycr, uro Haxo Cnnpy
pa:»ci n An6annn nnaxn anrnmiocnanmnni. On crpcxnncn
napymnri nc ronixo ornomcnnn xc»(y naxn, no n namn orno-
mcnnn c Concrcxnx Com:ox n c ronapnmcx Crannnix.
Kaxnnx, xoropic ror 6pocan n Haxo Cnnpy, nc 6ino
xonna. Hpnnnncn on ionopnri o »cnc:non (opoic, o Ccnnrcxon
in(pocrannnn, o ncqrnnox ccxropc, o6 onnnxonix pomax,
o6 o6n:arcnicrnax ncpc( xpccrinncrnox n r.(. n r.n. n no
nccx on cunran Haxo ucnoncxox, xoropin xo(nn c iononcm-
xon n pyxc n npc(anan oinm An6annm, npnucx, nn(nrc nn,
croni 6onimnx 6ino nnaxn ¬roio no»apa, uro cio (ix (omcn
(o Icnipa(a n o6ccnoxonn (a»c Tnro.
÷ B raxox (yxc n no( nnnnnncx Haxo Cnnpy nocrynann
n nocrynamr n (pyinc n, xo»no cxa:ari, uro y nac nnnnn an-
rnmiocnanmnni y»c nixpncrannn:onana. Oroxy na(o nono-
»nri xoncn n namnx o6mnx nnrcpccax.
÷ 2 ocramci npn xncnnn, uro ccio(nn xi nnmi cnymari
nac 6y(cx, ÷ orxcrnn n, ÷ no o(no n (on»cn cxa:ari nax.
Hpnnnxari nnn nc npnnnxari o(ny, (ccnri nnn (na(nari ycra-
nonox, :axnmucnnn n r.(. namcn naprnn, ¬ro nn n xocx cny-
375
uac ncni:n na:inari nn npomiocnanmnnon, nn anrnmiocnan-
mnnon. Anrnmiocnanmnny ncni:n nyrari co cnpanc(nnnixn
xpnrnuccxnxn :axcuannnxn, xoropic y nac 6inn. Hnxro n:
nac, nxnmuan cm(a n Haxo Cnnpy, n nc (yxan xoi(a-nn6o
npc(nri Kiocnannn. Orn namn coo6mcnnn nnnnmrcn rn»cnon
my6on, xoropym xi nocnri nc xo»cx. Hpnnc(nrc, no»anyncra
apiyxcnri o rox, n ucx, no-namcxy, :axnmuacrcn «anrnmio-
cnanmnna»"
÷ B ny»noc npcxn npnnc(y n no(po6nocrn, ÷ cxa:an
on. ÷ Ho inannoc, ynoxnnyroc xnom nimc, o6 anrnmiocnan-
mnnc n ionopnr.
Hoxonuan, on (o6annn:
÷ Mi y6c»(cni n rox, uro Haxo Cnnpy nc(cr raxym
anrnmiocnancxym n anrnan6ancxym (cnrcninocri, 6y(yun aicn-
rox nxncpnann:xa' On pa6oracr n nnrcpccax nnocrpannix
pa:nc(ox npornn namnx connanncrnuccxnx crpan.
Hocnc(nnc cnona 3narnua xonnncn nopa:nnn xcnn, xorn
nponcxo(nno ¬ro n noxpirox ryuaxn nc6c, orxy(a nnucio
nnoio n ncni:n 6ino »(ari, xpoxc ipoxon n xonnnn.
÷ µa uro ni ionopnrc, ronapnm 3narnu" Ha ucx ni
ocnoninacrc croni rn»xnc o6nnncnnn n a(pcc ronapnma Haxo
Cnnpy" ÷ cnpocnn n 3narnua.
÷ 2 ncpc(am :axnmucnnn namcio pyxono(crna, ÷ non-
ropnn on. H, uro6i :axonunri ncm ¬ry ncropnm, ronapnm
Tnro nopyunn xnc noconcronari nax xopomo paccxorpcri
¬rn nonpoci, oco6cnno nonpoc o Haxo Cnnpy. 3(cci-ro 6c(a
n naunnacrcn, no¬roxy orcm(a n cnc(ycr nauari ncucnnc. Ta-
xona pcnonmnnn. K roxy »c ncni:n :a6inari, uro on nc (cn-
crnonan n o(nnouxy. On nxcn n nxccr n n Impo, n inannox
pyxono(crnc namcn naprnn ronapnmcn, xoropic oxa:inann
n oxa:inamr cxy no((cp»xy. Bcc ¬ro ni (on»ni xopomo
paccxorpcri. 2 cxa:an nax ¬ro, xax 6parinx, xoropix xi nm-
6nx, xi c 6ccnoxoncrnox cnc(nx :a namnx nono»cnncx,
:a nono»cnncx (opoioio an6ancxoio napo(a. Y xcnn ncc.
Koun µ:o(:c cxnarnncn :a ionony, no, nipa»an cnoc
«cnninoc norpnccnnc» raxnx o6pa:ox, on cranonnncn concp-
mcnno cxcmnix, noxo(nn na xnoyna rpainxoxc(nn.
376
÷ Bamc coo6mcnnc xi nicnymann, ÷ oxa:an n, (a rax
pcmnrcnino n n ro »c npcxn cnoxonno, uro n cax 3narnu
ocron6cncn. ÷ Bcc ¬ro upc:niuanno rn»cno, n orncr xi (a-
(nx namcxy pyxono(crny n no(xo(nmcc npcxn. Ccio(nn y xc-
nn x nax o(na nnmi npoci6a: nnn(y caxoio :naucnnn n (cnn-
xarnoio xapaxrcpa n:no»cnnix naxn npo6ncx, coo6mcnnc na-
mcio pyxono(crna ncpc(anrc nax nncixcnno.
÷ Hncixcnno" ÷ ncxounn 3narnu. ÷ µa noucxy" Bc(i
n ionopnn conccx ncno. £cnn xornrc, n cmc pa: xoiy nonro-
pnri nax ncc nnn »c ro, uro ocranoci (nn nac ncncnix.
÷ Hcr' Hax, ÷ n ynorpc6nnm xno»ccrncnnoc uncno no-
roxy, uro yncpcn, uro n Koun o(nnaxonoio co xnom xncnnn,
÷ ncc ncno. Tcx nc xcncc, coo6mcnnc xi xornx n nncixcn-
nox nn(c, uro6i no:»c nn n namcx, nn n namcx pyxono(crnc nc
oxa:anoci, uro «¬ro xi cxa:ann rax, no ni nonnnn nc rax»; «n
¬rox nnnoncn ronapnm 3narnu, a n ¬rox ÷ ronapnm ncpcno(unx».
÷ Hc 6ccnoxonrcci nacucr xcnn, ÷ oxa:an on. ÷ 2 ncc
na cc6n 6cpy'
÷ Kax 6i ro nn 6ino, ¬ro rpc6onannc n npc(¡nnnm na-
mcxy pyxono(crny n xauccrnc Icncpaninoio Ccxpcrapn Kox-
xynncrnuccxon naprnn An6annn. 2nnnnci nocpc(nnxox, ni
(on»ni y(onncrnopnri nnn »c ncpc(ari ¬ro rpc6onannc.
÷ B raxox cnyuac, nocxorpnx ¬ro rpc6onannc' ÷ «or-
crynnn» 3narnu. ÷ Ho ccio(nn ¬roio nc c(cnacmi. Cxa:annoc
nax n n:no»y n nncixcnnox nn(c, ornpannm cio pyxono(crny
n Icnipa(c na npocxorp n nycri rax pcmamr. Moc (cno ÷
nccio nnmi ncpc(anari.
Taxono 6ino, n o6mnx ucprax, co(cp»annc nino(on py-
xono(crna KHK, npc(cranncnnix nax n non6pc 1947 io(a n
n:nccrnix n ncropnn namcn naprnn xax «nropoc o6nnncnnc
Tnro n a(pcc Koxxynncrnuccxon naprnn An6annn».
3narnu ncran n co6npancn y»c yxo(nri, ocrannnn nax
ncc cxa:annic nx xcp:ocrn. 2 cmc pa: nonropnn cxy, uro xi
n nncixcnnox nn(c »(ann nccio, uro on ionopnn, a :arcx
xi paccxorpnx n pyxono(crnc namcn naprnn «:axnmucnnn»
miocnancxoio pyxono(crna n nicxa»cx cnoc xncnnc o nnx.
O(naxo ¬ro qaxr, uro nncixcnnoc coo6mcnnc n: Icn-
377
ipa(a nc nocrynnno (Tnro :nan, i(c n c xaxon ncnim ocra-
nnnri (oxyxcnri), no, uro cmc xy»c, xi nc ro, uro n rc xo-
xcnri, no (a»c na nporn»cnnn ncnix xccnncn nc (anann :a-
cny»cnnoio ornopa iny6oxo npa»(c6nix, anrnxapxcncrcxnx
n anrnan6ancxnx o6nnncnnnx Tnro n xoxnannn.
Houcxy n xax ¬ro cnyunnoci ÷ o6 ¬rox n paccxa»y nn-
»c. 3(cci xorcn 6i nccio nnmi no(ucpxnyri, uro o6nnncnnc
Tnro c nauana (o xonna npc(crannnno co6on o(nn n: caxix
no(nix n caxix ncnanncrnix axron, xoi(a-nn6o concpmcnnix
pcnciaraxn xapxcn:xa-ncnnnn:xa. Ho:(ncc, oco6cnno na XI
Hncnyxc HK KHA n ccnrn6pc 1948 io(a, na I c¡c:(c KHA n
non6pc 1948 io(a n n (pyinx cnyuanx xi, xax n ncc ocrani-
noc, n (crannx n co :pcnocrim npoanann:nponann rax»c rnron-
cxoc o6nnncnnc, n, n cncrc nocnc(onanmnx co6irnn, nincnn
napy»y cio npa»(c6nym, anrnan6ancxym cymnocri n ncnn.
Hc n(ananci n apiyxcnri n no(po6nocrn, cunram nco6-
xo(nxix xparxo n:no»nri :(cci namc :axnmucnnc no no-
no(y raxoio o6nnncnnn:
Ono nxcno inannon ncnim npcnparnri namy crpany n
cc(ixym pccny6nnxy Kiocnannn, no(unnnri cc npnxa:ax Icn-
ipa(a, c(cnari cc xononncn Kiocnannn, uro6i nama nc:ann-
cnxocri 6ina qopxaninon, npnxpiron n :axacxnponannon
qopxynaxn '6yp»ya:non nccn(onc:anncnxocrn. O6nnncnnc ¬ro
crpcxnnoci oropnari An6annm or naicpn connann:xa, ni:nari
npa»(y xc»(y ncm n Concrcxnx Com:ox n nonncui namy nap-
rnm na anrnxapxcncrcxnn nyri. µnn miocnancxnx rponxncron
An6annn (on»na 6ina cny»nri rcx xancnixnx iocy(apcrnox
naicpn connann:xa, i(c onn co6npannci npon:nccrn ncpnin
onir n paxxax ocymccrnncnnn cnocn n:xcnnnuccxon nnnnn
npornn connann:xa. B ¬rox nanpanncnnn onn y»c (anno pa6o-
rann, o(naxo conpornnncnnc namcn naprnn nc ronixo nc 6ino
no(anncno, no n 6ino (ancxo or ¬roio. Hama naprnn ranna
n cc6c oipoxnym cnny. Bor noucxy miocnancxnx pyxono(n-
rcnnx npnxo(nnoci 6oporicn :a no(anncnnc ¬ron cnni.
Crpcxnci (o6nricn ¬ron ncnn, onn nnannponann n ncpnym
oucpc(i cnoxnri nonm namcio Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra n
Icncpaninoio Ccxpcrapn naprnn, n xoropox nn(cnn 6onimoc
378
npcnnrcrnnc na cnocx nyrn. Mcp:xnc o6nnncnnn miocnancxoio
rponxncrcxoio pyxono(crna n a(pcc Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra
namcn naprnn, cxopcc, ucx npornn Haxo Cnnpy, 6inn nanpa-
nncni npornn xcnn, rax xax, 6y(yun Icncpaninix Ccxpcrapcx
naprnn, n oxa:inancn inannix nnnonnnxox «omn6ounon nonn-
rnxn» Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra. Hx 6ina xopomo n:nccrna o6-
cranonxa n Honnr6mpo n Hcnrpaninox Koxnrcrc namcn nap-
rnn, onn :nann o pa:noinacnnx, cymccrnonanmnx xc»(y unc-
naxn Impo, oco6cnno xc»(y Haxo n Koun, xax n o nono-
»cnnn, cno»nnmcxcn n ornomcnnnx xc»(y xnom n Koun. Hx
6ino n:nccrno rax»c, uro n:inn(i Haxo na ornomcnnn c
Kiocnanncn no nccx nynxrax, n xoropix onn 6inn npannni-
nixn, conpnxacannci c xonxn n:inn(axn. Onn npcxpacno :na-
nn, uro Haxo nnucio nc (cnan n ¬rox nanpanncnnn, nc noco-
ncronanmnci co xnom n nc nonyunn xocio coinacnn. Hrax,
miocnani paccunrinann na cno»nnmymcn n namcx Honnr6m-
po o6cranonxy, xoropan 6ina ni:nana npc»(c nccio nx nn:-
xcnnixn nponcxaxn.
B ¬rox n :axnmuacrcn npnunna roio, noucxy onn nonpo-
cnnn, uro6i na ncrpcuc, na xoropon 3narnu c(cnan xnc coo6-
mcnnc, npncyrcrnonan n µ:o(:c. Koun :nan, uro miocnani
no((cp»nnann cio, no rcncpi onn ionopnnn cxy: «Hy nor xi
pacxpinn xapri n ncpc( Onncpox Xo(»a, rnon uac npo6nn,
(cncrnonari ny»no'» H Koun µ:o(:c, o(na n: caxix xpaunix
n caxix xcp:xnx qniyp n ncropnn namcn naprnn, co6npancn
n:nri pcnanm. B pcann:annn rnroncxoio nnana on (on»cn 6in
nipari ncpnocrcncnnym anrnan6ancxym n anrnnaprnnnym poni.
Hpomno ncxnoio npcxcnn, n ncnin pn( qaxron, cronxno-
ncnnn n y(apon cmc 6onimc yxpcnnn xoc y6c»(cnnc n rox,
xcx 6in Koun µ:o(:c, n uim noni:y n c xaxnx no:nnnn on
pa6oran.
Fcnanm mrocnancknx arcn1on
Y»c nacrynnno npcxn, uro6i ncn naprnn n cc pyxono(crno,
n ncpnym oucpc(i Honnr6mpo, xna(noxponno n npnnnnnnani-
379
no npoanann:nponann miocnancxnc o6nnncnnn, ro ccri cnauana
nincnn napy»y nx nccnpanc(nnnocri n qanimnnocri, a :arcx
pacxpinn ncrnnnic xornni n crpcxncnnn, xoropixn pyxo-
no(crnonannci 6cnipa(cxnc nn(cpi. Mi (on»ni 6inn c nc-
npcxnonnix pcnonmnnonnix (yxox, no n npnxcnnn o6(y-
xannic n ocropo»nic raxrnuccxnc npncxi, o(no :a (pyinx
orncpiari o6nnncnnn, xoropic, no cymccrny, nnnnnnci nccio
nnmi :ncninxn o(non c(nncrncnnon ncnn, ncnn ipo:nnmcio
nax nonoio pa6crna.
Bpcxn nc rcpncno ornaiarcnicrn, na(o 6ino ncxc(ncn-
no nauari pa6ory n namcx Honnr6mpo. O(naxo, cmc nc co:-
nan Impo, n or(anan cc6c orucr n rox, uro (cno ¬ro c 6oni-
mnx rpy(ox npo(nnncrcn nncpc(, n uro xoinn (a»c no:nnx-
nyri rn»cnic cnryannn, xoropic :ancnn 6i nac n rynnx.
B Impo npo(on»ano orcyrcrnonari nco6xo(nxoc c(nncrno
xncnnn n (cncrnnn, o ucx ionopnnn npc»(c nccio 6ccxoncu-
nic ccopi xc»(y Koun n Haxo. Hc cronr ynoxnnyri :(cci
ncnoc xno»ccrno nx ccop no na»nix n xanona»nix npo6nc-
xax, no n xorcn 6i orxcrnri, uro npn ¬rox no:pacranmcx
nponcccc y xcnn cno»nnoci xncnnc, uro Haxo Cnnpy, ncn:n-
pan na cio 6onimnc nc(ocrarxn n n:¡nni, cronn na 6oncc npa-
nnninix n npnnnnnnaninix no:nnnnx, ucx Koun µ:o(:c. Hpc-
»(c nccio Haxo 6in xy(a axrnnncc n pa6orc, npnnnxan (cn-
rcninoc yuacrnc n o6cy»(cnnn npo6ncx n nponcpxc ncnonnc-
nnn, uacro npnxo(nn xo xnc c (oxna(ox n yxcn yxnarinaricn
:a caxoc inannoc. Oco6cnno n (nyx acncxrax nnn »c o6nacrnx
Haxo nponnnnn 6onimym axrnnnocri n orxpiro ionopnn co
xnom: n o6nacrn ¬xonoxnxn n n o6nacrn «xpnrnuccxnx :axc-
uannc n a(pcc (pyinx, oco6cnno, xoi(a pcui mna o ccxro-
pax, :a xoropic orncuann Koun µ:o(:c n n:nccrnic xax
«6nn:xnc» cxy nm(n.
¹ro xacacrcn o6cy»(cnnn ¬xonoxnuccxnx nonpocon (npn
¬rox nn(noc xccro :annxann n ornomcnnn c miocnanaxn), ro
n cnyman Haxo, (anan cxy concri, opncnrnponan cio n n
ncnox namn xncnnn conpnxacannci. ¹ro »c xacacrcn (pyion
o6nacrn, a nxcnno xpnrnuccxnx :axcuannn n a(pcc «ccxro-
pa» Koun, ro rax n 6onimc, ucx i(c 6i ro nn 6ino, ycxa-
38O
rpnnan crapym 6onc:ni Haxo: cio 6onc:ncnnoc caxonm6nc,
araxn c nnunix no:nnnn n rcn(cnnnm x nc(ooncnxc nnn
ycrpancnnm Koun µ:o(:c. Hc »cnan yxannri 6ccxoncunic
nc(ocrarxn Koun, cxa»y, n ¬ro ncpno, uro «xpnrnuccxnc :a-
xcuannn» Haxo n cio a(pcc n nc npnnnxan no nnnxannc n
nc no((cp»nnan, xax ¬ro (cnan n nacucr «xpnrnuccxnx :axc-
uannn» Koun n a(pcc Haxo. Iino conccx oucnn(no, uro o6a
onn ioroni 6inn ynn:nri (pyi (pyia. B cnom oucpc(i, Koun
µ:o(:c ni»nncn n na»nnuan, no ncci(a ocranancn «:axpiron
(ncpim» (nn xcnn n (nn Impo. On nc no(nnxan na»nix no-
npocon (a»c o ccxropax, :a xoropic cax orncuan, 6y(yun
Ccxpcrapcx no opiann:annonnix nonpocax n xnnncrpox nny-
rpcnnnx (cn, «cxpinan» nx or nac, xax «ccxpcrnic», n n Impo
uamc nccio ncn cc6n xax ap6nrp, xoropin cnymacr, na6nm-
(acr, (cnacr :axcrxn.
0axrnuccxn, on nncxonixo nc 6in «:axxnyrix n cc6c» n
«6c:(cnrcninix», xaxnx xa:ancn. On (a»c xnoio pa6oran, no
:a cnnnon y nac, n rcxnorc, no( ccxpcrox Mnnncrcpcrna nny-
rpcnnnx (cn n «ccxropa» xa(pon.
«Axrnnnix» on nponnnnn cc6n n Impo nnmi roi(a, xoi(a
pcui mna o xpnrnxc xaxoio-nn6o acncxra, cnn:annoio c ccxro-
paxn, xoropixn :anc(onan Haxo, no cmc 6oncc «axrnnnix»
noxa:inan on cc6n, xoi(a 6inan nac(nnc co xnom nnn »c
xoi(a orno(nn xcnn n cropony n ionopnn «n paccxa»y rc6c npo
Haxo uro-ro, o ucx n y:nan ucpc: xon xanani».
Hcni:n cxa:ari, uro x roxy npcxcnn n nnonnc :nan, uro
Koun µ:o(:c 6in aicnrox miocnanon. 2 xopomo :nan (a ¬ro
6ino o6mcn:nccrno), uro on cronn oucni 6nn:xo x miocnanax,
nocnpnnnxan n cncno ocymccrnnnn ncc, uro onn ionopnnn,
ioron 6in no((cp»nnari nm6oc 6c:yxnc miocnanon; xi rax-
»c :nann n nn(cnn, uro on 6in nm6nxncx miocnanon, caxix
6nn:xnx nx ucnoncxox, no nonaiann, uro ¬ro 6ino ni:nano
rcx, uro Koun yio»(an nx, (a»c nnxnyri nc cxcn ncpc( nnxn
n o(o6pnn ncc, uro onn ionopnnn. Hax, n oco6cnno xnc,
n:nccrni 6inn ncnpccrannic rpcnnn Haxo c miocnanaxn, cio
nocronnnoc nc(ononicrno (cncrnnnxn nocnanncn Tnro, n, no
381
cymccrny, xpnrnuccxnc :axcuannn Haxo n a(pcc (py:cn n na-
xo(nn noo6mc cnpanc(nnnixn, npnnnnnnaninixn. Y xcnn
caxoio 6inn raxnc »c :axcuannn n a(pcc miocnanon n n
(anno npnmcn x nino(y, uro onn nc cronnn na npannninox
nyrn.
Mc»(y rcx Koun n Haxo (cnann cnoc (cno n o6ccncunnn
cc6c «croponnnxon» n «npnncp»cnncn» (a»c n Impo. Ha cro-
ponc Koun ncci(a nicrynann Han(n Kpncro n Kpncro Tcxcni-
xo, a na croponc Haxo nicrponnoci rpn ¬ncxcnra, xoropic
nocnc pacmnpcnnn naxn Impo ncrox 1946 io(a nc 6inn npn-
nnri uncnaxn n (a»c xan(n(araxn, a nccio nnmi 6inn na:-
nani «rpcxn ronapnmaxn, cronmnxn 6nn:xo x Impo». Oro
6inn unpn Icnnmona, Mcxxcr Ucxy n 0a(nni Haupaxn.
Xmcnn Kano n Ioio Hymn nnnnnnci (nyxn n: caxix ypanno-
ncmcnnix n ccpic:nix nonix ronapnmcn, xoonrnponannix n
Impo ncrox 1946 io(a n nc nonanmnx n nonymxn nn o(non
n: concpnnuanmnx cropon, a :pcno cy(nnmnx n nicxa:inan-
mnxcn o no(nnxanmnxcn nonpocax. ¹ro xacacrcn Ic(pn Cna-
xny n Tyxa 2xona, ro onn, xax n panimc, nc nipann xaxon-
nn6o oco6on ponn, a :annxann uamc nccio nn6cpaninym,
npnxnpcnuccxym no:nnnm. Onn xoinn npnxxnyri x o6cnx
croponax, no cxopcc nccio nx nc npannnoci 6iri nn c Haxo,
nn c Koun, n, xax ¬ro caxn :annnnn na VIII n na XI Hncnyxc
HK, onn «nnucio nc (cnann n Impo». Ornx onn xorcnn cxa-
:ari, uro cronnn nnc ¬rnx «xonqnnxron» n «:axynncnix npo-
ncxon».
Taxnxn 6inn, n o6mnx ucprax, cocran n nono»cnnc na-
mcio Honnr6mpo n xoxcnri, xoi(a xi (on»ni 6inn (cn-
crnonari xax o(nn, xax craninon xynax (nn orpa»cnnn ipo-
:nnmcn nax onacnocrn. Pa:yxccrcn, nam xynax nc xoi 6iri
c(nnix n rpy(no 6ino nanccrn y(ap n (on»nox xccrc n c
(on»non cnnon. O(naxo n no:naian 6onimnc na(c»(i na
uro-ro cymccrncnnoc: npan(a, paccy»(an n, ¬rn ronapnmn
cnopnnn n :nnnnci (pyi na (pyia no pa:nix nonpocax, no rc-
ncpi, n xoxcnri, xoi(a na naprnm n crpany no:no(nrcn n:nnc
rn»xnc o6nnncnnn, onn (on»ni nanrn n cc6c cnny npco(oncri
382
nnunic pa:(opi n npncoc(nnnricn x nax n npc(cronmcn 6nr-
nc. Ha cc nonnax xi yxpcnnx n »cnannoc c(nncrno.
Ho cymccrny, raxoc paccy»(cnnc 6ino 6oncc ucx ncpnix,
no ocnona, na xoropon n crponn cio, 6ina ncnpannninon.
Kax y»c ionopnn, n nc :nan, uro n cnyuac c Koun µ:o(:c n
Han(n Kpncro, c o(non croponi, n Haxo Cnnpy ÷ c (pyion,
pcui mna nc npocro o :no6c nnn »c o «nnunix (cnax», a o6
aicnrypnix (cnax. Onn 6inn crapixn aicnraxn Icnipa(a.
Hpc(¡nnnn nax o6nnncnnc, Tnro n xoxnannn xopomcnixo
yunn raxon 6naionpnnrcrnonanmnn nx qaxrop, o xoropox xi
nc :nann. Pacxo»(cnnn n Impo 6inn nx n:nccrni, rax xax
onn caxn ni:nann n no(xapxnnnann nx, ncnoni:onann nx n
xauccrnc inannoio opy»nn, xoropoc (on»no 6ino npnnccrn
nx ycncx n 6opi6c npornn nnnnn namcn naprnn. Ha ccn pa:
miocnancxan raxrnxa orxpiro nnymana Koun µ:o(:c n Han(n
Kpncro, uro «x ¬roxy (cny npnuacrcn npai, nama 6opi6a npo-
rnn Haxo n Koxan(anra o6ocnonannan, Haxo Cnnpy nipacr
crpannym poni, Onncp Xo(»a cronponcnrno no((cp»nnacr
cio, cnc(onarcnino, nam nyri y»c cno6o(cn, rax uro 6cnrc
nx». B (cncrnnrcninocrn, Haxo c(cnan nonyo6opor, cran 6nn-
»c xo xnc, uamc concronancn co xnom, nc nonnnonancn (n-
pcxrnnax miocnanon, onnpancn na concrcxnx n n ¬rox, no»a-
nyn, 6in npan, orucio n n no((cp»nnan cio.
Koun µ:o(:c ynn(cn n ¬ron naunnanmcncn cxnarxc na(c»-
nin nyri x ocymccrnncnnm cnocn crapon xcuri. µnn ncio
c Haxo Cnnpy 6ino noxonucno, c(nncrncnnix npcnnrcrnncx
ocranancn n, n, no xncnnm cio caxoio n miocnanon, xcnn, xax
«croponnnxa» Haxo, (on»na 6ina nocrninyri ra »c yuacri.
Hrax, n namcx Honnr6mpo ncxopc (on»na 6ina pa:pa:nricn
ipo:a.
µna-rpn (nn cnycrn nocnc o6nnncnnn 3narnua npnmnn xo
xnc n (ox c «nn:nrox» Koun µ:o(:c n Han(n Kpncro. Kax
ronixo onn nomnn, n nonnn, uro onn cmc :apancc xopomo o6-
cy(nnn (cno (pyi c (pyiox. Hc co6nm(an (a»c npannn npn-
nnunn, onn ryr »c npncrynnnn x pyiarcnicrnax n o6nnncnnnx.
÷ Oro cri( n cpax' Oro no:op, uro xi (nnrcninoc npc-
383
xn (anann raxoxy ¬ncxcnry ocranaricn n cnocnoninnuari n
naprnnnox pyxono(crnc' ÷ «»anonancn» Han(n.
÷ Mi nponnnnnn xnixoccp(cunc, ncpconcnnnann cio. On
ocncnnnn nac cnonxn nnqpaxn n xpnrnxancrnox, ÷ (o6annnn
µ:o(:c.
2cno 6ino, uro xocncnno ncc ¬ro 6ino nanpanncno npo-
rnn xcnn. O6cranonxa crana rn»cnon. Tax nnn nnauc 6ccc(a,
nauanmancn xax «xc»(y ronapnmaxn», npcnpamanaci nxn n
cnocio po(a :acc(annc Impo c o(non ronixo pa:nnncn, uro
nac 6ino rpoc, (pyinx nc ni:nann. Onn nacrannann na rox,
uro6i xi no:nann o(noio nnmi Haxo, uro6i «nocrannri cio
n n:nccrnocri n rpc6onari c ncio orucra».
÷ Xopomo, ÷ cxa:an n, ÷ no nc 6y(cx roponnricn.
Cnauana xi (on»ni co6pari cnon apiyxcnri, o6cy(nri no-
npoc n c ronapnmaxn n npc(crannri o6nnncnnn 3narnua na
paccxorpcnnc Impo.
÷ C xaxnxn ¬ro ronapnmaxn" ÷ cnpocnn xcnn Koun.
÷ C ronapnmaxn n: Impo" 2 nc coinaccn c naxn, ronapnm
Koxan(anr. ÷ O6nnncnnc xacacrcn nc o(noio Haxo, a nccio
cio xnana.
÷ O6nnncnnc nc xacacrcn nn o(noio Haxo n nn o(noio
cio «xnana», no:nc(cno rn»xoc o6nnncnnc na ncm nnnnm nap-
rnn n na cc pyxono(crno. Hax nn n xocx cnyuac nc no:nonn-
crcn xnnonari Honnr6mpo, ÷ cxa:an n nx. ÷ Cnauana na(o
npoanann:nponari n paccxorpcri ncc no(nnric nonpoci. Tax
nincnnrcn n (cno Haxo.
÷ Hnxonx o6pa:ox' ÷ :no6no ncxounn Koun µ:o(:c.
÷ Pa:nc ri nc cniman, uro ionopnn ronapnm 3narnu: «B
(cnc Haxo Cnnpy ncn 6c(a n rox n :axnmuacrcn, orry(a n cnc-
(ycr nauari anann:». µananrc pa:6cpcx nonpoc Haxo Cnnpy,
xnarnr cxy cnocnoninnuari.
÷ Tonapnmn' ÷ o6parnncn n x nnx, o:a(aucnnin. ÷
Hax n:nccrni ncnpnnrnic ccopi n cncni, xoropic uacro y
nac pa:iipinannci. O(naxo rcncpi n nonaiam, uro ncranmnc
ncpc( naxn npo6ncxi rpc6ymr or nac orno»nri n cropony
pa:(opi, :a(yxaricn na( caxix inannix. Mi (on»ni apiy-
384
xcnraxn orncrnri na nonpoc o rox, 6inn nn npannninixn nnn
ncr nama nnnnn n nama opncnrannn noo6mc, n no ornomcnnm
x Kiocnannn ÷ n oco6cnnocrn.
÷ Bcn 6c(a n Haxo n n cio croponnnxax. Or nnx-ro n
cnc(ycr n:6annricn. C ¬roio n (on»ni xi nauari anann:'
÷ nacrannan Koun µ:o(:c.
C 6onim n iopcuim n ccp(nc n oxonuarcnino y6c(nncn n
rox, uro n npc(cronmcn 6opi6c xi (cncrnonari 6y(cx nc
n c(nncrnc xc»(y co6on. B(o6anox Koun n Han(n nicrynann
nc npocro xax «onno:nnnn» x Haxo Cnnpy, a xax nocnanni
miocnanon. H, qaxrnuccxn, onn raxnxn n 6inn. Xorn caxo n nc
«npncyrcrnonano», miocnancxoc pyxono(crno ucpc: cnonx aicn-
ron xannnynnponano nnocnc(crnnn nccxn «anann:axn», :a xo-
ropic xi npnnnxannci.
Mi (onio cnopnnn n, ynn(cn xoc rncp(oc no:pa»cnnc,
µ:o(:c c6pocnn c cc6n nyani «xnixoccp(cunn» n 6pocnn (py-
iym 6ox6y:
÷ Tonapnm Koxan(anr, (ananrc, naxoncn, pa:6cpcxcn.
Hc :a6inanrc, uro xi ncci(a (cnann nax :axcuannn o rox,
uro «ni oxorno nnnxacrc cnony Haxo». Hc :a6inanrc, uro ni,
xoncuno, npn no(crpcxarcnicrnc Haxo, nacrannann na anrap-
xnuccxox nnanc' Hcy»cnn ni cmc parycrc :a coxpancnnc cra-
pon nnnnn" Taxoc namc ynopcrno y(nnnncr nac' B xonnc
xonnon, nax 6onimc nc:aucx cnymari nxcmmnxcn n Impo
npaion. µananrc ni:oncx caxoio inannoio n: nnx, a uro xaca-
crcn ocraninix, ro nocnc ¬roio or nnx nax ncrpy(no 6y(cr
n:6annricn.
O6a onn npo(on»ann npnno(nri «apiyxcnri» n oxa:i-
nari na xcnn ncnxoio po(a (anncnnc. 2 nouynn, uro (nn
nnx o6onx miocnancxoc o6nnncnnc 6onimc nc nnnnnoci no-
npocox, xoropix (on»no 6ino :annricn Impo, nonpocox,
xoropin na(o 6ino npoanann:nponari. Bcc 6ino npc(pcmcno
n :apancc pa:pa6orano Icnipa(ox n miocnancxnx noconi-
crnox n Tnpanc. Hocnc (nnrcninix cnopon xi npnmnn x «xox-
npoxnccy»: nc ni:nari Haxo npnxo n Impo, uro6i ncc cxa-
:ari cxy rax, a npc(napnrcnino nocrannri cio n n:nccrnocri
385
o coo6mcnnox nax 3narnucx, a :arcx npncrynnri x o6cy»(c-
nnm. Tcncpi, xoi(a n y6c(nncn n rox, uro Koun n Han(n
6y(yr nicrynari n no((cp»xy miocnancxnx rc:ncon, 6onimoc
:naucnnc npno6pcrano n oco6cnnocrn nonc(cnnc Haxo Cnnpy.
K ccpc(nnc non6pn xi ni:nann cio (npncyrcrnonann npn
¬rox n, Koun µ:o(:c, Han(n Kpncro) n nocrannnn cio n n:-
nccrnocri o6 o6nnncnnnx 3narnua n cnn:n c «anrnmiocnanmn-
non» n «cio ponim n ¬xonoxnxc», nc ynoxnnyn, o(naxo, uro
onn cunrann cio «aicnrox nxncpnann:xa». Haxo nicnyman
nac, nanycrnn na cc6n na»nin nn(, npccnoxonno :axypnn na-
nnpocy (o6iuno, nixypcnnon nannpocon on :a»nian cnc(ym-
mym) n, x xocxy y(nnncnnm, xax ronixo xi xonunnn, on ni-
nycrnn xny6ox (ixa n npoionopnn:
÷ Ax rax" 3naunr ni o6ccnoxocni"' £cnn ¬ro rax, ro
n :a (nc nc(cnn c(cnam nax ncm An6annm npomiocnancxon'
3a 7-8 ncr :naxoxcrna c Haxo n cronixo n cronixo pa:
:nnncn na ncio n ncnirinan n ncx pa:ouaponannc (rax »c,
xax n pa(onancn cio nono»nrcninix xauccrnax), cronixo n
cronixo pa:, xpoxc noxnaninix cnon, (cnan cxy caxic cypo-
nic xpnrnuccxnc :axcuannn, no nocnc ¬ron pcnnnxn xoc no-
rpnccnnc n pa:ouaponannc 6inn o(nnxn n: cnnincnmnx.
÷ Kax ri cxccmi ionopnri raxoc" ÷ cxa:an n, norcpnn
caxoo6na(annc. ÷ Kaxon ri noo6pa»acmi cc6c An6annm,
uro6i :a (nc nc(cnn npcnparnri cc n «npomiocnancxym» nnn
«anrnmiocnancxym»"' H xcx ri cc6n noo6pa»acmi, nona-
ian, uro cnoco6cn rnopnri raxnc uy(cca"'
On ryr »c oncxcn. Y Koun n Han(n ina:a :acnnnn or
y(ononicrnnn ÷ onn »(ann ccopi.
÷ Hpocrnrc' ÷ npoionopnn Haxo, y»c conna(an c co-
6om. ÷ Bo:xo»no, n omn6cn. Ho uro »c xnc cxa:ari. B
xocn pa6orc nc 6ino nnucio anrnmiocnancxoio. 2 (cncrno-
nan n xonx ccxropax coinacno nnnnn naprnn. 2 nc crannn
cc6c ncnim napymcnnc ornomcnnn c miocnancxnxn ronapn-
maxn, a nccio nnmi (cnan :axcuannn nnn xpnrnxy nacucr ro-
io, uro xa:anoci xnc ncnpannninix. Bi »c nc no:pa»ann
xnc.
386
÷ Kax nc no:pa»ann' ÷ ncxounn Koun µ:o(:c. ÷ Mi
na no»ax c ro6om 6inn'
÷ µcno nc n namnx ccopax' ÷ xna(noxponno orncrnn
Haxo n ycrannncn ina:axn na Koun µ:o(:c. ÷ Oro (pyioc
(cno. Hpc(¡nnnncxic o6nnncnnn ÷ ncuro conccx (pyioc.
÷ K roxy onn n xnonnnn, ÷ yipo»ammc cxa:an Koun.
÷ Bn(cn n c xcx nxcn (cno, no¬roxy n no:pa»an rc6c.
÷ £cnn pcui non(cr o rox, noucxy ri no:pa»an xnc
n noucxy n no:pa»an rc6c, ro na ¬ro nona(o6nncn 6i ncnin
anann: ÷ cnoxonno npoionopnn Haxo n rax nocxorpcn na
Koun, uro ror no6nc(ncn n pacrcpnncn. ÷ O6 ¬rox nc pa:
cnpamnnan n ronapnm Onncp.
÷ µa uro ri, Haxo, (anan no:ixcxcn :a ro, uro nax
ionopnr, ÷ ncnyianno, xax 6i yxonnmmc oro:nancn Koun
µ:o(:c. Ha nccxonixo xinoncnnn o6a paccnnpcncnmnx ncryxa
npncxnpcnn.
÷ To, uro nax ionopnr, nc xcnn o(noio xacacrcn, ÷
cxa:an n orncr Haxo.
÷ Tonapnm 3narnu nxcnno rax cxa:an, n xi ni:nann
rc6n xax pa:, uro6i nocrannri n n:nccrnocri o6 ¬rox n no-
xoui rc6c, ÷ cxa:an cxy Koun µ:o(:c xax 6i «cnyuanno».
«Orcrynncnnc» o6cnx cropon, oco6cnno Koun µ:o(:c, xo-
ropin nccio nccxonixo xnnyr (o ¬roio py6nn nancno n na-
npano, nnmnnn pa:, no c cmc 6onimcn cnnon, noxa:inano,
uro xc»(y Koun n Haxo cymccrnonana xaxan-ro ranna, npc-
crynnin :axiccn, :aia(xa ((nn xcnn), nyianman nx o6onx n
(a»c conccx o6c:opy»nnanman nx. 2 y»c io(i :nan, uro
raxoc 6ino, uro ryr-ro n naunnancn xny6ox, no onn rax 6on-
nnci ¬roio, uro cpa:y »c orcrynann n npcxcnno npnxo(nnn x
«coinacnm», uro6i npo(on»ari :arcx ncunic ccopi. Iiri xo-
»cr, n xonnc xonnon, nonan cno»nnmancn cnryannn ncc pac-
xpocr.
Tax npo(on»ann xi nccxonixo uacon, nocnc ucio 6ino
pcmcno o6cy(nri nonpoc n Impo n cnc(ymmnn (cni. Haxo
6ino naxa:ano cnoxonno, 6cccrpacrno n 6c: npc(n:nrocrcn ni-
cxa:ari rax cnoc xncnnc n npnnccrn cnon (ono(i no nonpocy
387
nnana, uro, nnpoucx, (on»ni 6inn c(cnari n xi ocraninic.
Mnc noxa:anoci, uro rcx caxix (cno npnnnxano npannninin
o6opor. 2 6in y6c»(cn n rox, uro Haxo cyxccr orcronri ncp-
nym nnnnm, xoropym xi npono(nnn, n »c cax co6npancn no(-
(cp»nnari cio, 6naio(apn ucxy Impo (on»no 6ino npannnino
opncnrnponaricn n :pcno cy(nri o6o nccx.
O(naxo raxon xo( (cn nc ycrpannan Koun µ:o(:c, Han(n
Kpncro n xoxnannm. B cnyuac nauana anann:a inannix npo-
6ncx, onn xoinn nponipari (cno. Bor noucxy, cmc n caxox
nauanc :acc(annn Impo, xoi(a n n o6mnx ucprax n:no»nn
miocnancxoc o6nnncnnc, Koun µ:o(:c ncran (a cxa:an:
÷ O6 o(nox nnmi :a6in ronapnm Koxan(anr' Haxo
Cnnpy o6nnnnmr nc n rox, uro on no ncyxcnnm ncxa:nn xypc
namcn ¬xonoxnxn. Hcr, Haxo Cnnpy c(cnan ¬ro, xax aicnr
nxncpnann:xa' B raxox (yxc xi npoanann:npycx cio pa6ory
n nicnymacx cio.
Haxo ncci no6nc(ncn. 2 nncpnic ynn(cn, xax ¬ror nx-
nynicnnnin rnn, ro n (cno ncprcnmnn uro-nn6y(i n pyxax,
ncci noxnncn n oncncncn. Mnc rax»c crano ncnonxo n cnona
Koun :acrninn xcnn npacnnox, nc(i xi pcmnnn (o nopi (o
npcxcnn nc ynoxnnyri o6nnncnnn miocnanon n a(pcc Haxo,
xax aicnra nxncpnann:xa.
÷ Oro oucni ccpic:nan npo6ncxa' ÷ npoionopnn Haxo.
÷ Oucni-ro ccpic:nan. Oro cxopcc nccio o6nnncnnc, nc»cnn
npo6ncxa. Bcc ¬ro rn»cno n nco»n(anno (nn xcnn. Tcx nc
xcncc, n nicxa»y cnoc cnono.
÷ Mi rc6n cnymacx, ÷ cxa:an cxy Koun.
÷ Hcr, ÷ cxa:an Haxo, ÷ n no(ioronnmci n orncuy.
÷ A x ucxy rc6c no(ioronnricn" ÷ yipo»ammc cnpocnn
cio Han(n. ÷ Ho(ioronncnnoc ro6om ncnixn io(axn nino-
»n :(cci, a xi, Impo, cy(nri 6y(cx o ncx.
÷ Mnc ny»no no xpanncn xcpc nnri (ncn na no(ioro-
nxy, ÷ nacrannan Haxo.
÷ 3aucx rc6c no(ioronnricn" ¹ro6i :axccrn cnc(i,
uro nn" Hcr, xi nc (a(nx rc6c :axccrn cnc(i, xoropic c
rpy(ox o6napy»nnn. Bnpoucx, ¬ro :acnyia miocnancxnx ro-
388
napnmcn, uro ri ninc(cn y»c na uncrym nony, ÷ py6nn Koun
nancno n nanpano. ÷ Ho-xocxy, n xouncnnc* (on (anno, npn-
xaninanci rcopcrnuccxn no(ioronncnnix, ynorpc6nnn nno-
crpannic cnona, ccrccrncnno, n n:npamcnnox nn(c n n raxox
xonrcxcrc, uro cranonnncn concpmcnno cxcmnix. O(naxo
arxocqcpa 6ina cnnmxox narnnyron, uro6i no:nonnri cc6c
xorn 6i nony:axcrnym yni6xy), ri ncci(a raxnx n 6in,
no nnnonari n ¬rox (pyinc, xoropic cnymannci rc6n, xax
6y(ro ri anocronox Hannox 6in' Icncpaninin Ccxpcrapi
cax nocxorpnr, n ucx :axnmuacrcn cio orncrcrncnnocri n or-
ncrcrncnnocri nac ocraninix :a rnom anrnmiocnanmnny . . .
Cnonox, ÷ xonunn µ:o(:c, ÷ npc(naiam nacronmcxy Impo
paccxorpcri «(cno Haxo Cnnpy» nc no:(ncc, ucx :anrpa nc-
ucpox n 8 uacon. Hpoci6a Haxo orno»nri (cno ÷ ¬ro nonymxa,
nonirxa nrcpcri nax ouxn n ni:nari y nac rpy(nic cnryannn.
÷ Hpomy ronapnmcn, ÷ cnona o6parnncn x nax Haxo,
÷ nopa:xicnnri n nonnri xcnn. Ic: npc(napnrcninon no(-
ioronxn n nc n cocronnnn ionopnri, xax na(o.
÷ Tonapnm Koun, ÷ nxcmancn n, ÷ nc roponnci nn
cnonaxn, nn «ynirnxaryxaxn» nacucr npcxcnn, xoi(a (on»no
6iri co:nano Impo. Mi »c :(cci n pcmnx, xax ¬ro npannni-
ncc 6y(cr. 3(cci ri 6pocnn na cron o(no n: ncpc(annix nax
3narnucx o6nnncnnn miocnancxoio pyxono(crna, npnucx nnmi
o6nnncnnc, xacammcccn Haxo, a nc(i 3narnu n:no»nn nino(i
Tnro n cio npn6nn»cnnix ornocnrcnino nccn namcn nnnnn,
rax uro orcm(a n cnc(ycr nauari anann: n o6cy»(cnnc nonpo-
ca n Impo, na( ¬rnx (on»ni :a(yxaricn n x ¬roxy (on»ni
no(ioronnricn ncc ronapnmn uncni Impo. Pa:yxccrcn, Haxo
(on»cn iny6»c nccx nopa:xicnnri n 6onimc nccx no(ioro-
nnricn, no, ÷ o6parnncn n x Haxo, ÷ nnri (ncn na ¬ro
cnnmxox.
Bonapnnoci xonuannc, n ncxnoio cnycrn Haxo no(nnn
ionony n nco»n(anno cnpocnn:
________________________________
* H:npamcnnoc ynorpc6ncnnc qpanny:cxoio cnona conscicncc ÷
co:nannc.
389
÷ Hocrannnn nn ni concrcxym xnccnm n n:nccrnocri o
raxox anann:c"
÷ ¹ro ¬ro :a concrcxan xnccnn' ÷ ncxounn Koun µ:o(:c.
÷ µa cmc c ucio ri ¬ro n:nn" Mi »c naprnn, xi pyxono(-
crno n nc nonyuacx nnnnn or concrcxon xnccnn.
÷ Hcr, ÷ cxa:an Haxo ncci 6nc(nin, ÷ n nc ionopm,
uro6i xi nonyuann nnnnm or concrcxon xnccnn nnn or mio-
cnancxon xnccnn, no (cno nccio nnmi n rox, uro6i xoncynirn-
ponaricn.
÷ Haxo, ÷ ncpc6nn n cio, ÷ xi cmc nc nponcnn ana-
nn: n nc npoxoncynirnponannci xax Impo. . .
÷ Oro namc (cno, c xcx 6y(cx xoncynirnponaricn' ÷
cxa:an cxy Koun. ÷ H nc rc6c nac yunri. Xnarnr rc6c cnoc-
noninnuari. Tcncpi ri orunraricn (on»cn, (o nocnc(ncio or-
unraricn.
On noxonuan, a :arcx, cnonno naxo(nci ncpc( 6onimnx
orxpirncx, o6parnncn x nax:
÷ 2 (yxam, uro nax cnc(ycr iny6oxo paccxorpcri ni-
cxa:inannc ¬roio ¬ncxcnra «npoxoncynirnponannci nn ni c
concrcxon xnccncn». Mnoioc cxpinacrcn n paxxax npono(nxoio
naxn anann:a. Cy(n no cio nicxa:inannm, Haxo cunracr, uro
ccnn xi coo6mnx o6 ¬rox concrcxon xnccnn, ona xo»cr
n:nri Haxo no( :amnry n cxa:ari nax «nc rponirc cio». µo-
nycrnx, uro xi npncnymacxcn x cnonax concrcxon xnccnn.
Hy, a uro n: ¬roio nin(cr" Cranyr npaiaxn (nc 6onimnc
naprnn, (nc 6parcxnc naprnn, cnannan miocnancxan naprnn
n B¬xan¬
1
. Bor xy(a nrninnacr nac cnonxn ia(xnxn xnrpocrn-
xn Haxo Cnnpy' ÷ ncxpnxnyn Koun. ÷ B ¬rox-ro n cio an-
rnconcrunna '
÷ ¹ro" ¹ro" ÷ cnpocnn Haxo, oncxcn, no c ncxoropon
nponncn: ÷ H anrnconcrunxox xcnn na:inacmi"
÷ Ha:inam, (a xax' Anrnmiocnanox, anrnconcrunxox,
anrnan6anncx n xax rc6c yio(no na:ony. Taxon ri. Or-
unrinancn, ÷ pcncn Koun, a Han(n Kpncro xnnan, o(o-
_____________________________________
1 BKH(6).
39O
6pnn «nonnrnuccxnc» yxnmpcnnn xnnncrpa nnyrpcnnnx (cn.
2 nonnn, uro (cna nccixa ocno»nnnnci, n rpy(no 6ino
c nnxn cnpannricn. 3aionopmnnxnn yx Koun µ:o(:c ioron 6in
nnccrn nm6ic nnrpnin n (cnari n: nc6inn 6ini.
On no(yxan, uro nacrano npcxn, xoi(a 6onimc nc pcmann
nn Impo, nn Ccxpcrapi. «Icncpan» n:nn (y6nnxy n cnon pyxn.
Mi pcmnnn npo(on»ari :acc(annc ncucpox cnc(ymmcio (nn
n 8 (2O) uacon.
Hpc»(c, ucx o6¡nnnri :acc(annc :axpirix, n (o6annn:
÷ Ha npc(cronmcx :acc(annn n nc no:nonm ionopnri
raxnx ronox n, uro6 nccx 6ino ncno ÷ xi 6y(cx anann-
:nponari namy nnnnm, namy pa6ory n, n ¬rnx paxxax, pac-
cxorpnx n nonpoc o rox, n ucx n n xaxon xcpc orncrcrncn
ronapnm Haxo, no nc ronixo xacarcnino o6nnncnnn, npc(¡n-
nncnnoio Haxo 3narnucx n ynoxnnyroio :(cci Koun.
Ho oxonuannn :acc(annn n no(omcn x Koun n cxa:an cxy:
÷ Ti cnnmxox pa:omcncn. Onpoxcrunno nocrynnn. Ha(o
6ino cnoxonncc n xna(noxponncc ionopnri n paccy»(ari.
÷ A, Onncp, xi c (pyinxn . . . c npaiaxn nc(cx pa:¡n-
cnnrcninym pa6ory, a caxn nc pa:6npacxcn, n ucx (cno' 2
»c ncc ¬ro npcxn ionopnn rc6c: xax-ro uacro nicrynacmi n
no((cp»xy Haxo Cnnpy' Hpomy rc6n, nc no((cp»nnan cio
6onimc'
÷ 2 nc n no((cp»xy Haxo nicrynam, ÷ cxa:an n cxy,
÷ a n no((cp»xy roio, uro xnc xa»crcn npannninix.
Taxnx o6pa:ox, xi paccrannci, uro6i onnri ncrpcrnricn
na cnc(ymmnn (cni, ncpncc, ncucpox roio »c (nn, n6o nourn
nacrynnno yrpo 2O non6pn 1947 io(a.
O cnc n nc xoino 6iri pcun. 2 6in y6c»(cn n rox, uro
nc ronixo ncc (cna npnnnxann (ypnon o6opor, cxarinanci
na caxin omn6ounin n nopounin nyri, no n npocro, c rouxn
:pcnnn caxix ¬ncxcnrapnix npannn nnyrpnnaprnnnon »n:nn,
nocrynann nccnpanc(nnno. O(naxo n (yxan, uro na»no 6ino ro,
xaxym ni(cp»xy nponnnr Haxo Cnnpy. 2 6in y6c»(cn, uro, no
cymccrny, n cnn:n c no(nnxanmnxcn nonpocax omn6ox y ncio
nc 6ino, n rncp(o ncpnn, uro n (annox cnyuac cio cronxno-
391
ncnnn c miocnanaxn 6inn cnpanc(nnnixn n ncn:6c»nixn.
Ho cxonixo n xax ycronr on ncpc( o6nnncnncx"'
Mnc nnxano nc nonpannnoci cio xinoncnnoc pa:(pa»c-
nnc, xoi(a xi coo6mnnn cxy, uro 6ino ni(nnnyro miocnana-
xn npornn naprnn n cio caxoio, n oco6cnnocrn. Mnc nc non-
pannnnci nn namc(mnc na ncio nnocnc(crnnn omcnoxncnnc
n :axcmarcnicrno, nn ro, xax on nonpocnn nnri (ncn na no(-
ioronxy. Ho cymccrny, n 6in coinaccn, uro6i on ioronnncn,
ccnn nona(o6nrcn, nc nnri (ncn, no n 6onimc, o(naxo ro,
xax on npocnn ¬roio, cnonno yxonnmmc, xax 6y(ro pcui mna
o no(auxc, nc nonpannnoci xnc. 2 :nan cio nxnynicnnnin rcx-
ncpaxcnr, n:-:a xoropoio ionopnn on nopom n:nnrcninic
cnona. Oco6cnno n rc rpy(nic xoxcnri raxnx nc(ocrarxon
ncni:n 6ino nixa:inari.
K nony(nm nocryuann xo xnc n (ncpi, nomcn Haxo Cnn-
py. Iin on norpnccnnin, ynanmnn (yxox n conccx n:xy-
ucnnin.
÷ Xorcn 6i cmc pa: nonpocnri nac, ÷ cxa:an on. ÷
Bon(nrc n xoc rpy(noc nono»cnnc. Hcnoni:ynrc cnoc nnnn-
nnc, uro6i xnc npc(ocrannnn nnri (ncn.
÷ Cnyman xcnn, Haxo, ÷ orncrnn n. ÷ Mi nxccrc npn-
mnn caxic rpy(nic npcxcna n xoxcnri. Iinn xoxcnri, xo-
i(a npai cronn nnnox x nnny c naxn n xi :nann, xax ornc-
uari cxy, no 6inn rax»c n xoxcnri, xoi(a npai naxo(nncn
cpc(n nac n ncncixo 6ino pacno:nari cio n nanccrn cxy y(ap.
÷ Pa:nc n ni cunracrc xcnn npaiox" ÷ npoionopnn
on, onycrnn pyxn.
÷ Hcr, ¬roio n nc ionopm, (a n nnxoi(a nc ionopnn. Ta-
xnc cnona, raxoc o6nnncnnc ncxo(nr or (pyinx, or (pyion
naprnn. Tc6c ¬ro orxpiro cxa:ann. Hy uro, pa:nc ri nnaxari
(on»cn" Hcr, ¬ro rc6c nc x nnny, ¬ro nc x nnny xoxxynn-
cry. Ti (on»cn orncpinyri o6nnncnnc. Ti cnoc xncnnc cxa»n,
cnon (ono(i npnnc(n.
÷ Kax pa: no¬roxy n n npnmcn, (anrc »c xnc npcxn
na no(ioronxy'
÷ O6 ¬rox, ÷ cxa:an n, ÷ nc n pcmam, ¬ro Impo pc-
392
mnno. Cnyman xcnn, Haxo, na uro rc6c 5 (ncn, nc(i xi rona-
pnmn, ionopnri na(o o6o nccx rax, xax ono n ccri na caxox
(cnc. £(nncrncnnoc, ucx n xoiy noxoui rc6c n raxon cnrya-
nnn, ÷ orxcrnn n, ÷ ¬ro noconcronari rc6c: ionopn orxpi-
ro n ncxpcnno. Y»c nacran (cni, Haxo, nono»nri na cron
ncc, uro io(axn ocrananoci cxpirix n rannix. Hacrynnn
y»c nc ronixo (nn rc6n, no n (nn nccx nac xoxcnr orncrnri
na nonpoci, xoropic n ncci(a no(nnxan: uro ¬ro :a cnrya-
nnn, ucx ona ni:nana, npannnino nn ¬ro nnn ncr, n ucx
npnunni ¬roio, uro cnc(ycr npc(npnnnri"' Ha cxaxim «no(-
cy(nxix» noca(nnn ninc rc6n. O(naxo xpnrnuccxnc :axcua-
nnn nc o(noio rc6n xacamrcn. Onn iny6»c n mnpc npocrnpa-
mrcn. Orncuan na ro, uro rc6c n nnny nxcnnmr, xna(no-
xponno n cxcno; ncpm, uro raxnc xauccrna y rc6n nc or-
cyrcrnymr. Taxnx o6pa:ox, xi, naprnn, Hcnrpaninin Ko-
xnrcr cxo»cx npannnino cy(nri n xax cnc(ycr orncuari na
o6nnncnnn.
÷ Mnc ny»no npcxn na ro, uro6i ncc no(ioronnri, noc-
cranonnri n naxnrn n no nopn(xy n:no»nri.
÷ 2 »c rc6c cxa:an, ¬ro nc or xcnn :anncnr, nc(i ri
»c cax 6in na :acc(annn. O(naxo nc ncc xonunrcn ccio(nn.
µananrc no:ixcxcn :a anann:, norox ncc no nopn(xy nincnnr-
cn: xro npan, a xro ncnpan ÷ ri, n, Koun nnn »c xro-nn6o
(pyion. Bor, uro n xoiy rc6c cxa:ari.
÷ Hocrapamci, ÷ npoionopnn on n ymcn.
2 nonaian, uro n cno»nnmcncn rn»cnon cnryannn rncp-
(an ni(cp»xa Haxo, nonnoc pacxpirnc xapr n ninc(cnnc
nccio na uncrym no(y nnnrcn, 6iri xo»cr, o(nnx n: inannix
n caxix na(c»nix nyrcn x cnaccnnm. H pcui mna npn ¬rox
nc o Haxo, o6o xnc caxox nnn xox-nn6o (pyiox. B cnyuac
nponnncnnn naxn ni(cp»xn, nponc(cnnn orxpiroio n ncxpcn-
ncio anann:a ncc (on»na 6ino ncnniri napy»y. 2 nonaian,
uro rcx caxix nincnnrcn ncrnna, n naprnn n napo( n:6a-
nnrcn or ipo:nnmcn nx onacnocrn...
Ho nxcnno, xoi(a n (yxan, uro nacrano npcxn n na:pc-
nn ycnonnn c(cnari ro, uro nax y»c (anno cnc(onano c(c-
393
nari, ro, uro xnc noxcmann c(cnari n 1946 io(y, pac-
naxnnacrcn (ncpi n n xom pa6ouym xoxnary npinacrcn Koun
µ:o(:c:
÷ 2 »c ionopnn rc6c, ÷ xpnxnyn on, ÷ uro on npai,
xcp:ancn. Hoxonunn c co6on, co6auicn cxcprim yxcp. Tcx
caxix on (oxa:an, uro 6in :axopcncnix npaiox'
÷ Kro" ÷ cnpocnn n. ÷ B ucx (cno"
÷ Haxo Cnnpy :acrpcnnncn. Toio n :acny»nnan'
Ionopnn on c raxnx incnox, uro ncrpy(no 6ino ynonnri
n cio cnonax iny6oxoc, nnyrpcnncc :nopa(crno. Hrax, co cncni
:aionopmnxon ymna c(nncrncnnan npcipa(a, xcmanman nx
nanpannri crpcni npornn xcnn.
µnn Koun ¬ro o:nauano (anincnmnn 6onimon mai nnc-
pc( x ocymccrnncnnm cio xoncunon ncnn. Caxoy6nncrno Haxo
Cnnpy iny6oxo xcnn norpncno, (a n nc 6c: ocnonannn. Pa:
on cunran cc6n ncnnnonnix, nc 6ino npnunni (onrn (o ca-
xoy6nncrna. On 6in inannon ncpconon, orncuanmcn :a ¬xono-
xnuccxnc npo6ncxi, n nocxonixy 6in y6c»(cn n rox, uro
miocnancxan ¬xonoxnuccxan nnnnn 6ina ncnpannninon, ro on
(on»cn 6in nicrynnri n :amnry namcn nnnnn, xoropym na-
xo(nn npannninon; x roxy »c on :nan, uro noni:onancn n
xocn nonnon no((cp»xon. Oroio on nc c(cnan. Hc nocrynnn
nn on rax co crpaxy" Hnn »c no xaxon-nn6y(i (pyion npnunnc"
Ho cmc 6onimc ronxnynn xcnn nopa:xicnnri o6 ¬rox cio
cnona «:a 15 (ncn c(cnam An6annm npomiocnancxon». Xna(no-
xponno paccxorpcnnoc, ¬ro «nicxa:inannc» no6y(nno xcnn :a-
(yxaricn na( rcx, nc ncxo(nn nn Haxo (o cnx nop n: anrn-
miocnancxnx no:nnnn, nicrynan c xpnrnuccxnxn :axcuannn-
xn (xoropic caxn no cc6c 6inn npannninixn)" Y xcnn no:-
nnx nonpoc: nc yxnarnncn nn on :a omn6xn n ncnpannninic
no:nnnn miocnanon, uro6i ncnoni:onari nx n onpc(cncnnix,
no :aro nc naprnnnix ncnnx n crpcxncnnnx"
Haxo Cnnpy oucni noxoi 6i naprnn, ccnn 6i pacxpin
:axynncnic nponcxn rnronncn n poni Koun µ:o(:c. Ho :a-
o(no on pacxpin 6i n cnon ipcxn, rax uro, oxa:anmnci na
ncpcnyric, nc namcn n cc6c cxcnocrn rax nocrynnri. Haxo
394
nocrannn cnom «pcnyrannm» nimc nnrcpccon naprnn n noxon-
unn caxoy6nncrnox.
Hpomno nccio nccxonixo xccnncn n ncrnna conccx nin-
cnnnaci. Haxo Cnnpy npornnonocrannn cc6n miocnanax noro-
xy, uro onn noxnnynn n 6c(c cnocio ucnoncxa, npnuacrnoio x
6cparcxoxy :aionopy, n npc(nounn cxy Koun µ:o(:c. Toi(a
Haxo o6parnn n:opi na (pyiym cropony, na cropony 6oncc
ncnnxon, ucx Kiocnannn «(cp»ani». On cnn:ancn c concrcxnxn.
Orn cio cnn:n xi naxo(nnn 6oncc ucx ccrccrncnnixn n nop-
xaninixn, cny»nnmnxn namcxy (cny, (cny connann:xa, o(-
naxo Haxo nc rax paccxarpnnan nx, on cnn:ancn c nnxn nc
npocro n: uyncrna yna»cnnn n nm6nn. B c6nn»cnnn c co-
ncrcxnxn on nn(cn cpc(crno, nyri x nann:inannm cc6n (py-
inx n oco6cnno Koun, uro6i ycrpannri cio n :annri cio
xccro. Kaxym poni nipann concrcxnc (n nxcm n nn(y corpy(-
nnxon concrcxon xnccnn n Tnpanc n annaparunxon nn:mcio
nnn cpc(ncio panra n Mocxnc, c xoropixn Haxo ncrpcuancn)
n noompcnnn ax6nnnn Haxo ÷ ¬roio n nc :nam. 2 nnmi ro
:nam, uro oco6cnno concrcxnc concrnnxn n cncnnanncri n
Tnpanc nm6nnn n concpmcnno orxpiro npc(nounrann Haxo
Cnnpy, npncnymnnannci x cio cnony rax »c, xax n on npncny-
mnnancn x nx cnony. O(naxo ¬ro qaxr, uro concrcxnc rona-
pnmn nn pa:y nc xo(arancrnonann npn nac :a Haxo Cnnpy.
Hocnc cio caxoy6nncrna o(nn ronapnm n: concrcxoio no-
conicrna, no qaxnnnn Iaiapnnon, ycrno ync(oxnn nac o rox,
uro Haxo Cnnpy nanpannn nx nncixo, n xoropox ionopnn,
uro «nocnc rn»xnx o6nnncnnn, no:nc(cnnix na xcnn miocnan-
cxnx pyxono(crnox, n niny»(cn noxonunri c co6om...». Bor
n ncc, uro nax cxa:ann. Concrcxnc concrnnxn n oco6cnno inan-
nin concrnnx no ¬xonoxnuccxnx nonpocax, Tponnxnn, onna-
xann Haxo n nc cxpinann cnocn cxop6n, no rcx nc xcncc
(o ¬roio axra nnn »c (nn npc(ornpamcnnn cio onn nnucio
nc npc(npnnnnn. µyxam, uro onn nnucio nc :nann o nponcxo-
(nnmcx nnn, (a»c n ccnn xaxon-nn6o n: npn6nn»cnnix Haxo
nocrannn nx n n:nccrnocri o6 ¬rox, concrcxnc nc counn yxccr-
nix nxcmnnaricn n ¬ro (cno. Iiri xo»cr, Haxo nc 6c: yxi-
395
cna cnpocnn n Impo «npoxoncynirnponannci nn ni c concr-
cxon xnccncn nacucr raxoio anann:a"» n nonpocnn npn ¬rox
nnrn(ncnnin cpox na no(ioronxy nnn, ncpncc, uro6i ncpc(ari
Mocxnc cninan «SOS' Cnacnrc xcnn'».
Ho nnocnc(crnnn no(rncp(nnoci, uro (pyian cropona, mio-
cnani, cncmnnn ÷ n nxcnno onn (oncnn Haxo Cnnpy (o co-
ncpmcnnoio nx nn:xcnnoio n ncnpocrnrcninoio axra. Hpc(y-
npc»(cnnic Koun µ:o(:c o rox, uro Haxo Cnnpy xoi pac-
xpiri n Impo ncc nnrn :aionopa, xoropin nauancn n Icparc
n npo(on»an (cncrnonari, miocnani nicrannnn ncpc( Haxo
aicnrypnic (oxyxcnri, n xoropix ror nicxa:inancn npornn
namcn naprnn n npornn xcnn. Oxa:anmnci n rpy(nox nono-
»cnnn, paccy»(an xax xcmannn, Haxo no(yxan, uro norc-
pncr n xom no((cp»xy n ynn(cn cc6n n 6c:nixo(nox no-
no»cnnn.
£io xoncn oxonuarcnino :axpin n c(nncrncnnin ocran-
mnncn nyri nixo(a n: nono»cnnn, co:(annoio miocnanaxn.
On yncc n xoinny ranny cocrpnnannoio :aionopa. B ro »c
npcxn caxoy6nncrno Haxo nnnnoci xomncnmnx opy»ncx, xo-
ropoc miocnani n nx aicnri, Koun µ:o(:c n xoxnannn, npn-
nnnnci ncnoni:onari rcncpi (nn ocymccrnncnnn cnonx
ncncn. Hyri x cocpc(oroucnnm y(apa na xcnn y»c 6in
orxpir.
H, uro6i cmc 6onimc pa:¡ncnnri, x ucxy crpcxnnnci
miocnani, na (pyion (cni nocnc caxoy6nncrna Haxo Cnnpy,
Cano 3narnu no(xo(nr x Tyxy 2xona n ionopnr cxy:
÷ Hy»no oucni ocropo»no ornocnricn x nponcxo(nmcxy
n namcn naprnn, nc(i noxo»cc na ¬ro cnyuanoci panimc n n
namcn naprnn. Panimc y nac icncpaninin ccxpcrapi naprnn,
Iopxnu, n:xcnnnxox 6in . . .
Bcc ¬ro 6ino nanpanncno ncnocpc(crncnno npornn xcnn.
Ornx Cano 3narnu nonyunn ncpnym (ani cnocn no6c(i.
Aicnri Icnipa(a ÷ Koun µ:o(:c, Han(n Kpncro n (py-
inc npnnnnn n cnon pyxn :naxn 6opi6i n pa:ncpnynn caxoc
xcp:xoc nacrynncnnc na naprnm, na cc nnnnm n na xcnn.
Hauancn nponccc 6ccxpannnx «:acc(annn» n «anann:on» n Im-
396
po, i(c rcncpi npco6na(an n orxpiro (npn»nponan Koun
µ:o(:c.
Kpnrnxa, c(cnannan miocnanaxn, 6ina npn:nana cnpanc-
(nnnon. Ioncc roio, ycnnnn n npannninic n:inn(i, n:naian-
mnccn xnom, Haxo n (pyinxn ronapnmaxn, o6cpnynnci npo-
unn nac n 6inn ncnoni:onani (nn roio, uro6i no(ucpxnyri
namc nc(oncpnc x «npannninon nnnnn Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra
Koxxynncrnuccxon naprnn Kiocnannn». Tc:nci o ncpccxorpc
6cparcxoio Hncnyxa, xon orncr Cano 3narnuy n cnn:n c ncp-
non nx xpnrnxon ÷ ncc ¬ro 6ino n:yucno n ncnoni:onano c
ncnim noxa:ari, uro n n Haxo y»c (anno nnrann nc(oncpnc
x Kiocnannn. µcncrnnn xono(c»n na crponxc »cnc:non (o-
poin n na (pyinx o6¡cxrax 6inn pacncncni xax npa»(c6nic
axri, nanpanncnnic npornn miocnanon n npornn nnnnn na-
mcn naprnn, n n ocnonnox 6inn nocranncni n nnny Haxo.
Kax nn n ucx nc 6inano 6inn orncpinyri ncc (oxna(i na-
mnx xonrponinix opianon n naprnnnix pa6ornnxon na »c-
nc:non (opoic n n (pyinx xccrax. To, uro no(rncp»(ano
rounocri npannninix n:inn(on namnx nm(cn, 6ino (cranino
co6pano, uro6i na nx ocnonc «(oxa:ari» o6parnoc, n niio(-
nox (nn miocnanon nanpanncnnn. Haxo 6in orncccn x uncny
mnnonon n n:xcnnnxon naprnn'
Haprnn n Po(nna ncpc»nnann caxic rpy(nic n caxic
rpainuccxnc xoxcnri. Una y»c «pa6ora» na( rcx, uro6i
ncc ¬rn nonpoci c(cnari o6¡cxrox o6cy»(cnnn Hcnrpani-
noio Koxnrcra naprnn, a :arcx nccn naprnn n napo(a.
Kax pa: n pa:iap ¬ron rn»cnon o6cranonxn, xoropan xno-
inx xa:anoci 6c:nixo(non, npnmna pa(ocrnan nccri: or nxc-
nn naprnn n npannrcnicrna 6parcxon Ioniapnn Icopinn µn-
xnrpon npninaman c nn:nrox n Ioniapnm npannrcnicrncnnym
(cnciannm HP An6annn no inanc co xnom. Hpninamcnnc 6ino
oqnnnaninix, (cnanoci ono n orncr na :apancc nanpanncn-
nym naxn npoci6y, n miocnani, xax n nx aicnrypa n namnx
pn(ax, oxa:annci ncpc( concpmnnmnxcn qaxrox. Hcnonino
(yxacrcn, uro n cnny caxnx rpy(nix xoxcnron, xoropic nc-
pc»nnana nama naprnn, raxoc npninamcnnc 6ino c(cnano nc
397
6c: concra Crannna, (cnanoci ono n npornnoncc nponcxax
miocnanon. Kax-nnxax, ncco6man ¬nqopnn n yncpcnnocri n
rox, uro ncc non(cr xax onn paccunrinann, no6y(nnn miocna-
non «orcrynnri». Mi orno»nnn anann:i na 6oncc no:(ncc
npcxn n crann ioronnricn x noc:(xc n Ioniapnm.
398
VII
HAH UEFH1H HW3WT H HP BOA1AFWK
Fankonnu nopyuac1 Koun ±:ou:c kon1ponnpona1u
namy ucn1cnunoc1u
±nmn1pon npnrnamac1 nac c nn:n1om n HP
Bonrapnm * Kpa1kan oc1anonka n Bcnrpauc. Hn:n1
y Tn1o * Fankonnu nm:mnac1 Koun ±:ou:c na 1aü-
nym nc1pcuy. On nopyuac1 cmy kon1ponnpona1u na-
my ucn1cnunoc1u * Honnymmnü npncm n Coqnn *
Oqnnnanunmc ncpcronopm * Vnnn y 1coprnn ±n-
mn1pona. Wnnnucn1 n nonnouu * 3ancpmcnnc oqn-
nnanunmx ncpcronopon n Kpnmnnc. 1coprnü ±nmn-
1pon: «Xpann1c nap1nm unc1oü. Ona uonnna 6m1u
pcnonmnnonnoü, nponc1apckoü, 1orua y nac ncc o6-
pa:yc1cn» * Upoc:uom n Bcnrpauc ÷ Tn1o n Fymm-
nnn * Ho:npamcnnc na Founny.
Bin(n n: icponuccxon Hannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninon
6opi6i, Hapo(nan Pccny6nnxa An6annn npnno»nna ncc ycn-
nnn x ycranonncnnm rccnix (py»ccxnx cnn:cn c Concrcxnx
Com:ox, c 0c(cparnnnon Hapo(non Pccny6nnxon Kiocna-
nncn, c Hapo(non Pccny6nnxon Ioniapncn n co nccxn (py-
inxn cnponcncxnxn napo(no-(cxoxparnuccxnxn crpanaxn.
Hannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninan 6opi6a n xponi, nponnran
namnxn napo(axn n ¬ron 6opi6c c o6mnx npaiox, nc»ann
399
B ocnonc raxon ncnnxon (py»6i, xoropym xi nnrann n cra-
pannci ycranonnri, nonnornri n »n:ni, 6ccnpccranno yxpcnnnri
n ornomcnnnx co nccxn (py»ccxnxn crpanaxn n 6parcxnxn
napo(axn. B cnom oucpc(i, xi, xorn n npnnccnn 6onimnc
»cprni (o(nn 6opnci n namcn crpanc n ocno6o(nn cc cnonxn
cnnaxn, cpa»anci n :a npc(cnaxn namnx iocy(apcrncnnix
ipannn, uro6i noxoui n ocno6o»(cnnn Kiocnannn), npannni-
no oncnnnn 6onimon n pcmammnn ocno6o(nrcninin nxna(
Kpacnon apxnn, xax n nxna( Kiocnancxon nannonanino-oc-
no6o(nrcninon apxnn n r.(. µpyinc »c yxannnn namy 6opi6y
n, nocnoni:onanmnci rcx, uro xi ncpno, coinacno xapxcncr-
cxo-ncnnncxon nnnnn crannnn ¬ror nonpoc, n:o6pa:nnn (cno
rax, 6y(ro «ncc 6ino c(cnano nxn» n uro «6c: nnx xi nn-
ucio nc (ocrninn 6i». µnn nnx An6annn 6ina ipy(nix xna-
(cnncx, xoropoio cnc(onano nonri xonoxox n: po»xa, (cp-
»ari no( narpnapxaninon oncxon rax, uro6i cc ionoca nc
6ino cnimno n xonncprc nonnrnxn, npono(nnmcncn (pyinxn
crpanaxn napo(non (cxoxparnn. Kax n y»c ionopnn, n ncp-
nic io(i raxon (yx npcnc6pc»cnnn x nax omymancn npc»(c
nccio n nonc(cnnn miocnancxnx pyxono(nrcncn, xoropic ncnn
cc6n raxnx o6pa:ox nc ronixo noroxy, uro 6inn 6c::acrcn-
unnixn xcianoxanaxn, no n noroxy, uro npccnc(onann no or-
nomcnnm x nax rcxnic ncnn. Or (pyinx onn rpc6onann nccio
nnmi oqnnnaninoio «npn:nannn» An6annn na 6yxaic, cnona-
xn n n:(ancxa, no :aro nnxonx o6pa:ox nc xorcnn, uro6i ra-
xoc npn:nannc xonxpcrn:nponanoci no ncccroponnnx n:anxnix
cnn:nx namcn crpani c (pyinxn crpanaxn napo(non (cxoxpa-
rnn, nxnmuan cm(a n Concrcxnn Com:. B n:nccrnon xcpc ra-
xan anrnan6ancxan nonnrnxa Icnipa(a nxcna ycncx, n ¬ro
qaxr, uro (py»ccxnc crpani napo(non (cxoxparnn, xorn
oqnnnanino npn:nann nac cmc n 1945 n 1946 io(ax, n (cn-
crnnrcninocrn :nann nac n:(ancxa, a, uro xy»c, ncxo(n n:
roio, xax «npc(crannnna» nac nx Kiocnannn.
Hcpnonauanino raxon (yx n raxan npaxrnxa nonyunnn
pa:nnrnc n 6inn (o:noncni, no nc naxn. Koncuno, ¬ror (yx
nxcn cnon npnnnni n ornnni, npcxpamancn n conpono»(ancn
cxpc»crox :y6on (o rcx nop, noxa Iop(ncn y:cn nc 6in pa:-
4OO
py6ncn xcuox. Ho (ananrc nc 6y(cx :a6ciari nncpc(. Cnc(ycr
orxcrnri, uro Kiocnannn n Tnro 6inn :annrcpcconani n
rox, uro6i xi 6inn n:onnponannixn, onn, 6c: coxncnnn,
xancnpnponann n npo(on»ann xancnpnponari :a xynncaxn
rax»c n nanpanncnnn Ioniapnn n nxcnn ycncx nnnori (o roio
xoxcnra, xoi(a or nxcnn Hpannrcnicrna n Koxxynncrnuccxon
naprnn Ioniapnn µnxnrpon npninacnn namy (cnciannm c
nn:nrox n Coqnm.
C(cnannoc µnxnrponix npninamcnnc 6ino c 6onimnx
nocropiox ncrpcucno naxn, xoi(a n nncc cio n Honnr6mpo n
Hpannrcnicrno na paccxorpcnnc n o(o6pcnnc. B roi(amncn rn-
»cnon arxocqcpc ono 6ino cnonno ncnin (cni nocnc rcxnon
n upcnaron onacnocrnxn noun. Mnc nopyunnn cqopxynnpo-
nari n yrounnri npo6ncxi, xoropic nax npc(cronno ni(nn-
nyri, :annricn (pyinxn rcxnnuccxnxn nonpocaxn, onpc(cnnri
cocran (cnciannn n nocrannri n n:nccrnocri o6 ¬rox nocnon
(py»ccxnx crpan.
Bnauanc n npninacnn 6oniapcxoio nocna, cnona no6naio(a-
pnn cio n ncpc(an cxy oqnnnaninin orncr ÷ coo6mnn o
npnnnrnn npninamcnnn. Ocrananoci nccio nnmi nxccrc ycra-
nonnri rounin (cni nic:(a.
3arcx n npninacnn concrcxoio nocna, xoropoio rax»c
nocrannn n n:nccrnocri o6 ¬rox. On (an xnc nonnri, uro 6in
ocnc(oxncn o6 ¬rox Mocxnon. 2 nncxonixo nc coxncnancn
n ¬rox n cunran (a»c, uro raxon mai nc xoi 6iri npc(npn-
nnr, nc noconcronanmnci n co Crannnix. Oro nccnnno n nac
oco6oc (oncpnc. Ho n yxc xi npnxn(inann, uro n miocnani
6inn n xypcc (cna. Tcx nc xcncc, n ni:nan n miocnancxoio
nocna n nocrannn cio n n:nccrnocri o6 ¬rox. On nicnyman
xcnn, (cnan :axcrxn, n cxa:an, uro ncxc(ncnno coo6mnr o6
¬rox cnocxy npannrcnicrny n Icnipa(c. 2 :axcrnn, uro nccri
cio nc coipcna n, nacxonixo n nonnn, on nc :nan o npnina-
mcnnn.
÷ H:nccrno nn ¬ro concrcxoxy nocny" ÷ cnpocnn xcnn on.
2 orncrnn, uro nocrannn cio n n:nccrnocri. Cxa:an cxy
rax»c, uro noionopnx no:(ncc, xoi(a ycranonnx c 6oniapa-
xn (cni nic:(a.
4O1
÷ Ho nyrn xi :ac(cx n Icnipa( H nonpocnx namcn no-
xomn, ÷ xonunn n.
Tor orncrnn:
÷ Hcnpcxcnno'
Taxnx o6pa:ox «xopomo» n «no-ronapnmccxn» paccrancn
n n c miocnancxnx nocnox, xorn n coo6pa»an, uro miocnani
nc xoinn 6iri (ononini rox, uro nax npn(crcn npnocranonnri
anann:i, orno»nn na 6oncc no:(ncc npcxn «an6ancxnn no-
npoc», xoropin cronn y nnx na nonccrxc (nn.
Hauannci n xonunnnci npnioronncnnn, n xi ornpannnnci
n Coqnm ucpc: Icnipa(. µcnciannm no:inannnn n, a inannixn
cc uncnaxn 6inn Koun µ:o(:c, Xmcnn Kano, Kpncro Tc-
xcnixo.
2 6in upc:xcpno pa( roxy, uro cxan n Ioniapnm µn-
xnrpona. Taxym 6onimym pa(ocri ncnirinan n Xmcnn. Bncm-
nc xa:anoci, 6y(ro Koun n Kpncro Tcxcnixo ncnirinann ro
»c caxoc (no no:(ncc nincnnnoci, uro ¬ro nc rax 6ino).
Oro n rpcrnn pa: n ocrannnn Po(nny, ornpannnnci c oqnnn-
aninixn (cnciannnxn n 6parcxnc n (py»ccxnc crpani: n ncp-
nin pa: xi cxann n Icnipa(, x Tnro; no nropon pa: n Mocx-
ny, x Crannny, a rcncpi ÷ n Coqnm, x µnxnrpony.
Ham napo(, nama naprnn n namc npannrcnicrno nnrann
x Ioniapnn n cc ni(ammcxycn no»(m, µnxnrpony, iopnuym
nm6oni n cnxnarnm. Orn uyncrna 6inn ocnonani na crapix
ncropnuccxnx rpa(nnnnx (py»6i, a rpa(nnnn (py»6i (animc
oxpcnnn n io(i Hannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninon 6opi6i, nc-
cxorpn na ro, uro cnn:n n xonraxri xc»(y naxn n 6oniap-
cxnxn naprn:anaxn 6inn pc(xnxn. Oco6cnno ni(ammancn
nnunocri Icopinn µnxnrpona rccno cnn:inana nac ncocnopn-
xix n(cnno-nonnrnuccxnx c(nncrnox. B(oxnonnnnman namn
naprnn xapxcncrcxo-ncnnncxan n(conoinn ÷ nor craninic y:i,
coc(nnnnmnc nac no nccx namnx (cncrnnnx.
B npomnox, xoi(a an6ancxnn napo( 6oponcn npornn ccp6-
cxnx npnrn:annn n rcppopa, xi (py»nnn c 6oniapcxnx na-
po(ox, xi nm6nnn, yna»ann (pyi (pyia n oxa:inann (pyi
(pyiy noxomi. Harpnori n (cnrcnn namcio Hannonaninoio
Bo:po»(cnnn naxo(nnn n 6oniapcxox napo(c yxpirnc n no-
4O2
xomi n cnocn 6opi6c; n caxon Coqnn 6inn co:(ani an6an-
cxnc narpnornuccxnc o6mccrna, rax ncuarannci an6ancxnc
xnnin n ia:cri, xoropic ncncianino nno:nnn n An6annm.
Hamn orpn(i Hannonaninoio Bo:po»(cnnn n n ncpno( 6an-
xancxnx nonn no((cp»nnann rccnic 6ocnic cnn:n c noncran-
uccxnxn orpn(axn ¬rnx xpacn, npc(npnnnxann conxccrnic
6ocnic (cncrnnn n yxpinann (pyi (pyia. Tax uro cnn:n na-
mnx napo(on ncropnuccxn n (anno y»c 6inn nccixa (py»c-
crncnnixn. Conxccrnan Anrnqamncrcxan Hannonanino-ocno-
6o(nrcninan 6opi6a cmc 6onimc yxpcnnna ¬rn cnn:n, xorn,
xax n y»c ionopnn, n ncpno( nonni xi nc no((cp»nnann
ncnocpc(crncnnix cnn:cn c 6oniapcxnxn naprn:anaxn. O(nn
ronixo pa:, a nxcnno n 1943 io(y, n un6nnor npnmcn ncrpc-
rnricn co xnom Ioniapanon. Mi o6xcnnnnci xncnnnxn o
6opi6c n y xcnn cno»nnoci nncuarncnnc, uro onn, 6oniapi,
6inn cna6ixn. H, (cncrnnrcnino, naprn:ancxan 6opi6a n Ion-
iapnn pa:nnnanaci xc(ncnno n pa:iopcnaci n mnpoxox xac-
mra6c ronixo nocnc ncrynncnnn Kpacnon apxnn n Ioniapnm.
Ha ncrpcuc co xnom Ioniapanon xopomo oro:nancn o mio-
cnanax, xax n o namnx, an6ancxnx orpn(ax, (cncrnonanmnx n
xpanx µn6pi n Maxc(onnn. On cxa:an nax, uro Hcnrpaninin
Koxnrcr Ioniapcxon xoxxynncrnuccxon naprnn nanpannn cio
ry(a c nopyucnncx nccrn pa6ory cpc(n xaxc(onncn, xoropix
on na:inan x roxy npcxcnn 6oniapaxn. 2 :nan, uro Ioniapa-
non nc na(nn c Byxxanonnucx Tcxno, pyxono(nnmnx nann-
onanino-ocno6o(nrcninon 6opi6on n Maxc(onnn, no xnc on
cxa:an, 6y(ro 6in n xopomnx c miocnanaxn ornomcnnnx. 2
orxcrnn Ioniapanony, uro n Maxc(onnm 6inn nxnmucni nc-
nic xpan c an6ancxnx naccncnncx, uro ¬ro cocrannnno nc-
cnpanc(nnnocri npomnoio n uro no oxonuannn Anrnqamncr-
cxon nannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninon 6opi6i nonpoc nanno-
naninocrcn cnc(onano paccxarpnnari, ncxo(n n: ncnnncxnx
nono»cnnn.
÷ unmi cxno:i raxym npn:xy, ÷ cxa:an n, ÷ xoiyr
6iri npannnino pa:pcmcni npo6ncxi ¬rnx panonon, npo»n-
nammnx n nnx nannn n napo(nocrcn, nnauc 6y(yr npo(on-
»aricn nannonaninin incr, crapic npornnopcunn n xonqnnx-
4O3
ii. Koxxynncrnuccxan naprnn Kiocnannn, Koxxynncrnuccxan
naprnn An6annn n Ioniapcxan xoxxynncrnuccxan naprnn, ÷
cxa:an n Ioniapanony, ÷ :a ncci ncpno( 6opi6i npornn o6-
mcio npaia ÷ qamn:xa, (on»ni pa6orari n n rox nanpannc-
nnn, uro6i namn napo(i c(py»nnnci. Hax na(o nonnrnuc-
cxn no(xonari namn napo(i, uro6i noxonunri c iopixnxn
ncpc»nrxaxn npomnoio n nccrn nx x no6c(c; napo(i, crpa-
(anmnc or nccnpanc(nnnocrcn, yunncnnix ncnnxnxn (cp»a-
naxn n monnnn:xox 6anxancxnx iocy(apcrn, (on»ni :anoc-
nari npano na caxoonpc(cncnnc. Tax (yxacx xi uro xacacrcn
an6anncn rcx an6ancxnx xpacn, xoropic 6inn npncoc(nncni
x Kiocnannn.
Hocxonixy n y»c npono»nn nyri, Ioniapanon npnnnncn n
cnom oucpc(i ionopnri o nonpocc Maxc(onnn, xoropym on
cunran uacrim Ioniapnn.
2 (an cxy nicxa:aricn, no nc pacnpocrpannncn o6 ¬rox
nonpocc. Mnc n:nccrno 6ino, uro miocnani cxnonni 6inn
yxannri 6opi6y 6oniap, c npcnc6pc»cnncx ornocnnnci x ncn.
Hc no(nc»nr coxncnnm, uro o(na n: inannix npnunn ¬roio
:axnmuanaci n xaxc(oncxox nonpocc.
Kpoxc ¬ron ncrpcun, n io(i nonni xi nc nxcnn c 6oniapcxn-
xn ronapnmaxn ncnocpc(crncnnoio xonraxra, no uyncrna
nnrcpnannonanncrnuccxon (py»6i x 6oniapcxoxy na-
po(y n Ioniapcxon xoxxynncrnuccxon naprnn (nacxonixo
noxnm, na:inanaci ona roi(a Ioniapcxon pa6oucn naprncn)
xi nocronnno naca»(ann. B ¬rox 6onimym poni nipana nnu-
nocri µnxnrpona, crn»anmcio xnponym n:nccrnocri. Hxn
icpon ucnnnnia, Icncpaninoio Ccxpcrapn Koxnnrcpna, 6ino
na ycrax y xoxxynncron n anrnnanncron nccio xnpa. Onn
nm6nnn cio, nocxnmannci nx, cnymannci cio ncnc( :a ncnnxn-
xn xnaccnxaxn xapxcn:xa-ncnnnn:xa ÷ Mapxcox, Onicnicox,
ucnnnix n Crannnix. µnxnrpon 6in rccnix (pyiox n o(nnx
n: 6nn»anmnx coparnnxon Crannna. Bor noucxy noc:(xa n
Coqnm n ncrpcua c µnxnrponix cocrannnnn (nn nac oipox-
nym pa(ocri.
Hnran nxcnno raxnc uncric n (py»ccxnc uyncrna x (py-
»ccrncnnix n com:nix crpanax, n nicxana nama (cnciannn,
4O4
xoropan 12 (cxa6pn npn6ina n Icnipa(. Bcrpcua na »cnc:no-
(opo»nox nox:anc 6ina nccixa xono(non, no «oqnnnanino
miocnani co6nm(ann «nporoxon crpo»anmnx o6pa:ox»: ncrpc-
uari nac nimnn Kap(cni, Panxonnu, Cnxnu (x roxy npcxcnn xn-
nncrp nnocrpannix (cn), Ic6pani (Hpc(cc(arcni Hnanonon xo-
xnccnn), Tcxno n pn( (pyinx nnunocrcn 6oncc nn:xoio yponnn.
Kax n y»c ionopnn, nam nn:nr n Ioniapnm cocronncn n raxoc
npcxn, xoi(a Tnro n xoxnannn ncpcmnn n nacrynncnnc na nac,
rax uro nonnncnnc na nox:anc nccx «¬raxnx nnunocrcn», xax nx
na:nan Koun µ:o(:c, nnnnoci (nn nac nco»n(annocrim. Ho
nccxy cnoc o6¡ncncnnc, n miocnani xopomo paccunrinann
cnon (cncrnnn. Hy6nnuno, nncmnc cmc nc 6ino nn(no 6oni-
mnx rpcmnn, o6pa:onanmnxcn n ornomcnnnx xc»(y namnxn
naprnnxn n namnxn crpanaxn, n miocnani crapannci n iny-
6oxon rannc npc(npnnnri cnon y(ap. A uro6i pacccnri nm-
6oc no(o:pcnnc ornocnrcnino ¬roio nacrynncnnn, onn npc(-
npnnnxann n xoc-xaxon »ccr «(py»6i» n «6parcrna» no orno-
mcnnm x nax, xaxnx 6ino n nonnncnnc «¬raxnx nnunocrcn»
na nox:anc, o(naxo ncc ¬ro (cnanoci ncxorn, xono(no. Mi
conccx nc 6inn :naxoxi c (nnnoxarnuccxnxn npannnaxn,
nporoxonaxn n qopxaninocrnxn, raxnxn xax ncpcxonnn n
r.(. n nc o6pamann na nnx nnnxannn, no ¬ro qaxr, uro, :a nc-
xnmucnncx nccxonixnx nporoxoninix n nccixa oqnnnaninix
npnncrcrnnn, npn6nn»cnnic Tnro nnucio (pyioio nax nc
oxa:ann. Bnpoucx, raxan xono(nocri nc (on»na 6ina npon:-
nccrn na nac nncuarncnnc. Ha nac nc npon:ncn nncuarncnnc
ror qaxr, uro nax orncnn uacrnin (ox (xoncuno, nannona-
nn:nponannin). Hax cxa:ann, uro (ox npnna(nc»an xoi(a-
ro Cron(nnonnuy, ncnnxoccp6cxoxy pcaxnnoncpy-qamncry, xo-
ropin no npcxcna miocnancxoio xoponcncrna nxcn c ¹nano
ncpcionopi o pa:(cnc An6annn c Hranncn Mycconnnn.
O(naxo, nccxorpn na oxa:annym nax xono(nym ncrpcuy,
na no:nc(cnnic 3narnucx n nam a(pcc o6nnncnnn n rn»cnym
o6cranonxy, ni:nannym y nac ¬rnxn o6nnncnnnxn, n cunran
ny»nix ncnoni:onari npcxn npc6inannn n Icnipa(c (nn ncrpc-
un c Tnro, uro6i ncnocpc(crncnno noionopnri c nnx o rox,
xax o6cronnn (cna na caxox (cnc. C ¬ron ncnim xi pcmnnn
4O5
nonpocnri ncrpcun c nnx, (a»c n ccnn on cax nc npninacnr
nac. Iy(yun com:nnxaxn, xi naxo(nnn yxccrnix rax»c nocra-
nnri cio I n:nccrnocri o ncnnx namcio nn:nra n Ioniapnm, io-
nopnri cxy o :naucnnn (oionopa, xoropin xi npc(nonaiann
no(nncari c 6parcxon Ioniapncn n xoropin xi cunrann
yxpcnncnncx (oionopa, :axnmucnnoio panimc c 0c(cparnnnon
Hapo(non Pccny6nnxon Kiocnanncn. Koncuno, no ¬ro-
xy cnyuam xi xoinn o6xcnnricn c nnxn xncnnnxn n o
xc»(ynapo(non o6cranonxc, no inannoc, ccnn ¬ro no:xo»no
6y(cr, xi xorcnn orxpiro ionopnri o namnx nnyrpcnnnx (c-
nax n o6ocrpnnmnxcn ornomcnnnx c nnxn. Taxona 6ina na-
ma npc(pacnono»cnnocri c npn6irncx n Icnipa(.
B xoxcnr, xoi(a xi (on»ni 6inn paccraricn c Kap(c-
ncx n Panxonnucx, npono»anmnxn nac (o (ncpcn ornc(cn-
noio nax (oxa, n n:no»nn nx namy npoci6y o no:xo»non
ncrpcuc c Tnro.
÷ µa, ÷ cxa:an Kap(cni, xono(nin, xax :xcn. ÷ To-
napnm Tnro cax »cnacr nac npnnnri n ncrpcrnricn c naxn,
6iri xo»cr, cmc ccio(nn ncucpox. Mi coo6mnx nax o6
¬rox n ny»noc npcxn.
µonio »(ari nc npnmnoci, nax ncpc(ann, uro Tnro »(an
nac (nn «npnncrcrncnnon ncrpcun».
Hpan(a, xi xax-ro «n:nonnonannic» mnn x «¬rnx ncnn-
xnx nm(nx», nc(i onn raxnxn n:o6pa»ann cc6n n xorcnn,
uro6i raxnxn xi n cunrann nx. Or nx xapaxrcpa n nonc(cnnn
:annccno co:(annc nn6o ronapnmccxon n rcnnon, nn6o narn-
nyron n npnny»(cnnon o6cranonxn. µna (nn cnycrn nocnc
¬roio xi nncpnic (on»ni 6inn ncrpcrnricn n c µnxnrponix,
no:naxoxnricn c nnx n, cxa:ari no npan(c, Tnro nn n xaxoc
cpanncnnc nc mcn c ni(ammnxcn no»(cx Ioniapnn. Onn or-
nnuannci xc»(y co6on xax nc6o or :cxnn n ¬ro n rax cy»y
nc c ccio(nnmnnx no:nnnn; nxcnno raxnxn 6inn n ro npcxn
xon nncuarncnnn. Tnro unanno o6pamancn c naxn, xono(no,
c(cp»anno n o6(yxanno ncn cc6n, nn n xocx cnyuac nc omn-
6ancn ÷ nc (cnan »ccr, nc ionopnn cnom, xoropic ncpc(a-
nann 6i ronapnmccxym 6nn:ocri n rcnnory. Hcr, nnucio ra-
xoio n ncx nc 6ino, ncc 6ino xono(no n :apancc o6(yxanno.
4O6
B 1946 io(y, na ncpnon ncrpcuc c nnx, xi ionopnnn cc6c,
uro raxon, (on»no 6iri, cio xapaxrcp, o(naxo rcncpi xi co-
o6pa»ann, uro xono(nocri Tnro nxcna (pyion cxicn. On
xorcn, uro6i xi n nncmnc cronnn ncpc( nnx «noxopno», cno-
nno ncpc( narpnapxox.
Ha ¬ror pa: Tnro npnnnn nac nc n (nopnc µc(nnn, a
n npocrox (oxc n caxox iopo(c Icnipa(c, cronnmcx, xa»crcn,
na ynnnc no na:nannm Pyxyncxa. Oro 6in xpacnnin (nyx¬ra»-
nin (ox crapoio crnnn, oxpy»cnnin nicoxnxn crcnaxn. Mi
nomnn n ncpc(nmm, i(c, ccnn nc omn6amci, nac »(ann Tn-
ro, Kap(cni, Panxonnu n Iinnnc. Tnro 6in n ccpox mcpcrn-
nox xocrmxc n n raxoio »c nncra 6ornnxax. Cronn, xax 6y(ro
apmnn npoinornn. On nccio nnmi no»an nax pyxy, cnpocnn
xax namc :(oponic, n, xoi(a ncpcxonnn ¬ra xonunnaci, noncn
nac n cronnmym pn(ox cnom pa6ouym xoxnary. Oro 6ina
ornocnrcnino (nnnnan xoxnara c oxnox uyri nn nc no ncm
cc mnpnny. Y oxna naxo(nncn cio pa6ounn cron, a nocpc(n
xoxnari cronn (pyion, (nnnnin cron. Bn(nxo, rax npoxo(nnn
:acc(annn Impo nnn »c Tnro ni:inan ry(a no (cnax (pyinx
nm(cn. Mi co6npannci cccri :a cron n, xax o6iuno, no o(ny
cropony (on»ni 6inn cn(cri onn, a no (pyiym ÷ xi.
÷ Ho»anyncra, ca(nrcci, ÷ cxa:an Tnro, a cax npo(on-
»an cronri. 2 ccn, xon ronapnmn co6npannci y»c :annri
cnon xccra cnc(ox, o(nn :a (pyinx. Ho Tnro cxa:an:
÷ Tonapnm µ:o(:c, cm(a, no»anyncra, ÷ n yxa:an cxy
cno6o(noc xpccno no inanc crona. Bcc xi ocron6cncnn or ra-
xoio nocrynxa Tnro. O(naxo n xna(noxponno cxa:an noinan-
noxy n xpacxy Koun:
÷ H(n, xy(a rc6c ionopnr'
÷ µa nor, ronapnm xapman, n :(cci nocn»y, nycri rax
ronapnm Onncp cn(nr, ÷ orncrnn cxy Koun.
÷ Hcr, ncr, ÷ npoionopnn Tnro, ÷ n(nrc cm(a, n ni
xo»crc :(cci cn(cri.
2 cnoxonno nonropnn Koun n(rn, xy(a cxy ionopnnn.
Ornx n :ancpmanaci ¬ra nponoxannn. Bcc xi yccnnci. Tnro
n:nn cnon xyn(mryx c n:oinyrix xax y rpy6xn xonnox, ncra-
nnn nannpocy, npnxypnn n npn(nnnyn nauxy xo xnc:
4O7
÷ Ho»anyncra, :axypnrc'
2 cxa:an cxy, uro 6pocnn xypnri (¬ro 6ina ncnpan(a,
no n nc xorcn npnnnri or ncio nannpoci nocnc roio, uro on
c(cnan). 3arcx Tnro o6parnncn xo xnc:
÷ Tonapnmn coo6mnnn xnc, uro ni noc(crc n Ioniapnm
n, nancpnnxa, ncrpcrnrc n µnxnrpona. µononini nn ni npc(-
cronmnx nn:nrox"'
2 nxparnc paccxa:an cxy o ncnn namcio nn:nra n
Ioniapnm, orxcrnn, uro raxoc »cnannc 6ino y nac (an-
no, yxa:an na pacnono»cnnc n nm6oni, xoropic an6an-
cxnn napo( nnran n npo(on»an nnrari x Ioniapnn, x cc na-
po(y, oco6cnno, x ni(ammcxycn no»(m Ioniapnn n xc»(yna-
po(noio xoxxynncrnucoxoio n pa6oucio (nn»cnnn, Icopinm
µnxnrpony. µancc n cxa:an cxy, uro c 6oniapcxnxn rona-
pnmaxn xi npc(ycxarpnnann nccrn ncpcionopi no nonpocy
yxpcnncnnn n:anxnix ornomcnnn xc»(y namnxn naprnnxn
n namnxn crpanaxn, n, n ¬rnx paxxax, co6npannci no(nncari
raxnc (oxyxcnri, xoropic yxpcnnnn 6i nc ronixo nc:anncn-
xocri o6cnx namnx crpan, no n ornomcnnn xc»(y Hapo(non
Pccny6nnxon An6anncn n 0c(cparnnnon Hapo(non Pccny-
6nnxon Kiocnanncn. Tnro cnyman xcnn co xxypix nn(ox, on
nicoxo (cp»an ionony n cxorpcn na xcnn cnonxn crcxnnn-
nixn, xono(nixn ina:axn.
Koi(a n xonunn, Tnro noncpnyncn x Koun n yni6ammc
cxa:an cxy:
÷ Hancpnoc, ni no(ioronnnnci ncpcnnri onir Ioniap-
cxon xoxxynncrnuccxon naprnn.. .
÷ Bo:xo»no, nax npc(crannrcn cnyuan c(cnari n ¬ro,
o(naxo y nac 6c:ipannunic no:xo»nocrn ncpcnnxari n nm-
6ox cnyuac n no nccx onir Koxxynncrnuccxon naprnn Kio-
cnannn, ÷ orncrnn cxy Koun.
Panxonnu c ncpnoio n (o nocnc(ncio xoxcnra cn(cn nc-
no(nn»no, c :acrinmnx nnnox, on nccio nnmi xypnn n:
cnocio 6cnoio (nnnnoio xyn(mryxa.
3arcx cnono n:nn Tnro. On nccnpocra nourn conccx :a-
6in o cxa:annox xnom, o rox, xy(a xi cxann n uro co6n-
pannci (cnari. Oucnn(no 6ino, uro ¬rnx cnonx nonc(cnncx
4O8
on xorcn cxa:ari nax, uro (nn ncio concpmcnno ncna»no 6i-
no, o ucx xi 6y(cx ncpcionapnnaricn c 6oniapaxn. Kopouc
ionopn, ¬rnx on xorcn cxa:ari, uro nx nc npannncn nam npc(-
cronmnn nn:nr, nc cnyuanno Tnro ncm cnom 6ccc(y cocpc(o-
rounn na «yxpcnncnnn ornomcnnn xc»(y An6anncn n Kiocna-
nncn», no(ucpxnyn, uro «¬rn ornomcnnn nxcmr (nn An6annn
6onimoc :naucnnc», uro «nax, an6annax, cnc(ycr 6oporicn
c nc(ocrarxaxn n omn6xaxn, na6nm(ammnxncn n naprnnnon
pa6orc n n iocy(apcrncnnix annaparax», uro6i rcx caxix
nc xcmari ncnoni:onannm «6onimon noxomn, oxa:inacxon
nax Kiocnanncn», xoropan «npnnocnna »cprni» pa(n nac n
r.(. n r.n.'
Y xcnn cno»nnoci nncuarncnnc, uro Tnro npnnnn nac
ncpc( namnx nic:(ox n Ioniapnm, uro6i «nanoxnnri» nax
o rox, uro «nam nyri» n n Coqnm, rax »c xax n Mocxny n
xy(a 6i ro nn 6ino, «npoxo(nn ucpc: Icnipa(». Bc(n pa:-
ionop raxnx o6pa:ox, on (an nax nonnri, uro xi nc (on»-
ni 6inn «ncpcmainyri ipannni (o:noncnnoio» n ornomcnnnx
c 6oniapaxn.
2 no6naio(apnn Tnro :a «ncnnic concri», ncxpcnnc :a-
ncpnn cio n uyncrnax nm6nn, xoropic xi npo(on»ann nnrari
x (py»ccxnx n 6parcxnx napo(ax Kiocnannn, n, xoi(a co6n-
pancn y»c n:nricn :a namn npo6ncxi, i(c, no cio cnonax, y
nac 6inn «omn6xn n nc(ocrarxn», ror ncran.
÷ Iy(cr npcxn, xoi(a ncpncrcci n: Ioniapnn, ÷ cxa:an
on n na xo(y npninacnn nac nxccrc cxorpcri qnnix.
Ho oxonuannn qnnixa, n: xoropoio y xcnn n naxnrn nn
c(nnoio xa(pa nc ocranoci, nax no(ann xoqc nnn »c, xax
ionopnr n Inpoxacrpc, «ninpono(nrcninoc xoqc», xi no»ann
pyxy (pyi (pyiy n paccrannci. Mi no(yxann, uro nocnc ¬roio
6onimc nc 6y(cr xonraxron c miocnancxnxn pyxono(nrcnnxn.
Ho nor, o6oco6ncnno n 6c: xocio nc(oxa, nn6o onn npc(no-
»nnn Koun µ:o(:c ncrpcrnricn c Panxonnucx, nn6o cax Koun
npocnn raxon ncrpcun. O(naxo, cxopcc nccio ¬ro Panxonnu
:axorcn ncrpcrnricn c Koun.
µcno 6ino ncucpox, :a (cni (o namcn ornpanxn noc:(ox
n Ioniapnm. Mi or(ixann ncpc( y»nnox, xax n(pyi Koun
4O9
n Uync nxo(nr n canon, i(c cn(cnn n n Xmcnn, n o6pama-
mrcn xo xnc:
÷ Tonapnm Onncp, n n Uync non(cx na xparxym ncrpc-
uy c Mapxo (Panxonnucx) n noionopnx c nnx o rox, xax opia-
nn:onari naprnnnym pa6ory na yponnc 6pnia(i n n mra6c
(nnn:nn.
÷ Hc nyumc nn nax ncrpcrnricn nocnc no:npamcnnn" ÷
cxa:an n. ÷ Bonpoci cranirc rcncpi n, xoi(a ncpncxcn, cno-
6o(ncc 6y(cr.
÷ Hcr, ÷ orncrnn xnc Koun, ÷ nyumc non(cx n xon-
unx ¬ro (cno cmc ccio(nn, uro6i cnoxonno 6ino n (ymc.
÷ Xopomo, ÷ cxa:an n nx, ÷ n(nrc.
Koun n Uync nomnn x Panxonnuy, a n n Xmcnn ocrannci
cn(cri (oxa n (a»c noy»nnann, nc (o»(anmnci nx, rax xax
miocnancxnn conpono»(ammnn «noconcronan» nax noy»nnari,
n6o «ronapnmn xoiyr :a(cp»aricn».
Bcpnynmnci co ncrpcun, n Koun n Kpncro xa:annci (o-
noninixn, ncccnixn, nc(i onn nonyunnn «no(po6nic n non-
nic o6¡ncncnnn o xcro(c naprnnnon pa6ori n 6pnia(c n n
(nnn:nn». Ora nounan ncrpcua xc»(y Panxonnucx, Koun n
Uync :annnna nnocnc(crnnn o cc6c n Coqnn.
Bn:nr, nancccnnin Koun n Uync Panxonnuy npn raxnx
o6cronrcnicrnax n no yxa:annix nxn npnunnax, noxa:ancn
xnc, a, nancpnoc, n Xmcnn, concpmcnno ncy6c(nrcninix, o(-
naxo nn n n nn on nc no(ann nn(y n npnrnopnnnci, 6y(ro
namnn cio ccrccrncnnix.
Ha (pyion (cni xi ornpannnnci n Coqnm. Ha ipannnc
nac oucni pa(ymno ncrpcuann Anron Kion n xnoinc (pyinc
ronapnmn n: 6oniapcxoio pyxono(crna. Mi o6nnnnci, noncno-
nannci, xax rccncnmnc (py:in n 6parin. Hax ncpc(ann npnncr
µnxnrpona n cxa:ann, uro on cax n ncc ronapnmn-uncni nap-
rnnnoio n iocy(apcrncnnoio pyxono(crna ncrpcrnr nac na inan-
nox coqnncxox nox:anc. Hcpnin xonraxr c npc(crannrcnnxn
6oniapcxoio napo(a 6in ccp(cunix, rpoiarcninix. Hpocric
nm(n o6nnxann nac, ionopnnn nax «(o6po no»anonari», »c-
nann nax ycncxon n namcn noc:(xc n yxpcnncnnn n:anxnix
ornomcnnn xc»(y o6cnxn crpanaxn n o6onxn namnxn na-
41O
po(axn. H n npnncrcrnonan nx, nicrynnn c xparxnx :annnc-
nncx, n xoropox nipa»an uyncrna 6onimon nm6nn an6ancxoio
napo(a x 6parcxoxy 6oniapcxoxy napo(y, yncpcnnocri n rox,
uro namn (py»ccrncnnic cnn:n 6y(yr ncyxnonno n(rn nncpc(
n no( xoncn nixpnxnyn:
÷ µa :(pancrnycr nam ncnnxnn no»(i, Icopinn µn-
xnrpon '
Hapo( pa:pa:nncn npo(on»nrcninixn onannnxn. Ho na-
nnonaninoxy o6iuam nax npcno(nccnn xnc6 n coni, a xono-
(an (cnymxa no(apnna xnc xacrcpcxn or(cnannin 6oniapcxnn
rpa(nnnonnin xocrmx.
÷ Cxonixo yxonon n ¬rox xocrmxc, cronixo »c nipa»c-
nnn nm6nn x an6ancxoxy napo(y or 6oniapcxoio napo(a, ÷
cxa:ana ona xnc n cnc:ax or nocropia n o6nnna xcnn.
Oxpy»cnnic raxon arxocqcpon nocxann xi n Coqnm.
µocxann. Bcrpcuari nac nimno xnoio napo(y, nimno
pyxono(crno no inanc c ncnnuccrncnnix µnxnrponix, y xoro-
poio 6ino xy»ccrncnnoc, niccucnnoc nnno nacronmcio pcno-
nmnnoncpa, (nnnnic n pacnymcnnic nonoci, rax xax on cnnn
xcxonym manxy, xorn na(an cnci n xono(no 6ino. On »(an
xcnn na ncpponc, no»an xnc pyxy, o6nnn n noncnonan xcnn.
Oro 6in (nn xcnn oucni nonnymmnn xoxcnr. 2 o6nnn n nc
ornycxan cio. Cnc:i xarnnnci y xcnn or nonncnnn, ni:nan-
noio rcx, uro nacran y»c (cni, xoi(a naprnn n napo( nocnann
xcnn cm(a ncrpcrnricn c ¬rnx ncnnxnx yunrcncx nponcrapn-
ara; nc(i, 6y(yun cio ncpnix yucnnxox, cnc(yn cio npnxcpy,
cio naxa:ax n concrax, n nayunncn, xax (cp»aricn n 6oporicn
npornn qamncrcxnx :axnarunxon, npornn npaion napo(a n
xnacconix npaion, :a ocno6o»(cnnc cnocn Po(nni, :a ocnona-
nnc n yxpcnncnnc cnocn naprnn, :a connann:x n xoxxynn:x.
Ho oxonuannn ncpcxonnn na nox:anc xi ccnn n xamnni,
xoropic (ocrannnn nac n pc:n(cnnnm 6oniapcxoio npannrcni-
crna. µnxnrpon n n ccnn n ncpnym, orxpirym xamnny n npo-
cxann cxno:i (nnnnym ncpcnnny nm(cn, nanonnnnmnx ynnni,
rporyapi, nnoma(n, nimc(mnx x oxnax n na 6anxoni. Bcm(y
6inn ycranonncni an6ancxnc n 6oniapcxnc qnain, noprpcri
n no:ynin n uccri 6oniapo-an6ancxon (py»6i. Kaxan 6c:ipa-
411
nnunan nm6oni napo(a x µnxnrpony, x Crannny n x An6a-
nnn' Hnoma(i ncpc( (nopnox 6ina nonna nm(cn. C cio 6an-
xona npc(cronno nax npnncrcrnonari 6parcxnn 6oniapcxnn
napo(.
Hpc»(c, ucx ninrn na 6anxon, n n µnxnrpon nocn(cnn
pn(ox. On 6in ncnnx n cnocn o6pa:nonon cxpoxnocrn. µn-
xnrpon cnpocnn xcnn o napo(c, o naprnn, o ronapnmax. Iono-
pnn on no-pyccxn, a n no-an6ancxn, rax xax conccx xano no-
nnxan pyccxnn.
Koi(a xi nimnn na 6anxon, no( onannn napo(a pa:(ancn
ipoxxnn ionoc µnxnrpona. Y ncio 6in cnninin, :nyunin io-
noc, conpono»(anmnncn iny6oxnx (ixanncx, rax xax cxy
acrxa xcmana; on nocrop»cnno, iopnuo, c 6ccnpc(cninon
nm6onim ionopnn o namcx napo(c. H n, cnyman cio, ycra-
nnncn na ncio ina:axn n ncnonino ncnoxnnan cio rnrannuccxnc
6nrni, nirxn, xoropix on 6in no(ncpinyr, cio crpa(annn
pa(n (cna xnponoio nponcrapnara, (yxan n o6 ¬rox nponc-
rapnc, xoropin nnxoi(a nc cin6ancn, a nocronnno no:niman-
cn n 6ypn, xax Anrcn, paryn :a no6c(y pcnonmnnn.
H xon pcui 6ina xopomo npnnnra napo(ox Coqnn, rax
xax ona 6ina npocron n nipa»ana nnaxcnnym nm6oni n ca-
xic iny6oxnc uyncrna namcio napo(a n namcn naprnn x 6on-
iapcxoxy napo(y, x Ioniapcxon xoxxynncrnuccxon naprnn
n x µnxnrpony nnuno. 2 nxparnc onncan ncropnm nonn na-
mcio napo(a n npomnox n n ncpno( 'Hannonanino-ocno6o-
(nrcninon 6opi6i, rccnic ncnnncxnc cnn:n c Concrcxnx Co-
m:ox, c icponuccxon Kpacnon apxncn, co Crannnix, c Ionia-
pncn µnxnrpona. 2 ynoxnnyn rax»c namn ornomcnnn c no-
non Kiocnanncn.
Ha oqnnnaninix ncpcionopax (cnciannn or nxcnn na-
mcn (cnciannn nicrynnn n, a or nxcnn 6oniapcxon (cncia-
nnn nicrynnn µnxnrpon.
2 nicrynnn c ornocnrcnino (nnnnix n:no»cnncx, onncan
namy Hannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninym 6opi6y, yxa:an na npnn-
nnni, xoropixn pyxono(crnonanaci nama 6opi6a. 2 paccxa-
:an, xax :axna(inannci ncpnic ocnoni n xax co:(ananaci na-
po(nan nnacri no npcxn nonni n nocnc ncc, ionopnn o qop-
412
xnponannn orpn(on n Hannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninon apxnn
n xo(c 6nrn n axnnn, o xo6nnn:annn napo(a n co:(annn Ha-
nnonanino-ocno6o(nrcninoio qponra. Paccxa:an n o rox, xa-
xym nonnrnxy npono(nnn xi ornocnrcnino 0ponra n o inan-
nix qopxax pa6ori, no(ucpxnyn ror ncropnuccxnn qaxr, uro
0ponrox pyxono(nna Koxxynncrnuccxan Haprnn, no :aro nn
xo 0ponrc n nn nnc cio y nac nc 6ino n crpanc (pyinx
naprnn. Horox n paccxa:an o naprnn, 6c: xoropon nnucio nc
6ino 6i (ocrninyro, ionopnn o (npcxrnnax, nonyucnnix na-
xn or Koxnnrcpna n r.(. n r.n.
B npo(on»cnnc xocio n:no»cnnn n napnconan xaprnny
nnyrpcnncn nonnrnuccxon o6cranonxn n ¬xonoxnuccxoio no-
no»cnnn, conccx xparxo ionopnn o namnx ornomcnnnx c
Kiocnanncn. £crccrncnno, :(cci nc 6inn nn xccro n nn xo-
xcnr n(anaricn n no(po6nocrn xax n nono»nrcninox, rax n n
orpnnarcninox cxicnc xacarcnino namnx ornomcnnn c Kio-
cnanncn n miocnancxnx pyxono(crnox. To, uro xnncno n Tn-
panc n o6nacrn ¬rnx ornomcnnn, n crapancn xpannri iny6oxo n
cc6c, uro6i nc (ari nonnri 6oniapcxnx ronapnmax, (a n
nnxoxy (pyioxy, uro xc»(y naxn n Tnro nponcxo(nno uro-ro
nc(o6poc. Ho:(ncc, n no(xo(nmnn xoxcnr, xoi(a cnryannn ni-
ncnnrcn n na:pcmr, ncc 6y(cr orxpiro cxa:ano. Caxn 6on-
iapcxnc ronapnmn nc (anann nax nono(a n nc npocnnn or nac
n(anaricn n no(po6nocrn uro xacacrcn namnx ornomcnnn c
Kiocnanncn. Hoprpcr Tnro onn ninccnnn napn(y c noprpc-
raxn Crannna, µnxnrpona n xonx noprpcrox; onn rax»c
cxa:ann nccxonixo o6mnx cnon o (py»6c c 6parcxnxn napo-
(axn Kiocnannn, o conxccrnox nyrn x crponrcnicrny nonon
»n:nn n 6onimc nnucio.
Hrax, npo(on»an xoc n:no»cnnc, n «o6omcncn» n nonpocc
Kiocnannn 6c: xaxnx-nn6o xnonor n orxcrnn (py:inx, uro
nnyrpcnnnn nonnrnuccxan o6cranonxa 6ina y nac npounon,
no :aro n (cnc ¬xonoxnuccxoio pa:nnrnn nax npnxo(nnoci
6oporicn c xnoiouncncnnixn n ncccroponnnxn rpy(nocrnxn.
Paccxa:an nx o (nncpcnonnon (cnrcninocrn anino-axc-
pnxanncn npornn nac. Mi ncnn ncnpcpinnym 6opi6y c (n-
ncpcanraxn, xoropix :acinann x nax c no:(yxa, xopn n co
413
Croponi ipannn c Ipcnncn, a nocnc(nnn ncna ncnpcxpaman-
mymcn pa:ny:(annym nponaian(y, npc(¡nnnnn npnrn:annn na
K»nym An6annm n coxpannn «cocronnnc nonni» c Hapo(non
Pccny6nnxon An6anncn. 2 orxcrnn, uro ncn ¬ra nponaian(a n
no(pinnan (cnrcninocri nnuyri nc :anyinnamr nam napo(,
nao6opor, on xa»(o(ncnno xpcnncr, :axanncrcn, ycnnnnacr n
nonimacr 6(nrcninocri.
Tonapnm µnxnrpon no:(pannn xcnn c n:no»cnncx u,
oxa:ari no npan(c, n cmc xpanm nncuarncnnc o rox, 6y(ro
ni(cp»an 6onimon ¬x:axcn, n6o ncnirinan cnninoc nonnc-
nnc ncpc( µnxnrponix, xorn on 6in caxix npocrix ucno-
ncxox cpc(n ncnnxnx pyxono(nrcncn, c xoropixn xnc (ono-
(nnoci ncrpcuaricn n »n:nn. Kax pa: yna»cnnc n nm6oni x
ncxy n ycnnnnann xoc nonncnnc.
Bcnc( :a xnom cnono n:nn µnxnrpon, xoropin nicry-
nnn c nnaxcnnon pcuim o (py»6c n oco6cnno o namcx na-
po(c, o cio icponuccxnx 6nrnax n cpa»cnnnx.
Mi oucni nnnxarcnino cnymann cio cnona, cio iny6oxnc
xicnn, xoi(a ror ionopnn nax o na»non ponn Concrcxoio
Com:a n ncnnxoio Crannna n ycncmnox ncxo(c nropon
xnponon nonni n ycranonncnnn nonoio crpon n namnx crpa-
nax. On orxpin nax mnpoxnc npocropi n o6nacrn nncmncn
nonnrnxn namnx connanncrnuccxnx crpan n Concrcxoio Com-
:a, cnnpcnon nonnrnxn anino-axcpnxancxoio nxncpnann:xa
n cio carcnnnron, c xoropixn cnc(onano nccrn o»ccroucn-
nym 6opi6y no nccx o6nacrnx. Kocnynmnci nonpoca o Ipcnnn,
i(c iocno(crnonana xonapxo-qamncrcxan pcaxnnn, xax n cxyr-
non n ncycronunnon o6cranonxn n ncoqamncrcxon Hrannn,
µnxnrpon no(ucpxnyn:
÷ Onn nc n cnnax 6y(yr npc(nri An6annn, rax xax no-
nan napo(nan An6annn npcxpacno yxccr :amnmaricn n xi
6y(cx :amnmaricn nxccrc.
3arcx, ynoxnnyn cymccrnonanmnn xc»(y An6anncn n
Kiocnanncn µoionop o (py»6c, corpy(nnuccrnc n n:anxono-
xomn, µnxnrpon npc(no»nn or nxcnn 6oniapcxoio npann-
rcnicrna n 6oniapcxoio napo(a :axnmunri n xc»(y Ionia-
414
pncn n An6anncn µoionop o (py»6c n n:anxonoxomn, uro
nnpoucx 6ino npc(ycxorpcno n naxn.
Mi npnmnn n nocropi or ¬roio. 2 ncran n, npon:nccn
xparxym n nonnymmym pcui, rax xax or pa(ocrn n nonncnnn
cnon nc naxo(nn, cxa:an cxy:
÷ Mi nnonnc coinacni c namnx npc(no»cnncx, nam
napo( n namc npannrcnicrno xpannc o6pa(ymrcn ¬roxy n 6y-
(yr nax npn:narcnini. Oro (cni ncropnuccxoio :naucnnn (nn
namcio napo(a, n r.(.
Mi o6nnnnci n noncnonannci. µnn nac nc 6ino (nn pa-
(ocrncc ¬roio, xi 6inn na cc(ixox nc6c. Ornx xi cmc
6onimc o6ccncunnann 6c:onacnocri py6c»cn namcn (opoion
Orun:ni, pa(n cno6o(i xoropon napo( n ncxax ncrcxan
xponim.
Hc 6y(y ionopnri o ncpcxonnnx n pa:nix nn:nrax, na-
ncccnnix namcn (cncianncn n Coqnn n pa:nic cc yupc»(c-
nnn n na qa6pnxn, rax xax nx xnoio 6ino n n nc nccx nx
noxnm, nc(i c rcx nop npomno xnoio ncr, o(naxo ¬nry:na:x
n nm6oni, nponnncnnic 6oniapcxnxn rpy(nmnxncn n 6oniap-
cxnx pa6ounx xnaccox x an6ancxoxy napo(y, nnxoi(a nc 6y-
(yr n:ina»cni n: xocn naxnrn.
Ha 6onimox npa:(nnunox ncucpc n Coqnn xcnn y(o-
cronnn :nannn «Houcrnoio ipa»(annna Coqnn» n noxnm,
uro n ror ncucp xi ncnn n ranncnann c npocrixn 6oniapcxn-
xn ipa»(anaxn n pyxono(nrcnnxn, cnonno naxo(nnnci n An-
6annn.
Kax-ro (nc noxnm, 6ino nn ¬ro n ror ncucp nnn »c na
y»nnc, (annox no cnyuam npn6irnn namcn (cnciannn) µn-
xnrpon, n uacrnocrn, cxa:an xnc:
÷ Ham napo( nponnxnyr nourcnncx n yna»cnncx x na-
mcxy napo(y, x namnx ncnnix rpa(nnnnx n xauccrnax. £mc
n (crcrnc n cnyman, xax y nac ionopnnn «6y(i ncnpcxnonnix
xax apnayri, ro ccri xax an6anni». Y nac mnpoxo n:nccrno
namc xauccrno nc cxnonnri iononi nn ncpc( xaxnxn rpy(no-
crnxn n onacnocrnxn.
2 nnnxarcnino nocxorpcn cxy npnxo n ina:a, cnnnci no-
nnri, ionopnn nn on ¬ro concpmcnno cnyuanno nnn »c no-
415
(pa:yxcnan uro-nn6o (pyioc, no nnucio nc cxoi yia(ari. On
inn(cn na xcnn yni6ammc n no(nnn 6oxan.
÷ µa, ÷ orncrnn n. ÷ Taxona n:ncunan ucpra namcio
napo(a. Ha ncio nana(ann ncnxnc npain, on cranxnnancn c
nnxn, ncrcxan xponim, npnnocnn 6onimnc »cprni, no :aro
nnxoi(a nc cin6ancn. Tcncpi, xoi(a xi nxccx no inanc nap-
rnm, ucpra ¬ra (animc xpcnncr. Mi nn n xocx cnyuac nc
coincxcn, xaxnxn 6i nn 6inn rpy(nocrn n npcipa(i, rona-
pnm µnxnrpon.
÷ 3a namc :(oponic' ÷ cxa:an on n uoxnyncn c naxn.
÷ µa :(pancrnycr nam napo('
Kax n y»c ionopnn, nn:nri 6inn (xnoiouncncnnixn n ccp-
(cunixn. Hpn noccmcnnn naxn o(noio xooncparnna nac no-
ncnn na nonc no( xny6nnxaxn. Hoxnm, uro npn ¬rox nac
conpono»(ann Tpanuc Kocron, roi(a :axccrnrcni npcxicp-
xnnncrpa n xnnncrp nnyrpcnnnx (cn Ioniapnn (6oniapcxnn
ioxonoi Panxonnua, ocy»(cnnin c pacxpirncx rnroncxon
n:xcni n pca6nnnrnponannin c npnxo(ox xpymcnncn x nna-
crn), n Icopinn Tpanxon ÷ icncpaninin ccxpcrapi Ioniap-
cxoio 3cxnc(cniuccxoio napo(noio com:a, x roxy npcxcnn :a-
xccrnrcni npcxicp-xnnncrpa, a nnocnc(crnnn npc(cc(arcni
Hpc:n(nyxa Hapo(noio Co6pannn Hapo(non Pccny6nnxn Ion-
iapnn. Tax nac ncrpcuann »cnmnni n xy»unni. Hocnc xpar-
xon 6ccc(i o(nn crapnx cnpamnnacr xcnn o Icopinc Tpanxonc:
÷ A ¬ro xro"
2 cxa:an cxy xro ¬ro 6in, a crapnx ncran n o6parnncn
x ncxy:
÷ I(c »c ri, 6parc, a ro y xcnn yci nocc(cnn, nc(i
ri y nac npc(cc(arcni aipapnon naprnn n n nnxoi(a rc6n nc
nn(cn'
Oro npon:ncno na nac nncuarncnnc, rax xax cnn(crcnicrno-
nano o cna6ix cnn:nx ¬rnx nm(cn c xaccaxn. Xorn Tpanxon
cocronn n aipapnon naprnn Crax6onnncxoio
1
, Ioniapcxan
xoxxynncrnuccxan naprnn (cp»ana cio conccx 6nn:xo x py-
___________________________________
1 Pyxono(nrcni Ioniapcxoio 3cxnc(cniuccxoio napo(noio com:a,
co:(annoio n 1899 i.
416
xono(crny; nax oxa:ann (a»c, uro on 6in n xoxxynncrox,
no ¬roio onn nc pa:inamann.
Hc:a6inacxix ocrancrcn oqnnnaninin y»nn, ycrpocn-
nin µnxnrponix n uccri namcn (cnciannn. On 6in n ucp-
nox xocrmxc. Bnpano or cc6n on yca(nn Hc(»xnc, a n, cn(cn-
mnn nanpornn, nxcn nnpano or cc6n cio cynpyiy. Hoxnnrcn
xnc xcnxan, no xnoio:naunrcninan (crani. Hpc»(c, ucx npn-
crynnri x pcuax n n:nricn :a c(y, µnxnrpon pa:ox co6pan
xno»ccrno nc»anmnx ncpc( nnx pa:noo6pa:nix no»cx n
nnnox n oxa:an oqnnnanry:
÷ Y6npan nx, nc ny»(amci n n 2O mryxax, xnc (ocra-
rouno nccio nnmi o(noio no»a, o(non no»xn n o(non nnnxn,
÷ nor (o ucio (oxo(nna cio cxpoxnocri, cxpoxnocri ucno-
ncxa, xoropin rcpncri nc xoi 6yp»ya:non pocxomn n o6i-
uacn. Boo(ymcnncnnin cio cxpoxnocrim, n n ryr »c nanon-
nnn oqnnnanry pyxn nnxcnnponannix »cnc:ox.
Hocnc nicrynncnnn µnxnrpona, n rax»c orncrnn cxy
oucni rcnnixn cnonaxn, uacri xoropix nocnnrnn nicoxon qn-
iypc µnxnrpona, cio 6onimon ponn, xax pyxono(nrcnn nc
o(nnx ronixo 6oniapcxnx xoxxynncron, no n xoxxynncron
nccio xnpa, na:nan cio yucnnxox n oucni 6nn:xnx coparnnxox
ncnnxoio Crannna.
Y»nn npomcn n nccixa pa(ocrnon o6cranonxc. µnxnrpon
6in ncccnix ucnoncxox n 6onimnx onrnxncrox. Ho oxonuannn
y»nna xi n npnno(nnrox nacrpocnnn n ynccn c co6on ncn:-
ina(nxic nncuarncnnn, ncpnynnci n ornc(cnnym nax pc:n(cn-
nnm, no (nopcn 6inmcio xoponn Iopnca. 3axypnn n canonc
n o6xcnnnmnci nncuarncnnnxn o6 y»nnc, xi nomnn n cnani-
nn. Ho con nc mcn. C xonx ina:, n: xocn iononi nc yxo(nnn
nncuarncnnn or ncrpcu n rcnnix cnon µnxnrpona, n ncnoxn-
nan cio »n:ni ncnpcxnonnoio 6opna, cio 6opi6y, »cprni,
npnncccnnic nx :a (cno cnocio napo(a n xnponoio nponc-
rapnara. Bcponrno, 6ino y»c :a nonnoui, xoi(a n ycniman
cryx n (ncpi. Bcram, orxpinam cc. Ha nopoic c yipmxix
nn(ox cronnn Koun µ:o(:c n Uync.
÷ ¹ro cnyunnoci" Bi cmc nc ncinn cnari" ÷ cnpocnn
n nx.
417
÷ Hcr, nc ncinn, ÷ orncrnn Koun, ÷ rax xax noiono-
pnri c ro6om xornx.
÷ Hcy»cnn ¬ro raxoc cpounoc (cno" Hc xoinn ni »(ari
(o yrpa"
÷ 2 n Uync nacronixo o6ccnoxocni, uro cnari nc xo-
»cx, ÷ oxa:an Koun µ:o(:c, ÷ no¬roxy xornx ccnuac »c
noionopnri'
2 ynopno nocxorpcn na nnx, cxa:an nx no(o»(ari n ca-
nonc, noxa n naxnny uro-nn6o na nncun, n ymcn. Cryx n (ncpi
xocn cnaninn n ionoca n nonnoui ycniman n Xmcnn, rax
uro n on nimcn x (ncpn cnocn cnaninn.
÷ µanan, Xmcnn, ÷ cxa:an n cxy, ÷ y Koun n Uync
xaxoc-ro cpounoc x nax (cno'
Mi ccnn n canonc n Koun µ:o(:c :aionopnn:
÷ Mnc n Uync nc nonpannnaci rnon pcui, xi nc coina-
cni co cxa:annix ro6om n a(pcc µnxnrpona'
2 mnpoxo pacxpin ina:a or y(nnncnnn n nocxorpcn n
cropony Xmcnn, xoropin 6in nopa»cn n ron »c xcpc,
uro n n.
Koun npo(on»an:
÷ Mi nc coinacni co nccxn rcxn ¬nnrcraxn, xoropic
ni cxy npnnncann. Mi nc ionopnx, uro µnxnrpon nc nnnncrcn
ni(ammnxcn ucnoncxox, no nc(i ri npnnncan cxy 6onimym
poni.
÷ 2 nc (onycrnn omn6xn, n nnucio nnmncio nc iono-
pnn o µnxnrponc, ÷ orncrnn n, ÷ xnc cnc(onano 6i cmc
6onimc ionopnri o ncx, rax xax on :acny»nnacr ¬roio. Oro ni
omn6acrcci; rcx nc xcncc xnc ncnonnrno, xax ¬ro xo»no,
uro6i ni rax xyunnnci no ¬roxy nono(y, uro (a»c con no-
rcpnnn' Hc ro uro xi (on»ni ionopnri npo µnxnrpona, ÷
orxcrnn n (ancc, ÷ o ncx ionopnn ncci pcnonmnnonno na-
crpocnnin n npoipcccnnnin xnp, x roxy »c iopnunxn n
nnonnc :acny»cnnixn rcpxnnaxn'
Xmcnn pa:(pa»cnno nxcmancn, n:nn xom cropony:
÷ µa uro ni ionopnrc, uro ¬ro :a ncyxccrnic cnona'
B pcun ronapnma Onncpa ncc 6ino npannnino'
Bcxounn Koun n cxa:an:
418
÷ Oro ni rax (yxacrc, a xi (yxacx nnauc n nc coinac-
ni c naxn.
÷ Oror nonpoc xi pa:pcmnx n Tnpanc, ÷ orncrnn n
nx pc:xnx ronox. ÷ Taxoc pa:noinacnc nc (on»no xcmari
nax ycncmno nccrn pa6ory n ncnonnnri (oni, no:no»cnnin
na nac naprncn n npannrcnicrnox.
÷ µa, (a, ÷ ncxounn Koun µ:o(:c, ÷ no no nccn rnocn
pcun, n xoropon ri rax npcno:nocnn µnxnrpona, ri con-
ccx ninopnponan Tnro, nn cnona o nax nc cxa:an. 2 nc coina-
ccn c rcx, uro6i µnxnrpon :arxcnan ncnnunc Tnro, cio yxc-
nnc n cnany ni(ammciocn pcnonmnnoncpa. Tnro ÷ caxan
ncnnxan n caxan cncrnan nnunocri 6anxancxnx napo(on. Ti
cxa:an, uro «µnxnrpon ÷ ni(ammnncn xc»(ynapo(nin (cn-
rcni», a nc(i ro »c caxoc na(o 6ino cxa:ari n o Tnro, nc(i
on nxcnno raxnx n nnnncrcn, a Kiocnannn Tnro (on»na crari
rcncpi ¬nnncnrpox 6anxancxnx napo(on.
Tyr n coo6pa:nn, noucxy nx con nc pa:6npan, uro ¬ro
6ina :a «rpcnoia» n noucxy onn nc 6inn coinacni c naxn.
2 yncnnn cc6c n nonnn ncrnnnin cxicn n npnunni nx 6cn-
ipa(cxon ncrpcun c Panxonnucx ÷ nxo6i (nn nonyucnnn or
ncio naprnnnix yxa:annn, a qaxrnuccxn (nn nonyucnnn (n-
pcxrnn o rox, uro6i na6nm(ari :a naxn n nc (ari nax ncpc-
mainyri ipannni, ycranonncnnic miocnanaxn, «ncnpannnri»
nac n (cncrnonari coinacno rannix yxa:annnx Tnro-Panxonnua.
2 ionopm Koun n Uync:
÷ Oro nponoxannn c namcn croponi, n6o n (yxam, uro,
npono:inaman rocr na oqnnnaninox y»nnc n Ioniapnn, xnc
nc:aucx 6ino ionopnri o :acnyiax Tnro. Tnro n ynoxnnyn,
xoi(a ionopnn o namcn (py»6c c Kiocnanncn, a ¬ro xnc
xa»crcn npannninix n (ocrarounix, rax uro nc orxa:inamci
or cnocio xncnnn.
÷ Mi c ro6om nc coinacni' ÷ nacronnn no6aiponcnmnc
Kpncro n Koun.
÷ Ho n n c naxn nc coinaccn. Oro xi pa:6cpcx n Tn-
panc, a rcncpi non(cxrc cnari, a ro :anrpa pa6ora nac
»(cr, ÷ orpc:an n n ncran.
÷ 2 nnonnc coinaccn c xncnncx ronapnma Onncpa, ÷
419
ncrannn n cnom oucpc(i Xmcnn, n xi nomnn n cnaninn, xorn
n nc ycnynn (o caxoio yrpa.
Oro 6in ncpnin nnnn(cnr, nponcmc(mnn y nac n Ion-
iapnn c Koun n Kpncro. Bc(i cnyunncn n (pyion, na ccn
pa: n qopxc «nonpanxn» n (oxyxcnrc, xoropin xi (on»ni
6inn no(nncari n cnn:n c pa:nnrncx ropionnn xc»(y o6c-
nxn crpanaxn. Oro 6in npocron, o6iunin (oxyxcnr, xaxon
6inacr n npnnnnnc. O6a «npnnnnnnaninix» (no(ionopcnnix
Panxonnucx) cxa:ann xnc, uro ny»no 6ino (o6annri x rcxcry
cnona «no (oionopcnnocrn c Kiocnanncn».
2 orxcrnn nx, uro ncxopomo 6ino 6i c namcn croponi
rpc6onari ¬roio.
÷ Ha npaxrnxc nnxro nc cnn:inacr nac no pyxax n nc
xcmacr nax (cncrnonari rax, xax ¬ro xi cunracx pa:yxncc,
÷ cxa:an n nx. ÷ £cnn nax niio(no, ro xi npo(acx n noxy-
nacx n n Ioniapnn, xoncuno, ninonnnn npc»(c nccio o6n:a-
rcnicrna, nircxammnc n: coinamcnnn, no(nncannix naxn c
Kiocnanncn.
O(naxo, nc nxcn no:xo»nocrn y6c(nri nx (y6c»(cnnix
croponnnxon miocnancxon :anncnxocrn), n cxa:an nx no(
xoncn:
÷ Cocranirc n no(ioronnrcninon xoxnccnn xaxym-nn6o
nonpanxy n o6cy(nrc cc.
Haxoncn, no xo(arancrny µnxnrpona, Konapon
1
÷ o(nn
n: 6oniapcxnx pyxono(nrcncn n coparnnx µnxnrpona ÷ cqop-
xynnponan na nncnapnox :acc(annn uro-ro n raxox (yxc n
¬rnx nnnn(cnr 6in ncucpnan. Koun µ:o(:c y»c 6ino, uro
(ono»nri cnocxy xonncic, Panxonnuy, no no:npamcnnn'
B cno6o(nic xoxcnri 6oniapcxnc ronapnmn npnxo(nnn x
nax noronxonari o pa:nix npo6ncxax. Konapon rax»c ncn
cc6n c naxn oucni cxpoxno n nm6c:no. O(na»(i on paccxa:an
nax o Crannnc, o icponuccxnx no(nniax 6onimcnnxon, o
rpy(nox nono»cnnn, cno»nnmcxcn n Concrcxox Com:c nocnc
pcnonmnnn, o ncpnon nnrnncrxc n rpy(onox no(¡cxc xacc.
___________________________________
1 B ro npcxn :axccrnrcni Hpc(cc(arcnn Concra Mnnncrpon n xn-
nncrp nnocrpannix (cn Ioniapnn.
42O
On ionopnn nax o cnocn (cnrcninocrn n Koxnnrcpnc n n nc-
pno(, xoi(a cio nocnann pa6orari n Monionnm.
÷ Kax rpy(no 6ino rax, ÷ paccxa:inan Konapon. ÷
Crpana n napo( 6inn cnonno n caxox panncx cpc(ncncxonic.
Iocno(crnonann naxi n xpaxi. Ka»(an ccxin o6n:arcnino
(on»na 6ina or(anari o(noio nnn (nyx cinoncn n naxi. ua-
xancrcxnc yupc»(cnnn ncc (o c(nnoio 6inn inc:(axn nnoncxo-
io mnnona»a. Kouymmnn napo( 6in concpmcnno ncipaxor-
nix »nn no xpaxc, 6oncn cnqnnncox, crpa(an or nconncy-
cxon nnmcri. um(n nc :nann npaua, ncxapcrn, xnc6a. µnn
nnx ncc cno(nnoci x xncy, xyxicy, o(c»(c n: oncuicn mxypi,
noma(nx ÷ 6onimc nnucio nc 6ino. Pcnninn n xncrnnn:x
6inn n nonnox pa:iapc. I Ynan-Iaropc yxnpanmnx nm(cn
nc xoponnnn, rax cymccrnonan «6acccnn», xy(a 6pocann nx.
Hnoi(a nx 6pocann ry(a cmc »nnixn. Tpyni nc nonnnn n
cnny xnnxara, a «rncnn». Hapo( »nn n mprax. Hapo(nin
crpon Cyx¬-Iaropa nauan c noxomim concrcxnx crponri nc-
xoropic »nnic xnaprnpi, ÷ npo(on»an Konapon cnon pac-
cxa:, ÷ o(naxo nnxro n nnx nc noccnnncn. Bo nccx, nnnori
(o xcniuanmnx ncmcn, nona(o6nnoci nccrn 6onimym npo-
naian(y n, oco6cnno, npnxo(nnoci 6oporicn c nnnnnncx na-
xon n nx (ccnornuccxon crpyxrypon, no((cp»nnanmcncn nnon-
naxn.
Hacrynnn n xoxcnr nocxari n Kpnmnn, i(c (on»ni 6inn
no(nncari coinamcnnn. Ho (opoic xi noccrnnn ncropnuccxnc
xccra, qa6pnxn n xooncparnni. Hac ncm(y ncrpcuann pa(oc-
rno n c nconncycxix nocropiox. Bicrponnmnci n(oni »cnc:-
no(opo»non nnnnn, na cnciy, xacci napo(a xpnuann «Ypa'».
Hoc:( ocranannnnancn, nax npyuann no(apxn, xi cnona rpo-
iannci n nyri n (ocxann (o xaxoio-ro xccra, na:nannn xoro-
poio n nc noxnm, no i(c xi (on»ni 6inn cnc:ri c noc:(a
n cccri n xamnni, xoropic (ocrannnn 6i nac (o Kpnmnna.
Koi(a noc:( ocranonnncn, napo( npopnan xop(oni n,
ycrpannan nax onannn, npcipa(nn (opoiy. C 6onimnx rpy-
(ox µnxnrpon n n nimnn ncpnixn. µnxnrpon cxa:an xnc:
÷ Tax (onio 6y(cr, no¬roxy, ccnn ronapnmcn »(ari
6y(cx, ronna onnri oxpy»nr nac; (anan nyumc cn(cx n xa-
421
mnny n «6c»nx orcm(a» (¬rnx on xorcn oxa:ari xax crapic
ian(yxn). Tax 6ino n c(cnano. µnxnrpon, n n nnunan oxpana
ymnn nncpc( no cnciy. Bcpcnnna xamnn ocranaci (ancxo
no:a(n.
÷ Y nac ncr oxpani no 6c:onacnocrn, 6parc, ÷ rncp(nn
no(nrcni µnxnrpony.
÷ Hnucio, napo( nac oxpanncr, ÷ orxcuan µnxnrpon.
Hc(ancxo or Kpnmnna napo( npcipa(nn nax (opoiy.
÷ Tc6c (cp»ari pcui npn(crcn' ÷ o6parnncn xo xnc
µnxnrpon. ÷ Ha pyccxox"
÷ A xax »c n xoiy (cp»ari ncpc( nnxn pcui" ÷ oxa-
:an n. ÷ Honnxari-ro pyccxnn n xoc-xax nonnxam, no io-
nopnri nc xoiy, :nam nccio nnmi nccxonixo cnon.
÷ µanan,* ÷ cxa:an µnxnrpon, ÷ o6parnci x nnx na
an6ancxox, a n, xorn n nc :nam an6ancxoio, 6y(y ncpno nx
ncpcno(nri, rax xax xnc n:nccrno, uro ri co6npacmicn
oxa:ari, nc(i namn uyncrna conpnxacamrcn, y nac o(no
ccp(nc.
Tax n 6ino c(cnano. Mi nimnn ncpc( napo(ox, n
ionopnn na an6ancxox, ncrannnn xoc-xaxoc pyccxoc cnono,
a (opoion crapcn ncpcno(nn na 6oniapcxnn.
Koi(a ccnn n xamnny, µnxnrpon cxa:an xnc:
÷ Kpccrinnc nc 6y(yr y(nnnnricn roxy, orxy(a n an-
6ancxnn :nam, nc(i 6oniapi n an6anni ncci(a 6inn 6parin-
xn n ronapnmaxn no opy»nm.
Mnnin n (opoion Icopinn µnxnrpon, n: rnonx ycr
xc( nnncn, xax ionopnr n namcx napo(c'
Haxoncn (ocxann xi (o Kpnmnna. Kpnmnn ¬ro 6oni-
man (cpcnnn, i(c 6oniapcxnc napn nxcnn cnon nyumnc :cxnn,
onn nocrponnn rax xpacnnin oxornnunn (nopcn xax na ncro,
rax n na :nxy. B ¬rox (nopnc, cranmcx y»c co6crncnnoc-
rim Pccny6nnxn, xi 6inn iocrnxn 6oniapcxon naprnn, 6on-
iapcxoio npannrcnicrna n nnuno µnxnrpona. B ¬rox »nno-
nncnox xccrc 6in ncnnxoncnnin napx c ccrccrncnnixn n
pocmnxn n opan»cpcnx nncraxn, xoropic :cncncnn n nncnn
___________________________________
* Ho-pyccxn n rcxcrc.
422
:nxon n ncrox. Tax pa:no(nnnci pa:noo6pa:nic (cpcnin,
n rox uncnc n ncxoropic pa:nonn(nocrn nicoxnx n xpcnxnx
coccn «ccxnonn», npnnc:cnnix, xax nax cxa:ann, n: Kana(i.
B ¬rox napxc (cp»ann n xopxnnn npnpyucnnix n axxnnxa-
rn:nponannix »nnornix n nrnn.
3(cci npon:omna y nac c Kpncro Tcxcnixo nco»n(an-
nan ncnpnnrnocri. Ha cnc(ymmnn (cni on ncran pano yrpox,
npnxnarnn c co6on (nycrnonxy n nimcn n napx. Koi(a ncc
xi cnycrnnnci y»c nnn:, orxpinaci (ncpi n «rpnyxqanino»
nomcn Uync, nccn n pyxc 6onimym crpcnnnym nrnny.
÷ 2 n napxc y6nn cc, ÷ iop(o cxa:an on.
÷ µa uro ri narnopnn, ÷ orncrnn cxy Kion, ÷ ¬ro
pc(xnc nrnni, xoropix xi oxpanncx, nc y6nnacx, ¬ro opna-
xcnr napxa. Ho nnucio, nc ncnnxa 6c(a' ÷ (o6annn on :a-
rcx, crapanci nc noxa:ari nn(y. Y Kpncro Tcxcnixo ninann
ncpin xy»c, ucx y y6nron nx nrnni. Hax 6ino oucni
»ani n cri(no no nono(y cnyunnmciocn.
B Kpnmnnc xi :ancpmnnn ncpcionopi, oxonuarcnino
cocrannnn n no(nncann µoionop o (py»6c, corpy(nnuccrnc
n n:anxonoxomn. Oro 6in rop»ccrncnnin xoxcnr, oco6cnno
(nn xcnn n ronapnmcn. Hcpcxonnn no(nncannn (oionopa cocro-
nnaci n canonc. Tax 6in nocranncn 6onimon cron, :a xoropix
cn(cnn µnxnrpon n n. Mi no(nncann (oxyxcnri, o6xcnnnnci
nxn, no»ann (pyi (pyiy pyxy n xpcnxo o6nnnnci. Oro xi
no(nncann ncropnuccxnn axr
1
6onimon na»nocrn, xoropin
oipa»(an Hapo(nym Pccny6nnxy An6annm or no:xo»nix
onacnocrcn co croponi npaion. An6ancxnn napo( n cio nap-
rnn onannnxn n c 6onimnx nocropiox npnnnnn nnocnc(-
crnnn ¬ror (oionop, :axnmucnnin c cio crapix (pyiox, 6on-
iapcxnx napo(ox, ncrynnnmnx y»c na cncrnin nyri conna-
________________________________
1 Oror (oionop, no(nncannin xnom n µnxnrponix, 6in cnxnonox
(py»6i xc»(y an6ancxnx n 6oniapcxnx napo(axn, no rcncpi, xoi(a
x nnacrn npnmnn pcnn:nonncri, npo(c Xnnxona n xoxnannn ÷ noxop-
nic cnyin concrcxnx connan-nxncpnanncron, (oionop ¬ror nnnncrcn
xcprnon 6yxnon, roi(a xax (py»6a xc»(y namnxn napo(axn 6y(cr
ocranaricn »nnon, xaxon ona 6ina no npcxn (cnrcncn namcio Hanno-
naninoio Bo:po»(cnnn n npn »n:nn nc:a6inacxoio µnxnrpona. (Hpu-
+e+anue aemopa..)
423
nn:xa no( pyxono(crnox µnxnrpona n Ioniapcxon xoxxynn-
crnuccxon naprnn, xax n npn pcmammcn noxomn Concrcxoio
Com:a n Crannna.
Bcc 6ino noxpiro cnciox n n ¬ror pa(ocrnin (cni nax
6yxnanino ncc xa:anoci ncnnxoncnnix. 2 :a6in xcp:ocrn
n nnrpnin Koun µ:o(:c, ncprcnmciocn cnonno «xox» n: rpn-
nicn n cnocx icncpan-ncnrcnanrcxox xyn(npc, xoropin on
ncc npcxn nocnn, uro6i npn(anari cc6c anropnrcr.
Hocn n no:(pannn (pyi (pyia, xi cqoroipaqnponannci,
xax ¬ro no(nrcn n raxnx cnyuanx, n µnxnrpon npc(no»nn nax
npoiynnricn no napxy. Bcc 6inn coinacni. Hac »(ann xapc-
ri, n xoropic 6inn :anpn»cni no (na noponix.
÷ Hon(cx nxccrc, ÷ cxa:an xnc µnxnrpon n o6a xi
ccnn n xapcry, n:nn c co6om n ncpcno(unxa. Oro 6ina :a-
xcuarcninan npoiynxa. 2 cunran :a 6onimym uccri cn(cri
conccx pn(ox c µnxnrponix, xonx (opoinx yunrcncx n (c-
nc xoxxynn:xa n pcnonmnnn. Ho (opoic on cran paccnpamn-
nari xcnn o :naxoxix cxy ronapnmax, o6 Ann Kcnixcn(n,
o cnnmcnnnxc-(cxoxparc 0an Honn, o (oxropc Oxcpc Hn-
mann. 3arcx on cnpocnn:
÷ A uro crano c rponxncrox 3an 0yn(o"
÷ Mi cio paccrpcnnnn, ÷ cxa:an n, ÷ on oxa:ancn
aicnrox aninnuan n qco(anon'
÷ Oucni xopomo nocrynnnn, y6pan raxon xycop, ÷
cxa:an xnc µnxnrpon.
3arcx n cnpocnn µnxnrpona, xaxoio on xncnnn o namcn
naprnn n cc nnnnn n ncpno( nonni n rcncpi.
Tor orncrnn:
÷ Oro cxcnan, pcnonmnnonnan naprnn nonoio rnna, xax
nac yunr Crannn. unnnn namcn naprnn 6ina npannninon.
Ha xon n:inn(, ona noxa:ana :pcnocri n (cnc xo6nnn:annn
0ponra n o6¡c(nncnnn napo(a n ncio. Pa: y nac nc 6ino
6yp»ya:nix naprnn, ni npannnino nocrynnnn, nc (onycrnn
n nc noompnn nx co:(annn, rax xax onn na(cnann 6i nax
xnonor, xax ¬ro crapamrcn (cnari nax. Cnyman xcnn, rona-
pnm Onncp, ÷ cxa:an (ancc µnxnrpon, nono»nn pyxy na
xoc xoncno, ÷ xpannrc naprnm uncron' Hycri ona 6y(cr
424
pcnonmnnonnon, nponcrapcxon n roi(a y nac ncc o6pa:ycrcn'
µopoion Icopinn µnxnrpon, ro, uro ri cxa:an xnc n
ro yrpo n Kpnmnnc, xoi(a xi maiann no cnciy, nancci(a
yxopcnnnoci n xocx yxc n ccp(nc. 2 (o cxcprn 6y(y ocra-
naricn ncpnix n 6oporicn 6y(y :a ro, uro6i naprnn 6ina
pcnonmnnonnon, nponcrapcxon'
Oro 6inn nc:a6inacxic xoxcnri, nc:a6inacxic (nn (nn
namcio napo(a n oco6cnno (nn xcnn.
Mi noxnnynn 6parcxym Ioniapnm, paccrannci c ncnn-
xnx µnxnrponix, c '6oniapcxnx napo(ox n 6oniapcxnxn
ronapnmaxn co cnc:axn na ina:ax, or (ymn no6naio(apnn
nx :a iocrcnpnnxcrno, :a ncnnxym n ncxpcnnmm (py»6y,
xoropym onn nponnnnn x namcxy napo(y, x namcn naprnn
n x Hapo(non Pccny6nnxc An6annn.
¹ncni (cnciannn 6inn oucni pa(i roxy, uro ncpnyrcn
na Po(nny n coo6mar napo(y n naprnn o (ocrninyrix naxn
6onimnx nonnrnuccxnx pc:ynirarax. ¹ro xacacrcn ¬xonoxn-
uccxon noxomn, xorn n nama crpana 6ina oucni 6c(nan, ro
xi cc nc npocnnn, yurn n no(yxan, uro n 6oniapi ncpc»n-
nann 6onimnc rpy(nocrn n nonyuann noxomi or Concrcxoio
Com:a. B cnom oucpc(i, onn ro»c nc c(cnann nax xaxoio-
nn6o xonxpcrnoio npc(no»cnnn, no, xoncuno, nyri x n:anx-
non ropionnc n npc(ocranncnnm xaxoio-nn6y(i xpc(nra n
6oncc 6naionpnnrnix (nn nnx cnryannnx 6in orxpir.
Ka:anoci, Koun µ:o(:c n Kpncro Tcxcnixo rax»c 6inn
n npnno(nnrox nacrpocnnn. Y xcnn cno»nnoci nncuarncnnc,
uro onn nonnnn (onymcnnym nxn inynocri n no(yxan, uro
ror iopixnn ¬nn:o( 6in npc(an :a6ncnnm. 2 cunran, uro
croni 6nn:xoc, croni nm6c:noc o6pamcnnc µnxnrpona n nccx
6oniapcxnx ronapnmcn c naxn, c namcn naprncn n namcn
crpanon, no6y(nnn nx xax-ro nnauc oncnnri cnom no:nnnm n
ornomcnnn nyrn, no xoropoxy nama naprnn mna, oco6cnno
n ornomcnnnx c miocnancxnx pyxono(crnox. Onn (on»ni
6inn yncnnri cc6c, uro nc ro uro :cxnon map, no (ancc co-
nnann:x nc naunnancn n nc xonuancn (nn nac n Kiocnannn.
Hx cnc(onano nonnri, uro y namcn naprnn, y namcn crpani
6inn cnon poni n ncc, xoropic xi (on»ni 6inn nocronnno
425
xpannri n yxpcnnnri. Cnonox, nx npc(crannnncn cnyuan n:nri
(a nixnnyri (pnni, uro 6ina y nnx n iononc. Hcxym pa(ocri
n nn(cn n na nx ina:ax n n nx »ccrax, n noc:(xa noc:(ox
no Ioniapnn n Kiocnannn, n nanpanncnnn Icnipa(a, npomna
ncccno, xi ncnn, cnpamnnann 6oniapcxym n miocnancxym
oxpany o xccrax, xy(a npoxo(nnn, nax o6¡ncnnnn, i(c mnn
6on n r.(. Mi :a(anann (pyi (pyiy nonpoc: npnxcr nn nac
Tnro nnn ncr"
Kax n y»c ionopnn, xoi(a xi :acxann n Icnipa(, on
cxa:an nax, uro noionopnr c naxn o «namnx ornomcnnnx» no
no:npamcnnn, n n :nan, uro n cnyuac, ccnn naunyrcn, ncpc-
ionopi ¬rn 6y(yr oucni rpy(nixn. Kax 6i ro nn 6ino, (c-
na ny»no 6ino (onccrn (o xonna.
Ho, cmc xoi(a xi npn6inn na 6cnipa(cxnn nox:an,
crano oucnn(nix, uro raxnx ncpcionopax nc cy»(cno 6ino
cocronricn. Kpoxc roio, uro nac ncrpcrnnn cmc xono(ncc,
ucx n npomnin pa:, na nox:an nimnn ncrpcuari nac rpcric-
crcncnnic n ucrncpocrcncnnic oqnnnaninic nnna. Mi ccnn
n xamnni, n onn, ornc(n nax rc »c xccra, i(c xi ocrano-
nnnnci n n npomnin pa:, nauann yxo(nri, uro6i ocrannri
nac «n noxoc». 2 cnpocnn ucnoncxa, na:naucnnoio «conpono-
»(ari» nnn, ncpncc, npono(nri xcnn, :nan nn on, xoi(a xi
ncrpcrnxcn c Tnro no (annoxy nx cnony.
÷ Tonapnm Tnro, ÷ «oqnnnanino» orncrnno oqnnnani-
noc nnno, ÷ nor y»c (na (nn, xax naxo(nrcn c (py»ccrncn-
nix nn:nrox n Pyxinnn'
2 noxauan iononon, uro6i (ari oqnnnaninoxy nnny no-
nnri, uro xnc ncc ncno 6ino, n npornnyn cxy pyxy. Hn on,
nn (pyinc nc c(cnann nax xaxoio-nn6y(i npc(no»cnnn o
xaxon-nn6o npoipaxxc n nc npc(no»nnn nax xaxon-nn6y(i
ncrpcun c xcx-nn6o n: (pyinx miocnancxnx pyxono(nmnx
ronapnmcn. 2 cax nc o6parnncn x nnx c xaxon-nn6o npoci-
6on. Ha cnc(ymmnn (cni xi ornpannnnci n nyri n npn6inn
n Tnpany.
426
VIII
TWTOHU1 HA UVTW K FA3OBAAHEHWK W
HEW3BEÆHOMV UFOHAAV
Uopa6o1n1cnucknc npcunoncnnn. K nonpocy o
Koopunnannonnoü komnccnn * Hannmn mrocnancknx
nocnnmx n Tnpany: «An6annn rpo:n1 ncnocpcuc1ncn-
nan onacnoc1u!». Hac1on1cnunoc 1pc6onannc Hako
Cnnpy noc1ann1u Mcxmc1a Hcxy no rnanc 1cnm1a-
6a. Hocnnmc 1c:ncm Tcmno * 1cncpan Xamonnu nm-
c1ynac1 :a co:uannc cunnoro komanuonannn * 1cnc-
pan Kynpcmannn n Tnpanc. Tn1o: «Upomy npcuo-
c1ann1u nam n Kopuc 6a:y unn ounoü unnn:nn». Co-
o6mcnnc C1annny no nonpocy o mrocnanckoü unnn-
:nn * VIII Uncnym UK ÷ ucpnoc nn1no n nc1opnn
KUA. Hpcmcnnoc 1opncc1no mrocnancknx 1c:ncon *
Hyuonnmnoc nac1ynncnnc Koun ±:ou:c n upyrnx
na nap1nm n cc :uoponmx pa6o1nnkon * Kynpcma-
nnn, 3na1nu n upyrnc: «Tn1o xouc1, u1o6m nm camn
npocnnn o6±cunncnnn c Krocnanncü» * C1pannan
nocncmnoc1u 1n1onncn * Wc1opnucckoc nncumo
C1annna * Uocnannm Tn1o no:opno noknuam1 An-
6annm.
B pc:ynirarc «anann:on», x xoropix namc pyxono(crno
npncrynnno nocnc o6nnncnnn, no:nc(cnnix na nac ucpc: Cano
3narnua, n nocnc caxoy6nncrna Haxo Cnnpy, miocnancxoc py-
xono(crno y6c(nnoci n rox, uro ocymccrnncnnc cio crparcin-
uccxoio nnana npcnpamcnnn An6annn n cc(ixym pccny6nnxy

Kiocnannn mno naxcucnnix nyrcx. B ncnnx xacxnponxn nc-

pc( nancccnncx oxonuarcninoio y(apa, caxn miocnani npc-
xcnno «orcrynnnn». Onn ncpccrann araxonari nac ncnocpc(-
crncnno, nauann no( cyp(nnxy ionopnri o «uyncrnax (py»6i»
x 6parcxon An6annn, ipoxoinacno pcxnaxnponann noxomi,
oxa:inacxym nxn, xoncuno, na 6yxaic. Ho nccn Kiocnannn
na co6pannnx, xnrnniax, no pa(no, n ncuarn n r.(. ionopnnn
o rox, uro «n rpy(nic n rn»cnic (nn xi pn(ox c an6ancxn-
xn 6parinxn», uro, «xorn n 6c(nic, xi (on»ni xoc-uro c¬-
xonoxnri n or(ari An6annn», (a»c c no(nocox n pyxax rnron-
cxnc qoxycnnxn opiann:oninann xaxnannn no c6opy xnno-
crinn (nn «nnmcio».
Bcc ¬ro 6ino noncrnnc ynn:nrcninix n (cxaioinuccxnx
qapcox, (ocronnix (nn rcx, xro rpaic(nn crapacrcn xaxy-
qnnponari n npnxpinari cpc(crnaxn 6yqqona(i. 0apc ¬ror
nonyunn cmc 6onimnc pa:xcpi oco6cnno n xoxcnr, xoi(a
xi co6npannci nocxari n Ioniapnm. Tnro nouynn, uro c(c-
nannoc nax µnxnrponix npninamcnnc noccrnri Ioniapnm
nc 6ino ucx-ro cnyuannix: nancpnoc, on ycxorpcn n ¬rox
n xo(arancrno concrcxnx, n ncpnym oucpc(i, Crannna.
B ro »c npcxn ¬ra «nnrcpnannonanncrnuccxan n nccna-
po(nan noxomi», ipoxxo pcxnaxnponanmancn xax n Kiocna-
nnn, rax n :a cc npc(cnaxn, (on»na 6ina cny»nri 6cnipa(-
cxnx pyxono(nrcnnx cnocio po(a ny(pon, xoropon :acinamr
ncxancucnnoc rcno. Onn na(cnnnci na ro, uro an6ancxnn na-
po( 6y(cr ocncnncn 6yqqona(on «conn(apnocrn», rax uro nc
coo6pa:nr, uro cxy no» n cnnny non:ann.
Mi caxn npn nccx ¬rox nn(cnn y»c, uro «:a xpacnnix»
qaca(ax cxpinanoci uro-ro (ypnoc n iopixoc. Koi(a Icn-
ipa( yni6ancn, y nac cxna(inanoci nncuarncnnc o rox, uro
(nn namcn naprnn n namcn crpani no(iorannnnanoci uro-ro
ncxopomcc. «Knyr n xanau», o6nnncnnn n «o6cmannn» Tnro
n xoxnannn y»c uyncrnonannci n nn(ncnnci n Tnpanc n nx
no(nnnnox cncrc: xax :ncnin o(non n ron »c ncnn.
O(naxo no nccx ¬rox «(py»ccrncnnox» qapcc xi nn-
(cnn n (pyiym cropony xc(ann: nnxopa(xy crpaxa n cnninoio
6ccnoxoncrna, xoropic 6cnipa(cxnc pyxono(nrcnn ncniri-
428
nann na xa»(ox maiy n cnocx crpcxncnnn concpmnri npc-
crynncnnc. um6oc nx (cncrnnc, nm6an nx raxrnuccxan ynonxa
npornn nac nccnn n cc6c ccxn ncn:6c»noio pa:o6naucnnn n
nponana nx :aionopa. H ucx 6onimc nn(cpi KHK roponn-
nnci ocymccrnnri cnoc ucpnoc (cno n ymcp6 nax, rcx 6onimc
onn npn6nn»ann cnon no:opnin n ncxnnycxin nponan.
Uopa6o1n1cnucknc npcunoncnnn
Haxanync 1948 io(a n xauccrnc nonoio(ncio «no(apxa»
6cnipa(cxoc pyxono(crno cocpc(orounno cnoc nnnxannc x nax
oco6cnno na (nyx o6nacrnx: no-ncpnix, na o6nacrn ¬xonoxnxn,
no-nropix, na o6nacrn o6oponi, na apxnn.
¹ro xacacrcn naprnn, ro onn (yxann, uro ona y»c non-
nocrim 6ina n nx pyxax. Co npcxcnn 6cparcxoio Hncnyxa
nx nm(n, oco6cnno Koun µ:o(:c n Han(n Kpncro, 6inn co-
ncpmcnno rnrn:onani, onn na6nnn cc6c pyxy n :aionopmnn-
xnx xcro(ax, rax uro n 6c: ncnocpc(crncnnoio nxcmarcni-
crna miocnanon nonaianoci, uro onn xoinn ynpannnri cno»nn-
mcncn cnryanncn no nonc cnonx xo:ncn.
Hrax, miocnani (yxann, uro, :ancp6onan n pyxono(crnc
namcn naprnn aicnron, nxcnn y»c xnmu x ycncxy, o6ccncun-
nn cc6c caxym npounym onopy, no, n (cncrnnrcninocrn, n
¬rox n :axnmuanaci o(na n: caxix cna6ix nx roucx, xoropan
npnncna nx x nponany n pa:o6naucnnm.
Oro 6ino cnn:ano c anrnxapxcncrcxnx, rponxncrcxnx
npc(cranncnncx Tnro n xoxnannn o naprnn, cc ponn n qynx-
nnnx. Ho nx xncnnm, ocnonon naprnn 6ina «ronna», «ianc-
pcn», na xoropym nc cnc(onano o6pamari nnxaxoio nnnxannn,
n6o ona nccio nnmi n (cnana, uro cncno n 6ccnpcxocnonno no-
nnnonanaci npnxa:ax n (npcxrnnax, nocrynanmnx «cncpxy»,
or «pyxono(crna» n, oco6cnno, or «cnninon pyxn» n pyxo-
no(crnc.
Hcxo(n n: raxon xonncnnnn onn n no ornomcnnm x nax,
429
xax ¬ro (cnann n n cnocn naprnn, cocpc(orounnn nnnxannc
n ocnonnox na «nicoxnx paniax», na co:(annn n npnnncucnnn
na cnom cropony npornroncxoio no66n n pyxono(crnc, no66n,
xoropoc, no nx xncnnm, npnncno 6i n rnroncxym onuapnm
ncm naprnm, 6y(ro ona nnnnnaci oncuinx cra(ox. O(naxo
nacrynnn xoxcnr, xoi(a nxcnno ¬ra anrnxapxcncrcxan xon-
ncnnnn n npnncna cc nocnrcncn na xpan nponacrn. ¹cripc-
nnri :ancp6onannix nxn aicnron, xax 6i cnninixn onn nn
6inn, oxa:annci 6i nnuro»ccrnox no cpanncnnm c oipoxnon
cnnon namcn naprnn, nocnnrannon n :axancnnon rax, uro6i
nccrn napo( no nyrn coxpancnnn n yxpcnncnnn cno6o(i,
a nc :anccrn cio n rynnx, xy(a :axannnann cio Tnro n cio
6an(a.
O(naxo ¬ro no(rncp(nnoci nnocnc(crnnn. Hrax, nnauanc
Tnro n xoxnannn (yxann, uro ucpc: cnocio aicnra, ccxpc-
rapn no opiann:annonnix nonpocax, Koun µ:o(:c, onn «:a-
nna(cnn» namcn naprncn, n, pa:, no nx xncnnm, (cna (on»ni
6inn n(rn rax xax uaci, onn cocpc(orounnn nnnxannc na
namcn ¬xonoxnxc n namcn apxnn.
B coorncrcrnnn c «npc(no»cnnnxn» miocnancxoio pyxo-
no(crna, c(cnannixn nax 3narnucx :ao(no c o6nnncnnnxn,
n nauanc (cxa6pn xo xnc npnmnn on cax n cmc (pyion mio-
cnan, Ccpicn Kpanicp, c xnnon nanox no( ximxon. C namcn
croponi npncyrcrnonann n, Koun µ:o(:c n Han(n Kpncro.
«Ho:(pannn» nac c rcx, uro naxoncn xi n:6annnnci or Haxo
Cnnpy, ¬ncxcnra, xoropin «c6nnan nac c ronxy n npc(nn na-
mcn pa6orc, ncnonino ni:inan xc»(y naxn (a»c rpcnnn n
coxncnnn», onn orxpinn nanxn.
÷ Tcncpi, ÷ cxa:an 3narnu, ÷ xi xornx xonxpcrncc
n:no»nri nax nonpoc o Koop(nnannonnon xoxnccnn. Tonapnm
Kpanicp, o(nn n: nyumnx namnx :naroxon ¬xonoxnuccxnx
npo6ncx, na:naucn namnx pyxono(crnox na (on»nocri npc(-
cc(arcnn ¬ron xoxnccnn. Koxnccnn 6y(cr miocnancxo-an6an-
cxon, cnc(onarcnino, n cc cocranc 6y(yr n an6ancxnc npc(cra-
nnrcnn. Ona 6y(cr n (crannx cnc(nri :a ¬xonoxnuccxnx pa:-
nnrncx namnx crpan, c rcx uro6i ncc 6ino nana»cno, ro
ccri xopomo coinaconano.
43O
÷ H xoi(a ncrpcrnnnci n nauanc non6pn, ÷ cxa:an n
3narnuy, ÷ n cnpocnn nac, xaxoio xapaxrcpa 6y(cr ¬ra xo-
xnccnn n xaxono 6y(cr coornomcnnc coorncrcrnymmnx npann-
rcnicrn o6cnx crpan c ncn n c cc xoxncrcnnnnxn. Oror no-
npoc nax no-npc»ncxy concpmcnno nc nccn.
÷ Bi npani, ÷ or(an xnc «(on»noc» 3narnu, ÷ rax xax
nac :a6ornnn 6oncc xpynnic npo6ncxi. Orncuari nax 6y(y,
cxonixo cxoiy. Bi ynoxnnynn cnnmxox (cnnxarnin nonpoc,
nonpoc o «coornomcnnn Koxnccnn c coorncrcrnymmnxn npa-
nnrcnicrnaxn o6cnx crpan». Xouy, uro6i ni npannnino no-
nnnn ro, uro n nax cxa»y. Caxa n(cn ¬xonoxnuccxoio o6¡c-
(nncnnn namnx crpan nc xo»cr 6iri xonxpcrn:nponana 6c:
o6mcio opiana, xoropin, xax cxa:ari, cronn n qynxnnonn-
ponan 6i xc»(y o6onxn namnxn npannrcnicrnaxn. £cnn
(cno ¬xonoxnuccxoio o6¡c(nncnnn ocrannri ronixo n pyxax
miocnancxoio npannrcnicrna, uro xacacrcn miocnancxon cro-
poni, n ronixo n pyxax an6ancxoio npannrcnicrna, uro xaca-
crcn an6ancxon croponi, ro y nac 6y(yr xnonori, xonqnnxri,
rpcnnn n ncnxoc (pyioc. Koop(nnannonnan xoxnccnn 6y(cr
opianox, xoropin ycrpannr ¬rn onacnocrn.
÷ Hy xax, nc 6y(cr nn raxon opian cronri na( namnxn
npannrcnicrnaxn" ÷ cnpocnn n cio.
÷ Hcr, on cronri nc 6y(cr na( namnxn npannrcnicrnaxn.
B cc xoxncrcnnnnx 6y(yr, npc»(c nccio, nnmi ¬xonoxnuccxnc
nonpoci, rax uro :a namnx npannrcnicrnox ocranyrcn ncc
xoxncrcnnnn n (pyinx o6nacrnx.
÷ Kax, xax" 3naunr «ocno6o(nxcn» or ¬xonoxnuccxnx no-
npocon"
÷ Bi xcnn nnoxo nonnxacrc' ÷ ccp(nro npcpnan xcnn
3narnu. ÷ 2 nc ro cxa:an, uro6i ni ocno6o(nnnci or ¬xono-
xnuccxnx nonpocon. 2 nccio nnmi ionopnn, uro n xoxncrcn-
nnnx Koxnccnn 6y(yr ronixo ¬xonoxnuccxnc nonpoci, (a»c
n n ¬rox nanpanncnnn Koxnccnn :annxaricn 6y(cr nonpocaxn,
xacammnxncn namnx o6mnx nnanon, nan6oncc ¬qqcxrnnnix
nyrcn coinaconannn ¬rnx nnanon, onpc(cncnnn n yrouncnnn
6m(»cra, xannranonno»cnnn, (oxo(on; ona :annxaricn 6y(cr
nponcpxon ncnonncnnn :a(annn n xcp, xoropic 6y(yr npnnn-
431
ri, ro ccri nccxn 6onimnxn nonpocaxn ¬ron o6nacrn. 3arcx
nycri o6 ¬xonoxnxc pcmacr npannrcnicrno.
÷ H uro, x cnony cxa:ari, ocracrcn ryr pcmari namcxy
npannrcnicrny, ccnn ncc :nacr n o6o nccx pcmacr Koop(n-
nannonnan xoxnccnn" ÷ onpocnn n.
÷ Hpano, ronapnm Onncp, ÷ pa:pa:nncn 3narnu, ÷ nc
:nam noucxy ni 6onrcci ¬ron Koxnccnn. Y nac omn6ounoc
npc(cranncnnc o ncn, orucio no nccx n coxncnacrcci. Ha ra-
xon ocnonc o6cy»(ari ncni:n. Bi (on»ni ncpnri n npcnxy-
mccrna xoxnccnn. Hamn ronapnmn n Icnipa(c xopomo o6(y-
xann ¬ro, n:yunnn ncc cc npcnxymccrna, no¬roxy xi n (o6n-
nacxcn co:(annn xoxnccnn. Ona 6y(cr ncnoxoiarcninix opia-
nox (nn nac n (nn nac, y ncc 6y(cr xnoio (cn n :a(annn, rax
uro xnc ncnpnnrno or roio, uro ni o6o nccx cnpamnnacrc. Mi
npnmnn cm(a c xicnim, uro xanynn y»c n npomnoc rc npc-
xcna, xoi(a no ncnxoxy nonpocy no:nnxann no(o:pcnnn n
rpcnnn.
÷ Mon nonpoc 6in orxponcnnix n nccixa xonxpcrnix,
÷ xna(noxponno cxa:an n cxy. ÷ Hc ncpm, uro ronapnm
Tnro nnn »c ni xornrc, uro6i xi npnnnnn n(cn nnn npocx-
ri, xoropic nax nc ncni.
÷ Coinaccn c naxn, ÷ «orcrynnn» 3narnu, ÷ no n y6c-
»(cnno ionopm nax, uro ni nc :a(anann 6i nax cronixo no-
npocon, ccnn 6i 6onimc ncpnnn n ncxpcnnocri n npannni-
nocri namnx npc(no»cnnn. Mi noc ionopnx n namnx nnrc-
pccax. Hamn npannrcnicrna oxa:annci 6i ncpc( 6onimnxn
rpy(nocrnxn n cnyuac orcyrcrnnn cnn:ymmcio, xoop(nnnpym-
mcio opiana. Bc(i ncni:n, uro6i no nnnc ncxoropix (npcx-
ropon nnn cncnnanncron-¬xonoxncron xc»(y namnxn npa-
nnrcnicrnaxn no:nnxann onopi. Hycri ¬xonoxnuccxnc nonpo-
ci pcmamr xoxncrcnrnic n ¬ron o6nacrn ronapnmn, nycri
xc»(y nnxn no:nnxamr rpcnnn n nycri onn naxo(nr coorncr-
crnymmnc pcmcnnn. Tonapnm Kpanicp ioron npco(oncri ncc
npcnnrcrnnn, xoropic xoiyr no:nnxnyri. Hycri npannrcni-
crna pcmamr o 6onimnx npo6ncxax. Oro ncno. Hc :nam, xa-
xoio xncnnn ronapnmn µ:o(:c n Kpncro"
÷ Mi or nccio ccp(na 6naio(apnx nac :a ncm ¬ry no-
432
xomi n concri, xoropic (acr nax miocnancxoc pyxono(crno,
÷ ryr »c oro:nancn Koun µ:o(:c. ÷ 2 nc cncnnanncr no
¬rnx nonpocax, nc(i ¬xonoxnxa nc nnnncrcn xonx ccxropox,
no (yxam, uro Koop(nnannonnan xoxnccnn nana(nr y nac
pa6ory n 6onimc nc 6y(cr roio, uro nponcxo(nno n npomnox.
2 (yxam, uro n ronapnm Koxan(anr ncpnr n ¬ro, no ¬xono-
xnxa nccixa cno»nan ncmi. £mc 6onimc ocno»nnn cc Haxo
Cnnpy n rcncpi nnxax nc pa:6cpcmi, uro ryr nponcxo(nr.
÷ Concpmcnno npannnino' ÷ o(o6pnrcnino cxa:an cxy
3narnu. ÷ B caxox (cnc ¬xonoxnuccxnc nonpoci n oco6cnno
nonpoci ¬xonoxnuccxoio o6¡c(nncnnn oucni rpy(nic n oucni
cno»nic nonpoci. B Icnipa(c nxn :annxamrcn cnnnxn ¬xono-
xnuccxnx pa6ornnxon. Hc xouy, uro6i ronapnm Onncp nnoxo
xcnn nonnn, no n »c cax ncxopomo pa:6npamci no nccx ran-
nax ¬rnx npo6ncx. £cnn 6i n :nan nx, ro cxa:an 6i nax.
Inannoc n rox, uro6i nxcri uyrxoc ccp(nc. Bc(i ronapnm
µ:o(:c npannnino cxa:an. On nc cncnnanncr no ¬rnx nonpo-
cax, no x npannninix :axnmucnnnx cio nc(cr xnacconin
nncrnnxr. Ha ¬rox-ro n (on»ni yunricn nixo(ni n: pn(on
nnrcnnnicnnnn'
Koun µ:o(:c xnnnyn iononon, oucni (ononinin raxon
nccrim.
÷ B namcx pyxono(crnc, ÷ npo(on»an 3narnu, ÷ cy-
mccrnycr 6nccrnman cna»cnnocri. Bo:ixcx x npnxcpy orno-
mcnnn xc»(y Tnro n Kap(cncx. Y ronapnma Tnro xnacco-
nin nncrnnxr, n Kap(cni oxorno onnpacrcn na ¬ror nncrnnxr.
Caxo co6on pa:yxccrcn, ucio on xorcn ¬rnx cxa:ari. O(-
naxo nx 6cccri(crno y»c nc :nano cc6c ipannn.
Hocnc (nnnmciocn oxono o(noio uaca (c6ara o «xapax-
rcpc» xoxnccnn, n xo(c xoropoio n nc pa: cnyman :axcua-
nnn «nc xoucmi nonnri», «nc xoucmi ncpnri» n r.(., Koun
µ:o(:c, orxamnnnmnci, cxa:an nocnc(ncc cnono:
÷ 2 (yxam, uro xoxnccnn (on»na 6iri co:(ana nxcn-
no rax, xax ionopnr miocnancxnc ronapnmn. Honi:a, xoro-
pan nax 6y(cr or ¬ron xoxnccnn, y6c(nr n xoc-xaxoio xonc6-
nmmciocn ronapnma. Mi, c namcn croponi, (on»ni nopyunri
ronapnmy Han(n Kpncro ncnocpc(crncnno :annxaricn ¬rnxn
433
(cnaxn. Xorn Han(n nc yiny6nnncn n ¬xonoxnuccxnc nonpo-
ci, inannoc n rox, uro y ncio pa:nnr xnacconin nncrnnxr...
B raxon cnryannn n npn raxnx o6cronrcnicrnax (anncnnn
n manra»a xi niny»(cni 6inn npnnnri, raxnx o6pa:ox,
ncpnoc npc(no»cnnc Tnro ÷ npc(no»cnnc o co:(annn Ko-
op(nnannonnon xoxnccnn, xoropan, xax 6i :axacxnponannon
nn 6ina n nnanax rnronncn, cocrannnna ncpnym qopxy, :apo-
(im 6y(ymcio npannrcnicrna oxxynannonnoio pc»nxa.
Hc npomno xnoio npcxcnn n napy»y ncnnina ncn (pnni,
xoropym nccno n cc6c ¬ro no cyrn (cna ncoxononnanncrcxoc
co:n(annc.
Moc xncnnc o rox, uro xoxnccnn ¬ra xoina npcnparnri-
cn n cnocio po(a npannrcnicrno na( npannrcnicrnox, y»c
ncnnxox no(rncp»(anoci. Kpanicp cocpc(orounn n cnonx py-
xax nourn ncc xoxncrcnnnn namcio npannrcnicrna, on nncan
n pcman o6o nccx, uro xacanoci an6ancxon ¬xonoxnxn n ny-
rcn cc pa:nnrnn. B paxxax Koop(nnannonnon xoxnccnn 6inn
co:(ani pa:nnunic no(xoxnccnn, xoropic no cymccrny (y-
6nnponann namn nc(oxcrna. H ccnn (o cnx nop miocnani npn
npc»nnx qopxax «corpy(nnuccrna» ipa6nnn xax pa:6on-
nnxn, ro c ¬roio xoxcnra onn crann ipa6nri nac concpmcnno
orxpiro, ncianino, xax xo:ncna.
Cnocnpcxcnno n ocropo»no xi nocnpornnnxcn nx n n
¬ron o6nacrn, no ncpnonauanino, xoi(a «¬xonoxnuccxoc o6¡c-
(nncnnc» cmc npnxpinanoci «(py»ccxnxn» qpa:axn, namc
npornno(cncrnnc 6ino oipannucnnix. Kax ronixo n nipa»an
Koun µ:o(:c xaxoc-nn6o no(o:pcnnc nnn 6ccnoxoncrno no no-
no(y roio, uro nama ¬xonoxnxa npnxo(nna y»c n cocronnnc
yna(xa, ror cpa:y npnnnxancn «ycnoxannari» xcnn:
÷ Hc na(o 6ccnoxonricn o6 ¬xonoxnxc, ÷ ionopnn xnc
µ:o(:c. ÷ Bc(i xi no(nncann ¬xonoxnuccxnc coinamcnnn
c Kiocnanncn n nax 6y(cr oxa:ana noxomi. Ba»no rcncpi,
uro6i xi ioronnnnci x npcpnannix anann:ax Hncnyxa.
Hc pa: rpc6onan n or Han(n Kpncro nponnqopxnponari
nac o pa6orc Koop(nnannonnon xoxnccnn, no n on rncp(nn ro
»c caxoc, uro n µ:o(:c. Han(n nc yxcn (a»c (nyx cnon cnn-
:ari n nc pa:6npancn n (oxna(ax, rax uro xoporxo orncuan:
434
÷ Tonapnm Koxan(anr, nc 6ccnoxonrcci o6 ¬xonoxnxc,
nc(i ronapnm Kpanicp n xoxnccnn ncnocpc(crncnno :annxa-
mrcn cm.
Hpc(cronmnn Hncnyx namcio Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra,
i(c (ncxyccnn (on»ni 6inn npoxo(nri n (yxc o6nnncnnn
Tnro, ncnoni:onancn 6cnipa(cxnxn aicnraxn n xauccrnc cpc(-
crna manra»a, uro6i ycrpamnri n :acrannri nac npnnnri ro,
uro onn ionopnnn.
Mc»(y rcx n Tnpany xax nnxoi(a panimc nanninn nocn-
nic. Kiocnancxnc icncpani, nonxonnnxn, xanopi n xannrani
c 6nccrcnmnxn n:(ann noionaxn n¡c:»ann n nic:»ann n: An-
6annn, xax 6y(ro ona 6ina nx noxccricx. Onn ncpc(anann nax
cnninoc «6ccnoxoncrno» miocnancxoio pyxono(crna no nono(y
«cnnmxox o6ocrpnnmcncn» xc»(ynapo(non o6cranonxn n «nc-
nocpc(crncnnon onacnocrn», xax nnxoi(a panimc ipo:nnmcn
namnx crpanax' Y nac nor y»c (na c nnmnnx io(a n ymax
:ncncno or ¬ron «rpcnoin», o xoropon nm(n Tnro xpnuann na
nccx ncpcxpccrxax.
Koncuno, o6cranonxa noxpyi namnx crpan nc 6ina cno-
xonnon n 6c:onacnon. Oro 6ino concpmcnno ncpno. Ho 6oni-
man nanpn»cnnocri n rpcnoia, c xoropixn npc(crannnnn nax
(cno rnroncxnc nocnanni, xa:annci nax nconpan(annixn. Mi
naxo(nnn ¬ro npcyncnnucnncx.
Kax n no nccx (pyinx o6nacrnx, n n ¬ron o6nacrn ncxopc
nincnnnoci, x ucxy onn crpcxnnnci.
Icnipa(cxoc pyxono(crno ioronnnoci c(cnari nax ouc-
pc(noc cnoc «npc(no»cnnc». Bncmnc npc(no»cnnc ¬ro xaca-
noci «conxccrnon» :amnri namcn cno6o(i, no no cymccrny
nnnnnoci ono nc ucx nnix, xax oqnnnaninix rpc6onanncx
npcno(nccrn namy cno6o(y n nc:anncnxocri n (ap 6cnipa(-
cxnx monnnncrax.
Onn y»c io(i crapannci (o6nricn ¬roio 6oncc «no(xo(n-
mnxn», xcncc «:axcrnixn» nyrnxn n cpc(crnaxn, no nc nxcnn
ycncxa. Tax npon:omno c nx nnxopa(ounixn ycnnnnxn npn-
6pari x pyxax namy apxnm, opncnrnponari n opiann:onari
cc xax cocrannym uacri, xax xpynnoc coc(nncnnc miocnancxon
apxnn, nocrannri cc n no(unncnnc miocnancxoio mra6a.
435
Bonpoc o6 apxnn 6in n ocranancn (nn nac cnnmcnnix (c-
nox, rax »c, xax n nonpoc o caxon naprnn. Hama apxnn 6i-
na co:(ana, opiann:onana, nocnnrana n :axancna na ocnonc
n(cn namcn naprnn, 6oiaroio onira ocno6o(nrcninix nonn
namcio napo(a n onira Concrcxon apxnn. ¹ro »c xacacrcn
nonnrnuccxoio n n(cnnoio nocnnrannn n nocnnon no(ioronxn
namcn apxnn, ro ncc nonpoci 6inn xarciopnuccxn ycranonnc-
ni namcn naprncn npannninix, xapxcncrcxo-ncnnncxnx
nyrcx.
B ocnonc namcn Hannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninon 6opi6i nc-
»ann naprn:ancxan 6opi6a, 6ocnon onir namnx npc(xon, xo-
ropin o6oiarnncn n nonix ycnonnnx conpcxcnnon nonni, rax
uro n xo(c nonni xi o6oiarnnn cnon onir n onirox pcno-
nmnnonnon 6opi6i (pyinx napo(on, npc»(c nccio concrcxnx
napo(on. Bcci ¬ror onir xi caxn naxonnnn, caxn o6pa6orann,
n6o n ncpno( nonni n nnnori (o nonnoio ocno6o»(cnnn An-
6annn xi nnxaxnx cnn:cn nc no((cp»nnann c Concrcxon ap-
xncn, xoropan (a»c nc npoxo(nna no namcn crpanc.
O(naxo ¬ro qaxr, uro (nn namcn apxnn Kpacnan ap-
xnn, nimc(man n: Bcnnxon Oxrn6picxon pcnonmnnn, 6ina
caxon nm6nxon apxncn n cmc n ncpnic (nn nocnc ocno6o-
»(cnnn xi nocrannnn cc6c :a(aucn nocnnrinari namy apxnm
n (yxc nicoxoio narpnorn:xa, xapxcncrcxo-ncnnncxnx nyrcx
n no npnxcpy crannncxon Kpacnon apxnn.
Mnoinc nocnnic xa(pi, ronixo uro nimc(mnc n: nonni,
xi nauann ornpannnri n yunnnma*, n (pyinc nocnnic mxoni
n axa(cxnn Concrcxoio Com:a, xoropin ncci(a npnnnxan nx,
:a uro xi nccn (ymon 6naio(apnnn cio.
B miocnancxnc yunnnma xi nocnann conccx xano xa(pon.
B ncpnic io(i nocnc ocno6o»(cnnn y miocnanon 6ino xano
nocnnix mxon. Onn caxn, xax n xi, xnoinx cnonx napncn
ornpannnn yunricn n Concrcxnn Com:. Tax uro n ¬rox na-
npanncnnn xc»(y naxn n miocnanaxn nc nxcnnci nnnic rpc-
nnn, onn nc nipa»ann xaxoio-nn6o nc(ononicrna no nono(y
roio, uro xi npc(nounrann nocnnic mxoni Concrcxoio
__________________________________
* Ho-pyccxn n rcxcrc.
436
Com:a nxnnx mxonax. Tpcnnn, nx anrnconcrunna n anrnan-
6anmnna orxpiro nponnnnnci nnocnc(crnnn, a nxcnno xoi(a
nx 6yp»ya:no-nannonanncrcxnc n monnnncrnuccxnc nacrpoc-
nnn crann :annnnri o cc6c 6oncc nnrcncnnno n no(ucpxnyro,
xoi(a crann naca»(aricn n pa:nnnaricn nx xannn ncnnunn,
uyncrno «yxcnnn», «cnoco6nocrn» «ncnnxoio n xomnoio mio-
cnancxoio iocy(apcrna». Oro, xax n no nccx (pyinx ccxropax,
crano oucnn(nix n n nocnnox ccxropc.
Honi:ynci cnn:nxn, xoropic 6inn ycranonncni xc»(y
(nyxn namnxn naprnnxn n io(i nonni (n xoropic xi na-
xo(nnn ucx-ro nopxaninix n ny»nix), miocnani crpcxn-
nnci x roxy, uro6i nama apxnn ocrananaci n nanpn»cnnox
nono»cnnn, 6c: npounon opiann:annn n ynpanncnnn.
Bnauanc xi nonpocnnn nx ncpc(ari nax ycrani c rcx,
uro6i xi n:yunnn n npncnoco6nnn nx x namnx ycnonnnx.
Onn oxorno npncnann nx nxccrc co «cncnnanncraxn no ycra-
nax». Ho :aro onn (ocrannnn nax xnoio xnonor. Ka»(ic
rpn-ucripc xccnna ycrani ¬rn xcnnnnci. Bocnnan no(ioronxa
nc npono(nnaci o6(yxanno, a xax ¬ro npnxo(nno n ionony
roxy nnn nnoxy miocnancxoxy «cncnnanncry».
Oroio onn (cnann nc no nc:nannm. Hcr, onn xorcnn, uro-
6i nama apxnn 6ina cna6on n ncopiann:onannon, ncnc(crnnc
ucio, n no(xo(nmnn (nn nnx xoxcnr, ona nc xoina 6i oxa:i-
nari nx conpornnncnnc.
Bpc(nym poni ciipan n ¬ron cnryannn Kpncro Tcxcnixo,
nauaninnx Honnrnuccxoio ynpanncnnn namcn apxnn, xoropin
cpa»ancn ncnnoxo n 6in ncxpcnnnx ucnoncxox, no nocnc
6cparcxoio Hncnyxa Koun µ:o(:c n Han(n Kpncro nonxann
cio na y(ouxy, yurn n cio xaxc(oncxoc nponcxo»(cnnc, n on
npnxxnyn x ¬ncxcnrax, pa6oranmnx n noni:y nm6on nocry-
nanmcn n: Kiocnannn «ycranonxn».
¹acro n ni:inan x cc6c Uync n incnno ionopnn cxy:
÷ ¹ro ¬ro raxoc" Onnri n:xcncnnc ycranon"
÷ Honxnrc xcnn npannnino, ronapnm Koxan(anr' ÷ or-
ncuan on. ÷ Mi cmc (cnacx ncpnic main. Hocrponx xi co-
npcxcnnym apxnm. Ho cpanncnnm c ncpno(ox, xoi(a y nac
nnxaxoio ycrana nc 6ino, ncpnic ycrani nnnnnnci nono»n-
437
rcninix maiox n nanpanncnnn xo(cpnn:annn. Hocrynnnmnc
x nax nropic ycrani, caxo co6on pa:yxccrcn, 6inn 6oncc co-
ncpmcnnixn. 3arcx onn onnri n:xcnnnn nx. Pa6oramr, ucp-
rn, noxamr cc6c ionony, ncnpannnmr ycrani. Xopomcxy xonna
ncr, ronapnm Koxan(anr'
÷ Hy na(no, na(no, xopomcxy-ro xonna ncr, o(naxo c
raxon cnryanncn noxonunri na(o, ÷ ionopnn n cxy. ÷ ¹ro
¬ro raxoc, xax ronixo namn con(ari naunnamr n:yuari o(nn
ycran, ni :axcnncrc cio (pyinx'
÷ K (o6py xi ¬ro n (cnacx.
÷ Hcr, ÷ cxa:an n cxy, ÷ ¬ro cxopcc (c:opiann:annn,
ucx opiann:annn.
2 ynn(cn, uro nono»cnnc nc xcnnnoci, (ncnnnnnna pac-
crpannanaci. 2 :axcrnn, uro, xorn n 6in Inannoxoxan(ym-
mnx, xcnn nourn orcrpannnn, uro6i :annxaricn «cnnnxaxn»,
nccx noncxnoiy. Tax (onio nc xoino (nnricn. Haxo, 6y(yun
ncnnxox no(xnmucnnix x nipc, xoropan ncnaci «n(ann or
xcnn», npnno(nn xnc ncnxoio po(a iopixnc qaxri n paccxa-
:inan ncnxoio po(a iopixnc ncropnn, xoropic y:nanan or «cno-
nx nm(cn». 2 y6c(nncn n rox, uro na(o 6ino xopomcnixo
n:nricn :a apxnm. O(non n: ncpnix xcp, xoropym n pcmnn
npnnnri, 6ina pcopiann:annn Icnmra6a. Koi(a xi c nnx
pa:ionapnnann o6 ¬rox, Haxo nacronunno npc(no»nn nocra-
nnri no inanc Icnmra6a Mcxxcra Ucxy, xax «nacronmcio,
no(ioronncnnoio, ni(cp»anmcio ncnirannn nocnnoio».
÷ Hcnirannn-ro ni(cp»an, ÷ cxa:an n Haxo, ÷ no :aro
n o6onx nanpanncnnnx, n n nono»nrcninox n n orpnnarcninox.
Ho( orpnnarcninix nanpanncnncx n no(pa:yxcnan co-
ncpmcnnic nx na nonnc axri, oco6cnno ccxranrcxoio xapax-
rcpa, no n ror qaxr, uro, xoi(a xi xpnrnxonann cio :a ccx-
ranrcrno, on nomcn n npornnonono»nym cropony, n onnopry-
nn:x. 2 nxcn n nn(y n ro, uro on uacro nocrynan no cnocxy
ycxorpcnnm, 6in nicoxoio xncnnn o caxox cc6c, rpc6onan,
uro6i (pyinc co6nm(ann (ncnnnnnny, a cax nc rax y» co6nm-
(an cc npn ocymccrnncnnn nnnnn naprnn n ninonncnnn npn-
xa:on Inannoio xoxan(onannn; n io(i Hannonanino-ocno6o-
(nrcninon 6opi6i on (a»c nc ninonnnn npnxa:a o ncpcxo(c
438
Hcpnon (nnn:nn na Ccncp, noxa nc nonyunn nropon, xarc-
iopnuccxnn npnxa:.
Hxcnno ¬ro nxcn n n nn(y, uro xacacrcn orpnnarcninix
cropon Mcxxcra Ucxy, xoi(a Haxo npc(no»nn xnc nocrannri
cio no inanc Icnmra6a. Pa:yxccrcn, nacxonixo xi xoinn
:nari o ncx x roxy npcxcnn, n nxcn n nn(y n cio nono»n-
rcninic croponi, xoropic no6y»(ann xcnn ncpnri, uro,
no( pyxono(crnox naprnn, on or6pocnr npoui n:nccrnic nax
orpnnarcninic xauccrna. B(o6anox, ror qaxr, uro on yunncn
n Bocnnon Axa(cxnn n Concrcxox Com:c, ycnnnnan y xcnn
na(c»(y na ro, uro Mcxxcr Ucxy pcmnrcnino npornnonocra-
nnrcn ncpa:6cpnxc, xoropym miocnani co:(anann n namcn
apxnn. Bc(i c nm(ixn npo(c Taxnpa Ka(apc, Hc(»nna Bnn-
uann, Hcnyx6a µnmnnna n (p., ncni:n 6ino ninpannri no-
no»cnnc.
Mi nnccnn npc(no»cnnc n Impo na paccxorpcnnc n,
nocnc ncxoropix xancnixnx xonc6annn, Koun µ:o(:c n Han(n
Kpncro rax»c npnnnnn cio. Bi:nan Mcxxcra Ucxy n: Mocx-
ni, i(c on yunncn n Axa(cxnn nxcnn Bopomnnona, n cmc
na ncpnon ncrpcuc ionopnn cxy o nono»cnnn namcn apxnn,
paccxa:an cxy ncropnm c miocnancxnxn nocnnixn ycranaxn
n ror, nc (an xnc (oxonunri, pa:pa:nncn, xax ¬ro 6ino y
ncio n npnniuxc, xpannnxn nipa»cnnnxn:
÷ Inccrnmcc crparcinuccxoc nocnnoc ncxyccrno Kpacnon
apxnn nan(cr cc6c nonncnmcc no(rncp»(cnnc no nccn »n:nn
namcn apxnn. Ycrani Concrcxon apxnn xi ncpc(a(nx n pyxn
xa»(oxy con(ary n nn cnona n: nnx nc nixnncx . . .
÷ H rax nc na(o, ÷ cxa:an n cxy. ÷ Mi (anno ninc-
cnn yxa:annc pa:pa6orari cnon ycrani, xoropic nc (on»ni
6iri (ocnonnix ncpcno(ox ycranon 6parcxnx apxnn. Omn6xa
ronapnmcn :axnmuanaci (o cnx nop nxcnno n rox, uro onn
onnpannci ncxnmunrcnino na miocnancxnc nocnnic ycrani n
npcxn or npcxcnn :axcnnnn nx. Taxnx anoxannn nax 6onimc
(onycxari ncni:n. Ha(o npnnnxari n pacucr npc»(c nccio
concrcxnc nocnnic ycrani, nocxorpcri, uro xopomcio n n
miocnancxnx, no pa6orari na( rcx, uro6i namn nocnnic
ycrani onnpannci rax»c na nam onir n rcx caxix (o6nricn
439
roio, uro6i n 6y(ymcx xi nxcnn nnonnc cnon co6crncnnic
ycrani.
÷ Kax pa: ¬ro n nxcn n nn(y, ÷ orncrnn Mcxxcr Uc-
xy, orcrynnn n rop»ccrncnno noo6cman: ÷ Mi ncc rnopuccxn
onpc(cnnx na ocnonc nnnnn naprnn n 6oiaroio onira, naxo-
nncnnoio naxn n ncpno( Hannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninon
6opi6i.
Hrax, ocymccrnnnn n namnx ycnonnnx crannncxoc ncxyc-
crno n (cnc opiann:annonnoio crponrcnicrna n n(cnno-nonnrn-
uccxoio nocnnrannn apxnn, xi pcmnnn npnnnri n xauccrnc
ocnoni concrcxnc nocnnic ycrani. B ro »c npcxn xi nonpo-
cnnn Crannna npncnari, x nax n concrcxnx nocnnix concrnnxon
(nn oxa:annn noxomn n opiann:annn Icnmra6a n uacrcn.
Crannn npncnan x nax xopomnx nm(cn, o6na(anmnx nocnnix
n nonnrnuccxnx onirox.
Taxon nyri, xoropix xi nocnc(onarcnino mnn, nc no-
npannncn miocnanax. Onn uyncrnonann cc6n «ocxop6ncnni-
xn», a nx nocnnin arramc n cio noxomnnxn ncnuccxn xnc-
ncrann, xpnrnxonann n noccranannnnann namnx oqnncpon npo-
rnn concrcxnx concrnnxon, npornn concrcxnx nocnnix ycranon
n concrcxoio nocnnoio onira. Oco6cnno axrnnnix noxa:an
cc6n n ¬ron anrnan6ancxon n anrnconcrcxon xaxnannn ncxnn
Cnnpo Ccp(»cnrnu÷ miocnancxnn oqnncp, xoropin npnmcn
nxo6i (nn ncpc(aun nonnrnuccxoio onira miocnancxon ap-
xnn Honnrynpanncnnm namcn apxnn, a qaxrnuccxn no((cp-
»nnan cnn:n c Kpncro Tcxcnixo, Hcnyx6ox µnmnnna n
(pyinxn.
Ho(o6nic (cncrnnn, xorn xi n npcccxann nx, nc npcxpa-
mannci n nacrynnn (ancc raxon xoxcnr, xoi(a y miocnanon,
naunnan or inanncnmnx nx npc(crannrcncn, xaxnxn 6inn no-
con Hocnn Icpin n «concrnnx» Tnro y nac, Cano 3narnu, n (py-
inc, (o roio yx :a pa:yx :amcn, uro n namnx ronapnmcn-
oqnncpon, xonuanmnx nocnnic yuc6nic :anc(cnnn n no:npa-
manmnxcn na Po(nny, npnnnxann :a concrcxnx oqnncpon n
«»anonannci» nax na 6onimoc uncno npnc:»anmnx x nax
«concrcxnx concrnnxon». Ho:(ncc onn c(cnann (pyiym nonir-
xy, conparnri nac. Onn ni:nann Kpncro Tcxcnixo, Mcxxcra
44O
Ucxy n ncxoropix (pyinx n Icnipa( na xaxoc-ro nocnnoc
concmannc nnn ccxnnap, i(c Byxxanonnu Tcxno (x roxy npc-
xcnn nauaninnx nonnrynpanncnnn miocnancxon apxnn) n:no-
»nn «nocnnic rc:nci miocnancxon apxnn». Bcnc( :a ¬rnx
onn crapannci ucpc: Uync yionopnri n nac npnnnri ¬rn an-
rnxapxcncrcxnc n nnno anrnconcrcxnc rc:nci. O6pa6orannin
Tcxno, Kpncro Tcxcnixo npnmcn xo xnc nocxnmcnnin, noc-
xnannn ¬rn rc:nci n npc(no»nn xnc npnnnri nx.
÷ Orn rc:nci y rc6n n nncixcnnox nn(c" ÷ cnpocnn n.
÷ 3annccn y xcnn (ocrarouno, ÷ caxoyncpcnno orncrnn
on. ÷ Mi 6inn na ccxnnapc c Mcxxcrox Ucxy n ncc rouno
:anncann.
÷ Xopomo, ÷ cxa:an n. ÷ Hannmn na 6yxaic ncc, uro
n:no»nn xnc, n npnnccn cm(a, uro6i xi no(po6ncc c nnxn
o:naxoxnnnci.
Hpomno nccxonixo (ncn n Tcxcnixo npnncc xnc «rc:n-
ci». Oro 6inn rc »c n(cn n npcrcn:nn, xoropic xi (anno
y»c cnixann o6 «oco6ox onirc miocnancxon apxnn n Hanno-
nanino-ocno6o(nrcninon 6opi6c», o «rnopuccxox npnxcncnnn»
nocnnon nayxn co croponi Tnro, o «:naucnnn ¬roio onira n
6opi6c c ma6nonnocrim npc»nnx pcnonmnnn n r.(. n r.n.,
o(naxo na ccn pa: ncc ¬ro 6ino no:nc(cno n ncxyccrno, n
rcopnm. Coinacno ¬rnx rc:ncax, «n ycnonnnx Ianxan n £npo-
ni noo6mc onir Oxrn6picxon pcnonmnnn n Kpacnon apxnn
yrparnn cnoc :naucnnc», a ¬ro nc ronixo noroxy, uro «nonic
ycnonnn ornnuamrcn or ycnonnn ncpno(a Oxrn6picxon pcno-
nmnnn», no n noroxy, uro «Kpacnan apxnn ÷ ¬ro apxnn
crpani, xoropan na 3O ncr nncpc(n nac uro xacacrcn crponrcni-
crna connann:xa». Tax uro, no xncnnm Tcxno, qopxi opia-
nn:annn n pa6ori Kpacnon apxnn 6inn (nn nac ncno(xo-
(nmnxn'
Tmarcnino paccxorpcn «rc:nci» miocnanon, n ni:nan x
cc6c Tcxcnixo n Mcxxcra Ucxy n nicxa:an nx cnoc 6ccno-
nopornoc xncnnc:
÷ Hacronmnc rc:nci co(cp»ar ncnpannninic, omn6ou-
nic n:inn(i n xi nnxonx o6pa:ox npnnnri nx nc (on»ni.
Mi nc npcnc6pciacx nnxaxnx nono»nrcninix onirox, -÷
441
cxa:an n nx, ÷ no n ¬rnx rc:ncax raxoio onira ncr. K roxy
»c, :aucx nax npnnnri nx rc:nci, ccnn y nac cnon rc:nci n
concrcxnn onir"
Tcx caxix nponannnaci n ¬ra nonirxa rnronncn.
Hcxo(n n: nccx ¬rnx namnx no:nnnn, xax n na ocnonc
no(po6nix cnc(cnnn, xoropic onn nonyuann or co:(annix
nxn aicnrypnix ncrounnxon, miocnani y6c(nnnci n rox, uro
nx nc ncnoni:onari namy apxnm n xauccrnc cncnoio opy(nn
(nn (ocrn»cnnn cnonx cxpirix ncncn. Toi(a onn ncpcxcnnnn
raxrnxy.
B nmnc 1947 io(a npncxana n An6annm 6oniman miocnan-
cxan nocnnan (cnciannn c Byxxanonnucx Tcxno n Koua Hono-
nnucx no inanc (ncpnin nauaninnx nonnrynpanncnnn, a nro-
pon ÷ nauaninnx Icncpaninoio mra6a miocnancxon apxnn) n
ncrynnna n nnrcncnnnic ncpcionopi c namnxn npc(crannrc-
nnxn ÷ Kpncro Tcxcnixo, Mcxxcrox Ucxy n (pyinxn. B rc
(nn n co6npancn cxari n Mocxny. Hocnc xocio no:npamcnnn
orry(a, xo xnc npnxo(nr c (oxna(ox Mcxxcr Ucxy n Kpncro
Tcxcnixo n nnqopxnpymr xcnn:
÷ Hcpcionopi, ÷ ionopnr xnc Mcxxcr Ucxy, ÷ (ann
6nccrnmnc pc:ynirari. Kiocnancxnc ronapnmn ccpic:no or-
nocnrcn x cno»nnmcncn na Ianxanax rpcno»non o6cranonxc
n npc(no»nnn nax 6onimnc nocranxn nocnnix xarcpnanon,
ncccroponnmm noxomi n corpy(nnuccrno no nccx o6nacrnx
o6oponi.
÷ Kaxoio xapaxrcpa 6y(cr ¬ro corpy(nnuccrno" ÷ cnpo-
cnn n.
÷ Ioncc nnn xcncc, npo(c corpy(nnuccrna n (pyinx ccx-
ropax. «µyx Oxonoxnuccxon xonncnnnn, ÷ cxa:an nax Tcx-
no, ÷ na(o pacnpocrpannri n na apxnm». Onn npc(no»nnn
xonxpcrnic xcpi x pocry nnunoio cocrana namcn apxnn, x
pacmnpcnnm nocnnoio crponrcnicrna, x o6ccncucnnm nocn-
nix cnapn»cnnn, cnn:n, o(c»(i n o6ynn n (p. Kopouc ionopn,
uro6i y nac 6ina 6oniman apxnn, nyumc ocnamcnnan n rcx-
nnuccxox ornomcnnn, nyumc o(cran n o6yran, uro6i ona nyumc
nnranaci. Crano 6iri, conpcxcnnan apxnn. Mi naxcuacx y»c
xonxpcrnic xcpi n paxxax ¬roio 6onimoio xcponpnnrnn.
442
÷ Bcc ny»no, ÷ cxa:an n Mcxxcry Ucxy, ÷ no yu-
rnrc ycnonnn, n xoropix xi »nncx. B cocronnnn nn nama ¬xono-
xnxa ncxc(ncnno y(onncrnopnri ncc ¬rn norpc6nocrn"'
÷ Bi nc (on»ni 6ccnoxonricn na ¬ror cucr. B (yxc
xonncnnnn miocnancxnc ronapnmn nipa:nnn coinacnc noxpi-
nari :a cucr cnocio 6m(»cra namn pacxo(i na apxnm'
Oro noxa:anoci xnc nccixa no(o:pnrcninix. «µpy:in»
nc ninonnnnn nourn nn o(noio n: o6n:arcnicrn, n:nrix na
cc6n n ¬xonoxnuccxnx ccxropax, n nor rcncpi, xoi(a pcui
mna o6 apxnn, cranonnnnci oucni mc(pixn' A xoi(a Kpncro
Tcxcnixo cucn «ny»nix» ncrannri cmc xoc-uro n (ononncnnc
x roxy, uro cxa:an Mcxxcr Ucxy, xon no(o:pcnnn n xon
rpcnoia cmc 6onimc ycnnnnnci.
÷ Kiocnancxnc ronapnmn, ÷ ncrannn Uync, ÷ 6y(yr
:a6ornricn o namcn apxnn rax »c, xax n o cnocn apxnn' Tcx-
no cxa:an, uro n (yxc Oxonoxnuccxon xonncnnnn ynnqnxannn
namnx apxnn nxccr raxoc »c :naucnnc, ccnn nc 6onimcc,
uro n ynnqnxannn n o6nacrn ¬xonoxnxn.
÷ Kax"' ÷ cnpocnn n norpnccnnin. ÷ ¹ro ¬ro :a ynn-
qnxannn apxnn"'
÷ Oroio on nc cxa:an, raxoio n nc cnixan' ÷ ncxc-
(ncnno nxcmancn Mcxxcr Ucxy, xoropin :axcrnn xoc 6cc-
noxoncrno.
÷ On ionopnn o pacnpocrpancnnn (yxa Oxonoxnuccxon
xonncnnnn n na apxnm, ÷ cnoxonno orncrnn Tcxcnixo, ÷
nc(i xi nxccrc npncyrcrnonann na nccx ncpcionopax n co nccx
coinacnnnci. ¹ro npc(crannncr co6on Oxonoxnuccxan xonncn-
nnn" Ynnqnxannm ncn, ycranonncnnc nanmrnoio napnrcra,
ynnqnxannm raxo»cn. Taxon (yx n apxnn n nonnxam xax
ynnqnxannm apxnn.
÷ Oro Tcxno rax cxa:an nnn »c ¬ro ri rax nonnxa-
cmi" ÷ cnpocnn n, crpoio nocxorpcn na ncio.
÷ Iiri xo»cr, n n ncpcnyran, ÷ npo6opxoran Uync.
÷ «Iiri xo»cr, n n ncpcnyran» ionopnmi, ÷ pa:o:nnncn
n. ÷ Ti nyumc cxa»n, uro orncccn x ornomcnnnx xc»(y
namnxn apxnnxn, xax 6y(ro pcui mna o6 ornomcnnnx xc»(y
ncxox n (nnapox.
443
Mcxxcr Ucxy cnona «:annnn», uro ¬roio «nc 6ino cxa:a-
no». Oro «6ino 6i omn6xon», «ronapnmy Uync nc cnc(ycr
nannno npono(nri napanncnn» n r.(.
Ha ¬rox 6ina ncucpnana npo6ncxa, xoropan 6ina na:-
nana :a6ny»(cnncx Uync. O(naxo cpa:y nocnc roio, xax n
non6pc 3narnu coo6mnn nax o6nnncnnn, xi c iopcuim n rpc-
noion y:nann n oxonuarcnino y6c(nnnci, uro ro, «uro (yxan
Uync», no xoropoio nxo6i «nc paccniman» (') Mcxxcr Uc-
xy n nmnc, 6ino cymcn npan(on. Kiocnani concpmcnno or-
xpiro norpc6onann ynnqnxannn namnx apxnn, crano 6iri,
ncpcxo(a namcn apxnn n no(unncnnc inannoio xoxan(onannn
miocnancxon apxnn.
B o(nn n: rcx (ncn npnxo(nr xo xnc Mcxxcr Ucxy n
ionopnr:
÷ Tonapnm Koxan(anr, n Icnmra6c xi y»c ccopnxcn,
rax pa:ionop n(cr o6 ynnqnxannn o6onx xoxan(onannn na-
mnx apxnn n miocnani xornr nocrannri na rc6n xpccr'
Oro 6inn xoxcnri nocnc caxoy6nncrna Haxo Cnnpy, xo-
xcnri, xoi(a Koun µ:o(:c o6na»nn xcu n py6nn nx nancno n
nanpano. Hpn npono(nnmnxcn naxn anann:ax no:no(nnnci, n
uacrnocrn, o6nnncnnn n n co:(annn «ncy(onncrnopnrcninoio
nono»cnnn n apxnn», oco6cnno n Icncpaninox Ura6c, n
«ma6nonnox (yxc», n xoropox xi nocnnrinann apxnm ('),
n «nc(ooncnxc nocnnoio onira miocnancxnx ronapnmcn» n r.(.
Y(api ¬rn npc(npnnnxannci nnauanc, no(ncpian «xpn-
rnxc» nauaninnxa Icnmra6a, Mcxxcra Ucxy. Oco6cnno cpc(n
ncxoropix pa6ornnxon Honnrynpanncnnn apxnn, c xoropixn
miocnani no((cp»nnann npnxic xonraxri, xpncrannn:ona-
noci raxoc nacrpocnnc nc ronixo n ornomcnnn Mcx-
xcra Ucxy, no n n ornomcnnn xcnn. Oro cmc nc (c-
nanoci orxpiro, no :aro xocncnno x roxy n ncno, n6o
nonyuanoci rax, 6y(ro n npc(no»nn xan(n(arypy Mcx-
xcra Ucxy na nocr nauaninnxa Icnmra6a n no((cp»nnan
cio, n r.(. C (pyion croponi, nocxonixy n 6in Inannoxo-
xan(ymmnx n pa: ionopnnn, uro n «Icnmra6c (cna nc6naio-
nonyuno n(yr», ¬ro 6ino npnxix y(apox, xoropin nanocnnn
xnc :a ro, uro «(onycxan» raxoc nono»cnnc'
444
Mcxxcr Ucxy uynn, uro cio no:nnnn pacmarinannci n,
no n:6c»annc ¬roio, orxpiro «npornnonocrannncn mio-
cnanax (n paccxa»y nn»c, uro ¬ro 6ino :a «npornnonocrannc-
nnc») n nonirancn :apyunricn xocn no((cp»xon. £io cno-
na «miocnani xornr nocrannri na rc6n xpccr» nc y(nnnnn
xcnn n rc xoxcnri, n6o anann:i n namcx Impo 6inn n ca-
xox pa:iapc, no ncc-raxn n cnpocnn cio, n ucx on nn(cn
¬ro.
÷ Hpncxann icncpan Xaxonnu, noxomnnx Tcxno, n
ipynna nocnnix n (o6nnamrcn onn nc ronixo ynnqnxannn na-
mnx apxnn, no n co:(annn c(nnoio xoxan(onannn, xoropoc
ynpannnno 6i (cncrnnnxn n no(ioronxon o6¡c(nncnnon apxnn,
÷ noncnnn xnc Mcxxcr Ucxy. ÷ 2 orxpiro no:pa:nn npornn
¬roio.
2 co nccn ccpic:nocrim orncccn x nnqopxannn, ncpc(an-
non xnc Mcxxcrox Ucxy, «nocrannn n n:nccrnocri» o6 ¬rox
rax»c Koun µ:o(:c n nopyunn cxy opiann:onari xnc ncrpcuy,
na xoropon, n npncyrcrnnn Mcxxcra Ucxy n Kpncro Tcxcni-
xo, Xaxonnu nyumc «pa:¡ncnnn» 6i nax n(cn miocnancxoio
pyxono(crna.
Bcrpcua cocronnaci, no Xaxonnu nc npnnnn n ncn yuacrnn.
On ymcn nnuno nponcpnri cocronnnc nonncxnx uacrcn n
ncrpcrnricn c pa:nixn nauaninnxaxn namcn apxnn'
÷ Mcxxcr Ucxy noroponnncn co cnonxn nino(axn n co
nccn ncpc(annon nax nnqopxanncn' ÷ ncpcmcn n nacrynncnnc
Uync. ÷ Mi co6npannci nocrannri nac n n:nccrnocri o6o
nccx cxa:annox na ncrpcuc, no (cna cmc nc na:pcnn.
÷ A xax, nc y» ro ni (yxacrc, uro xcnn ny»no no-
crannri n n:nccrnocri nnmi roi(a, xoi(a ncc 6y(cr pcmcno
naxn" Oro nc(onycrnxo nn n o(nox ccxropc n rcx 6oncc n ap-
xnn' ÷ cxa:an n Tcxcnixo.
÷ Oro ncpno, ronapnm Koxan(anr, no nc(i xi cmc n
qa:c o6cy»(cnnn. Bi :annri nnixn (cnaxn, a Mcxxcr Ucxy
xancnpnpycr, uro6i c6nri nac c ronxy, rouno rax, xax ¬ro no-
crynan n cio (pyi, Haxo Cnnpy. Hnxro nc ionopnn o rox, uro-
6i nocrannri na nac xpccr. Bi ocracrcci Inannoxoxan(ymmnx.
÷ Ocranyci nnn »c nc ocranyci, o6 ¬rox nn ri, nn n n
445
nn Xaxonnu nc pcmacr, ÷ cxa:an n. ÷ O6 ¬rox pcmacr nap-
rnn, pcmamr npc(crannrcninic opiani cronmcio y nnacrn
napo(a'
÷ Hcpcxo( namcn apxnn n no(unncnnc miocnancxoio xo-
xan(onannn nc(cr x c(cnannoxy xnom :axnmucnnm, ÷ ncxo-
unn Mcxxcr Ucxy.
÷ A xro cxa:an, uro xoxan(onannc 6y(cr miocnancxnx"
÷ Hc c(cp»ancn Koun µ:o(:c. ÷ Ono 6y(cr o6mnx, c(nnix.
÷ Hcy»cnn n ri n xypcc ¬roio"' Houcxy ri nc npo-
nnqopxnponan xcnn o6 ¬rox" ÷ ryr »c cnpocnn n Koun
µ:o(:c.
Tor na xinoncnnc pacrcpnncn, no ncc-raxn namcncn uro
cxa:ari, 6y(yun y»c xacrcpox n:6ciari «xara».
÷ µa ncr' Koi(a ni ionopnnn xnc nucpa o6 ¬rox, n o6cc-
noxonncn, orncn Uync n cropony n cnpocnn cio. Tor n o6¡nc-
nnn xnc, n ucx (cno.
Concpmcnno oucnn(no 6ino, uro on nian, no, nocxonixy
no»i n o6xan no:no(nnnci y»c n cncrcxy, 6ino nanpacno
craparicn pacxpiri xopnn ¬roio.
÷ Oro nccio nnmi ncxoropic n(cn, ronapnm Koxan(anr,
npnucx pcui n(cr nc ronixo o namcn, no n o 6oniapcxon
apxnn, ÷ nonirancn oxna(nri nin Kpncro Tcxcnixo. ÷ Mi
npc(crannx nax nnarqopxy ynnqnxannn, xax ronixo n(cn
xopomo co:pccr. Mcxxcr Ucxy niracrcn pacxonori nac c
ncnim :axa:ari cnon omn6xn. C rcx nop, xax on npnmcn
no inanc Icncpaninoio Ura6a, on ronixo n (cnacr, uro npc-
(nr nax. Hcr cna»cnnocrn xc»(y Icnmra6ox n Honnrynpa-
nncnncx. Mcxxcr Ucxy ncc xoucr cax (cnari, on orrccnncr
ronapnmcn n «cpaxnr» nx n:-:a nycrnxon. Tcncpi »c ionopnr
nax, 6y(ro «na nac xpccr crannr», a xoi(a xi 6inn n Icnipa(c
on cax na nac xpccr nocrannn.
÷ Kpncro Tcxcnixo, 6y(i ocropo»cn' ÷ yipo»ammc
ncxpnuan Mcxxcr Ucxy. ÷ Ti :nonaxcpcnno n»cmi n npn-
cyrcrnnn Koxan(anra'
÷ Pa:nc nc noxnnmi, uro ri cxa:an ronapnmy Tnro,
xoi(a xi ncrpcrnnnci c nnx n Icnipa(c' ÷ orncrnn cxy Uy-
nc, nnuyri nc cxyrnnmnci, «no( pyxono(crnox n ncpxonnix
446
xoxan(onanncx ronapnma Tnro namn apxnn cranyr nccoxpy-
mnxixn'». Bor, uro ri cxa:an cxy'
Y Mcxxcra Ucxy xponi y(apnna n nnno n on nc naxo-
(nncn uro orncrnri. 3arcx on, 6opxoua (o6annn:
÷ Oro 6in rocr' Koi(a rocri npono:inamamrcn, nm(n io-
nopnr n nnmncc. Bc(i n n :a ronapnma Onncpa rocr npono:-
inacnn . . .
÷ µa 6pocirc ni npo rocri ionopnri' ÷ npcpnan cio
Koun µ:o(:c. ÷ A ri, Mcxxcr Ucxy, :a yx no:ixnci' Iono-
pn raxoc, ri xoucmi cmc 6onimc noccranonnri nac npornn
(py»ccxon Kiocnannn' B Icnipa(c ri yio»(acmi Tnro, a
:(cci ÷ Koxan(anry. Ti c o6onxn ncuccrcn. Hpcxpacno n
rc6n :nam, xax cnon nnri nanincn :nam, xax ¬ro :nan n n
Haxo Cnnpy.
Mcxxcr Ucxy no6nc(ncn n oncncncn.
÷ Tnoc (cno xi xopomcnixo paccxorpnx, ÷ (o6annn
Koun, ÷ nc(i y nac Hncnyx nncpc(n. Ha Hncnyxc xi ncc
pa:pcmnx.
Hccxonixo (ncn cnycrn nocnc ¬roio, na conxccrnox :acc-
(annn Icnmra6a n Honnrynpanncnnn apxnn Mcxxcr Ucxy
nonyunn y(ap cnonna. Omn6ox, :a xoropic xo»no 6ino yx-
narnricn, 6ino y ncio nonnix nonno, nx ncpcuncnnnn o(ny
:a (pyion, npnxncnn x ncxy ¬rnxcrxy «anrnmiocnana», a n
Honnr6mpo nnccnn npc(no»cnnc cnnri cio c :annxacxon
(on»nocrn' Hpn cno»nnmcncn o6cranonxc xncnnc Impo n n
(annox cnyuac 6ino 6i cymcn qopxaninocrim. Bcc 6ino
npc(pcmcno nnc Impo. B xonnc (cxa6pn 1947 io(a Mcxxcra
Ucxy cxcnnn Icxnp Ianyxy.
Iino ncno, uro n n apxnn, xax n no nccx (pyinx ccxro-
pax, (cna mnn y nac no( orxoc. 2 6in nnonnc y6c»(cn n rox,
uro nonpoc «ynnqnxannn» n «c(nnoio xoxan(onannn» cocrannnn
nc «o6pa6arinanmymcn n(cm», xax ¬ro crapannci n:o6pa»ari
(cno Koun µ:o(:c n Kpncro Tcxcnixo, a rpc6onannc xarcio-
pnuccxon qopxi. 2xo6i (nn «npc(napnrcninix (ncxyccnn n
xoncynirannn» 6inn ni:nani n ro npcxn n Icnipa( Kpncro
Tcxcnixo n nonin nauaninnx Icncpaninoio Ura6a, Icxnp
447
Ianyxy, o(naxo, xnc xa:anoci, uro ¬ro 6ina nipa, nccman n
cc6c (pyinc onacnocrn. 2 nouyncrnonan nacronrcninym nco6-
xo(nxocri ncucpninammcn xoncynirannn c namnxn ronapn-
maxn, no Koun µ:o(:c n Han(n Kpncro orxa:inannci :ann-
xaricn «npocxrox» no( npc(noiox roio, uro ncpc( naxn
cronnn «6oncc na»nic npo6ncxi, uro xi (on»ni 6inn
yiny6nricn n anann:i (nn Hncnyxa»' 2 norpc6onan, uro6i
xi npoxoncynirnponannci n c concrcxnxn ronapnmaxn, no
Koun µ:o(:c ncxounn c xccra, xax y»ancnnin:
÷ Koncynirnponaricn c concrcxnxn"' ÷ nocxnnxnyn on.
÷ Hnxonx o6pa:ox' Bc(i (a»c nax nc ncc ncno n n raxox
cnyuac xi pa:ouapycx n B¬xan¬' Ho(o»(cx noxa ronapnmn
no:nparnrcn n: Icnipa(a, nocxorpnx, uro onn cxa»yr, a norox
nn(no 6y(cr'
Haxoncn, ronapnmn no:nparnnnci. O(naxo na ccn pa:
onn 6inn nc o(nn n npncxann onn nc c nycrixn pyxaxn. C
nnxn npncxan miocnancxnn icncpan, y xoropoio 6ino rpy(-
noc nxn, nanoxnnanmcc npn npon:nomcnnn cryx no(xonan-
nix canoi no rporyapy, «xpyn-xpyn». Oro 6in icncpan Kynpc-
mannn. C co6on on npnncc ncnym cnnry nonxonnnxon n xano-
pon, xax n «upc:niuanno cpounoc n na»noc» nocnannc caxoio
Tnro n xon a(pcc.
Hpnnnn n nx, nacxonixo xnc noxnnrcn, cmc na (pyion
(cni nocnc nx npn6irnn n Tnpany. Mi, xax ¬ro :anc(cno n
raxnx cnyuanx, o6xcnnnnci npnncrcrnnnxn n icncpan ncrynnn
npnxo n rcxy:
÷ Ho cncnnaninoxy npnxa:y namcio Bcpxonnoio inanno-
xoxan(ymmcio, xnnncrpa napo(non o6oponi, xapmana Kio-
cnannn Hocnna Ipo:-Tnro, n npncxan cm(a ncpc(ari nax pn(
upc:niuanno na»nix npc(no»cnnn. Oqnnnanino o6o nccx,
uro n nax coo6my, xax n o xocn ncpconc, no(po6no ionopnrcn
n ¬rox nnunox nncixc ronapnma Tnro. Ho:nonirc xnc npy-
unri cio nax'
On ncran, nirnnyncn, c(cnan mai nncpc( n rop»ccrncnno
npornnyn xnc xonncpr, cnonno npyuan ncpnrcninic ipaxori.
÷ A rcncpi pa:pcmnrc xnc ycrno coo6mnri nax ncni
448
croni nco»n(annoio xocio npnc:(a x nax. Hono»cnnc noxpyi
nac xax nnxoi(a panimc ipo:nmcc. Y nac nxcmrcn cnc(cnnn o
rox, uro n Ipcnnn y»c :axanunnamr npnioronncnnn x nacry-
nncnnm, xoropoc nnauanc 6y(cr npc(npnnnro na namn mio-
nocrounic ipannni.
Hoxonuan, on o6parnncn x miocnancxoxy nocnnoxy, xo-
ropin 6in nxccrc c nnx.
÷ Kapry' ÷ npon:ncc on.
Toruac 6ina pa:ncpnyra 6oniman xapra Ianxan, na xo-
ropon 6pocannci n ina:a npc»(c nccio crpcni, xpyin, qna»-
xn n ncnxoio po(a (pyinc pa:nonncrnic nnnnn.
÷ Hacrynncnnc npc(nonaiacrcn pa:ncpnyri nor nxcnno
na ¬ron rcppnropnn, ÷ cxa:an Kynpcmannn n yxa:an nani-
ncx na ipannni n :onc Kopua-Opccxa. ÷ Ho nxcmmnxcn y
nac cnc(cnnnx, y(api xoiyr 6iri o(nonpcxcnno npc(npnnn-
ri n c xopn. Ipcuccxnc aipcccnnnic noncxa, no((cp»nna-
cxic cnnaxn n cpc(crnaxn anino-axcpnxanncn, npc(npnxyr
nonirxy xonnncnocnix y(apox no nccn nnnnn qponra cno-
xnri namy o6opony, a :arcx npopnaricn niny6i... B raxnx
ycnonnnx namc pyxono(crno, 6y(yun xpannc o6ccnoxocnnix
¬rnx n ocrananci ncpnix o6n:arcnicrnax, nircxammnx n:
µoionopa o (py»6c n n:anxonoxomn, (yxacr, uro nco6xo(nxo
npnnnri pn( cpounix xcp. ¹ro »c xacacrcn caxoio inanno-
io, n 6yxnanino npoury nax ro, uro ronapnm Tnro nnmcr n
nncixc, xoropoc n nax ncpc(an, ÷ cxa:an Kynpcmannn, or-
xpin noprqcni, ninyn orry(a nncrox 6yxain n npnnnncn
unrari: «Bnn(y raxon ncncnon cnryannn, npomy nac npc(o-
crannri nax n Kopuc 6a:y (nn o(non (nnn:nn n ncnoxoiarcni-
nix rcxnnuccxnx uacrcn. Taxnx o6pa:ox nax npc(crannrcn
no:xo»nocri cmc nyumc o6ccncunri o6opony yuacrxa co cro-
poni xopn n, n cnyuac nponoxannn, namn uacrn cxoiyr 6i-
crpcc nxcmnnaricn»
1
.
÷ Taxono, ÷ npo(on»an Kynpcmannn, ÷ inannoc n
cpounoc npc(no»cnnc miocnancxoio pyxono(crna. Tonapnmn
____________________________________
1 H: nncixa H. I. Tnro, nanpanncnnoio ronapnmy Onncpy Xo(»a
26 nnnapn 1948 i. HHA.
449
Ianyxy n Tcxcnixo coinacnnnci c ¬rnx na ncrpcuc c ronapn-
mcx Tnro, n, yncpcnnic n rox, uro y nac rax»c nc 6y(cr xa-
xnx-nn6o no:pa»cnnn, n n conpono»(amman xcnn ipynna
npncxann cm(a, uro6i cpa:y n:nricn :a (cno. Mi ncxc(ncnno
ornpannxcn n Kopuy ocxorpcri rcppnropnm, i(c 6y(cr (ncno-
nnponana nama ncpnan (nnn:nn...
÷ 2 npcpnari nac (on»cn, icncpan, ÷ cxa:an n. ÷ Hpc-
(no»cnnc ronapnma Tnro nxccr raxoc :naucnnc, uro cio nc
o6on(cmi cnyuannix coo6mcnncx.
÷ Bcc, uro n cxa:an, nanncano caxnx Tnro' ÷ orncrnn
Kynpcmannn.
÷ Oroxy n ncpm, ÷ npo(on»an n. ÷ Ho nc(i xi roni-
xo uro ycnimann o6 ¬rox. Mi (on»ni n:yunri, o6cy(nri
npc(no»cnnc n namcx naprnnnox n iocy(apcrncnnox pyxono(-
crnc, a :arcx (a(nx nax orncr.
÷ Kax ¬ro xo»no, ÷ «y(nnnncn» Kynpcmannn. ÷ Bamn
ronapnmn, ncnocpc(crncnno :annxammnccn apxncn, nponnnnn
6onimym ioronnocri n 6naiopa:yxnc.
÷ Hamnx ronapnmcn, ÷ orncrnn n, ÷ nnxro nc ynonno-
xounn npnnnri xaxoc 6i ro nn 6ino npc(no»cnnc, nc cnpo-
cnn :apancc xncnnn pyxono(crna namcn naprnn n xocio xnc-
nnn, xax Inannoxoxan(ymmcio. B(o6anox, raxoc (cncrnnc, ccnn
xopomcnixo cio nc n:nccnri, nocrannr nac ncpc( rpy(nixn
npo6ncxaxn.
÷ Mo»no 6ino nocrynnri n rax, xax ¬ro ni ionopnrc,
÷ nacrannan na cnocx Kynpcmannn, ÷ no yurnrc cnryannm.
Mi-ro xo»cx n »(ari namnx anann:on, o(naxo 6y(cr nn npai
»(ari (o rcx nop, noxa ni nc y6c(nrcci n ¬rox"'
÷ Y6c(nxcn xi nnn ncr, ÷ oro:nancn n, ÷ ¬ro 6y(cr
n caxox xonnc. ¹ro »c xacacrcn npaia, ro n (yxam, uro on,
no-ncpnix, nc xo»cr nanacri na nac n raxon cnryannn. Bo-
nropix, n ccnn npc(npnxcr nacrynncnnc, ro xi n cocronnnn
caxn orpa:nri cio.
÷ 2 ncpc(an nax :axnmucnnc namcio pyxono(crna, y xo-
ropoio o6nninic cnc(cnnn o6 ¬rnx npnioronncnnnx. Bi uro,
nc ncpnrc"'
45O
÷ Mo»cr 6iri, ÷ cxa:an n, ÷ no o(no y»c xopomo n:-
nccrno: narpnornuccxnc cnni ronixo uro pa:ncpnynn n Ipc-
nnn ncco6mcc nacrynncnnc n npannrcnicrncnnan apxnn :a-
nnra 6onxn c nnxn.
÷ µonycrnx, uro ¬ro rax' Ho ucio ryr nnoxoio, ccnn xi
npnxcx npc(napnrcninic xcpi" ÷ crapancn y6c(nri xcnn
Kynpcmannn.
÷ £cri nnoxoc' ÷ orpc:an n cxy. ÷ Bo-ncpnix, xi, c
namcn croponi, nc xo»cx o(o6pnri raxon mai 6c: ocnona-
rcninoio o6cy»(cnnn cio n pyxono(crnc, n cxa»y nax npnxo,
uro, xax Inannoxoxan(ymmnn, n nc coinaccn c ¬rnx. Bo-nro-
pix, raxoc nocncmnoc (cncrnnc ni:nano 6i n namcx napo(c
cnninoc 6ccnoxoncrno.
÷ Tonapnm Tnro npc(nn(cn ¬ro, ÷ npcpnan xcnn ic-
ncpan, ÷ n nor, uro on nnmcr n cnocx nncixc: «Honaiam,
uro ncc ¬rn (cncrnnn concpmari ny»no rnxo n nc:axcrno». Hax
nopyucno ncc ¬ro opiann:onari nrannc, uro6i napo( nnucio
nc y:nan o6 ¬rox.
÷ H ni ncpnrc, uro ¬ro no:xo»no"' ÷ cnpocnn n. ÷ Hc
(yxacrc nn ni, uro nam napo( inyn xax npo6xa' H ccnn 6i
xi coinacnnnci c namnx npc(no»cnncx, onnri-raxn nnucio
nc npc(npnnnnn 6i 6c: npc(napnrcninoio pa:¡ncncnnn n
y6c»(cnnn napo(a. Hapo( nnpanc rpc6onari or nac orucra
n orncpiari nm6oc (cncrnnc, xoropoc xa»crcn cxy ncnpannni-
nix. B-rpcrinx, ÷ npo(on»an n, ÷ raxoc (cncrnnc o6ocrpnno
6i o6cranonxy na Ianxanax n na xc»(ynapo(non apcnc. Bpain
naunyr ionopnri ncc, uro nx n:(yxacrcn.
÷ Tonapnm Tnro npc(nn(cn n ¬ro, ÷ npcpnan xcnn
Kynpcmannn, ÷ n n cnocx nncixc on nnmcr: «Bpai y:nacr
o6 ¬rox, no, xoi(a namn coc(nncnnn 6y(yr pa:xcmcni rax,
nax nc:aucx 6y(cr (cp»ari ¬ro nrannc, nc(i ono noxa»cr,
uro nam com: nc qopxaninin, nao6opor, xi npcncnonncni
pcmnxocrn (o xonna n nxccrc :amnmari namn ipannni». To-
napnm Tnro, ÷ npo(on»an Kynpcmannn, ÷ cunracr (a»c,
uro, ccnn nocnc pa:xcmcnnn (nnn:nn n Kopuc »ypnanncri
cnpocnr nac nnn ronapnma Tnro, ni (on»ni :annnri, «uro
451
xi (oionopnnnci or(ari 6a:y c rcx, uro6i o6ccncunri nc
ronixo an6ancxnc, no n miocnancxnc ipannni»
1
.
÷ Tonapnm icncpan, xi cnopnnn 6onimc ucx nonaia-
crcn, ÷ cxa:an n. ÷ Bamc coo6mcnnc xi ycnimann, (a n
nncixo Tnro y nac ccri. Tcncpi nycri orncrcrncnnocri nc»nr
na nac. Mi (a(nx nax orncr cnocnpcxcnno. Oro 6y(cr n n
namnx n n namnx nnrcpccax.
÷ uyumc nccio 6y(cr pa:xccrnri (nnn:nm xax xo»no
cxopcc c rcx, uro6i pcaxnnn nc cxoina uro-nn6o npc(npn-
nnri (nn oxxynannn namcn crpani' ÷ nacrannan na cnocx
Kynpcmannn.
÷ Ho xy»c nccio 6y(cr, ccnn n:-:a raxoio nocncmnoio
(cncrnnn npain nnn »c (py:in cranyr o6nnnnri nac n rox,
uro An6annn oxxynnponana miocnancxnxn noncxaxn' ÷ or-
ncrnn n icncpany n ynn(cn, xax ror n xinoncnnc ncci no-
6nc(ncn.
Ha ¬rox n xonunnaci ncrpcua. 2 oucni xono(no paccrancn
c Kynpcmannnix, n on, yxo(n, cnpocnn xcnn:
÷ Iy(cr nn (onio :a(cp»an nam orncr"
÷ µyxam, uro ni nonyunrc cio nonpcxn' ÷ xono(no or-
ncrnn n.
Tyr nxcmancn Koun µ:o(:c, xoropin ncc npcxn ucpnix
xonaxox (cp»ancn n croponc or onopa, n o6parnncn xo xnc:
÷ Hono»cnnc, ronapnm Onncp, nccixa rpcno»noc, n xi
nc (on»ni orxnonnri raxym nnrcpnannonanncrnuccxym no-
xomi miocnancxnx 6paricn.
unno Kynpcmannna ryr »c npocnnno yni6xon. On no-
cxorpcn na xcnn n ynop n o»n(annn xocio orncra.
÷ £cnn nono»cnnc croni rpcno»noc, ÷ orncrnn n Koun,
nonicnn ionoc, uro6i ¬ro xopomo cniman n Kynpcmannn, ÷
ro nycri miocnani no(rnnyr cnom apxnm x ccncpnon uacrn
Ipcnnn, n npc(cnax cnonx ipannn.
Icncpanox Kynpcmannnix onna(cn 6c:y(cp»nin incn,
on uro-ro cxa:an cxno:i :y6i n ymcn. Koun µ:o(:c, crapanci
____________________________________
1 Bcc nnrari n xaniuxax n:nri n: nncixa Tnro or 26 nnnapn
1948 i. HHA.
452
xa:aricn «cnoxonnix» n xpannc «o:a6oucnnix cnryanncn»,
cxa:an xnc:
÷ µyxam, uro ni nocncmnocri nponnnnn. Bc(i ronapnm
Kynpcmannn coo6mnr o6 ¬rox ronapnmy Tnro n 6y(yr y nac
xnonori.
÷ To, ucio onn rpc6ymr, nccixa onacnoc n (cnnxarnoc
(cno. 2 nicxa:an cnoc xncnnc, y6c»(cnnin n rox, uro n
Impo 6y(cr raxoio »c xncnnn.
÷ Coinaccn, rax co6cpcxcn n pcmnx ccio(nn nnn :anrpa'
÷ (o6annn µ:o(:c xax 6i yxonnmmc.
÷ Hcr' Bonpoc o (ncnoxannn miocnancxon (nnn:nn ¬ro
nc nonpoc, xoropin pa:pcmnri xo»no 6icrpo n na xo(y. Pcui
n(cr o na»nox (nn cy(c6 namcn crpani n namcn (py»6i c
Kiocnanncn pcmcnnn, ÷ cxa:an n cxy raxnx ronox, uro6i
on y6c(nncn n rox, uro n nc naxcpcn 6in orpcuicn or cnocio
xncnnn.
÷ H onn, no-xocxy, x (py»6c crpcxnrcn, ÷ (o6annn
Koun. ÷ Mano nn nax xa»crcn, uro6i miocnancxnc con(ari
npnmnn cm(a n noin6ann, :amnman namn ipannni' Bc(i ro
»c caxoc c(cnann n namn (nnn:nn, npn(n na noxomi Kio-
cnannn.
÷ Toi(a cnryannn 6ina (pyian. Bc(i xi ncxncn no
nnrax npccnc(onann. Koio npccnc(onari 6y(yr y nac mio-
cnancxnc con(ari" ÷ cnpocnn n cio.
÷ Onn ncpnixn npnxyr na cc6n y(ap ipcxon, ccnn rc
nana(yr na nac, ÷ ncxounn µ:o(:c.
÷ £cnn ipcxn nana(yr na nac, ro ncpnin y(ap nycri xi
caxn npnxcx. µpy:in :namr c xaxon croponi oxa:inari nax
noxomi, ccnn nx (opoin cno6o(a n nc:anncnxocri An6annn,
÷ orncrnn n n npornnyn cxy pyxy.
÷ ua(no, na(no, no, no-xocxy, nonpoc ¬ror na(o xax
xo»no cxopcc nocrannri n Impo, ÷ cxa:an µ:o(:c, y(ann-
nci. ÷ Bc(i xi nc xo»cx :acrannri Tnro (onio »(ari.
Y6c»(cnnin n rox, uro naxo(nnnci xi ncpc( 6onimon
n upcnaron caxixn iopixnxn nocnc(crnnnxn onacnocrim,
n nncpnic pcmnn nocrynnri «no cnocxy ycxorpcnnm». ¹cpc:
concrcxoc noconicrno n ocnc(oxnn Crannna o rox, ucio rpc-
453
6onan or nac Tnro, n, n o»n(annn orncra, c 6onimnx rpy(ox
cxoi (o6nricn orno»cnnn (o nopi (o npcxcnn nocranonxn
n Impo npc(no»cnnn o (ncnoxannn miocnancxon (nnn:nn.
Oco6cnno ncnoni:onan n c ¬ron ncnim «o6nciuammcc o6-
cronrcnicrno»: pcmcnnc nponccrn n nauanc qcnpann co6pannc
VIII Hncnyxa HK naprnn. 2 ionopm «o6nciuammcc o6cro-
nrcnicrno» noroxy, uro nocnc caxoy6nncrna Haxo Cnnpy
xax miocnani, rax n nx aicnri y nac, npn(anann ¬roxy Hnc-
nyxy upc:niuanno 6onimoc :naucnnc. Onn npnno»nnn ncc
ycnnnn x roxy, uro6i Hncnyx y:axonnn «npannninocri» o6nn-
ncnnn Tnro n nam a(pcc n npnnnn nnnnm o6¡c(nncnnn An6a-
nnn c Kiocnanncn. Bc(i nc cnyuanno npc(no»cnnc o (ncnoxa-
nnn (nnn:nn 6ino c(cnano naxanync ¬roio Hncnyxa. Oro (c-
nanoci c rcx, uro6i xi, oxa:anmnci no( (anncnncx »ccroxnx
xcp, xoropic Hncnyx o6n:arcnino (on»cn 6in npnnnri, xon-
uannno coinacnnnci c miocnancxnx nocnnix nxcmarcnicrnox
n An6annm. B ro »c npcxn cpounoc ncrynncnnc miocnancxnx
noncx na namy rcppnropnm nnnnoci 6i orxpirix manra»ox,
paccunrannix na ro, uro6i Hncnyx npoxo(nn rax, xax ¬ro
niio(no 6ino miocnanax. Tcx caxix xi oxa:annci 6i xc»
(nyx cnninix oincn: xc»(y xcpaxn Hncnyxa n nxcmarcni-
crnox miocnancxon apxnn, uro nocrannno 6i nac n 6c:nixo(-
noc nono»cnnc. Hxcnno noroxy, uro rax pacncnnn cnryannm,
npnnnn no nnnxannc ncc nocnc(crnnn, n nacrannan na rox,
uro6i 6ino npc(ynpc»(cno o(no n: ¬rnx (nyx :on. Cnc(o-
narcnino, nc nxcn n rc xoxcnri no:xo»nocri npc(ornparnri
co:in Hncnyxa, n nocrapancn npc(ornparnri (ncnoxannm mio-
cnancxon (nnn:nn, n (o6nncn ¬roio.
Orncr or Crannna nocrynnn oucni 6icrpo, :a nccxonixo
(ncn (o nauana pa6ori Hncnyxa. Crannn ionopnn nax, uro
nc nn(cn xaxon-nn6o onacnocrn no:xo»noio nana(cnnn ipc-
uccxon apxnn na nac n pa:(cnnn xoc xncnnc o rox, uro nc
6ino nco6xo(nxocrn n (ncnoxannn miocnancxon (nnn:nn n
An6annn.
Kiocnani paccnnpcncnn, xoi(a n coo6mnn nx, uro nc roni-
xo xi, no n concrcxnc ronapnmn n nnuno Crannn nc cunrann
pa:yxnix (ncnoxannm nx (nnn:nn, no rcx nc xcncc onn
454
«orcrynnnn» n npcxcnno nnucio nc cxa:ann. «Ycrynxa» 6ina
c(cnana xnc noroxy, uro, xax miocnani, rax n nx aicnri, cmc
(yxann, uro ncc 6ino y nnx n nopn(xc n (cna non(yr rax,
xax ¬ro onn npc(nn(cnn.
Cnc(onarcnino, nax ocrananoci »(ari n(onnric y(api,
c xoropixn o6pymnrcn na nac VIII Hncnyx HK Haprnn.
Hcpnoc nn1no n nc1opnn namcü nap1nn
Ha VIII Hncnyx HK KHA 6cnipa(cxoc pyxono(crno n
cio aicnri n namnx pn(ax no:naiann 6onimnc na(c»(i, na
ncx onn ocnoninann 6onimnc crpcxncnnn. Tax onn npccnc-
(onann ncnim yncnuari ycncxox cnon xnoioncrnnn :aionop,
nanpanncnnin na oxonuarcninoc no(unncnnc KHA, na nocra-
nonxy namcn naprnn n raxoc nono»cnnc, npn xoropox ona
«caxa», «cnonxn co6crncnnixn ycraxn» o(o6pnna 6i ncc, uro
(nxronann cn Tnro n xoxnannn. B ncpnym oucpc(i, 6cnipa(-
cxoc pyxono(crno crpcxnnoci x roxy, uro6i VIII Hncnyx
HK KHA co:(an raxnc ycnonnn, npn xoropix nama naprnn
npn ncpnox »c cninanc 6ina niny»(cna npnnnri n no(nncari
«o6¡c(nncnnc» nnn »c, ncpncc, anncxcnm An6annn Kiocna-
nncn. Hocnc ¬roio, coinacno pacucrax rnronncn, ncc (on»no
6ino ncixo pa:pcmnricn: nam Hcnrpaninin Koxnrcr no
«cnocn cno6o(non nonc» nncccr n Hapo(noc Co6pannc cnoc
«npc(no»cnnc o6 o6¡c(nncnnn An6annn c Kiocnanncn», (c-
nyrari «npcxocnonnri nc cranyr» naprnn, noncn-ncnoncn onn
no(nnxyr pyxy, 6y(yr nponc(cni nonnic «nocropia» n «pa-
(ocrn» ncpcxonnn n ncci xnp y:nacr 6onimym nccri o rox,
uro «An6annn, no cnocn nonc n nacronnnm, crana uacrim
Kiocnannn».
Y(nnnrcn, o6pa(ymrcn (pyinc raxon nccrn nnn »c ncxo-
uar na noin ÷ ¬ro (nn Tnro ncna»no 6y(cr. On :nan, uro,
nxcn n pyxax namn «pcmcnnn», :arxncr por nm6oxy, xro no:-
pa:nr npornn ¬roio.
455
¹ro6i raxan «xpacnnan xcura» Tnro c6inaci, nco6xo(nxo
6ino npc(napnrcnino, uro6i VIII Hncnyx HK KHA nm6on
ncnon orncpi npc»nmm nnnnm, ocy(nn cc croponnnxon n
npono(nnxon n npnnnn «nonym», npomiocnancxym nnnnm, nn-
nnm «o6¡c(nncnnn n 6parannn»' Kiocnancxoc pyxono(crno nc
npncnano xaxoio-nn6o cnocio npc(crannrcnn na ¬ror Hncnyx,
(a n nc nonpocnno yuacrnn cnocio npc(crannrcnn n ncx. Ono
ncc npc(ocrannno c(cnari nax «caxnx» c rcx, uro6i ono «yxi-
no» pyxn n cnyuac, ccnn uro-nn6y(i npon:on(cr. Ho (cno n
rox, uro, oron(n na :a(nnn nnan, miocnancxnc pyxono(nrcnn
npnncnn n (nn»cnnc cnonx aicnron, xoncuno, no(yunnan n
nanpannnn nx na xa»(ox maiy.
B uncnc inannix yxa:annn, (annix n ¬rn xoxcnri
miocnanaxn Koun µ:o(:c n cio npn6nn»cnnix, cocronno yxa-
:annc o rox, uro6i onn nponnnnnn yxcpcnnocri uro xacacrcn
npnxix nina(on na inannix ronapnmcn n: namcio pyxono(-
crna. Bor noucxy npnxoc nana(cnnc 6ino cocpc(oroucno
nnauanc na Haxo Cnnpy n (nyx-rpcx 6nn:xnx cxy nm(nx, a n
ornomcnnn (pyinx n oco6cnno xcnn onn no:(cp»annci n nc
nicrynnnn orxpiro. Taxona 6ina xonapnan raxrnxa n:nrnn
an6ancxon xpcnocrn mai :a maiox, no¬ranno, n (a»c, ccnn
¬ro y(acrcn, o6xaninan o(nnx, uro6i noccranonnri nx npornn
(pyinx. Oco6cnno n rox, xax nocrynari co xnom, miocnani
noxa:ann cc6n 6onimnxn xacrcpaxn :aionopon.
Cax xo( co6irnn nonncx nx n raxon no(onopor, uro (o
nopi (o npcxcnn, n nnrcpccax cnocio xoncunoio nnana, onn
6inn niny»(cni n o6n:arcninox nopn(xc «coxpannri» xoc
npc6inannc n pyxono(crnc, (a»c n «(py»6y» co xnom, xorn
(nn nnx xcnn cnc(onano orcrpannri cmc n 1944 io(y' unmi
raxnx o6pa:ox nx nnan anncxcnn An6annn xoi 6iri ocymc-
crnncn 6c: rpcmnn, 6c: coxncnnn, 6c: no:pa»cnnn n nporn-
no(cncrnnn co croponi xax namcn naprnn n an6ancxoio napo-
(a, rax n :apy6c»noio xnpa, xoxxynncrnuccxoio n ncxoxxy-
nncrnuccxoio. B npornnnox cnyuac, ro ccri, ccnn n no(xo(n-
mnx (nn ncnxoio po(a npccrynncnnn ycnonnnx, cno»nnmnxcn
n non6pc-(cxa6pc 1947 io(a, y(ap orxpiro cocpc(orounncn
6i na xcnn n n 6in 6i ocno6o»(cn or no:no»cnnix na xcnn
456
o6n:annocrcn, nnn, n:-:a ncno:xo»nocrn c(cnari ¬ro, 6in
6i nnxnn(nponan, ro miocnancxnn nnan anncxcnn oxa:ancn 6i
na cxaxic no(cy(nxix. Anncxcnm ryr »c cnn:ann 6i c nanc-
ccnncx y(apa n npc(napnrcninix y(ancnncx co cncni Icnc-
paninoio Ccxpcrapn naprnn, Hpcxicp-xnnncrpa n Inannoxo-
xan(ymmcio An6ancxon apxncn, n, caxo co6om, npccrynncnnc
crano 6i ncncc ncnoio. Icnipa(cxoc pyxono(crno oxa:anoci
6i ncpc( rn»xnx n nconponcp»nxix o6nnncnncx n rox, uro
anncxcnponano An6annm nocpc(crnox coup d´1tat*, nyrcx :a-
ionopa n inycnoio npccrynncnnn. Oro npnunnnno 6i nx
ncn:xcpnxin npc( n caxon Kiocnannn n oco6cnno :a cc
npc(cnaxn.
Oro xopomo paccunrinann n Icnipa(c, no¬roxy, nonpc-
xn crapoxy »cnannm no:xo»no 6icrpcc y6pari xcnn co cnc-
ni, nonpcxn »nnornoxy ncrcpncnnm Koun µ:o(:c nc:axc(nn-
rcnino n:nri n pyxn 6pa:(i npanncnnn, miocnancxoc pyxono(-
crno niny»(cno 6ino noxa uro «nc rponyri» n «nc cnnri»
xcnn c (on»nocrcn, xoropic n :annxan, (o rcx nop noxa o6¡c-
(nncnnc c An6anncn crancr /ait accompli**.
Ho n 6c: roio, (nn 6cnipa(cxnx :aionopmnxon (cno 6ino
conpn»cno, xax n npon:omno n (cncrnnrcninocrn, c 6onimn-
xn onacnocrnxn, rax uro ncc nnnxannc 6ino cocpc(oroucno
na aicnrypnon cnc»xc n nonnon xocn n:onnnnn, na co:(annn
raxon cnryannn, npn xoropon oqnnnanino n ocranancn 6i
Icncpaninix Ccxpcrapcx naprnn, no qaxrnuccxn nc noni:o-
nancn 6i nnxaxnxn nonnoxounnxn, nn n naprnnnox pyxo-
no(crnc, nn n naprnn, i(c nocrynan 6i no cnocxy ycxorpcnnm
ccxpcrapi no opiann:annonnix nonpocax, miocnancxnn aicnr
Koun µ:o(:c; oqnnnanino n ocranancn 6i n Hpcxicp-xnnn-
crpox, no qaxrnuccxn nnacrim xannnynnponann n ynpannnnn
6i Koop(nnannonnan xoxnccnn nnn Koxnrcr n Icnipa(c; oqn-
nnanino n ocranancn 6i n Inannoxoxan(ymmnx, no qaxrn-
uccxn namcn apxncn pyxono(nno 6i £(nnoc xoxan(onannc,
a Inannoxoxan(ymmnx 6in 6i H. Ipo:-Tnro. Kopouc ionopn,
______________________________________
* Ho-qpanny:cxn: iocy(apcrncnnin ncpcnopor.
** Ho-qpanny:cxn: concpmnnmnncn qaxr.
457
xoc npc6inannc na npc»nnx nocrax ny»no 6ino nn(cpax
Icnipa(a n rc xoxcnri n xauccrnc nccixa ¬qqcxrnnnon xac-
xn (nn onpan(annn n ina:ax o6mccrncnnocrn n coxpirnn or
ncc ioronnnmciocn npornn An6annn crpamnoio npccrynncnnn.
3arcx ncc (on»no 6ino ncixo pa:pcmnricn: YµI Panxonnua,
ioxonoia Koun µ:o(:c n Icnipa(c, crano xacrcpox caxix
uro nn na ccri 6c:o6pa:nix npccrynncnnn, naunnan or 6cc-
cnc(non nnxnn(annn n nnnori (o npnxpcnncnnn nicoxon na-
ipa(i nxcnno x roxy xccry, xy(a nc:a(onio (o ¬roio rc »c
pyxn ioronnnnci nycrnri nynm nnn non:nri no».
Hnxoi(a nc :a6y(y rc rpy(nic npcxcna, xoi(a, oxa:an-
mnci n nonnon n:onnnnn, y6c»(cnnin n rox, uro naxo(nncn
n ncnrpc y(apa, n niny»(cn 6in, noxnxo nccio (pyioio,
orpa»ari n 6ccxoncunic nponoxannn nocnanncn Tnro n nx
aicnron.
Oco6cnno Koun µ:o(:c xo6nnn:onan n rc (nn ncc cnon
:aionopmnnxnc cnoco6nocrn na ro, uro6i npnny(nri xcnn
(cncrnonari coinacno nnrcpccax 6cnipa(cxoio pyxono(crna.
B o(nn n: ¬rnx (ncn npnxo(nr xo xnc µ:o(:c ÷ ucpnin,
nn:xnn, npn:cxncrin n c ina:axn nanixarc, xax y nniymxn,
n c nnnnunon yni6xon ionopnr xnc:
÷ Mi (on»ni ninycxari »ypnan (py»6i c Kiocna-
nncn, rax xax ¬ro oucni na»no, oco6cnno n nacronmnc xoxcn-
ri. Hannmn n rcnnym ncpc(onym crarim o namnx »n:ncnno
na»nix cnn:nx c miocnancxnxn (py:inxn, o6 nx noxomn n,
n oco6cnnocrn, o nxna(c ronapnma xapmana.
On (an xnc cmc ncxoropic «yxa:annn» o rox, xaxnx
(on»cn 6in 6iri »ypnan, uro nxcnno (on»na 6ina co(cp-
»ari xon crarin, n, cy(n no nccxy cxa:annoxy nx, n nonnn x
ucxy xnonnnn on n rc, xro ncpc(an cxy no(o6nic «yxa:annn»:
miocnanax ny»na 6ina xon crarin, uro6i nxcri cc n xauccrnc
«y(ocroncpcnnn nm6c:nocrn» x Kiocnannn n Tnro.
Xna(noxponno oncnnn cno»nnmymcn (nn nac rn»cnym cn-
ryannm, xax n nccixa rpy(nic n (cnnxarnic npo6ncxi, xo-
ropic nax npc(cronno pa:pcmnri, n «nipa:nn coinacnc» n na
n:(annc »ypnana n na ro, uro6i nanncari :anpomcnnym cra-
rim. Haxoncn-ro «»ypnan» µ:o(:c nimcn (¬ro 6ino, nacxoni-
458
xo n noxnm, n (cxa6pc 1947 io(a), co(cp»an on n xom cra-
rim, n xoropon n concpmcnno o6mnx cnonax n npnnc(n xoc-
xaxon «qaxr», ornocnnmnncn x ncpnix io(ax nonni, n orxcuan
cnn:n n (py»6y xc»(y namnxn naprnnxn n namnxn crpanaxn.
O(naxo miocnani n nx aicnri ocrannci (ononini n
¬rnx: (nn nnx na»no 6ino, uro6i Icncpaninin Ccxpcrapi
KHA cxa:an o rnroncxon Kiocnannn xori 6i o(ny c(nncrncn-
nym nono»nrcninym qpa:y, xaxon 6i o6mcn ona nn 6ina,
uro6i nxcri cc n xauccrnc conpono(nrcninoio nncixa (nn
anncxcnn.
Mc»(y rcx cnopi n namcx Honnr6mpo xnncnn n n ro
n (cno, ocropo»no, no :aro ynopno, ionopnn Koun µ:o(:c o
rox, uro (cno ncni:n oipannunnari nnmi Honnr6mpo n Co-
ncrox Mnnncrpon, uro ono (on»no 6iri (onc(cno n (o cnc-
(cnnn ronapnmcn-uncnon Hncnyxa Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra,
xax n inannix iocy(apcrncnnix (cnrcncn.
÷ Hnxonx o6pa:ox' ÷ no:pa»an xnc «opiann:annon-
nin». ÷ Hax nc cnc(ycr ocnc(oxnri o6 ¬rox ronapnmcn, n6o
onn ncc ncpcnyramr. µananrc xopomcnixo paccxorpnx ¬rn
nonpoci n Impo, npoxoncynirnpycxcn n c miocnancxnxn (py-
:inxn n co:oncx Hncnyx nnmi nocnc roio, xax ncc 6y(cr
y»c nana»cno.
÷ uyumc 6ino 6i, ÷ oro:nancn n, ÷ ocnonarcnino no-
ronxonari c ronapnmaxn, nnn »c xorn 6i c ncxoropixn n:
nnx. Y nnx cnoc xncnnc, onn :namr nono»cnnc (cn rax, i(c
pa6oramr, rax uro n nx cnono n xncnnc no xnoiox noxoinn
6i nax npnnrn x no:xo»no 6oncc rounix n npannninix
:axnmucnnnx.
÷ C opiann:annonnon rouxn :pcnnn ¬ro 6ino 6i napy-
mcnncx' ÷ pc:xo no:pa:nn Koun µ:o(:c. ÷ Mi nc (on»ni
npc»(cnpcxcnno oinacnri ¬rn nonpoci. Bc(i nac n Impo nccio
7-8 ucnoncx n ro xi nc xo»cx (oionapnnaricn, a nc ro, ccnn
n ¬ro (cno nonncxnn 6i n (pyinx. Hncnyx nnncari 6y(cr no(
(y(xy Impo nnmi roi(a, xoi(a y Impo 6y(cr c(nnoc xncnnc.
Hnauc Hncnyx o6cpncrcn ncpa:6cpnxon n ynpannnri 6y(cr
naxn, nxccro roio uro6i xi nx ynpannnnn.
Yionopnri cio n rox, uro, nocrynan raxnx o6pa:ox, xi
459
(onycxann upcnarym nocnc(crnnnxn ipy6ym omn6xy, 6ino nc-
no:xo»no. Kax n y caxoio miocnancxoio pyxono(crna, y Ko-
un µ:o(:c 6inn uy»(ic nax rponxncrcxnc n anrnnaprnnnic
n:inn(i na naprnm n (a»c na cc Hcnrpaninin Koxnrcr. H no
cio xncnnm, ocnona naprnn n cax Hcnrpaninin Koxnrcr
npc(crannnnn co6on «ronny», «iancpcm», xoropic (on»ni 6inn
(cnari ro, uro ionopnnn nx «ncpxonnoc pyxono(crno», Impo
n, n oco6cnnocrn, «cnninan pyxa» n Honnr6mpo, «co6crncnno-
nnuno» Koun µ:o(:c. Taxoc npc(cranncnnc o naprnn nyumc
coorncrcrnonano rnroncxoxy nnany anncxcnn An6annn, n6o
raxnx o6pa:ox, no nx xncnnm, nxcn na cnocn croponc Impo,
onn nxcnn 6i «na cnocn croponc» ncci Hcnrpaninin Koxnrcr
n (a»c ncm naprnm.
µpyian xcpa, xoropym npnnnnn n ror ncpno( Koun µ:o-
(:c, Han(n Kpncro n (pyinc, no(yucnnic cnonx xacrcpox
Ancxcan(pox Panxonnucx, xacanaci yxpcnncnnn ncnxonoin-
uccxoio (anncnnn nocpc(crnox ycranonncnnn cnc»xn n r.(. no
nccx :ncninx naprnn n n opianax nnacrn. Xorn Koun µ:o(:c
y»c (anno nrannc npnxcnnn raxnc rponxncrcxnc n anrnnap-
rnnnic xcro(i, rcncpi, naxanync Hncnyxa, onn crann c(nn-
crncnnon qopxon «pa6ori». Yipo:a n manra» 6inn oucnn(-
nixn. Caxoy6nncrno Haxo Cnnpy, napymcnnc caxix ¬ncxcn-
rapnix opiann:annonnix npannn n Honnr6mpo n n Hcnrpani-
nox Koxnrcrc, npon:noninoc cnnrnc pn(a ronapnmcn c :annxa-
cxix (on»nocrcn :a «anrnmiocnanmnny», nocronnnic apccri,
nannin miocnancxnx nocnnix, (anncnnc n yipo:i «cncpxy» (a»c
npn xancnmcx nponnncnnn xaxoio-nn6o (cnonoio cnopa c
miocnancxnxn rcxnnxaxn, myxnan nponaian(a nccio miocnan-
cxoio n r.(. n r.n., ÷ ncc ¬ro co:(anano nc:(c 6onimoc ncn-
xonoinuccxoc (anncnnc n rn»cnym arxocqcpy. B raxox »c
(yxc, crpcxnci :apancc no(ioronnri x ¬roxy n (animc o6pa6o-
rari naprnnnix pa6ornnxon, Koun µ:o(:c n xonnc (cxa6pn
1947 io(a nicrynnn c pcuim na axrnnc, co:nannox nx n Hap-
rnnnon mxonc, i(c on (on»cn 6in nxo6i npounrari ncxnnm,
no, qaxrnuccxn, ni(nnnyn ncm nnarqopxy miocnann:annn An-
6annn. Ora ornparnrcninan pcui, no(ioronncnnan miocnancxnx
noconicrnox n Tnpanc, nnnnaci nnocnc(crnnn n nnarqopxon
VIII Hncnyxa HK KHA.
46O
Mc»(y rcx, :a xynncaxn, nrannc mna nnrcncnnnan o6pa-
6orxa ncxoropix pa6ornnxon HK KHA, opianon nnacrn n ap-
xnn, npo(c µ»o(»n Inmmn, Hccrn Kcpon(»n, Hcnyx6a µn-
mnnna n (pyinx c ncnim nonnocrim nrnnyri n nx n ¬ror
:arnop. Hx no(po6no yxa:ann, uro nxcnno ny»no 6ino npc(-
npnnnri, n n nauanc qcnpann 1948 io(a miocnani pcmnnn,
uro cnryannn y»c conccx na:pcna: 6in co:nan n nauan pa6ory
VIII Hncnyx HK KHA.
£mc n caxox nauanc cio pa6ori 6onimnncrno uncnon
Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra oxa:anoci ncpc( «nonix nopn(xox»:
xorn Hncnyx 6in co:nan no nonpocax oipoxnoio nonnrnuc-
cxoio :naucnnn, nc 6ino courcno «pa:yxnix» npc(cranncnnc
na ncx xaxoio-nn6o (oxna(a. Iinn :aunrani rax na:inacxic
:axnmucnnn o(noio n: :acc(annn Honnr6mpo n, x «y(nnnc-
nnm» npncyrcrnymmnx, :aunran nx Ccxpcrapi no opiann:a-
nnonnix nonpocax, Koun µ:o(:c. Iino oucnn(no, uro Icnc-
paninoio Ccxpcrapn naprnn n croponc ocrannnn. A noucxy"'
Pa:yxccrcn, ncc 6ino cnn:ano c «:axnmucnnnxn», npounran-
nixn Koun µ:o(:c. Xorn xoc nxn n nc 6ino ynoxnnyro nx,
nccx crano ncno, uro :a «anrnmiocnancxon xnnxon» Haxo
cronn n.
Ocranonnricn :(cci na co(cp»annn ¬rnx «:axnmucnnn»
ncr ny»(i, nnauc xnc npnmnoci 6i nonropnri ncc nanncannoc
xnom nimc o cnyuac, xoi(a 3narnu ncpc(an nax o6nnncnnn
Tnro
1
. £(nncrncnnan pa:nnna cocronna n n:xcncnnn xccron-
xcnnn n inaioninix nnn: nipa»cnnc «ni napymnnn (yx co-
inamcnnn» 6ino :axcncno nipa»cnncx «xi, no( (anncnncx
Haxo Cnnpy, napymnnn (yx...», a nipa»cnnc «nama anrn-
miocnanmnna» ÷ nipa»cnncx «anrnmiocnanmnna namnx rona-
pnmcn. . .», n r.(. n r.n.
Cpa:y »c nocnc «:axnmucnnn», xoropic conccx (c:opncn-
rnponann n nopa:nnn ronapnmcn, nauannci npcnnn. Iinn npn-
nnri xcpi x roxy, uro6i ncc mno, xax «uaci» n, na nn(, (a-
»c 6c: «na»nxon» n «(nxrara» co croponi Impo' Cnono n:n-
na «iancpcn», Hccrn Kcpcn(»n, Hcnyx6 µnmnnna n (pyinc.
________________________________
1 Cx. n nacronmcn xnnic crp. 362-379.
461
Onn n (nyx cnonax nipa:nnn ncio(onannc «npornn rcx, xro
6in nnnonnnxox yxy(mcnnn namnx ornomcnnn c miocnancxn-
xn 6parinxn», «conn(apn:onannci c xcpaxn no yxpcnncnnm
¬rnx ornomcnnn» n, nocnc ¬roio, «cno6o(nan nonn» npnncna nx
na (pyinc nyrn: pa:pa:nnnci onn c uncro nn(nnn(yaninix
no:nnnn nana(xaxn n o6nnncnnnxn n a(pcc Haxo Cnnpy n
«6nn:xon cxy xnnxn». Hxcnno raxona 6ina inannan xnccnn,
no:no»cnnan Koun µ:o(:c n Han(n Kpncro na ¬rn ¬ncxcnri.
Cnonox, onn (on»ni 6inn opncnrnponari (yx nicrynncnnn
rax, uro6i nc :arpainnannci inannic npo6ncxi an6ancxo-
miocnancxnx ornomcnnn, n6o n cnyuac nx ocnonarcninoio pac-
cxorpcnnn, ucio (o6poio, nonino nnn ncnonino ncrnna xoina
ncnniri na noncpxnocri. Hrax, cmc na ncpnox :acc(annn
nicrynncnnn nxccro roio uro6i cxa:ari, 6inn cnpanc(nnnixn
nnn ncr o6nnncnnn miocnancxoio pyxono(crna n a(pcc pyxo-
no(crna namcn naprnn, 6in nnn nc 6in «anrapxnuccxnx»
npocxr namcio nnana n r.(. n r.n., pa6ora Hncnyxa npnnnna
nnon o6opor: ncc 6ino cocpc(oroucno na «6noipaqnuccxnx
noncxax» o rox nnn (pyiox, na nccnixannix o6nnncnnnx n
xncncrnnuccxnx n:ximncnnnx, na (oia(xax, na copcnnonannn
n rox, xro npnnc(cr 6onimc qaxron o nicxa:inannnx Haxo,
roio nnn nnoio n raxox-ro io(y, n raxox-ro xccrc, 6ccc(yn
c raxnx-ro nnnox.
¹ro6i nano»nri ncuari o(o6pcnnn na ¬ror nc:(oponin
(yx, Koun µ:o(:c ncranan n n cnonx 6ccxoncunix nicrynnc-
nnnx n pcnnnxax paccxa:inan pa:nnunic ncropnn, npnucx c
rcx »c yccp(ncx, c xaxnx paccxa:inann n xaqc ancx(ori;
xro-ro n: nicrynanmnx, uro6i c(cnari cnom pcui «nnrcpcc-
non», ionopnn, uro or Haxo nnucio (pyioio n ncni:n 6ino
»(ari, rax xax «on 6in cinox 6yp»ya n o6pamancn c An6a-
nncn, xax ¬ro cio orcn o6pamancn co «Craxnccc»
1
n µyppccc».
Cpa:y »c nocnc ¬roio µ:o(:c ncxounn c xccra n o6parnncn
x Hncnyxy:
÷ Hxcnno rax n nocrynan on, no nnnonari n ¬rox n ro-
______________________________
1 An6ancxan ropiono-npoximncnnan axnnoncpnan xoxnannn ra-
6axa n nannpoc, co:(annan n 1925 i.
462
napnmn, no:nonnnmnc cxy raxoc. Co xnom ¬ro y ncio nc
(cncrnonano. 3nacrc, uro n c(cnan cxy o(na»(i" 3acran cio
n xopn(opax Mnnncrcpcrna nnyrpcnnnx (cn.
÷ ¹ro rc6c :(cci na(o" ÷ cnpocnn n ipoxxnx ionocox.
÷ «Hoionopnri c ro6on npnmcn», ÷ orncrnn on.
÷ Y6npancn orcm(a n uro6 rnon noia 6onimc cm(a nc
crynana' ÷ nocxnnxnyn n, ÷ ncr rc6c (cna n Mnnncrcpcrnc
nnyrpcnnnx (cn'
÷ 2 uncn Honnr6mpo, ÷ nncxonixo nc cxyrnnmnci or-
ncrnn xnc ¬ror 6cccri(nnx.
÷ Iy(i ri xcx yio(no' ÷ cxa:an n. ÷ Mnnncrcpcrno
nnyrpcnnnx (cn ¬ro xccro nc (nn pa:ionopon, a (nn (pyinx
(cn. £cnn ri no ¬rnx (cnax n npnmcn, ro ocranancn' ÷ Bor,
rax n nocrynnn c nnx, ÷ :axnmunn µ:o(:c, :ayni6anmnci
n cnona cran ccpic:nix.
÷ £cnn 6i xi ncm(y :axpinn ncpc( nnx (ncpn, ro on
nc na(cnan 6i cronixo :na. Hycri ronapnmn caxn nicxa»yrcn
no ¬roxy nono(y, nicrynnr c xpnrnxon n caxoxpnrnxon.
2 npnncn :(cci o(nn nnmi cnyuan, no raxnc cnyuan
nxcnnci c nauana n (o xonna pa6ori Hncnyxa. A ncc ¬rn
«ncropnn» ncncno cunrann nponnncnnnxn «anrnnaprnnnocrn» n,
n oco6cnnocrn, «anrnmiocnanmnni». «Anrnmiocnanmnny» ¬ry
o6ncxann n o(c»(y «anrnxapxcn:xa» n «anrnconnann:xa», (a-
»c n «anrnconcrunni». Ionopnnn, uro nicrynari npornn rcc-
nix ornomcnnn, npornn cnn:cn c Kiocnanncn, :naunr 6iri
«anrnconnanncrox, anrnxapxcncrox, anrnnaprnnnix ¬ncxcn-
rox, anrnan6anncx», ÷ ro ccri «anrn» no nccx ornomcnnnx.
Taxan no(nan nocranonxa nonpoca npnncna x roxy, uro xnoinc
ronapnmn, nc nxcnmnc no cymccrny nnucio (ypnoio, nnuc-
io anrnnaprnnnoio, omn6nnci n cnonx cy»(cnnnx, crann cxor-
pcri na ncmn cxno:i raxym npn:xy. £cnn xaxon-nn6o ronapnm
ionopnn o pa6orc noo6mc, Koun n cio nm(n cpa:y »c ncpc6n-
nann cio:
÷ £cnn y rc6n uro-nn6y(i, ro cxa»n xonxpcrno' ÷ iono-
pnnn onn.
Koncuno, o Haxo Cnnpy n cio npn6nn»cnnix «xonxpcr-
463
noio» xo»no 6ino ionopnri xnoio, nc(i n cnocn »n:nn n
(cnrcninocrn onn pa:pcmann cc6c ipy6ic omn6xn n napymc-
nnn. B oco6cnnocrn, nc:(oponic ax6nnnn Haxo, cio rcn(cn-
nnn n ycnnnn x xonononn:annn (cn, x roxy, uro6i nc:(c 6iri
ncpnix, cxonornri noxpyi cc6n cnnry «n:6pannnxon», «¬nnry
nnrcnnnicnnnn», ioronym nocrynari no yxa:xc Haxo, ÷ ncc
¬ro 6ino nax n:nccrno n xi ncc npcxn xpnrnxonann cio :a
raxnc n:¡nni.
B cnonx nicrynncnnnx xnoinc ronapnmn npnncnn n ¬ron
cnn:n nonic qaxri, xnoinc n: xoropix 6inn cocronrcninixn.
Tax, onn orxcrnnn, n uacrnocrn, nonirxn Haxo Cnnpy n nocnc
cio ocno6o»(cnnn or o6n:annocrcn n xono(c»non opiann:a-
nnn paccxarpnnari ¬ry opiann:annm xax «cnon xonrnnicnr»,
xax «or(cn» na cny»6c cio ax6nnnnx. Ananoinunic nonirxn
c(cnan on, uro6i npn6pari x cnonx pyxax npoqcom:nym op-
iann:annm, xax n »cncxym. On no cnocxy ycxorpcnnm (anan
¬rnx opiann:annnx «(npcxrnni» n «yxa:annn», xoropic ron-
xann nx, xax n xono(c»nym opiann:annm, na nyri orxona or
naprnn.
÷ Hpnxo(nn x nax Haxo, ÷ oxa:an o(nn n: nicrynan-
mnx, ÷ n ionopnn nax:
÷ Hocxorpnrc, uro xono(c»i rnopnr' Ona ni(nniacr n:
cnocn cpc(i (a»c n xnnncrpon, roi(a xax naprnn n npoqco-
m:i nnucio nc (amr.
Taxnc »c rcn(cnnnn x xonononn:annn (cn, raxnc »c
nponnncnnn naxanicrna n caxoxncnnn n (ocrarxc 6ino n y
unpn Icnnmona n Mcxxcra Ucxy.
Mi uacro xpnrnxonann ¬rn ¬ncxcnri :a ncc ¬ro n, ccnn
6i VIII Hncnyx co6pancn (nn o6cy»(cnnn raxnx omn6ox
n uy»(ix nax nnncnnn, ro ¬ro 6ino 6i 6oncc ucx nopxani-
no. O(naxo VIII Hncnyx nc (nn ¬roio 6in co:nan. K roxy
»c na ¬rox Hncnyxc ¬rn nc(ocrarxn n n:¡nni nc ronixo 6i-
nn pa:(yri, npcyncnnucni n «npnyxpamcni» ncnpannninix
nyrcx, no n 6inn npon:nonino ncnoni:onani n (oxa:arcnicrno
roio, uro nxcnno n ¬rox n :axnmuanaci «anrnmiocnanmnna».
2 nnxonx o6pa:ox nc xoi coinacnricn c raxnx «:axnmucnncx»,
464
npc(naxcpcnno c(cnannix :a xynncaxn. Oro qaxr, uro y
Haxo n cio ronapnmcn 6inn rpcnnn n pa:noinacnn c miocnana-
xn n ornocnrcnino n:nccrnix xnc cnyuacn n 6in coinaccn c
nnxn. Ho nc(i onn, xax ¬ro no(rncp(nnoci nnocnc(crnnn n
xax 6ino npn:nano n ncxoropixn na Hncnyxc, npornnono-
crannnnci miocnanax nc c npnnnnnnaninixn naxcpcnnnxn
n na npnnnnnnaninon ocnonc, onn n cnonx ncnnx npornnono-
crannnnnci (anncnnnx n ncnpannninix no:nnnnx miocnanon.
Bcci ¬ror ncnpannninin o6opor, xoropin npnnnnn co6irnn,
npxo noxa:inan, uro nocnc «xnnxn» Haxo Cnnpy y(ap 6y(cr
nanpanncn na (pyinx 6naiona(c»nix (cnrcncn naprnn. Xorn
nc ncci(a npnxo, Koun naxcxan na ro, uro ncn orncrcrncn-
nocri :a (cnnnn Haxo nc»ana na xnc . On orxpiro cxa:an,
uro Haxo c(cnan ncc ¬ro noroxy, uro n Impo cio no((cp-
»nnan Icncpaninin Ccxpcrapi. To, uro nc xoi cax ionopnri,
n6o rax cxy yio(ncc 6ino, ionopnnn cio npnxnocrnn ÷ Han-
(n Kpncro, Kpncro Tcxcnixo, Taxnp Ka(apc, Hcnyx6 µnm-
nnna, Iinn Mapxy n (pyinc.
Ho(iorannnnanaci y»c nouna (nn nancccnnn oxonuarcni-
noio y(apa. Ha Hncnyxc nc o(nn pa: nacronunno yrncp»(ann:.
÷ Hc cocpc(orounnanrcci nnmi na ipynnc Haxo. µani-
mc xpnrnxynrc pyxono(crno, nc(i ono ncccr 6onimym orncr-
crncnnocri :a ¬ro'
O(naxo, x nccuacrim Koun µ:o(:c, y(apon no xnc nni(c
nc 6ino nn(no. Toi(a Han(n Kpncro ncran n nncc «nnunoc»
npc(no»cnnc:
÷ Hc 6y(cx nonropnri ro, uro nponcxo(nno c naxn n
panimc ÷ oipa»(ari pyxono(crno or xpnrnxn. B pyxono(crnc
nxcmrcn ronapnmn, (onycrnnmnc 6onimnc omn6xn, n :a ¬ro
:(opono 6nucnari nx na(o. Hpc(naiam npcxparnri pa6ory
na o(nn-(na (nn, uro6i ronapnmn nopa:xicnnnn n no(ioro-
nnnnci.
Bcc nonnnn, uro raxoc npc(no»cnnc 6ino nanpanncno n
ncpnym oucpc(i npornn xcnn. O(naxo n rox nnanc, na xoro-
pin 6inn opncnrnponani nicrynncnnn, ro ccri n o6nnncnnnx
n ipy6ocrn, naxanicrnc, xnunnnocrn, cnncrnnx, 6onc:ncnnox
465
caxonm6nn n n (pyiox, rpy(no 6ino npn(nparicn xo xnc (a-
»c caxoxy Koun µ:o(:c n Han(n Kpncro, a nc ro, uro (py-
inx ronapnmax. B xocn »n:nn n, xax xoxxynncr n xax ipa»-
(annn, nnxoi(a nc no:nonnn cc6c raxnx nnncnnn. Hancpnoc,
n «nnunoc (cno», :anc(cnnoc Koun µ:o(:c na xcnn, n (an-
nox acncxrc 6ino concpmcnno 6cnix. Tax uro n c no:o6no-
nncnncx nicrynncnnn aicnri Icnipa(a nanpacno »(ann xa-
xoio-nn6o «qaxra» npornn xcnn.
Kax 6i ro nn 6ino, nx ynopcrno n:nno cnoc. Bo:nnxno
no(o:pcnnc n rox, uro «co xnom (cno ncna(no».
3a ncc (nn pa6ori Hncnyxa, xorn oe-mpe n 6in Icnc-
paninix Ccxpcrapcx naprnn, nc noxnm, nxcmancn nn n nccio-
nanccio (na nnn rpn pa:a. O6cranonxa 6ina noccranonncna
npornn xcnn. H:o6pa»an cc6n «cnacnrcncx naprnn», «icnc-
pan Koun», xa:anoci, nn(cn n Hncnyxc cnon 6aranion, xoro-
poxy on npnxa:inan (cnari ro, uro on ionopnn n ucio on
xorcn. 2 no:(cp»ancn or roio, uro6i nxcmaricn n nocra-
nnri ronapnmcn ncpc( ncxoropixn nonpocaxn n qaxraxn rax,
xax onn 6inn y xcnn n iononc. 2 no(yxan, uro nn xoxcnr,
nn arxocqcpa nc 6inn no(xo(nmnxn (nn ¬roio. µocrarouno
6ino nccio nnmi o(noio onpoxcrunnoio maia nnn xancnixon
raxrnuccxon omn6xn n ncc xoino oxa:aricn npnncccnnix n
»cprny, a (cno 6ino nc n rox, uro »cprnon oxa:ancn 6i n.
Pcui mna o cy(i6ax naprnn n An6annn. Bcc nnccno na no-
nocxc.
Cunran ncny»nix (animc pacnpocrpannricn o :arcnnnox
na Hncnyxc xno»ccrnc o6nnncnnn, xncncrnnuccxnx n:ximnc-
nnn n «ncropnn», n (on»cn cxa:ari, uro n xoncunox nroic
na Hncnyxc n:nnn ncpx rc:nci miocnanon. B uncni Honnr-
6mpo n Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra npon:nonino 6inn xoonrnpo-
nani ncxoropic ¬ncxcnri, cranmnc na cny»6y y miocnanon,
raxnc xax Hccrn Kcpcn(»n, µ»o(»n Inmmn n (pyinc. Iin y:a-
xoncn nyri «¬xonoxnuccxoio o6¡c(nncnnn» c Kiocnanncn, 6in
orxnoncn npocxr nnrnncrncio nnana, 6ina orncpinyra npc»-
nnn nnnnn naprnn. Iina no(ioronncna nouna (nn (anincn-
mnx (cncrnnn. B xonnc pa6ori Hncnyxa pcui :amna o pc:o-
466
nmnnn. 2 nicxa:ancn :a ro, uro6i 6ina co:(ana ipynna no
cocranncnnm pc:onmnnn, xoropym cnc(onano paccxorpcri nno-
cnc(crnnn n Impo, a :arcx co:nari Hncnyx (nn cc o6cy»(cnnn
n oxonuarcninoio o(o6pcnnn.
÷ Koi(a co6cpcxcn" ÷ cnpocnn xro-ro.
÷ Pa6ora nauncrcn ncxc(ncnno, o(naxo ncxoropoc npcxn
n nona(o6nrcn, ÷ o6¡ncnnn n, ÷ nc(i, xax ni caxn ynn(c-
nn, npo6ncxi oucni cno»nic.
÷ 3a nccxonixo (ncn n (a»c n 6nn»anmnc (nn xi op-
iann:ycx pa6ory n co6cpcxcn. Hc 6y(cx (onio rnnyri, ÷ na-
xanino ncrannn Koun.
Konqnnxr cran cmc oucnn(ncc. Tonapnmn pa:omnnci,
y6c»(cnnic n rox, uro n caxox pyxono(crnc 6opi6a npo(on-
»anaci, no rcncpi ocrananaci y»c nocnc(nnn cxnarxa. Kro
no:ixcr ncpx"'
Hcxc(ncnno nocnc VIII Hncnyxa nauannci co6pannn, ax-
rnni n xonqcpcnnnn no «ocnc(oxncnnm» nn:on, no «pa:¡ncnc-
nnm» npa»(c6non (cnrcninocrn Haxo Cnnpy n (pyinx, n no
nxnmucnnm nn:on n «6opi6y npornn ¬ron (cnrcninocrn. B ax-
rnni npc(naxcpcnno nporamnnn xnoinx n: rcx, y xoropix
6inn nnunic «cucri» c Haxo n cio npn6nn»cnnixn. Anrn-
naprnnnan crnxnn cmc 6onimc ycnnnnaci. Koun n ncc uncni
cio manxn xo(nnn na co6pannn n Tnpanc xax no6c(nrcnn, n,
nc omn6anci, cxa»y, uro co6pannn ¬rn noxo(nnn cxopcc na npc-
cnonyric nnxnn:nnnonnic nponcccnn. Bcc n:o6pa»anoci ucp-
nix, incrymnx. Moc nxn conccx 6ino niucpxnyro. H ccnn
ynoxnnann cio n xaxox-nn6y(i cnyuac, ro nccio nnmi naxc-
xann na ro, uro n 6in croponnnxox Haxo n (a»c inanon «an-
rnnaprnnnon xnnxn».
«Icncpan Koun» no»nnan y»c nno(i cnocn pa6ori. Ty-
nnna µ:o(:c («rynon» ÷ 6ina y ncio n xnnuxa), ncxoi(a nn-
rcn(anr namnx cxna(on n Hanapnrc, rcxnan ncpcona n Impo
n Hpannrcnicrnc, na(ynancn y»c xax nniymxa n: 6acnn. Co6pa-
nnn n axrnni orxpinan n :axpinan nxcnno on. ¹acro axrnni
¬rn npcnpamannci n xonqcpcnnnn, noxo(nnmnc na 6a:apnic
co6pannn nn(cpon 6yp»ya:nn: :a(anannci nonpoci cnn:y n
467
ryr »c orncuan «xoxncrcnrnin». Cnpamnnann na nnx o6o nccx,
naunnan or nonpocon «:aionopa», or o6cranonxn n Iononyny n
nnnori (o roio, ucx xonuarcn ni6opi n Hrannn n noucxy rax
6y(cr
1
.
µ:o(:c :a cnonox n xapxan nc na:nn; orncuan na raxnc
nonpoci, on onpc(cnnn (a»c n nponcnri nraninnncn, xoropic
naxcpcnannci ionoconari :a «(cxoxparnm» n r.(. n r.n.
2 nc 6y(y pacnpocrpannricn :(cci o6 ¬ron ¬nqopnn, no
cxa»y, uro, xax na Hncnyxc, rax n na axrnnax µ:o(:c (animc
n:no»nn cnon npc»nnc npa»(c6nic n(conoinuccxnc n nonnrn-
uccxnc B3Iu2µL:
÷ Honnrnuccxon naprncn mnpoxnx xacc napo(a, ÷ nor,
ucx nnnncrcn 0ponr, ÷ :annnn µ:o(:c n Tnpanc n (o6annn:
÷ Hapo( (on»cn nn(cri no 0ponrc cnny, opiann:onanmym
6opi6y, ocymccrnnnmym o6¡c(nncnnc n noccranannnnammym
crpany.. ., no¬roxy nco6xo(nxo, uro6i 0ponr pcanino opia-
nn:onan, c(cnan co:narcninix n no(ioronnn napo( n xopani-
nox n nonnrnuccxox ornomcnnnx. Bcc ¬ro (on»no 6iri ocy-
mccrnncno no( :naxcncx 0ponra, n paxxax 0ponra.
Hcni ynopnoio nonropcnnn no(o6noio anrnxapxcncrcxoio
nono»cnnn n raxnc xoxcnri 6ina ncna: Coinacno µ:o(:c n
rcx, xro cio nayunn ¬roxy, nama naprnn y»c c(cnana cnoc,
ocrananoci nccio nnmi, uro6i 0ponr, ro ccri napo(, mcn no
npono»cnnoxy »c nyrn, :naunr no nyrn 6ccnpcxocnonnoio
npnnnrnn nm6oio yxa:annn, xoropoc nocrynano «cncpxy».
O(nonpcxcnno Koun µ:o(:c namcn cnoco6 no(ari cnni-
nin cninan o pcnpcccnnx, xoropic pa:ncpnyrcn npornn rcx,
xro ocxcnnrcn no:pa»ari. Oro on cnn:an oco6cnno c nnrcn-
nnicnnncn, x xoropon on ncci(a nnran opiannuccxym nc-
nanncri.
÷ Bonpoc nnrcnnnicnnnn, ÷ orxcrnn on, ÷ npc(crannn-
_________________________________
1 Orncri K. µ:o(:c na nonpoci, xoropic :a(anannci na raxoio
po(a «axrnnax» n xonqcpcnnnnx, xax n cio nicrynncnnn, oro6pa»cni n
nporoxonax, xoropic xpannrcn n HHA.
468
crcn cmc 6oncc rpy(nix, rax xax nc(aioin, npaun, nn»cncpi
n (pyinc xonunnn mxoni :a py6c»ox. Orn nnrcnnnicnri nn-
xoi(a nc (yxann o napo(c, onn nc nnnnmrcn cinaxn napo(a
n ncci(a crpcxnnnci ccnri n namcn crpanc pacxon. B cnyuac
c Haxo Cnnpy, xoropin nonyunn o6pa:onannc :a py6c»ox
n cxoi nponc:ri (a»c n pyxono(crno namcn naprnn, xi nn-
(nx npuanmnn npnxcp ¬roio' ÷ xonunn cnoc nicrynncnnc
µ:o(:c.
Ha caxox (cnc, cninan 6in y»c (anno no(an. Mnnncrcp-
crno nnyrpcnnnx (cn, pyxono(nxoc Koun µ:o(:c, Hccrn Kc-
pcn(»n n (pyinxn, :ancno (ocic nc ronixo na nccx namnx
pcnonmnnonno n narpnornuccxn nacrpocnnix nnrcnnnicnron,
no n na nccx rcx, xro ocxcnnnancn nicxa:ari xaxoc-nn6o xnc-
nnc, nc coorncrcrnonanmcc miocnancxon opncnrannn. Ornx nnn
na:inann «nm(ixn ncpa», «mxonnpaxn», n na nnx (on»na 6i-
na o6pymnricn (y6nnxa. Hcnc»ccrno n cncnoc nonnnoncnnc
÷ nor ucio xorcnn miocnani n Koun µ:o(:c n An6annn.
Cnc(onarcnino, raxnx 6in, n o6mnx ucprax, VIII Hnc-
nyx HK KHA, xoropin nccio nccxonixo xccnncn cnycrn nocnc
¬roio xi no npany pacncnnnn xax «ucpnoc nnrno n ncropnn
namcn naprnn».
Ha o(nn xoxcnr Hncnyx ¬ror no:nonnn, uro6i no6c(nna
rponxncrcxan nnnnn rnronncn. Ha o(nn xoxcnr 6ina orncpiny-
ra npannninan nnnnn, xoropym ocymccrnnnna n :amnmana
nama naprnn. Ha o(nn xoxcnr 6inn (c:opncnrnponani xax
Honnr6mpo, rax n Hcnrpaninin Koxnrcr. Macrcpax qa6pnxn
YµI n Icnipa(c, nocnnix n (nnnoxarnuccxnx «nocnannax»
Tnro n nx npnxnocrnnx, xnany Koun µ:o(:c, y(anoci orcrpa-
nnri Icncpaninoio Ccxpcrapn naprnn n cnannri na ncio «nn-
ny» :a xnoinc omn6xn.
Oro n ionopm «na o(nn xoxcnr», noncc nc nxcn ncnim
nc(ooncnnri 6onimon ymcp6, npnunncnnin nax ¬rnx iopi-
xnx co6irncx, nnn »c yxannri (onm na(ammcn na nac or-
ncrcrncnnocrn :a ¬ro. Hcr, n ionopm rax noroxy, uro ncocno-
pnxan ncrnna n cnn:n c nacronmnx Hncnyxox n rox n :axnm-
uacrcn, uro cmc n xoxcnri cio pa6ori 6onimnncrno uncnon
469
Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra naprnn nn(cno n uyncrnonano, uro co-
ncpmanaci cnnmxox rn»cnan omn6xa, n:npamcnnc, upcnaroc
iy6nrcninixn nocnc(crnnnxn, no (cna rax o6cpnynnci, uro
omn6xn ryr »c 6inn no:nc(cni n nnnnm.
Hcxc(ncnno no oxonuannn Hncnyxa 6onimnncrno rona-
pnmcn rax nnn nnauc orxpiro nipa»ano cnon oionopxn n
no:pa»cnnn npornn nccio cxa:annoio n pcmcnnoio na Hnc-
nyxc, n ¬ro qaxr, uro, ncn:npan na nnxopa(ounic ycnnnn
aicnron Icnipa(a, anrnxapxcncrcxnn (yx n nnnnn, «oqnnn-
anino yrncp»(cnnic» VIII Hncnyxox, nc nponnxnn n naprnm
n n »n:ni crpani. µpyion qaxr, a nxcnno ro, uro nccio nnmi
3-4 xccnna cnycrn nocnc VIII Hncnyxa, n nmnc 1948 io(a,
nama naprnn no nccycnimannc ocy(nna anrnxapxcncrcxoc or-
xnoncnnc miocnancxoio pyxono(crna, rax»c noxa:inacr, uro
VIII Hncnyx HK KHA nnnncn xonapnon xaxnnanncn, nann-
:annon Hcnrpaninoxy Koxnrcry n:nnc. £mc nyumc no(rncp-
»(amr ¬ro XI Hncnyx HK KHA, npoxo(nnmnn n ccnrn6pc
1948 io(a, n I c¡c:( KHA, cocronnmnncn n non6pc 1948 io(a.
Bcc, uro 6ino cxa:ano n pcmcno na VIII Hncnyxc, 6ino or-
ncpinyro c(nnoinacno n c ncio(onanncx. Pa:yxccrcn, croni
6icrpo n c raxnx ncio(onanncx xo»no orncpinyri nnmi ro,
uro nc nxccr no( co6on nnxaxon pcaninon ocnoni, ncuro
uy»(oc, nann:annoc, qanimnnoc n npa»(c6noc.
Tcx nc xcncc, ncrnna 6ina noccranonncna nccxonixnxn
xccnnaxn no:»c. Hcpnonauanino cnryannn 6ina nccixa rn»c-
non, cno»non n uacro 6c:nixo(non.
Ho ncxopc xi (on»ni 6inn ynn(cri crpannym nocncm-
nocri n (cncrnnnx n nonirxax 6cnipa(cxoio pyxono(crna n
cio aicnron nocxopcc noxonunri c «an6ancxnx nonpocox». Hx
(anncnnc, nx ynopnoc rpc6onannc pcmari (cna nacncx, ryr
»c, npon:ncnn na nac nncuarncnnc, xi ynonnnn n ¬rnx (cn-
crnnnx n npn:naxn n:nccrnoio crpaxa, conpono»(anmcio nx
anropon, o(naxo xi cmc nc :nann, orxy(a raxan nocncmnocri
n ucx 6ina ona ni:nana. Mi :nann nccio nnmi ro, uro y
roponnmciocn cnon rpcnoia n or nocncmnocrn xo»no mcm cc6c
cnoxari. K cuacrim cno6o(i napo(a n nc:anncnxocrn An6annn
47O
raxon xoncn, raxan yuacri nocrnina anrnan6ancxnn :aionop
Tnro n cio aicnron ÷ Koun µ:o(:c, Han(n Kpncro n (pyinx.
Tn1onnm mua1cn k nponany
Bcnc(crnnc o6opora, xoropin npnnnnn co6irnn cpa:y »c
nocnc VIII Hncnyxa, nama An6annn, cmc nc n:ncunnman pani
nonni, xoina nonacri n nonoc pa6crno. Ho rcncpi pa6crno
xoino 6iri cnc(crnncx nc aipcccnn, a «npoci6», «oqnnnani-
nix rpc6onannn». A raxon no:opnin axr, xoropin nax nn
n xocx cnyuac nc npocrnnn 6i nn conpcxcnnnxn, nn ipn(y-
mnc noxoncnnn, concpmnn n no(nncan 6i nc xaxon-nn6y(i
xapnoncrounin napnaxcnr, npo(c napnaxcnra 3oiy, cio xoino
concpmnri, oxa:anmnci no( xomnix (anncnncx n ncpc( pa:-
ny:(annon (cxaioincn, caxo namc Hapo(noc Co6pannc, «npn-
nnn» npc(no»cnnc «Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra naprnn».
K ¬roxy ncn (cna Koun µ:o(:c, ¬ro cncnoc opy(nc KHK
n Tnro, raxon 6in o6opor, xoropin npnnnnn co6irnn nocnc
npccnonyroio qcnpanicxoio Hncnyxa 1948 io(a'
B ¬rnx cnryannnx n naxo(nncn n rpy(nox nono»cnnn.
Mcnn n:onnponann n :a xnom nocronnno na6nm(ann. O(naxo
xnc nn n xocx cnyuac n nnxoi(a nc npnxo(nno na yx cno»nri
opy»nc.
B ncpnym oucpc(i, n ncpnn n nap1nm n n cc Ucn1panunmü
Komn1c1. Hcpnan nonna na(cnannoio µ:o(:c npon(cr, ronapnmn
6y(yr xna(noxponncc n o6¡cxrnnncc cxorpcri na ncmn, no-
pa:xicnnr n :anxyr na(nc»amym no:nnnm. Oro npon:on(cr
oco6cnno n xoxcnri, xoi(a ronapnmn y:namr, uro µ:o(:c n
xoxnannn ioronnnnci npcno(nccrn «miocnancxnx cnacnrcnnx»
n no(apox y»c nc xaxon-ro Bcpxom nnn Cnnron Hayx
1
, a ncc
_____________________________________
1 Ccp6cxnn xoponi Kapaicopincnnu c noxomim ncnnxopyccxnx 6an(
Bpanicnn npnncn n An6annm cnocio aicnra, pa:6onnnxa Axxcra 3oiy,
471
28 OOO xna(parnix xnnoxcrpon rcppnropnn An6annn' 2 rncp(o
ncpnn, uro ¬ro nonnocrim n oxonuarcnino nincnnr ncc n uro
nm(n ynn(nr, x ucxy ncn crpany icncpan-n:xcnnnx n pa:-
6onnnx.
Oro (on»no 6ino cny»nri 6onimon rpcnoion. Tonapnmn
cxa»yr «ncr» n n, nxccrc c nnxn n no inanc nx ncpny «npc(no-
»cnnn» o6parno rnroncxoxy pyxono(crny. Taxona 6ina ncpnan
onopa, :a xoropym n xpcnxo yxnarnncn, 6y(yun nnonnc y6c»-
(cnnix n rox, uro namc (cno nc 6y(cr nponipano.
Bo-nropix, (a»c ccnn naprnn (onycrnna 6i rpainuccxym
omn6xy, o(o6pnna 6i nopounic pcmcnnn c6nroio c ronxy
pyxono(crna, 1o napou nc cornacnncn 6m c nouo6noü omn6koü.
7-8 ncr xpn(y naprnn n cc pyxono(crno nanpannnnn, n(oxno-
nnnnn, y6c»(ann napo( n rox, uro (nn nac ncr (cna nimc n
cnnmcnncc cno6o(i, nc:anncnxocrn n npcycncnnnn Po(nni.
Taxon npn:in 6in c(cnan n io(i nonni n nonropnncn ncnxnn
pa:, xoi(a ¬ro (nn (cna rpc6onanoci. H:nccrni icponuccxnc
no(nnin n nonni namcio napo(a :a cno6o(y n nc:anncnxocri,
(a»c xoi(a y ncio nc 6ino naprnn, a nc ro uro rcncpi, xoi(a
y ncio 6in y»c cnon pyxono(nmnn mra6, nimc(mnn n: cio
»c cpc(i n ncnirannin n oinc 6opi6i :a nannonaninoc oc-
no6o»(cnnc n :a napo(no-(cxoxparnuccxym An6annm. Hapo(
nc pa: ncranan n :amnry cnonx npan. Tax, on nccx cnonx cy-
mccrnox nicrynnn n no((cp»xy cnona npc(crannrcnn nonoio
an6ancxoio iocy(apcrna na Hapn»cxon xnpnon xonqcpcnnnn
ncrox 1946 io(a. B ncx pc6pox crannncn n nonpoc o ncnpn-
xocnoncnnocrn namnx ipannn. Oro 6in xnoiocroponnnn y(ap.
£io cnono nnnnnoci rax»c npc(ynpc»(cnncx npornn crpcx-
ncnnn n nponoxannn anino-axcpnxanncn n ipcuccxnx xonap-
xo-qamncron, no :aro n xomnix cninanox n a(pcc nm6oio
(pyioio monnnn:xa, crano 6iri, n n a(pcc miocnanon.
2 6in y6c»(cn n rox, uro napo(, ccnn nona(o6nrcn,
cmc pa: c cnnon n ncnnuncx nonropnr cnon 6nccrnmnc nar-
_________________________________
xoropin, 6y(yun :axncnxcnnix n:xcnnnxox Po(nni, npcno(ncc Kio-
cnannn n no(apox :a ¬ry noxomi Cnnron Hayx (Hoipa(cncxnn panon)
n Bcpxom.
472
pnornuccxnc n 6ocnic rpa(nnnn n nc no:nonnr, uro6i n 1947
nnn n 1948 io(ax nonropnnnci ncropnuccxnc rpaic(nn n nc-
cnpanc(nnnocrn npomnoio.
Hxcnno onn (naprnn n napo() nnnnnci (nyxn ocnonnixn
qaxropaxn, (nyxn xomnixn onopaxn, xoropic npn(anann
xnc cnni, no(cxa:inann xnc (cncrnonari ocropo»no, rcp-
ncnnno n o6(yxanno, n n 6in y6c»(cn n rox, uro, noxa n
6y(y cronri 6nn:xo x nnx n no inanc nx, nc 6y(cr cnni,
cnoco6non cnoxnri nac. Hpomno nccio ncxnoio npcxcnn n
cnpanc(nnnocri raxoio cy»(cnnn no(rncp(nnaci.
Kiocnani omn6nnci n Icparc, omn6annci rcncpi, omn-
6aricn 6y(yr n no:(ncc, n6o y nnx, xax n ionopnn n nimc,
6ino nopounoc n anrnxapxcncrcxoc npc(cranncnnc o namcn
naprnn n n ncpnym oucpc(i o rox, xy(a ona yxo(nr cnonxn
xopnnxn, n ucx ncroxn cc ycncxon n no6c(. Onn cunrann,
uro, npn6cian x ncxoropix :axynncnix xaxnnannnx, nxcn
ncxoropix aicnron n pyxono(crnc, n:onnpyn roio nnn nnoio
npornnnnxa, npn6cian x manra»y n ncxoropix yipo:ax,
cxoiyr ncpcucpxnyri ncnym 6opi6y, n xoropon napo( npo-
nnn xnoio xponn, 6opi6y, n xoropon pa6ounc, xpccrinnc, xo-
no(c»i, »cnmnni, cno6o(onm6nnan n npoipcccnnnan nnrcn-
nnicnnnn ynn(cnn nyri x cnaccnnm n no:no»nnn cnon uannnn
x nyumcxy 6y(ymcxy.
B nacronmnx :anncxax n nocnoxnnannnx n niny»(cn io-
nopnri, onncinari ro, uro nponcxo(nno noxpyi xcnn, ro, uro
n Impo n (onioc npcxn oxa:inancn (a»c o(nn npornn ucri-
pcx n nnrn, ro, uro n Hncnyx Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra, xax
n Icparc, rax n ninc, (c:opncnrnponancn n n:nccrnon xcpc
ncnc(crnnc :axynncnix nponcxon n xaxnnannn :aionopmnxon.
Hcni:n :a6inari, uro n Icparc n na VIII Hncnyxc 6inn no-
pounix nyrcx npon:nc(cni n xoonrannn c ncnim yxpcnnri
xocrinn :aionopmnxon. Bcc ¬ro orpnnarcnino cxa:inanoci
na namcn 6opi6c. O(naxo, ¬ro qaxr, uro, xoi(a nonpoci
6inn nocranncni na o6cy»(cnnc n naprnn, ona noxa:ana cc6n
xononnrnon, (o xonna norpc6onana orucra n nc (onycrnna
nn ocxncpncnnn npon(cnnoio cnannoio nyrn, nn orxnoncnnn
or 6y(ymcio. ¹acro npocric nm(n n: namcio (o6poio napo(a,
473
xoi(a n(cr pcui o 6opi6c :a orpa»cnnc ¬rnx npaion nnn npo-
ncmc(mnx no:(ncc ananoinunix cnyuanx, npnnncinamr xnc
ncxorpic :acnyin, xoropic nc xnc npnna(nc»ar. 'Hco6xo(nxo
yuccri, uro, ccnn npaiax nc y(anoci orcrpannri xcnn n Icparc,
a rax»c no:(ncc, ro ¬ro npon:omno cxopcc nccio nc noroxy,
uro onn npocro 6onnnci xcnn nnuno, a noroxy, uro 6onnnci
napo(a, naprnn. Hannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninon apxnn, c xo-
ropixn nac cnn:inana 6opi6a, npannninan nnnnn, nipa6ari-
nanmancn n ocymccrnnnnmancn nc o(non iononon n nc nnrim
nnn mccrim nnnaxn, a nccn naprncn, xoropan n(oxnonnnnaci
xapxcn:xox-ncnnnn:xox, nccxn xa(paxn, ÷ xoxxynncraxn
n ncxoxxynncraxn, ÷ or(ananmnxn cnom «»n:ni, cnonno pcui
mna o nonnncnnn n cncr». µa nnauc n nc xoino 6iri: nc(i
(ccnrxn ricnu naprn:an cpa»annci npornn o(noio pa6crna
nc (nn roio, uro6i nonacri n (pyioc; pa6ounn xnacc nc xoi
orxa:aricn or ponn icicxona, :anocnannon nx ncnon xponn n
»cprn; 6c(nic xpccrinnc nc (nn roio 6oponnci, uro6i cnona
or(ari 6oiauax cnon :cxnn, nor n ionoca, rax xax ¬roio xo-
rcnn Ccnqyna Mancmona nnn (pyinc cxy no(o6nic; namn
narpnori n nnrcnnnicnnnn nc xoinn coinacnricn c ncncnocrnxn
«nponcrapcxoio» yxa n ccp(na Koun µ:o(:c, xoropin xorcn,
uro6i 6inn npc(ani :a6ncnnm n niucpxnyri nxcna n cnan-
nic o6pa:i Cxan(cp6cia, Hanxa 0pamcpn n (pyinx raxnx
nnunocrcn.
Hcr, nama naprnn n nam napo( nc xoinn no:nonnri, xax
n nc no:nonnnn, uro6i y nnx nicxoni:nynn n: pyx »n:ncnno
na»nic no6c(i, x xoropix an6ancxnn napo( ncxaxn crpc-
xnncn n xoropix on (ocrni, naxoncn, ncnon noroxon xponn
n nora.
Kpoxc ¬rnx (nyx ocnonnix qaxropon n nxcn n nn(y n ro,
uro »nnn xi n nnic npcxcna. Mi »nnn no npcxcna ucnnna
n Crannna, no npcxcna, xoi(a connann:x crponncn n pn(c
crpan, xoi(a cymccrnonann Koxxynncrnuccxan naprnn Concr-
cxoio Com:a, pyxono(nxan Crannnix, n xoxxynncrnuccxnc
naprnn (pyinx crpan, xoi(a 6ino co:(ano Hnqopx6mpo n
r.(. Mi nc cocronnn n uncnax Hnqopx6mpo, o(naxo n 6in
y6c»(cn n rox, uro, n cnyuac ucio, 6pa1cknc nap1nn npnuy1
474
nam na nomomu, nocxonixy xi nnnnnnci Koxxynncrnuccxon
Haprncn, npn:nannon Koxnnrcpnox 6naio(apn namcn 6opi-
6c. 2, nc omn6anci, nonaian, uro npan(y o Tnro nonnxann
n nn(cnn nc o(nn xi. Oro ncpno, uro no ornomcnnm x nax
nonc(cnnc n (cncrnnn Tnro 6inn 6oncc orxpirixn n »ccro-
xnxn, rax xax on cunran nac «xancnixnxn» n (yxan, uro cxy
ncixo nac noinornri, o(naxo n 6in y6c»(cn n rox, uro (pyinc
nc xoinn (pcxari, (a n nc ocncnnn. Hcxoropic npn:naxn n
cninani n ¬rox nanpanncnnn 6inn. Hcpnin cninan n nonyunn
ncxc(ncnno nocnc roio, xax ocnc(oxnn Crannna o nonpocc
(ncnoxannn miocnancxon (nnn:nn. Orncr Crannna 6in «ncr'».
On nn cnona nc ionopnn o Tnro nnn »c o pyxono(crnc KHK,
no n: cio orncra «xi nc nn(nx nnxaxon ncnocpc(crncnnon
yipo:i n:nnc, a, cnc(onarcnino, (ncnoxannm miocnancxon
(nnn:nn nc naxo(nx ncnccoo6pa:non» n nonnn, uro ncponrno,
xc»(y HK KHCC n HK KHK cymccrnonann pacxo»(cnnn.
A caxoc inannoc, n: orncra Crannna n nonnn, uro namn cnpa-
nc(nnnic no:pa»cnnn nc npona(yr (apox.
Kax ionopnn n nimc, n ni:nan Cano 3narnua n Kynpcma-
nnna n cxa:an nx, uro xi nc cunrann ncnccoo6pa:non (ncno-
xannm (nnn:nn n uro o6 ¬rox cnpocnnn n xncnnc concrcxoio
pyxono(crna. Onn c(cnann xncnym xnny n paccnnpcncnn, no
6inn niny»(cni «npnnnri» orxa:. Orucio raxoc «orcrynncnnc»
÷ ¬ro ncrpy(no nonnri. Oro xancnp aipcccopon nccx npcxcn.
Koi(a na(o, onn (cnamr xoc-xaxym «ycrynxy», uro6i :arcx,
ocncnnn rc6n, cnona o6pymnricn na rc6n co nccn npocrim.
B cnyuac, ccnn 6i onn ipy6o nacrannann na (ncnoxannn (nnn-
:nn n Kopuc, xncnnc o rox, uro «miocnani xornr nac oxxynn-
ponari», crano 6i oucnn(ncc, n nx rpc6onannc, 6c: coxncnnn,
naronxnynoci 6i na conpornnncnnc n xoino ccpic:no ocno-
»nnri nx (cna.
Hocnc VIII Hncnyxa, xoi(a no(yxann, uro ycnonnn (nn
(anincnmnx maion y»c 6inn co:(ani, onn npc(npnnnnn ouc-
pc(non mai: pcmnnn nnmnri nac nm6on cnn:n n no:xo»nocrn
xoncynirannn c concrcxnxn ronapnmaxn.
B o(nn n: rcx (ncn npnmcn xo xnc 3narnu, xoropin
«no:(pannn» xcnn c «ycncxox» Hncnyxa n cxa:an:
475
÷ Bi xopomo nocrynnnn, orxa:anmnci or anrapxnuccxoio
nnrnncrncio nnana. Tcncpi, npnnnn o(noncrnnn nnan, nax
nciuc 6y(cr n(rn nncpc(. Mi npc(ocrannx nax ncc nco6xo(n-
xoc, rax xax on nam conxccrnin nnan.
2 6in yncpcn n rox, uro cio uro-ro xyunno, pa: on npn-
mcn xo xnc. 2 »(an, uro6i nincnnri, x ucxy on xnonnn.
÷ Tcncpi, ÷ cxa:an on (ancc, ÷ nxccrc c nnrnncrnnx
nnanox orna(acr n xnoioc cnn:annoc c nnx. Tax »c, xax ymnn
Haxo n cio n:inn(i, or6pocirc npoui n ncc ocraninoc, nponn-
:annoc cio (yxox, cio npc(no»cnnnxn, cio concraxn, nopnnrc
c rcxn concrnnxaxn, xoropic nayunnn cio ¬roxy'
÷ Oro ni npo xoio" ÷ cnpocnn n.
÷ Ho»anyncra, nonxnrc xcnn npannnino' ÷ orncrnn on.
÷ Oro n o rox, uro6i (py»6a xc»(y naxn n Concrcxnx
Com:ox 6ina no:xo»no 6oncc npounon, (nnnaci xax xo»no
6onimc, 6ina craninon, uccrnon, nnrcpnannonanncrnuccxon.
Taxon n naxa: Tnro. Ho nor, pa: anrapxnuccxnn nnan Haxo
no npany orncpinyr, uro (cnari n An6annn concrcxnx rona-
pnmax-concrnnxax" Onn c nonnix ocnonanncx 6y(yr na nac
n o6n(c. Haxo :ancn nx n rynnx...
On 6c: yxonxy rpcman, yrncp»(an, uro n concrcxnx co-
ncrnnxax «6onimc nc ny»(acrcci», «uro xacacrcn rcxnnxon.
ro onn xoiyr ocranaricn, nycri pa6oramr», no uro6 nc «ny-
rann nn xi nx, nn onn nac» n r.(.
÷ Oro ro»c naxa: Tnro" ÷ cnpocnn n 3narnua raxnx
ronox, uro cxy rpy(no 6ino yia(ari, cnpamnnan nn n cio
c nponncn nnn »c orxponcnno.
÷ Tonapnm Tnro (acr o6mnc naxa:i, ÷ (nnnoxarnuno
orncrnn on xnc. ÷ O6mcc ¬ro (py»6a. Bnpoucx, n n (annox
cnyuac ¬ro n n paxxax (py»6i ionopm.
3narnu «noma(nn» Tnro n ¬rox cnyuac, no nccxonixnxn
xccnnaxn no:»c, Kpncro Tcxcnixo, nicrynan c caxoxpnrnxon
na XI Hncnyxc, npnncc, n uacrnocrn, n cnc(ymmcc cnn(c-
rcnicrno :
÷ Koi(a n nocxan n Icnipa( n xaprc xccnnc, na npncxc,
oxa:annox xnc, Tnro ionopnn n o concrcxnx concrnnxax n
cnpocnn xcnn: «xax y nac (cna c nnxn"». 2, ÷ npo(on»an
476
Tcxcnixo, ÷ naxo(nci no( nnnnnncx Koun, Han(n n miocna-
non, cxa:an cxy, uro «paccxarpnnacx nonpoc o rox, uro6i y(a-
nnri nx, rax xax onn nxcmnnamrcn n namn (cna». Tnro cxa-
:an: «Oro, no»anyn, nc n(cr. Mi-ro (cniin npc(ocrannncx,
a (pyinc noc cymr»
1
.
Oro 6ino nxcnno n rc (nn, xoi(a 3narnu norpc6onan
y(ancnnn concrcxnx concrnnxon.
÷ Tonapnm 3narnu, ÷ orncrnn n cxy. ÷ Bamc xncnnc
n nc naxo»y npannninix. £cnn concrcxnx concrnnxon «c6nn
c ronxy» Haxo, xax ¬ro ni yrncp»(acrc, ro xi cyxccx nan-
rn c nnxn o6mnn n:ix. Hax onn oucni ny»ni n xi nc :a-
xcuann y nnx nnxaxnx npn:naxon nc(ononicrna.
÷ Bcc-raxn, ni nocxorpnrc ¬ro (cno, ÷ orncrnn xnc
3narnu. ÷ Hocranirc nonpoc na o6cy»(cnnc n Impo, cnpa-
mnnanrc n xncnnc ronapnmcn. .. '
Horpc6nocri n rox, uro6i n c(cnan ¬ro, nc no:nnxna.
Bc(i nnrn 6inn :apancc coinaconani, rax uro na 6nn»anmcx
:acc(annn Honnr6mpo Koun µ:o(:c, Han(n Kpncro n Kpncro
Tcxcnixo nicxa:annci concpmcnno orxpiro: concrcxnx concr-
nnxon ny»no y(annri'
÷ Hc ro, uro xi nx nc nm6nx, nc ro, uro onn nnoxnc,
no nc(i xi n nnx nc ny»(acxcn' ÷ cxa:an Han(n Kpncro.
÷ B(o6anox, ÷ paccy»(an «iny6oxoxicnnmnn» Han(n (y»c nc-
xoropoc npcxn on cnnnncn 6nccrcri xpacnopcuncx), ÷ (cp-
»ari :(cci 6c: (cna nonc:nix concrcxnx concrnnxon, :naunr
concpmari axr nc(o6po»cnarcnicrna n ncnpn:narcninocrn no
ornomcnnm x Ionimcnncrcxon naprnn n (opoion crpanc co-
ncron. Tax crpana oucni-ro ny»(acrcn n nnx, a xi (cp»nx nx
:(cci, nnxaxon norpc6nocrn n nnx nc ncnirinan. Ho¬roxy,
÷ :axnmunn on, ÷ npc(naiam no-6parcxn nocrannri ¬ror
nonpoc ncpc( concrcxnxn ronapnmaxn, o6¡ncnnri nx, noucxy
xi npc(npnnnxacx raxon mai n cxa:ari nx, uro ¬ro nccio
nnmi ncna(onio' Ho:(ncc . . . , no:(ncc nn(no 6y(cr...
÷ Ho:(ncc, ÷ ncpc6nn n Han(n, n nocxorpcn cxy npn-
_________________________________
1 H: nporoxona XI Hncnyxa HK KHA. HHd.
477
xo n ina:a, ÷ 6iri xo»cr, xi conccx ny»(aricn nc 6y(cx
n n concrcxox nocnc n Tnpanc'
÷ A, no»anyncra' £cnn ni npornn, ro oxa»nrc, ronixo
6c: nponnn' ÷ ncxounn Koun µ:o(:c. ÷ Bi ncci(a nponn-
:npycrc. H yurnrc, ÷ nani»nncn on, ÷ uro VIII Hncnyx ncc
na cnoc xccro nocrannn n yxa:an nanincx na npaion. Bi
ocxop6nncrc nac. . .
÷ Hc xouy nac ocxop6nnri, ÷ cxa:an n, ÷ no xnc
c(acrcn, uro xi ncncpnin mai npc(npnnnxacx. Yrncp»(ari,
uro concrcxnc concrnnxn nc ny»ni nax, :naunr ionopnri, uro
xi nc ny»(acxcn n concrax concrcxnx, n nx onirc, n 6onimox
onirc naprnn n connann:xa n Concrcxox Com:c'
÷ A ri nc o6o6man conccx npocric ncmn' ÷ cran
«:amnmaricn» Koun µ:o(:c. ÷ Mi ¬ro npo xonxpcrnoc, npo-
cro no (cny nnana'
2 6in y6c»(cn n rox, uro ionopnn on ncnpan(y. µcno
6ino cmc 6oncc iny6oxoc. Tpc6onannc 3narnua n miocnancxnx
aicnron ncno na ror nopounin, anrnconcrcxnn nyri, na xoro-
pin (anno ncrynnnn rnroncxnc pyxono(nrcnn.
Haronxnynmnci na no:pa»cnnc xoc, Xmcnn n Ioio, oc-
raninic uncni Impo xax 6y(ro «orcrynnnn», no npn ycnonnn,
uro6i, xax cxa:an Koun µ:o(:c, «xi onnri paccxorpcnn ¬ror
nonpoc n npc(cronmnc (nn n pcmnnn».
O(naxo nxcnno n xoxcnri, xoi(a miocnani 6onimc nccio
ny»(annci n cnoxoncrnnn n ccxpcrnocrn npn ocymccrnncnnn
cnocio anncxcnonncrcxoio nnana, ncxoropic o6cronrcnicrna :a-
crannnn nx cncmnri n cnonx (cncrnnnx no ornomcnnm x An-
6annn. Mi cmc nc :nann, uro ¬ro 6inn :a o6cronrcnicrna,
no :aro nx nocncmnocri crana nnno 6pocaricn n ina:a.
Hpnxo(nr xo xnc Kpncro Tcxcnixo, ronixo uro ncpnyn-
mnncn n: noc:(xn n Icnipa(, n ionopnr:
÷ Mcnn (a»c Tnro npnnnn, nc ionopn y»c o ronapnmax
Tcxno n Hononnuc' Onn ncci (cni cocrannnnn xnc xoxnannm'
Ornomcnnn cnona norcnncnn. Hoxomi (nn apxnn n (nn o6o-
poni n ncm o6ccncunn. 2 n nc npc(crannnn cc6c, uro rax
xnoio (a(yr nax: opy»nc, cnapn»cnnn, o(c»(y n o6yni' Onn
478
cxa:ann xnc, uro (a»c xopxnri 6y(yr namy apxnm' Hpnc(yr
miocnancxnc cancpnic uacrn (opoin npoxna(inari, xocri n
(pyinc crparcinuccxn na»nic o6¡cxri crponri. Icronox n
»cnc:ox nanonnnr ncm crpany, a inannoc ÷ onn cxa:ann xnc,
uro ncc ¬ro «6y(cr :a cucr miocnancxoio 6m(»cra».
On oropnancn or nc»anmnx ncpc( nnx 6yxai c «noxo-
mim» n y(nnnncn, :axcrnn, uro n cnyman cio concpmcnno
panno(ymno.
÷ Kax" ÷ npoionopnn on. ÷ Hc ncpnmi xnc" Cnpocn
icncpana Kynpcmannna n ynn(nmi'
÷ Ycrponnn nn rc6c uro-nn6o (pyioc" ÷ cnpocnn n,
uro6i (ari cxy nonnri, uro pa:ionop xonunncn.
÷ O6c(on n y»nnon xori or6annnn' ÷ cxa:an on. ÷
Kpoxc ynoxnnyrix xnom, o (pyinx npo6ncxax xi nc io-
nopnnn.
2 ncran, uro6i n:6annricn or cxyxn, xoropym on na
xcnn nano(nn, no ror o6parnncn xo xnc:
÷ Tonapnm Koxan(anr, xorcn 6i cxa:ari nax cmc xoc-
uro or cc6n. Mnc cmc ncnccn orncr concrcxnx. 2 or cc6n ¬ro
ionopm, a uro ccnn cnpocnri nx, noucxy onn nc coinacni c
rcx, uro6i xi npnnnnn miocnancxym (nnn:nm"
÷ Orncr Crannna nccn, ÷ orncrnn n cxy, ÷ nax ncucio
6onimc nincnnri'
÷ Hy na(no, no ncc-raxn xnc xa»crcn, uro ¬ro ino:(cx
:accno y miocnancxnx ronapnmcn. A uro, ccnn nonpocnri Mocx-
ny ncpccxorpcri cnon orncr. Iiri xo»cr, nax cxa»yr npnnnri
(nnn:nm.
÷ Mi cnon orncr (ann miocnanax. £cnn (cno nx ncncno,
ro nycri caxn o6parnrcn x Crannny' ÷ orpc:an n.
÷ Kax 6y(ro rax nc n(cr. Oro n or cc6n ionopm, (ananrc
no:o6nonnx npoci6y'
Ha xcnn npon:ncno nncuarncnnc cxopcc nc rpc6onannc
Tcxcnixo o rox, uro6i xi cnona o6parnnnci x Mocxnc, nc-
»cnn nipa»cnnc «¬ro n or cc6n ionopm», xoropoc on ynorpc-
6nnn xcrarn n ncxcrarn. 2 ocrancn cnymari, uro on cxa»cr
cmc.
479
«Or cc6n» on nncc oucni «nnrcpccnic» npc(no»cnnn, a
nxcnno: co:(ari c(nnoc xoxan(onannc, «ccnn nc (nn nccn
apxnn, ro, no xpanncn xcpc, (nn cnn, xoropic 6y(yr (cn-
crnonari conxccrno c miocnancxon (nnn:ncn n cnyuac, ccnn
xi no:nonnx cn ncrynnri n Kopuy»; on nipa:nn oco6cnno
«cnoc» iopnucc »cnannc xax xo»no cxopcc ynn(cri An6annm
o6¡c(nncnnon c Kiocnanncn n o(ny 0c(cpannm (') n r.(.,
n r.n.
÷ Tcncpi, naxo(nci n Icnipa(c, ÷ (o6annn on rnxnx
ionocox, ÷ n y:nan or nccixa (ocroncpnoio ncrounnxa 6oni-
mon ccxpcr. Ioniapnn uyri nn nc o6¡c(nnncrcn c Kiocna-
nncn. Hx o6¡c(nncnnc ÷ nonpoc nc(cni nnn »c xccnncn. B
iny6nnc (ymn, ronapnm Koxan(anr, n nc xorcn 6i, uro6i
Ioniapnn oncpc(nna nac. 2 or cc6n ionopm nax, (ananrc ncp-
nixn nicrynnx c raxon nnnnnarnnon. µananrc cxa»cx Tnro
o6¡c(nnnricn nnauanc c naxn, a :arcx y»c c Ioniapncn.
Uync :(opono no(ionopnnn, c rpcnoion no(yxan n, no
c(cp»ancn n cnoxonno n o(nonpcxcnno nponnuccxn cxa:an
cxy:
÷ Ti or cc6n ncc ¬ro ionopnmi"
÷ Knnnyci n(canox, ¬ro n or cc6n' ÷ «noxnnncn» on.
÷ Hpc(no»cnnn oucni «nnrcpccnic»' ÷ cxa:an n. ÷
H:no»n nx na 6yxaic, xax ¬ro xnc n:no»nn, n xi nocrannx
nx na o6cy»(cnnc n Honnr6mpo. Tax n paccxorpnx nx'
÷ µcno ncixoc, ÷ orncrnn xnc Uync, ÷ no n npc(-
napnrcnino cxa:an o6 ¬rox nax, uro6i cnpocnri n namc xnc-
nnc. Iino 6i na(c»ncc, ccnn 6i xi npc(crannnn nx Impo
xax o6mnc npc(no»cnnn n »cnannn ÷ rnon n xon.
÷ Hn n xocx cnyuac' ÷ cxa:an n cxy. ÷ Mnc nnxoi(a n
ionony nc npnxo(nnn no(o6nic »cnannn n, no-nropix, nc:a-
ucx xnc npnnncari cc6c rnon «:acnyin»' Ti cax nannmn n
npc(crani nx'
Tpn-ucripc (nn cnycrn icncpan Kynpcmannn nonpocnn
ncrpcrnricn co xnom. 2 npnnnn cio n on c ncpnix »c cnon
nauan n:naiari xnc «co cnocn croponi» rc »c «»cnannn» n
npc(no»cnnn, uro n Kpncro Tcxcnixo.
48O
¹ro ncc ¬ro 6ino nana»cnnoc n ynpannncxoc n:(ancxa
(cno ÷ ¬ro n nponmxan c caxoio nauana, o(naxo xcnn y(n-
nnnna nco»n(annan nocncmnocri, c xoropon nacrannann na
paccxorpcnnn n npnnnrnn raxnx npc(no»cnnn. £mc 6onimc
ycnnnnnci y xcnn no(o:pcnnn no nono(y raxon nocncm-
nocrn, xoi(a (na-rpn (nn cnycrn nocnc Kynpcmannna npnmcn
xo xnc Cano 3narnu.
On rax»c npnnnncn ionopnri o «nonox (yxc» n ornomc-
nnnx xc»(y (nyxn namnxn crpanaxn, o «ncnn(annox pacmn-
pcnnn» ¬xonoxnuccxoio n xynirypnoio o6xcna, o conxccrnix
npocxrax n nnanax (xoropic ocranannci ronixo na 6yxaic) n
r.(. n r.n.
÷ Kax ni n caxn nn(nrc, ÷ npo(on»an on, ÷ y nac
no:nnxno xnoio npo6ncx, xoropic xi (on»ni conxccrno
pa:pcmari. O(naxo (nn ¬roio, (nn roio, uro6i (cna 6naiono-
nyuno mnn, nc(ocrarouni nn (o6pan nonn, nn »cnannn o6cnx
cropon. Hcnonino no:nnxacr xnoio rpy(nocrcn. Mi xopomcni-
xo o6(yxann ¬ro n cunracx, uro na:pcnn y»c ycnonnn (nn
npc(npnnnran 6onimoio n pcmammcio maia. Hamn crpani
(on»ni o6¡c(nnnricn no:xo»no cxopcc'
÷ Kax ¬ro o6¡c(nnnricn" ÷ cnpocnn n.
÷ B paxxax o(non qc(cpannn' ÷ orncrnn on concpmcn-
no cnoxonno. ÷ Y»c io(i xax ni, rax n xi n 6oniapcxnc ro-
napnmn 6inn coinacni co:(ari ¬ry qc(cpannm. Mi nona-
iacx, uro nacrano y»c npcxn (nn ¬roio.
÷ Iinano, pcui :axo(nna o xaxon-ro qc(cpannn, ÷ cxa-
:an n, ÷ no ncci(a n npnnnnnc, paccxarpnnan cc xax nonpoc
6y(ymcio. Mi, c namcn croponi, nc o6cy»(ann ¬ry npo6nc-
xy, rax xax nc 6inn nn xoxcnr, nn no:xo»nocrn (nn ¬roio.
Co cnocn croponi n cxa»y nax, uro, oco6cnno n namnx ycno-
nnnx, cmc nc nacran xoxcnr nc ro, uro (nn pa:pcmcnnn, no
(a»c (nn nncccnnn ¬ron npo6ncxi na paccxorpcnnc.
÷ Hamc pyxono(crno cunracr, uro y»c nacrynnno npcxn
(nn ¬roio, ÷ nacrannan 3narnu. ÷ Konqn(cnnnanino cxa»y
nax uro-ro cyiy6o nnyrpcnncc: Ioniapcxnc ronapnmn nipa:nnn
coinacnc na o6¡c(nncnnc c Kiocnanncn, n namc o6¡c(nncnnc
¬ro nonpoc nc(cni, caxoc 6onimcc ÷ xccnncn. 2 y»c (anno
481
c(py»nncn c naxn n n iny6nnc (ymn nc xorcn 6i, uro6i
Ioniapnn ncpnon nicrynnna c raxon nnnnnarnnon. Houcxy
nax nc c(cnari ncpnixn raxon mai" Oro nyumc npo(cxon-
crpnponano 6i na xc»(ynapo(non apcnc namn oco6ic cnn:n'
Mnc ncnoxnnncn Uync n n nponnuccxn yni6nyncn. Bn-
(nxo, no(yxan n, onn comnnci nc ronixo n n(cnx, no n n
cnonax n nipa»cnnnx. Tcx npcxcncx 3narnu npncranino cxor-
pcn na xcnn; on cnpocnn:
÷ Kax ni (yxacrc"
÷ 2 nac cnymam, ÷ orncrnn n. ÷ Hpo(on»anrc'
÷ Hc npnnnxanrc ¬ro c onacxon n oionopxaxn' Bc(i nc
ccio(nn-:anrpa raxon mai 6y(cr o6n:arcnino npc(npnnnr.
O6¡c(nncnnc o6onx namnx napo(on ryr »c cina(nno 6i ncc
rpy(nocrn, xoropic nocronnno no:nnxann n no:nnxamr. µcno
n rox, xro nicrynnr ncpnix c nnnnnarnnon. Tonapnm Tnro
naxa:an xnc ncpc(ari nax, uro nyumc 6ino 6i, ccnn npc(-
no»cnnc 6y(cr ncxo(nri or nac. Oro pacccnno 6i ncnxoc cox-
ncnnc n rox, 6y(ro xi xornx nxnmunri An6annm n qc(c-
pannm.
÷ Houcxy" Pa:nc npc(naiacxoc naxn nc o:nauacr nxnm-
ucnnc" ÷ cnoxonno-npccnoxonno cnpocnn n.
÷ Houcxy ni rax ionopnrc"' ÷ cxymcnno cxa:an on.
÷ Iiri xo»cr, n nc ro cxa:an' Mi xornx o6¡c(nncnnn, no
nc »cnacx, uro6i nac o6nnnnnn n rox, uro ¬ro xi cnocnoni-
nnuacx.
÷ A xax »c, nc xornrc nn ni, uro6i n cnocnoninocrn
o6nnnnnn nac"' ÷ cnpocnn n ryr »c.
3narnu no6nc(ncn n :annyncn. 2 npornnyn cxy craxan no-
(i, on ninnn n: ncio inorox n npnny»(cnno yni6nyncn:
÷ Y xcnn c iopnox ncna(no, ÷ npoionopnn on, xax 6i
«onpan(inanci». ÷ Bn(nxo, nax ncncixo (oionapnnaricn. Bi
npn(npacrcci x xonx cnonax. Bnnxanrc n cyri (cna, no»a-
nyncra' µcno nc n rox, uro xi ¬roio nc xornx, a n rox,
uro nciuc 6y(cr, ccnn ni caxn nicrynnrc c npc(no»cnncx.
Mi ncxc(ncnno npnxcx namc npc(no»cnnc n ncc ycrpon-
rcn 6c: xnonor. Bac nc n ucx 6y(cr o6nnnnri, nc(i, nocxonixy
ni xanan crpana, nnxoxy n n ionony nc npnxo(nr, uro ni c(c-
482
nann Kiocnannm cnocn uacrim. C naxn-ro (cno o6cronr nnauc.
÷ Bi noconcronannci c concrcxnx pyxono(crnox nacucr
¬roio maia, xoropin nax npc(naiacrc" ÷ cnpocnn n cio.
÷ Hcr' ÷ pa:(pa»cnno orncrnn on. ÷ Oro nonpoc, xa-
cammnncn (nyx namnx crpan, nx pyxono(crna. unmi xoi(a
ncc 6y(cr ocymccrnncno, xi nocrannx n n:nccrnocri o6 ¬rox
concrcxnx ronapnmcn. Kcrarn, ni xopomo c(cnann, uro cnpo-
cnnn xcnn o6 ¬rox. Y xcnn x nax naxa: or ronapnma Tnro,
uro6i ni :annxann raxym »c no:nnnm, uro n xi. Bc(i ncxopo-
mo 6ccnoxonri concrcxnx ronapnmcn o (cnax, xoropic cmc
nc nana»cni xc»(y naxn. 2 (on»cn cxa:ari nax, uro xi nc
coinacni c rcx, xax ni nocrynnnn n cnn:n c namcn (nnn:ncn.
Tcx nc xcncc, pa(n (py»6i c Concrcxnx Com:ox, xi orcry-
nacx. Ho, :nanrc, uro ccnn uro-nn6y(i cnyunrcn c ipcxaxn, ro
nycri orncuacr ror, xoxy n orncuari na(o. Yurnrc npn ¬rox
(na o6cronrcnicrna, ronixo nonxnrc nac npannnino: no-ncp-
nix, Concrcxnn Com:, npan(a, nnnncrcn namnx ncnnxnx (py-
iox, no on naxo(nrcn (ancxo or nac n n cnyuac aipcccnn nc
cxo»cr 6icrpo npnnrn nax na noxomi; no-nropix, Concr-
cxoxy Com:y, xax 6onimon crpanc, npnxo(nrcn (cnari 6oni-
mym xc»(ynapo(nym nonnrnxy. Pa(n iopa:(o 6oncc nicoxnx
nnrcpccon cxy, xo»cr, n npn(crcn nc nxcmaricn n cnyuac
nana(cnnn na nac, on xo»cr 6iri niny»(cn coinacnricn c
npnncccnncx nac n »cprny'
÷ 2cno' ÷ cxa:an n pc:xnx n ccpic:nix ronox. ÷ H:-
no»cnnoc naxn ccri xncnnc namcio pyxono(crna. Hc rax nn"
÷ Koncuno, ¬ro xncnnc pyxono(crna' ÷ orncrnn 3na-
rnu.
÷ H, nancpnoc, ni npnnccnn cio nax n n nncixcnnox
nn(c'
÷ µa ncr, nncixcnno nnn »c ycrno ÷ ¬ro ncna»no. 2
concpmcnno ncno ncpc(an cio nax. B ornomcnnnx xc»(y
(py:inxn nc na»no n:naiamrcn nn nonpoci ycrno nnn. nnci-
xcnno. Ba»no nanrn npn ¬rox o6mnn n:ix.
2 nouyncrnonan, uro cnryannn (ocrniana cnocio anoicn.
3a ¬rnxn rpcxn nanoxnnxaxn Tnro, nayucnnixn rcx »c
483
«npc(no»cnnnx» n rcx »c qpa:ax, xoinn nocnc(onari n (py-
inc, xoropic no:ncnn 6i (anncnnc n cncrcxy. Pcmammcc :na-
ucnnc nxcno rcncpi nonc(cnnc namcio Honnr6mpo. Hocnc
roio, uro npon:omno na VIII Hncnyxc, namc Impo xax no
cocrany, rax n no opncnrannn xnonnno n cropony Koun µ:o(:c.
2, Ioio n Xmcnn cocronnn n xcnimnncrnc. Taxan cnryannn
no6y»(ana xcnn coxpannri xna(noxponnc, ocropo»no xancnpn-
ponari, uro6i ornparnri cryuanmym nax n (ncpi 6onimym
onacnocri. K roxy npcxcnn no:nnxnn ncxoropic (pyinc cnn:an-
nic c miocnanaxn no(o:pcnnn. Houcxy onn nacrannann na rox,
uro nc na(o concronaricn c concrcxnxn ronapnmaxn" Mo»no
nn na:inari (py»ccxnxn n nopxaninixn ornomcnnn xc»(y
6parcxnxn naprnnxn n connanncrnuccxnxn crpanaxn, ccnn
onn uro-nn6o yrannamr (pyi or (pyia"' Bn(nxo, no(yxan n,
n ornomcnnnx xc»(y nnxn uro-ro ncna(no. Taxoc no(o:pc-
nnc cmc 6onimc nipocno y xcnn, ycniman uy(onnmnic pac-
cy»(cnnn 3narnua nacucr nonc(cnnn Concrcxoio Com:a n cny-
uac aipcccnn npornn nac. Oro nc 6inn npocro npc(nono»cnnn
Tnro n xoxnannn. C o(non croponi, onn npc(crannnnn co-
6on (anncnnc n manra» c ncnim :anyiari nac, no n ro »c
npcxn onn ionopnnn o rox, uro Tnro npn oncnxc ncnnxoio
Concrcxoio Com:a n cio crannncxon nncmncn nonnrnxn :ann-
xacr npa»(c6nym no:nnnm. Tonixo npain xoinn nicxa:i-
nari croni no(nic coo6pa»cnnn o Concrcxox Com:c. Ho ¬ro
cmc ocrananoci ronixo xonx cy»(cnncx. H: concrcxoio noconi-
crna nc no(anann nnxaxoio cninana nn n nono»nrcninox, nn
n orpnnarcninox cxicnc. Mi (on»ni 6inn caxn co nccx
cnpannricn. Hrax, 6c: npoxc(ncnnn, nc (an (cnax ycyiy-
6nricn, n norpc6onan cpounoio co:ina :acc(annn namcio
Honnr6mpo.
÷ B ¬rn (nn, ÷ oxa:an n, no cymccrny, ÷ rpn ronapn-
ma: Uync, icncpan Kynpcmannn n Cano 3narnu, o(nn :a (py-
inx rpc6onann or nac nnccrn npc(no»cnnc o6 o6¡c(nncnnn
An6annn c Kiocnanncn. Pa:yxccrcn, raxon mai nc rax y»
ncixo npc(npnnnri. Bi(nniacxic ncpc( naxn nonpoci ncni:n
pcmari 6icrpo n nacncx, nc cnpocnn naprnm, npannrcnicrno,
484
napo(, nc n:nccnn n nc o6cy(nn nx no(po6no n no nccx orno-
mcnnnx. Tpc6onannc, xoropoc nax npc(¡nnnnmr, nc xo»cr
n nn n xocx cnyuac nc (on»no 6iri npnnnro xax »cnannc
roio nnn nnoio. Oro 6oniman npnnnnnnaninan, nonnrnuc-
cxan n iocy(apcrncnnan npo6ncxa. 2 nicnyman nccx rpcx ro-
napnmcn, no n cxa:annox nxn xnoioc ocracrcn ncncnix.
Tax uro n cunram ncnccoo6pa:nix, npc»(c ucx paccxorpcri
(cno n Impo, nanpannri ronapnmy Tnro nncixo c npoci6on
nncixcnno n n oqnnnaninox nopn(xc nyumc pa:¡ncnnri nax,
noucxy n xax on naxo(nr no:xo»nix raxon mai.
÷ Hc nicnymari nn nax cnauana Uync n craparicn ncc
nincnnri" ÷ ncxounn Koun µ:o(:c «xax nn n ucx nc 6inano».
÷ Iiri xo»cr, noncc n nc nona(o6nrcn nanpannri nncixo
ronapnmy Tnro.
÷ To, uro xnc ionopnn, Uync ionopnn or cc6n, ÷ ornc-
rnn n µ:o(:c. ÷ Bc(i xi nc xo»cx npnnnri »cnannn Uync
:a nocnannc miocnancxoio pyxono(crna. Hc rax nn, ronapnm
Kpncro"
÷ Koncuno, or cc6n' ÷ orncrnn Uync ncci xpacnin, ÷
no n ioron pa:¡ncnnri nax ncc ncncnoc'
÷ 2 nonpocnn rc6n n:no»nri n nncixcnnox nn(c namn
npc(no»cnnn, ÷ cxa:an n Uync. ÷ Ti ¬rnx npcnc6pci. To
»c caxoc, nn Kynpcmannn, nn 3narnu nnucio nc npc(crannnn
nax oqnnnanino. Mi ÷ Honnr6mpo caxocronrcninon naprnn
n npc(crannncx nnrcpcci cyncpcnnoio iocy(apcrna, rax uro,
xoi(a n(cr pcui o raxon npo6ncxc, xi nc (on»ni ocnonina-
ricn na nicxa:inannnx roio nnn nnoio, xaxnx 6i (oncpncx
nn noni:onannci ¬rn ronapnmn. µananrc nomncx ronapnmy
Tnro nncixo, n xoropox nonpocnx, uro6i on pa:¡ncnnn nax,
xax onn npc(crannnmr cc6c nyri o6¡c(nncnnn, a rax»c, no-
ucxy onn xornr, uro6i c npc(no»cnncx nicrynnnn nxcnno
xi, noucxy xi (on»ni o6¡c(nnnricn «nc:anncnxo or roio,
uro (cnacr Ioniapnn», noucxy onn nc cunramr ny»non xon-
cynirannm c concrcxnxn ronapnmaxn n (pyioc. Oro n cunram
6oncc ucx nopxaninix n nco6xo(nxix, ÷ npo(on»an n. ÷
Ho-xocxy, cax ronapnm Tnro 6y(cr nonimcn rcx, uro no
485
¬roxy nonpocy xi cnpamnnacx cio nnunoc xncnnc, uro6i
n:nri cio :a ocnony (nn npnnnrnn coorncrcrnymmcio pcmcnnn'
Mc»(y rcx, xax n ionopnn, µ:o(:c, Tcxcnixo, Han(n
Kpncro, Hccrn Kcpcn(»n n (pyinc, ro xpauncnn, ro 6nc(-
ncnn or xnncnmcio n nnx incna. B xonx cnonax onn nn(cnn
xancnp, xoropin nipinan y nnx n: pyx nnnnnarnny. Ho onn
nc xoinn no:pa»ari npornn n:no»cnnoio xnom. Boncn-ncno-
ncn onn nipa:nnn «coinacnc» orno»nri o6cy»(cnnc (o nony-
ucnnn orncra or Tnro.
Hocnc cronixnx xccnncn »ccrouanmnx na»nxon n manra-
»a n nncpnic nouyncrnonan cc6n xax-ro n:6anncnnix or xom-
xapa. Ho croni (cnnxarnoxy, croni (ncxpc(nrnpymmcxy no-
npocy, xaxnx 6ino rpc6onannc o6 o6¡c(nncnnn An6annn c
Kiocnanncn, Tnro npn( nn ocxcnnncn o6parnricn x nax nnci-
xcnno. On xoi nocnari x nax n cro ¬xnccapon, nopyunn nccx
nx y6c(nri nac n rox, uro ncrounnx 6in o(nn, onn xoinn
ionopnri rcxn »c cnonaxn, no, ¬ro 6onimc nc xoino (cncrno-
nari. Apxnxc(ona rouxa 6ina nan(cna n yncinaci: xi o6cy(nx
nonpoc n Impo ronixo nocnc nonyucnnn oqnnnaninoio orncra
Tnro n nncixcnnox nn(c'
Ho xocxy co6crncnnoxy y6c»(cnnm, ¬ro o:nauano: Hn-
xoi(a' ¹ama nccon nauana cxnonnricn n namy cropony. Hnr-
na(nari-(na(nari (ncn cnycrn, xoi(a ncc noxa:inano, uro ipo-
:nnman nax onacnocri y»c npoxo(nna, nco»n(annan nccri
xax 6y(ro ncc onpoxnnyna: Cano 3narnu npn6in n Tnpany c
oucni na»nix nocnanncx miocnancxoio pyxono(crna n nonpo-
cnn cpounon ncrpcun c naxn.
Mi npnnnnn cio xax ronixo npc(crannnaci no:xo»nocri
(nn ¬roio
1
. Hacxonixo noxnm, c namcn croponi 6inn n n
Xmcnn Kano, a c miocnancxon croponi ÷ 3narnu, Kpanicp,
xaxon-ro «cncnnanncr» no nonpocax nnannponannn ÷ npo(c
ccxpcrapn n Koop(nnannonnon xoxnccnn, n, nncxonixo nc
omn6anci, ornccy x miocnancxon croponc rax»c Koun µ:o(:c
n Han(n Kpncro.
_____________________________________
1 Bcrpcua ¬ra cocronnaci 1O anpcnn 1948 io(a.
486
Yipmxoc, xax nnxoi(a panimc, nnno 3narnxa n, 6oncc
roio, xono(nin n iop(in n:inn(, xoropin on 6pocnn na xcnn
n xoxcnr ncrpcun, nanonnnnn xoc ccp(nc pa(ocrim. 2 nonnn,
uro Tnro nc ocxcnnncn c(cnari inynocri n nncixcnno, :a cnocn
no(nncim norpc6onari o6¡c(nncnnn An6annn c Kiocnanncn.
£mc 6onimc y6c(nncn n n rox, uro miocnani nomnn no na-
xnonnon nnocxocrn, xoi(a 3narnu ninyn xaxnc-ro 6yxain n
npnnnncn coo6mari:
÷ Mnc nopyucno npc(crannri nax noncnmnc coo6pa»c-
nnn n npc(no»cnnn miocnancxoio pyxono(crna' Hamc pyxo-
no(crno nacrannacr na rox, uro opiann:annonnic qopxi na-
mnx ornomcnnn nc coorncrcrnymr co(cp»annm n cyrn cno-
»nnmnxcn ornomcnnn. Ha npaxrnxc »n:ni npnncna nac x
co:(annm o6mcn ¬xonoxnuccxon c(nnnni, n n (anincnmcx
rpy(nocrn n crponrcnicrnc connann:xa o6nciuarcn n cnyuac,
ccnn xi no(nc(cx no( ¬xonoxnuccxoc o6¡c(nncnnc cmc 6o-
ncc npounic ocnoni. um6on mai, xoropin xi npc(npnxcx
n ¬rox nanpanncnnn, cmc 6onimc o6nciunr nc ronixo ¬xono-
xnuccxnc, no n ncc (pyinc nonpoci.
Tcx npcxcncx yipmxocri n nnnoc pa:(pa»cnnc 3narnua
orpa:nnnci na nnnax Koun µ:o(:c n Han(n Kpncro. K nx
nccuacrim, 6cnipa(cxnn «nocnancn» cnn:nn yponcni rpc6ona-
nnn. Or «nonnrnuccxoio o6¡c(nncnnn» on cnn:omcn (o «¬xo-
noxnuccxoio o6¡c(nncnnn». ¹cx (on»no 6ino xonunricn
ncc ¬ro"'
Mc»(y rcx 3narnu npo(on»an n:naiari «nonic» npc(no-
»cnnn: n(rn nncpc( no c(nnoxy ¬xonoxnuccxoxy nnany, :a-
nnxari o6mym no:nnnm n ornomcnnn (pyinx crpan; co:(ari
conxccrnym cncrcxy n ¬xonoxnuccxnx, ropionix, qnnanconix
(cnax; npn(cp»nnaricn c(nnon xcro(onoinn nnannponannn;
nxcri o6mnc :axoni; orxpiric ipannni; o6mnc nacnopra;
c(nnym cncrcxy o6pa:onannn n r.(.
÷ 3naunr, 6iri xax o(no c(nnoc iocy(apcrno' ÷ nc-
o»n(anno o6o(pnncn Koun µ:o(:c.
3narnu ipo:no n pa:incnanno nocxorpcn na ncio, n Koun
nonypnn ionony co cri(ox n crpaxox.
487
÷ Hcr' ÷ orncrnn Cano. ÷ Oro xi paccxorpnx no:(-
ncc. Hamc pyxono(crno nc(ononino o6¡ncncnnnxn, xoropix
ni rpc6ycrc n cnn:n c npc(no»cnncx o6 o6¡c(nncnnn. Bn-
(nxo, y nac oionopxn. Hy na(no, xi 6onimc nc no:o6nonnx
cnocio npc(no»cnnn. Honic npc(no»cnnn xacamrcn ucio-ro
npoxc»yrounoio. Oro :naunr, uro xi (o nopi (o npcxcnn
(on»ni nicrynari xax (na iocy(apcrna, a (cncrnonari xax
o(no iocy(apcrno.
÷ Tonapnm 3narnu,÷ o6parnncn n nnauanc x Koun, xax
6i, uro6i nyumc «o6¡ncnnri» cxy ncc, ÷ o rox n ionopnr,
uro6i xi qopxanino 6inn or(cninix iocy(apcrnox, a no cy-
mccrny cocrannnnn o(no ncnoc c Kiocnanncn. Hc rax nn, ro-
napnm 3narnu"
÷ To, uro cucn ny»nix, n ucrxo cxa:an' ÷ :no6no ornc-
rnn on. ÷ Ocraninoc ni ycnimnrc nn»c. Hamc pyxono(crno
nonaiacr, uro n opiann:annonnox ornomcnnn nonin mai cnc-
(ycr xonxpcrn:nponari co:(anncx Koxnrcra n Icnipa(c n
Koop(nnannonnon xoxnccnn n Tnpanc. Koxnrcr n Icnipa(c
6y(yr no:inannnri o(nn miocnancxnn xnnncrp n o(nn an6an-
cxnn :axccrnrcni xnnncrpa, a Koop(nnannonnym xoxnccnm
n Tnpanc 6y(yr no:inannnri o(nn an6ancxnn xnnncrp n o(nn
miocnancxnn :axccrnrcni xnnncrpa. Pa:yxccrcn, nonocrim n
inannix 6y(cr npn ¬rox xoxnrcr. On 6y(cr conxccrnix opia-
nox o6onx namnx npannrcnicrn, xoropin no:ixcr na cc6n
uacri xoxncrcnnnn n orncrcrncnnocrn o6cnx crpan. Cnc(o-
narcnino, xoxnrcr ¬ror nocny»nr :apo(imcx 6y(ymcio
o6mcio npannrcnicrna. C nnx 6y(cr cnn:ana n Koop(n-
nannonnan xoxnccnn n Tnpanc. Ho, ccnn Koop(nnannonnan
xoxnccnn 6y(cr :annxaricn n ocnonnox nonpocaxn conxccrnon
¬xonoxnn, ro xoxnrcr 6y(cr :annxaricn n (pyinxn npo6ncxa-
xn. A rcncpi ny»no, uro6i ncc n:no»cnnoc xnom xi :anccnn
n o6mnn nporoxon c rcx, uro6i ncc npnnnno oqnnnaninin
xapaxrcp n 6ino n nopn(xc n c rouxn :pcnnn xc»(ynapo(noio
npana.
÷ Bi npnnccnn c co6om npocxr ¬roio nporoxona" ÷
cnpocnn n.
488
÷ Hcr, ÷ orncrnn on, ÷ xi :(cci cio cqopxynnpycx.
Oro (cno npocroc. B ncx xi nicrynari 6y(cx xax (na iocy-
(apcrna, o(naxo caxn cnn:n n coinamcnnn, xoropic 6y(yr
npnno»cni x ncxy, c(cnamr cymcn qopxaninocrim cymccrno-
nannc (nyx iocy(apcrn. Taxono 6y(ymcc, ro ccri qc(cpannn'
µcno 6ino xax na na(onn. Kiocnani xorcnn :axannri nac
n nonymxy, «nporoxonaxn» nonncui nac na ror »c nyri, i(c
onn nponannnnci cnonx npc(no»cnncx o6 o6¡c(nncnnn. O(na-
xo nx nonin xancnp 6onimc nc ionopnn nn o cnnc, nn o man-
ra»c. On noxo(nn cxopcc na oruannnym nonirxy, na nicrpcn
nayia(, xoropin «anoci nona(cr n ncni». Hacrynnn xoxcnr,
uro6i ¬ro xi nonicnnn ron:
÷ Tonapnm 3narnu, ÷ oxa:an n cxy, ÷ xi nicnymann
nonic npc(no»cnnn namcio pyxono(crna n, xoncuno, n:nccnx,
o6cy(nx nx n (a(nx nax orncr. Ho xnoioc n cxa:annox naxn
ncncnoc n (a»c 6ccnoxonmcc, n, ni y» n:nnnnrc xcnn, nc-
xoppcxrnoc c namcn croponi.
÷ Ho»anyncra, ÷ cxa:an on. ÷ I(c xonxpcrno"'
÷ Bi rpc6ycrc, uro6i xi c(cnann raxon mai, xoropin
no cymccrny o:nauacr o6¡c(nncnnc o6cnx namnx crpan, cnn-
nnnc o6onx namnx iocy(apcrn. Oro ni caxn rax cxa:ann. Bi
xornrc, uro6i xi n nporoxon cocrannnn no ¬roxy nonpocy.
µna(nari c nnmnnx (ncn roxy na:a( ni (o6nnannci roio »c
pc:ynirara, no nocpc(crnox npc(no»cnnn, xoropoc (on»ni
6inn nnccrn xi «c namcn croponi», no :aro no namcn npoci-
6c. Tcncpi n xorcn 6i cnpocnri nac: nopxanini nn no(o6nic
(cncrnnn n ornomcnnnx xc»(y cyncpcnnixn iocy(apcrnaxn"'
Mi nanpannnn ronapnmy Tnro nncixo c npoci6on pa:¡ncnnri
nax, xax on npc(crannnn cc6c nonpoc o6¡c(nncnnn o6cnx na-
mnx crpan n xaxono cio xncnnc o6 ¬rox. Orncra nc nocnc-
(onano.
÷ Bncccnnic xnom npc(no»cnnn n cocrannnmr orncr na
¬ro' ÷ npo6onrancn 3narnu, ncponrno, n:-:a 6c:yxnon noc-
ncmnocrn.
÷ £cnn ronixo uro cxa:annoc naxn npan(a, ro npo6ncxa
oucni cno»nan. Ha:onnrc ¬ro, xax xornrc, a xi cunracx
489
¬ro nonirxon nocrannri nac ncpc( concpmnnmnxcn qaxrox.
Hc:aucx o6xaninari (pyi (pyia. Mi nonpocnnn o6¡ncncnnn
o rox, «noucxy nax na(o o6¡c(nnnricn rcncpi», a nc nporo-
xona, n xoropox no(nncann 6i o6¡c(nncnnc.
÷ Oro nc nporoxon o6 o6¡c(nncnnn' ÷ ncrynnn n 6ccc(y
Ccpicn Kpanicp. ÷ Oro nporoxon o nyumcx ypciynnponannn
ornomcnnn xc»(y namnxn crpanaxn, oco6cnno n ¬xonoxn-
uccxon o6nacrn.
÷ 3-4 xccnna na:a(, ÷ ni xopomo noxnnrc nam pa:-
ionop no nonpocy o Koop(nnannonnon xoxnccnn, ÷ o6parnn-
cn n x Kpanicpy, ÷ ni cxa:ann, uro xoxnccnn ¬ra 6y(cr cina-
»nnari nm6ic pacxo»(cnnn, 6y(cr ncc pciynnponari. Kax
nnxax, a xoxnccnn 6ina co:(ana. Ho:(ncc ni npnmnn xo xnc
n no»anonannci na ro, uro (cna nc nn»yrcn, rax xax namn
xnnncrcpcrna nc (oxna(inann nax o6o nccx, uro ni cnpa-
mnnann. 2 no-ronapnmccxn cxa:an nax, uro nc 6in coinaccn
c namnxn rpc6onannnxn, no, nocxonixy ni nacrannann na
cnocx, xi naxa:ann xnnncrcpcrnax y(onncrnopnri n ¬ro rpc-
6onannc. H uro n: ¬roio nimno"' Hamn nm(n npc(anannci
6ccnonc:nix nccnc(onannnx n npocxrax. Onn :annxannci
cxopcc cocranncnncx (oxna(on n nnqopxannn (nn nac, nc-
»cnn ¬xonoxnuccxnxn npo6ncxaxn. Tcncpi, ccnn xi non-
(cx na co:(annc xoxnrcra n Icnipa(c, ro nccx nax npn(cr-
cn crari (oxna(unxaxn n nnqopxaropaxn ¬roio xoxnrcra.
÷ Bcc n noni:y (cna n npc(npnnnxacrcn, ÷ «xnixo»
orncrnn xnc Kpanicp, ÷ nc(i n namn ncnn ncxpcnnnc. Bax
nc cnc(ycr orpnnari namy noxomi. Bi (on»ni yncnnri cc6c,
uro Kiocnannn »cprnycr pa(n nac, n nonpocax o noxomn ona
o6pamacrcn c naxn, xax co cnonxn pccny6nnxaxn. Ho, ccnn c
namnxn pccny6nnxaxn ncc ncixo pcmacrcn, ro c naxn, no-
cxonixy ni ocracrcci caxocronrcninix iocy(apcrnox, noncn-
ncnoncn no:nnxamr rpy(nocrn n pacxo»(cnnn.
÷ Hama opncnrannn n nama :a6ora, ÷ cxa:an n cxy,
÷ :axnmuannci n rox, uro6i xi ninonnnnn n ncpnym ouc-
pc(i o6n:arcnicrna n co6nm(ann xonrpaxri c Kiocnanncn.
Mi coinacnnnci (a»c na co:(annc raxnx :ncnicn n raxnx
opiann:xon, na o6pa:onannc xoropix npn( nn coinacnrcn xa-
49O
xoc-nn6o (pyioc iocy(apcrno. Cm(a ornocnrcn n pyxono(nxan
naxn xoxnccnn. H, ccnn rcx nc xcncc (cna nc6naiononyuno
n(yr, ro npnunni ¬roio nc nmnrc cpc(n nac.
÷ µcno n rox, uro, xoi(a (cncrnycmi o6oco6ncnno, no:-
nnxamr pacxo»(cnnn, ÷npoionopnn Kpanicp. ÷ Hnauc no(-
xo(nr x (cny namc nc(oxcrno, nnauc miocnancxoc. Ka»(oxy
cnon py6amxa 6nn»c x rcny. Hpnnc(cx nax nccxonixo npn-
xcpon, ÷ cxa:an on n no(an :nax rpcricxy miocnany, xoro-
pin, cnonno :ano(nan nipymxa, ryr »c ninyn n: noprqc-
nn xnouox 6yxain.
÷ Hocxorpnrc, uro nponcxo(nr, ÷ ipoxxo :aionopnn
miocnan. ÷ C namcn croponi nocrynamr x nax :annxn, xo-
ropic y(onncrnopnri ncni:n. Bo:ixcx x npnxcpy mnnunxn.
Bi :anpocnnn na io( 7O OOO mnnunxon' Oro y» cnnmxox' Bi
conccx pa:opnnn miocnancxnn pinox'
÷ Bo:xo»no, nxcmrcn n ncnpannninic :annxn' ÷ o6pa-
rnncn n x miocnanax, ÷ no, uro xacacrcn ynoxnnyroio naxn
nncrpyxcnra, n nc xoiy nax orncrnri. B xaxon orpacnn ¬xo-
noxnxn on ynorpc6nncrcn"
B(pyi rn»cnan arxocqcpa ncrpcun pa:pn(nnaci na nc-
cxonixo xinoncnnn. Hcpcno(unxn crann ncpcmcnrinaricn c
miocnanaxn, uro6i nincnnri, uro ¬ro 6in :a nncrpyxcnr. Ko-
un µ:o(:c cn(cn, oncpmnci n6ox na pyxn, a 3narnu (cnan
6c:yxnic »ccri: on mnnan 6ponn xonunxaxn nanincn
n uro-ro cnnnncn xnc yxa:ari. Haxoncn-ro :aia(xa 6ina
pa:ia(ana:
÷ Oro, ÷ nauan o6¡ncnnri xnc ncpcno(unx, ÷ coiny-
ran n ccpc(nnc ronxan n in6xan »ccrnnan nnacrnnxa, yno-
rpc6nncxan »cnmnnaxn (nn nimnninannn 6poncn.
Ha(o 6ino nc cxcnricn, a xpnxnyri:
÷ Kax nax nc cri(no, uro raxnc inynocrn ynoxnnacrc'
÷ o6pymnncn n na miocnanon. ÷ Hamn »cnmnni n (cnymxn
(a»c na:nannn nc :namr nncrpyxcnrax, o xoropix ni iono-
pnrc, a nc ro, uro6i nx n ionony npnxo(nno nimnninari
6ponn' Y nnx cmc xnc6a nc xnaracr, nc(ocracr y nnx o(c»(i
n o6ynn, a ni »anycrcci nax na ro, uro xi, nn(nrc nn, oun-
491
crnnn nam pinox or 6ponnix »ccrnnox
1
. Ocranirc nx cc6c,
no( xom nnunym orncrcrncnnocri cxa»y nax nc nocrannnri
An6annn nn o(non mryxn'
÷ Bax nc cnc(ycr ccp(nricn. Mi npnncnn ¬ro n xauccrnc
npnxcpa o no:nnxammnx 6ccnopn(xax. Taxnx npnxcpon xnoio,
÷ cxa:ann (ancc miocnani n npnnnnnci ncpcuncnnri: ÷ ni
:anpocnnn cronixo-ro ronn naxci, cronixo-ro ricnu cano»nix
ino:(cn, cronixo-ro xnnnnonon (xa»crcn oxono 7-8 xnnnn-
onon) ncpicn ("'), cronixo-ro ricnu xnnoipaxxon ¬cccnnnn
(nn nannrxon n r.(. n r.n.
÷ Crpanno' Oucni crpanno' ÷ cxa:an n no:xymcnnin
n o6parnncn x Han(n Kpncro, xoropin cn(cn n yiny, xax
xoxpan xypnna: ÷ Oro ni :anpocnnn ncc ¬ro" Ha uro ono
nax"
÷ Tonapnm Koxan(anr, ni npani, no npani n miocnan-
cxnc ronapnmn. Onn nax nc rax y» ny»ni, no, xoi(a xi
:anpocnnn nccxonixo (nniarcncn n o6opy(onannc »cnc:no(o-
po»noio na:naucnnn miocnancxnc ronapnmn nnanonnxn npc(-
no»nnn nax n nx, rax xax y nnx na pinxc nx n (ocrarxc. Onn
oxa:ann nax, uro «nx xo»no nonyunri :a 6ccncnox, conccx
(cmcno, :anpocnn nx n paxxax xpc(nra».
Kax nn crpanno, miocnani n na ¬ror pa: nncxonixo nc
cxyrnnnci. Hao6opor, 3narnu namcn «nixo(»:
÷ Hc na»no, xro nx n nnan nxnmunn' ÷ noncnnn on.
÷ Ba»no pacxpiri, orxy(a raxnc ncnona(xn. Oro nponcxo(nr
or roio, uro xi cmc nicrynacx (nyxn or(cninixn iocy(ap-
crnaxn. Bcc 6y(cr pa:pcmcno n cnyuac, ccnn ni o(o6pnrc
namn npc(no»cnnn'
÷ Bi cmc uro-nn6y(i »cnann coo6mnri nax" ÷ cnpo-
cnn n cio.
__________________________________
1 B xnnic «Kiocnano-an6ancxnc ornomcnnn» (1939-1948), ony6nnxo-
nannon n Icnipa(c n 1949 io(y, nm(n Tnro nc no:a6inn «ynoxnnyri» n
¬ror qaxr. Ha crpannnc 2O5 (n:(annn na an6ancxox n:ixc) onn »any-
mrcn na ro, uro an6ancxan cropona «c(cnana 0c(cparnnnon nnanonon
xoxnccnn 0HPK :annxy na 7O OOO mnnunxon (nn nimnninannn 6poncn».
492
÷ Hcr, nnucio. £cnn ni ioroni, ro xo»cx npncrynnri x
cocranncnnm nporoxona, ÷ (o6annn 3narnu, roponnci.
÷ Ha uro nax raxon nporoxon"' ÷ cnpocnn n, xax 6y(ro
ncnapoxox.
÷ ¹ro6i 6iri n nopn(xc n 6y(ymcx' ÷ nocncmno ornc-
rnn on. ÷ Bc(i xoiyr no:nnxnyri rpcnnn, pa:noinacnn. Ic:
raxoio nporoxona ni xo»crc ionopnri «¬ro xi rax nonnnn»,
a xi n cnom oucpc(i ÷ «¬ro xi nnauc nonnnn». A nporoxon-
ro ccri (oxyxcnr. Mi na ncio ccinaricn 6y(cx n orncuari
6y(cr ror, xro n (on»cn orncuari.
÷ Ax, nor ono uro' ÷ cxa:an n cxy. ÷ 3naucnnc npo-
roxona ni concpmcnno npannnino nonnxacrc, n n ¬rox n
coinaccn c naxn. Ho noucxy »c ni nc cunracrc npannninix
n:no»nri n nax (oxyxcnrox, n nncixcnnox nn(c namn
:axcuannn, xncnnn n oco6cnno namn npc(no»cnnn"' B no-
n6pc ni n:no»nnn nax ynxy npc(no»cnnn. 2 nonpocnn nac
nncixcnno npc(crannri nx nax, no ni n no ccn (cni ¬roio nc
c(cnann. Hpnmnn ni n (cxa6pc, nnccnn ncnin pn( npc(no-
»cnnn, no onnri-raxn ycrno. Hpnmnn ni n qcnpanc, a rax»c
n n xaprc ÷ ro »c caxoc' X(cx xi orncra or ronapnma
Tnro, a orncra ncr xax ncr. Tcncpi ni nnocnrc ncc nonic
npc(no»cnnn, no onnri ycrno. Orxy(a nax :nari, rouno nn
cxa:annoc naxn"'
÷ 2 rouno ncpc(am nax naxa:i namcio pyxono(crna,
÷ npoionopnn on, n:xcnnnmnci n nnnc, ÷ ni »c npnxo
nax ionopnrc, uro nc (oncpncrc nax. Bi ¬ro xnc nc (oncpncrc
nnn »c nc (oncpncrc pyxono(crny KHK, ronapnmy Tnro"
÷ 3(cci nc xccro raxnx nonpocax' ÷ orncrnn n pc:xo n
xono(no. ÷ Oro xi nc npo co(cp»annc nocranncnnix naxn
nonpocon, a npo ro, xax ni nx n:naiacrc. Mi paccxorpnx
nx nnmi roi(a, xoi(a ni npc(crannrc nx nax n nncixcnnox
nn(c'
Ha ¬rox n xonunnaci ncrpcua. Co6npanci yxo(nri, 3narnu
xorcn 6ino cmc uro-ro cxa:ari, no, nn(nxo, o(yxancn. Bcnc(
:a nnx, onycrnn ionony, nimnn n (pyinc. Ocrannci ronixo xi
c Xmcnn.
493
÷ Bcponrno, 6onimoc 6y(cr c nnxn cronxnoncnnc, ÷ cxa-
:an on. ÷ Ho rax nx n na(o. Hycri xopomcnixo no(yxamr,
npc»(c ucx cnpononnponari xaxon-nn6o (pyion non6pi. Hopa
nx :nari, uro nacrynacr xoxcnr, xoi(a namc rcpncnnc n ni-
(cp»xa nccnxamr.
÷ Bcnxoc xo»cr cnyunricn, ÷ orncrnn n. ÷ Ho y»c
(anno n :axcuam y nccx crpannym 6on:ni n :axcmarcnicrno.
Honnri nc xoiy, noucxy onn nponnnnmr croni nnnoc monnnn-
crnuccxoc ncrcpncnnc, crpcxnci no uro 6i ro nn crano (o6nri-
cn o6¡c(nncnnn. Kax 6i ro nn 6ino, xi (on»ni xpannri
6(nrcninocri. Hax y»c ncc ncno. Ha nacrynncnnc orncrnx
ronixo nacrynncnncx. Hnoio nyrn nc ocracrcn.
Uo:opnmü koncn
Hpomno nccio nnmi (na-rpn (nn co npcxcnn ¬ron ncrpc-
un, xax na»noc co6irnc oxonuarcnino pa:¡ncnnno n ocncrnno
ncc: nax nonano n pyxn ncpnoc nncixo
1
HK KHCC rnroncxoxy
miocnancxoxy pyxono(crny.
2 o(nnx (yxox npounran nncixo n c ncpnix »c a6:ancn
ncnirinan pa(ocri n y(ononicrnnc, xoropic pc(xo ncnirinan
n xocn »n:nn. My(po n na nc:i6ncxix (ono(ax HK KHCC
yxa:inan na 6onimnc omn6xn n n:npamcnnn n nnnnn pyxono(-
crna KHK, cio pa:ny:(annin nannonann:x n xannm ncnn-
unn, upcnarin onacnocrnxn n npc(nixn nocnc(crnnnxn nyri,
na xoropin ono yno(nno miocnancxnn napo(. Xorn n nncixc
nni(c nc ynoxnnannci nama naprnn, nama crpana n namn or-
nomcnnn c pyxono(crnox KHK, xnc xa:anoci, 6y(ro no nccx
a6:anax yunrinanoci nxcnno ro, uro io(axn nponcxo(nno n
namnx ornomcnnnx c rnroncxnx pyxono(crnox.
Bcc nncixo 6ino n ro »c npcxn xocncnnix no(rncp»(c-
________________________________
1 Hncixo ¬ro 6ino nanpanncno pyxono(crny KHK 27 xapra 1948
io(a.
494
nncx rax»c npannninocrn nnnnn KHA, onponcp»cnncx nccx
6ccxoncunix :axcuannn, o6nnncnnn, xncncrnnuccxnx yrncp-
»(cnnn n o6nnucnncx nccx nn(on (anncnnn, x xoropoxy npn-
6ciann Tnro n cio «nocnanni» n rcucnnc 6-7 ncr.
2 oxonuarcnino y6c(nncn n rox, uro namc (cno no6c-
»(ano. Ocrpin xonqnnxr, n xoropin xi ncrynnnn c 6cnipa(-
cxnxn pyxono(nrcnnxn, 6y(cr pa:pcmcn nc ronixo npannnino,
no, a ¬ro caxoc inannoc, 6icrpcc n 6c: oco6ix ocno»ncnnn,
cronxnoncnnn n norcpi, xoropic 6inn 6i ncxnnycxi n cny-
uac, ccnn 6i xi ncnn ¬ry 6opi6y n o(nnouxy.
2 ncxc(ncnno no:nan x cc6c Xmcnn, (an cxy nncixo npo-
unrari n ynn(cn, uro on ncnirinan ro »c nonncnnc, rc »c
uyncrna, xoropic n ncnirinan ncxnoio panimc. Hacrynnno
npcxn cno6o(no (imari, (nn naprnn n napo(a nacrynnn xo-
xcnr or6pocnri npoui 6onc:ncnnin (yx n rn»xoc 6pcxn, xo-
ropoc y»c io(i (annno na nac n ipo:nno nax.
÷ Hama npanora no(rncp(nnaci' Mi no6c(nx. µa :(pan-
crnycr naprnn' ÷ xonunn urcnnc, oxa:an Xmcnn co cnc:axn na
ina:ax n 6pocnncn xnc n o6¡nrnn.
÷ Oro ncropnuccxoc nncixo Crannna ncc nax pa:¡ncnncr
n ocncmacr' ÷ cxa:an n cxy. ÷ Ti noxnnmi, o ucx xi io-
nopnnn nccxonixo (ncn na:a("' Hax xa:annci crpannixn n
ncnonnrnixn nocncmnocri miocnanon n nx nacrannannc na
no(nncannn nporoxona o6 o6¡c(nncnnn. Tcncpi ncc ncno. Hpn-
6cian x inycnix nponcxax n na»nxax, onn crpcxnnnci no:-
xo»no cxopcc xonunri (cno c naxn, rax xax na (ymc y nnx
nccnoxonno or xonqnnxra c concrcxnxn ronapnmaxn.
÷ Koun n Han(n npounrann cio" ÷ cnpocnn xcnn Xmcnn.
÷ Hcr' ÷ orncrnn n. ÷ Hx ncr :(cci. Onn o6¡c:»amr
pa:nic o6nacrn (nn nponaian(i VIII Hncnyxa' Kax ronixo
onn ncpnyrcn, coo6my nx o6 ¬rox.
÷ Hocxorpnx, xax onn ncrpcrnr cio . . .
÷ Kax ipox, ÷ cxa:an n cxy. ÷ Tcx nc xcncc, pano
cmc n (crannx anann:nponari ¬ro ncropnuccxoc nncixo. Mi
nocrannx o ncx n n:nccrnocri ocraninix ronapnmcn-uncnon
Impo, nycri ncc npouryr cio, a norox co6cpcxcn (nn o6-
cy»(cnnn.
495
B ror »c (cni nnn »c na (pyion (cni npnxo(nr xo xnc
ncrpcno»cnnic Kpncro Tcxcnixo n Icunp Ianyxy:
÷ Tonapnm Koxan(anr, ÷ ionopnr onn xnc, ÷ icncpan
Kynpcmannn nonpocnn ncrpcuy c naxn n coo6mnn nax nccixa
rn»cnic o6nnncnnn. On nonpocnn ncpc(ari nx nax n xi nc-
xc(ncnno npnmnn'
÷ ¹cx nc(ononcn icncpan" ÷ cnpocnn n.
÷ Bccx' ÷ ncxounn Kpncro Tcxcnixo. ÷ Hpc»(c nccio
¬xonoxnxon. On nc coinaccn c namcn qopxynnponxon o rox,
uro «an6ancxan ¬xonoxnxa onnpacrcn na cnon cnni n ocno-
nana rax»c na noxomn Kiocnannn n 6parcxnx crpan». Ky-
npcmannn cunracr ¬ro napymcnncx coinamcnnn. On cxa:an
xnc, uro cnc(ycr ionopnri nc «an6ancxan ¬xonoxnxa», a «con-
xccrnic an6ano-miocnancxnc ¬xonoxnuccxnc nnani».
÷ µa, (a' ÷ «no(6o(pnn» n cio. ÷ Hpo(on»an'
÷ On cxa:an, uro nc(ononcn rcx, uro nc(anno (npcxrop
o(non qa6pnxn n Uxo(pc 6in apccronan :a npa»(c6nym
(cnrcninocri. On miocnan no nponcxo»(cnnm, no¬roxy cio
ncni:n 6ino rpoiari'
µanimc Tcxcnixo ncpcuncnnn xnc n ocraninic «o6nnnc-
nnn» miocnancxoio icncpana: Tpcric «o6nnncnnc» xacanoci
namcn nncmncn nonnrnxn: Ancrpnncxoc npannrcnicrno o6pa-
rnnoci x nax c npoci6on o6 ycranonncnnn cnn:cn c Hapo(non
Pccny6nnxon An6anncn, a xi, nn(nrc nn, (onycrnnn «poxo-
nym» omn6xy: nc :annnnn nporccr npornn raxon npoci6i An-
crpnn' Coinacno Kynpcmannny, xi (on»ni 6inn :annnri npo-
rccr n orxnonnri npoci6y Ancrpnn, rax xax, no-ncpnix, An-
crpnn n Kiocnannn nc n na(ax xc»(y co6on no nono(y cno-
ncncxoio nanxcnimnncrna, n, no-nropix, xax »c ¬ro xo»no,
uro6i An6annn ycranonnna cnn:n c Ancrpncn 6c: npc(napn-
rcninoio coinacnn Kiocnannn"'
¹crncproc «o6nnncnnc» xacanoci »nnnmnon nonnrnxn n
µyppcccxox Hcnonxoxc. Ccxin ncxoropix miocnancxnx cnc-
nnanncron 6inn ncpcccncni n nonic (oxa, rax xax :ona,
i(c naxo(nnnci npc»nnc (oxa, ncpcxo(nna n pacnopn»cnnc
apxnn'
÷ On 6in oucni pa:(pa»cn' ÷ xonunn Tcxcnixo. ÷
496
Hcpcuncnnn nax ncc ¬ro n coo6mnn, uro n raxnx ycnonnnx
6onimc ncno:xo»no corpy(nnuari n nocnnon o6nacrn'
÷ Hy uro, ni npnnnnn cio «o6nnncnnn»" ÷ cnpocnn n
nx.
÷ Mi n:nnn nx na :axcrxy ÷ orncrnn xnc Tcxcnixo.
÷ Mi 6inn cnnino norpnccni cxa:annix nx o namnx nocn-
nix ornomcnnnx. £cnn onn npcxparnr corpy(nnuccrno na non-
nyrn, ro nax xy(o 6y(cr' Bc(i 6c: nx noxomn nax nnxax
ncni:n ocymccrnnri ncc nnani xacarcnino apxnn' Bor noucxy
xi cnpocnnn cio, 6ino nn n apxnn uro-nn6y(i raxoc, xoro-
poc cxy nc npannnoci. Tor cxa:an, uro nnucio nc 6ino.
÷ Iino, a xax »c ncr' ÷ ncrannn Ianyxy. ÷ µnn mio-
cnancxnx oqnncpon nc ocrannnmr xopomnc 6nncri na qyr-
6oninin cra(non'
÷ Ax (a, uyri nn nc :a6in' ÷ cnoxnarnncn Uync. ÷
Kaxon-nn6o 6ccconccrnin pa6ornnx nc ocrannnn (nn (py»ccxnx
oqnncpon oucpc(nic qyr6oninic 6nncri. Oro, 6iri xo»cr,
n npc(naxcpcnno c(cnano, nc(i npai roio n »(cr.
÷ H npo 6nncri ionopnn nax Kynpcmannn"' ÷ cnpo-
cnn n.
÷ A xax »c. µa»c no:xymcnno' ÷ noncnnn Uync.
÷ H ucx xonunnaci ncrpcua"' ÷ o6parnncn n x nnx,
cnc c(cp»nnan incn.
÷ µa nor rax' Mi nonpocnnn cio nc ocranaricn na nac
n o6n(c; cxa:ann cxy, uro ncc 6y(cr ncnpanncno, n no6c»ann
x nax. Oro nccixa rpcno»no'
÷ Tpcno»no n ncnonnrno namc nonc(cnnc' ÷ crpoio
cxa:an n nx. ÷ B ncpnym oucpc(i x rc6c o6pamamci, Kpncro,
xax uncny Honnr6mpo, no n x rc6c, Icunp Ianyxy, xax nauani-
nnxy Icncpaninoio mra6a apxnn. Bi conccx nc (on»ni 6inn
cnymari miocnancxoio icncpana, :axcrnn, uro ionopnn on
nax o nc xacammnxcn cio npo6ncxax. Ho, (onycrnn ncpnym
omn6xy, ni c(cnann n nropym: nxccro roio uro6i c ncio(o-
nanncx orncpinyri no:nc(cnnic nx cxcxornopnic «o6nnnc-
nnn», ni npnnnnn nx, (onio nc :a(yxanmnci na( ¬rnx.
Uync n Ianyxy mnpoxo pacxpinann ina:a, cnyman ¬ro,
no, ynn(cn ncio(onannc n pcmnxocri, c xoropixn n ionopnn,
497
onn onycrnnn ina:a n c¡c»nnnci, cnonno »cnan cxa:ari xnc.-
«Hpocro yxy ncnocrn»nxo, xax ¬ro ri npornnonocrannncmicn
«xonnnnx» (py:cn n raxnx cnryannnx'».
Hc rpy(no 6ino nonnri, uro ¬ro 6ina :a nonan araxa
miocnanon' Oro 6ina (a»c cxopcc nc araxa, a nnan, nocry-
nanmnn n: Icnipa(a c ncnim nomynari nax nynic: «µananrc
nancccx an6annax nonin y(ap n ynn(nx, xax (cna o6cronr,
÷ no(yxann n Icnipa(c. ÷ £cnn onn incnno orncrnr nax,
ro Crannn nocrannn nx n n:nccrnocri o nponcxo(nmcx. £cnn
ncr, ro nycri n paxxax nonix o6nnncnnn (animc yiny6nr
VIII Hncnyx, ro ccri, nycri nocxopcc ncpcxo(nr n namn o6¡n-
rnn». Bc(i nc nanpacno onn npnncnn n (nn»cnnc n (annox
cnyuac icncpana, a nc (nnnoxara 3narnua.
2 xopomo n:nccnn concpmcnnym npornn nac inycnym npo-
noxannm n :axnmunn, uro Tnro cnc(onano ncxc(ncnno (ari
na(nc»amnn orncr.
2 norpc6onan cpounoio :acc(annn Honnr6mpo (rcx npc-
xcncx ncpnynnci n: «xoxan(nponxn» Koun µ:o(:c n Han(n
Kpncro) n xi co6pannci.
÷ 2 co:nan ¬ro upc:niuannoc :acc(annc Impo, ÷ cxa:an
n ronapnmax, ÷ uro6i nocrannri nac n n:nccrnocri o (nyx
na»nix npo6ncxax nocnc(nnx 4-5 (ncn. Hcpnan n caxan inan-
nan npo6ncxa xacacrcn nncixa HK KHCC, nanpanncnnoio
miocnancxoxy pyxono(crny n xonnc xapra. O6 ncxnmunrcninon
na»nocrn n :naucnnn ¬roio nncixa ionopnri nc 6y(y, rax xax
ni caxn nonxcrc ¬ro, xax ronixo xi npourcx cio.
Bncpnic nocnc xnoinx ncr pa:(opon, (c6aron n uacro
6cccxicncnnix cnopon n namcx Honnr6mpo nonapnnaci non-
nan n iny6oxan rnmnna. Mc»(y rcx xax n unran, cnimno 6i-
no (a»c n (ixannc ronapnmcn. 2 or(anan cc6c orucr n rox,
uro xa»(in a6:an n xa»(an qpa:a nncixa npon:no(nnn na
pa:nix ronapnmcn pa:noc nncuarncnnc n ni:inann y nnx
pa:noc pcainponannc. Xmcnn n Ioio cnymann co nccn ccpic:-
nocrim n o:a6oucnnocrim, no :aro na nx nnnax n ina:ax xo»-
no 6ino :axcuari rax»c yni6xy n pa(ocri; Ic(pn n Tyx
cn(cnn, mnpoxo pacxpin ina:a ncpc( raxnx uy(ox. ¹ro xaca-
crcn Koun µ:o(:c, Han(n Kpncro, Kpncro Tcxcnixo, Hccrn
498
Kcpcn(»n n µ»o(»n Inmmn, ro onn nonypnnn ionony n iny-
6oxo (imann, cnonno npocrpcncnnic.
÷ Taxono co(cp»annc nncixa, ÷ cxa:an n ronapnmax,
xonunn cio urcnnc. ÷ A rcncpi ncracr nonpoc: Kax nax no-
crynari n (anincnmcx" Honaiam, uro o6cy»(ari ¬ror nonpoc
cmc pano. Hycri xa»(in n: nac cn(cr n n:yunr nncixo c xa-
pan(amox n pyxc, uro6i xopomo nonnri cio cyri n, xoi(a co-
6cpcxcn, nycri xa»(in cno6o(no ionopnr, xax ¬ro cxy no(-
cxa:inamr cio y6c»(cnnn n conccri. Anann:npyn pa:nic
npo6ncxi, xi uacro crpa(ann or 6onimoio :na: cymccrnonana
rcn(cnnnn roio nnn nnoio nann:inari (pyinx n:inn(i n no-
:nnnn, c xoropixn onn nc 6inn coinacni. C raxon rcn(cn-
nncn xi (on»ni noxonunri n, no-xocxy, npnxcp ¬roio
na(o noxa:ari npn anann:c nacronmcio nncixa. Bo-nropix,
n nonaiam, uro nncixo concrcxoio pyxono(crna xi (on»ni
anann:nponari n 6oncc mnpoxox nnanc. Mnc xa»crcn, uro py-
xono(nrcncn KHK, nx nnnnm n no:nnnm xi :nacx nyumc,
ucx (pyinc xoxxynncrnuccxnc naprnn, rax xax na nporn»c-
nnn ncnix ncr no((cp»nnacx c nnxn cnn:n, :axnmuann c
nnxn coinamcnnn, nxcnn c nnxn pa:noinacnn. Ho¬roxy ro,
uro cxa»cx n orncr na nncixo Ionimcnncrcxon naprnn, xi
(on»ni cnn:inari c namnx onirox, c namnxn ornomcnnnxn c
miocnancxnx pyxono(crnox. B-rpcrinx, ÷ cxa:an n ronapnmax,
÷ concrym nax oco6cnno n ¬rn xoxcnri nponnnnri 6onimym
ocropo»nocri, nicoxym 6(nrcninocri n ni(cp»xy. Ha(o
xopomo yunrinari ror qaxr, uro npo6ncxi, no:nnxmnc n
ornomcnnnx xc»(y concrcxnx n miocnancxnx pyxono(crnox,
ocramrcn cmc cyiy6o nnyrpcnnnxn npo6ncxaxn n cmc o6cy-
»(amrcn nxn. B cnny caxnx oco6ix ornomcnnn, cno»nnmnxcn
xc»(y naxn n miocnancxnx pyxono(crnox, 6ino 6i ncnpocrn-
rcninon omn6xon n cnyuac, ccnn 6i xro-nn6y(i n: nac noro-
ponnncn n npc(an inacnocrn nnc namcio Impo no(nnxam-
mnccn n nacronmcx nncixc npo6ncxi, n6o ¬ro npnunnnno
6i nax 6onimon npc( n n ro »c npcxn npnncno 6i x (ani-
ncnmcxy o6ocrpcnnm n ocno»ncnnm ornomcnnn, cno»nnmnx-
cn xc»(y concrcxnxn n miocnancxnxn ronapnmaxn. Co6nm(an
nopxi, pciynnpymmnc ornomcnnn xc»(y 6parcxnxn naprnn-
499
xn, Crannn nanpannncr nax nncixo, uro6i nocrannri nac n
xypc (cna ÷ ronixo n nccio. Conn(apn:onaricn c nncixox
nnn ncr ÷ ¬roio Crannn nc rpc6ycr, no n nc :anpcmacr nax.
Oro or nac :anncnr. O(naxo, xax n y»c cxa:an, xi nc (on»ni
cmc ccio(nn n nocncmno nicxa:aricn no ¬roxy nono(y. Koi(a
ioroni 6y(cx, roi(a n co6cpcxcn.
Taxon ncpnin nonpoc. C nacronmcio xoxcnra nncixo
concrcxoio pyxono(crna n pacnopn»cnnn xa»(oio ronapnma-
uncna Impo, n ni xo»crc npnxo(nri unrari cio ncnxnn pa:,
xoi(a courcrc ¬ro ny»nix.
Bropon nonpoc, ÷ npo(on»an n, ÷ xacacrcn rn»cnoio
nnnn(cnra, cnpononnponannoio (na (nn roxy na:a( icncpanox
Kynpcmannnix.
Ynoxnnyn n (crannx noc «o6nnncnnn» icncpana, n orxcrnn:
÷ Bcnxnn nn(nr, uro no(nnxacxic Kynpcmannnix no-
npoci ÷ cxcxornopnic, onn nnmcni xaxoio 6i ro nn 6ino
ocnonannn n concpmcnno nccocronrcninic. Houcxy icncpan
npc(npnnnn raxon mai ÷ ¬ro (pyioc (cno. Mnc c(acrcn,
uro ¬ro 6ina nponoxannn.
÷ B xaxox cxicnc" ÷ noroponnncn cnpocnri Koun µ:o(:c.
÷ Inannix o6pa:ox, n (nyx cxicnax' ÷ ryr »c ornc-
rnn n. ÷ Bo-ncpnix, 6iri xo»cr, icncpan npc(¡nnnncr nax
raxnc «o6nnncnnn», xoropic, no-xocxy, (ancc on cax nc npn-
nnxacr nccpic:, c ncnim nomynari nax nynic, ninc(ari, :nacx
nn xi nnn ncr o concrcxo-miocnancxox xonqnnxrc. Oro onn
ycranonnr, cy(n no namcxy ornomcnnm x nocnc(ncnmnx nx
o6nnncnnnx. Bo-nropix, no:xo»no, uro onn no:ncnn na nac
«o6nnncnnn» c ncnim niny(nri nac nocrynnri rax, xax xi
nocrynnnn n cnyuac c «o6nnncnnnxn» 3narnua n non6pc ÷
opiann:onari (pyion VIII Hncnyx, ro ccri niny(nri nac npn-
nnri ncc «npc(no»cnnn», nncccnnic nxn n nocnc(ncc npcxn.
Hnon no:xo»nocrn n nc nn»y n xax pa: no¬roxy no(o:pc-
nam, uro nonc(cnnc miocnancxoio icncpana nnnncrcn npocro
nponoxanncn. £cnn ri, ronapnm Koun, nn(nmi xaxym-nn6y(i
(pyiym npnunny, ro cxa»n nax, uro6i xi nc omn6nnci...
Koun µ:o(:c 6onimc nn cnona nc nixonnnn n n, ncxno-
io no(o»(an orxcrnn (ancc:
5OO
÷ Hc:anncnxo or ¬roio, nax nc no:nonncrcn nn no((ari-
cn nponoxannn, nn cncmnri n npc(ari inacnocrn ro, uro cocra-
nnncr cyiy6o nnyrpcnnmm npo6ncxy n npc(xcr o6cy»(cnnn.
Ho¬roxy n cunram ncnccoo6pa:nix ncxc(ncnno o6parnricn
x ronapnmy Tnro c nncixox, n xoropox coo6mnri cxy, uro
cxa:an nax Kynpcmannn, (oxa:ari cxy nco6ocnonannocri cio
«o6nnncnnn», nonpocnri cio o6¡ncnnri nax, uro no6y(nno
icncpana npc(npnnnri raxon mai.
÷ Hc nyumc nn 6ino 6i nax o6¡ncnnricn c caxnx Ky-
npcmannnix" ÷ cnpocnn na ¬ror pa: Hccrn Kcpcn(»n, :a-
xccrnrcni Koun n Mnnncrcpcrnc nnyrpcnnnx (cn.
÷ Hnxonx o6pa:ox' ÷ orncrnn n. ÷ On npocro nocn-
nin n nc:aucx nax o6cy»(ari c nnx raxnc npo6ncxi. Hpnucx
n (yxam, uro xi (on»ni xax cnc(ycr no(ucpxnyri ¬ro n na-
mcx nncixc x Tnro. Hncari cxy na(o, uro xi nc naxo(nx
npannninix, uro6i raxnc nonpoci, 6y(i onn n o6ocnonan-
nixn, npnxo(nn n no(nnxan icncpan. £cnn namn ronapnmn
cunrann nx na»nixn, cxa»cx xi Tnro, ro nx xoi yxa:ari
nax nam nocon Hocnn Icpin nnn »c nam «nocnancn» 3narnu,
no nnxax nc icncpan. B ro »c npcxn nannmcx Tnro, uro nax
xa»crcn crpannix ro, uro icncpan ipo:nr nax npcxpamcnncx
corpy(nnuccrna n nocnnon o6nacrn noroxy nnmi, uro (nn nc-
xoropix miocnancxnx oqnncpon nc ocrannnnn xopomnc 6nncri
na cra(non' Cxa»cx cxy rax»c, uro nax ncnonnrno x ucxy
raxnc (cncrnnn, n, no( xoncn, nonropnx cxy, uro cronx :a
(py»ccxnc ornomcnnn n (yxc yucnnn Mapxca, Onicnica,
ucnnna n Crannna. Oro xi (on»ni no(ucpxnyri, ronapnmn,
n6o y»c ncxoropoc npcxn, xax no(nrcn nc(onycrnxoc (nn nac
nipa»cnnc. Bxccro (yxa xapxcn:xa ncxoropic ynoxnnamr
«(yx Oxonoxnuccxon xonncnnnn». Oro ncncno. Taxono xoc
xncnnc. µananrc paccxorpnx ¬ro n pcmnx'
÷ Y xcnn o(no onaccnnc' ÷ :axnnyn xaxcmcx Koun
µ:o(:c, xorn n (po»amnx n cna6ix ionocox. ÷ Tonapnm
Tnro xo»cr ynn:ari nam orncr c nncixox Crannna n no(o:pc-
nari, uro xi n xypcc (cna.
÷ Hy n uro, ÷ ncxounn Xmcnn, ÷ nycri n no(o:pcnacr'
£xy nc:aucx o6n(cricn no ¬roxy nono(y. Hao6opor, nycri
5O1
¬ro no6y(nr cio x roxy, uro6i n on nocrannn nac n n:nccrnocri
o miocnancxnx n:inn(ax, xax ¬ro no npany (cnacr ronapnm
Crannn uro xacacrcn concrcxnx n:inn(on. Pa: na:inacr nac
6parcxon n (a»c 6oncc ucx 6parcxon naprncn, ro noucxy on
cxpinacr ¬ro or nac"'
÷ µa ncr, (cno n rox, uro Tnro xo»cr no(yxari, uro
xi no:pa:nnn Kynpcmannny no( no:(cncrnncx nncixa Crann-
na' ÷ orna»nncn (ancc Koun µ:o(:c.
÷ Y rc6n ncr ocnonannn rax nnoxo (yxari o ronapnmc
Tnro' ÷ orncrnn n, :a(cn Koun µ:o(:c n «cio cqcpc». ÷ Y
Tnro xoiyr 6iri ipcxn, n, no-xocxy, ipcxon y ncio xnoio, no
n cna6on naxnrn cio nc o6nnnnmi. Bc(i nc nncpnic xi cxy
no:pa»acx. Hc ionopn y» o npomnix io(ax, ronixo :a nocnc(-
nnc 3-4 xccnna xi nco(noxparno cxy no:pa»ann. Mi orxno-
nnnn cio rpc6onannc xacarcnino (nnn:nn, orxnonnnn npc(no-
»cnnn o co:(annn c(nnoio xoxan(onannn, orxnonnnn rpc6o-
nannc o6 o6¡c(nncnnn An6annn c Kiocnanncn. Tcncpi »c
ri co»anccmi no nono(y roio, uro xi nc npnnnxacx ncnc-
nocrcn icncpana Kynpcmannna' Hy uro », nc (yxacmi nn ri,
uro na ¬ron ocnonc xi (on»ni nponccrn cmc o(nn VIII
Hncnyx"
÷ Hcr, ni xcnn nnoxo nonnnn, ÷ orcrynnn n noxnncn
Koun µ:o(:c. ÷ Hc ro, uro n npornn roio, uro6i nanncari
cxy nncixo, no no(yxan, nc no:nnxnyr nn no(o:pcnnn n rox,
6y(ro ¬ro concrcxnc na nac nonnnnnn. Tcncpi »c n y6c(nncn
n o6parnox n coinaccn, uro6i xi nocnann nncixo.
Paccnnpcncnmnn Koun nnmancn y»c nc ronixo «xcucn»,
xoropixn noopy»nn cio VIII Hncnyx, no n cnccn. Mano
cxa:ari, uro on ncnyiancn. On ncpc»nnan y»c nauano aionnn
ucpnoio (cna, xoropoxy npc(ancn no( (anncnncx n n:-:a
nponcxon Icnipa(a, no n ncnc(crnnc cnonx ax6nnnn n 6onc:-
ncnnoio caxonm6nn.
µcno 6ino, a ¬ro n xopomo noxnm, 17 anpcnn 1948 io(a.
Mnc noxnnrcn ¬ro uncno, rax xax nccio nnmi (cni cnycrn
nocnc ncio, a nxcnno 18 anpcnn 1948 io(a, crano oucnn(no,
uro, no xpanncn xcpc n ornomcnnnx c namcn naprncn n na-
mcn crpanon, (cno miocnanon 6ino nponipano. Mnc concp-
5O2
mcnno ncno 6ino, uro o(na»(i raxoc (on»no 6ino cnyunricn,
o(naxo xnc n n ionony nc npnxo(nno, uro cnyunrcn ono rax
6icrpo n npn croni nco»n(annix, xo»no cxa:ari, cxcmnix
o6cronrcnicrnax. Bor xax ¬ro 6ino:
K roxy npcxcnn n namy crpany npncxano (na nnn rpn co-
ncrcxnx xnnopa6ornnxa cnnri (oxyxcnraninym xaprnny o6
An6annn. Onn xonunnn c¡cxxy n, npc»(c ucx ncpnyricn n
Mocxny, o6parnnnci xo xnc ucpc: concrcxoio nocna, orxcrnn,
uro 6inn 6i cuacrnnnixn, ccnn 6i n namcn npcxn nocxorpcri
:acnnrin nxn qnnix. 2 c y(ononicrnncx coinacnncn. 18 anpc-
nn ncucpox n npninacnn xnnopa6ornnxon no µnopcn 6pnia(,
a nxccrc c nnxn npninacnn n nocna ¹ynaxnna n ncxoropix n:
inannix corpy(nnxon concrcxoio noconicrna, (py»ccxn npn-
inacnn rax»c miocnancxoio nocna n Cano 3narnua, 6oniap-
cxoio nocna n cmc xoc-xoio, no xoio nxcnno, ¬roio nc noxnm.
H: uncna namnx ronapnmcn 6inn Xmcnn Kano, Koun µ:o(:c,
Ic(pn Cnaxny n Tyx 2xona.
Oro 6in conccx (py»ccxnn ncucp 6c: ncnxoio nporoxona.
Pa:yxccrcn, caxym 6onimym uccri oxa:ann xi rcx, xro no-
cny»nn nax nono(ox co6paricn, (py»ccxnx xnnopa6ornnxax.
Hocnc(nnc, o6pa(onannic roxy, uro ncrpcuannci c naxn, uox-
nynmnci 6oxanaxn, ncrann, uro6i no(ioronnri npocxnnonnic
annapari. µo ¬roio xoxcnra ncc mno ina(xo, xi pa:ionapn-
nann n myrnnn (pyi c (pyiox.
Mc»(y rcx n :axcrnn, xax Cano 3narnu ncran ryua ryucn,
o6omcn nnauanc cron, :a xoropix cn(cn Koun µ:o(:c, no(o-
mcn x Xmcnn, co6pancn uro-ro cxa:ari cxy, no, nn(nxo, o(y-
xancn, :naxox no:nan Icpin n o6a onn no(omnn xo xnc.
÷ Bi cm(a cn(crc" ÷ cnoxonno o6parnncn n x nnx n
oro(nnnyncn, uro6i ocno6o(nri nx xccro. ÷ Ca(nrcci'
÷ Hcr, xi yxo(nx' ÷ cxa:an Cano 3narnu. K xocxy y(n-
nncnnm, n :axcrnn, uro on ncci noxpacncn n crncxnnan :y6i.
÷ Houcxy" ÷ cnpocnn n. ÷ ¹ro-nn6y(i c naxn nc-
na(no"' Bi nnoxo cc6n uyncrnycrc"
÷ 3anrpa nocnc o6c(a, caxoc 6onimcc nocnc:anrpa, n yc:-
»am n Icnipa(, ÷ pc:xo orncrnn xnc 3narnu. ÷ Ho, npc»(c
ucx ycxari, npomy nac ycrponri xnc ncrpcuy c (nyxn rona-
5O3
pnmaxn-uncnaxn namcio Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra, uro6i nc-
pc(ari nx namn :axcuannn.
Cy(n no roxy, c xaxnx nanpn»cnncx n :no6on on iono-
pnn, n nonnn, uro nc cronno rpc6onari or ncio o6¡ncnnri
nax, uro ¬ro :a nccuacric nocrnino nx.
÷ C xcx nxcnno xorcnn 6i ni ncrpcrnricn" ÷ cnpocnn n.
÷ Ionimc ncr xccra nnxaxoxy npc(nourcnnm' ÷ cy-
pono n nnnnuno orncrnn on. ÷ C xcx yio(no'
÷ B raxox cnyuac xi na:naunx ronapnma µ:o(:c, ÷
cxa:an n, :acrannn cio ncxno»xo qipxnyri, ÷ n . . . ronapn-
ma Xmcnn Kano'
Kiocnani ymnn. To, uro c nnxn npon:omno, xpannc y(n-
nnno xcnn, no ncc-raxn n nc noxa:inan nn(y. Bc(i co6pannci
xi no (pyioxy nono(y, n nc cnc(onano ni:nari y iocrcn xa-
xym-nn6o rpcnoiy nnn no(o:pcnnc. £(nncrncnnix ucnoncxox,
xoropin nocnc ¬roio 6onimc nn cnona nc npoponnn n iononi
nc no(nnn, 6in Koun µ:o(:c. On cn(cn xpauncc xpaxa, ony-
crnnmciocn c nauanox noxa:a qnnixa.
Ha (pyion (cni Xmcnn n Koun µ:o(:c ncrpcrnnnci co
3narnucx n ro, uro onn coo6mnnn xnc, 6ino cymnx 6cccri(-
crnox.
Ho cnonax 3narnua n Icpin, onncannin xnom nimc (py-
»ccxnn ncucp 6in, nn(nrc nn, nc ncucpox, a «anrnmiocnan-
cxon (cxoncrpanncn» ("'), «ocxop6ncnncx», nxo6i nancccnnix
xnom 3narnuy, miocnancxon apxnn n nccn Kiocnannn'
÷ µa noucxy" ÷ y(nnncnno cnpocnn cio Xmcnn.
÷ Horoxy, uro Onncp Xo(»a npninacnn 6onimc co-
ncrcxnx, ucx miocnanon, xorn n An6annn 6onimc miocna-
non, ucx concrcxnx' Horoxy, uro ni nc npninacnnn icncpana
Kynpcmannna, nc npninacnnn miocnancxnx cncnnanncron . . .
Tor naionopnn nx n (pyinx ncncnocrcn, xoropic nc cro-
nr ynoxnnyri, n n :axnmucnnc cxa:an:
÷ C naxn corpy(nnuari (animc ncni:n. Hocnc raxoio
ocxop6ncnnn icncpany Kynpcmannny n nccx (pyinx miocnan-
cxnx nocnnix 6onimc ncr xccra n An6annn; ¬xonoxnuccxnc
coinamcnnn 6y(yr ncpccxorpcni naxn, ncc 6y(cr ncpccxorpc-
no. Mi yxo(nx, rax xax nama (py»6a c Kiocnanncn nnmcna
5O4
ocnonannn, cocronnnc namnx ornomcnnn xy»c, ucx n nmnc
1947 io(a (xoi(a onn npc(¡nnnnn nax ncpnoc o6nnncnnc), n
(a»c xy»c, ucx n non6pc (xoi(a onn npc(¡nnnnn nax nropoc
o6nnncnnc); noroxy, uro Onncp Xo(»a ncci(a rax o6pamancn
c naxn n . . .
Co6irnn caxo co6om npnnnnn nonin o6opor, nnn, ncpncc,
crann pa:nnnaricn nonixn, 6oncc 6icrpixn rcxnaxn.
Tax nco»n(anno n no concpmcnno nccocronrcninix npn-
unnax oro:nan miocnancxnx «nocnanncn» n cnnry nx concrnn-
xon n cncnnanncron, miocnancxoc pyxono(crno oxonuarcnino
pacxpino ncocnopnxym ncrnny: cnon npa»(c6nic An6annn :a-
ionopmnnxnc ncnn n crpcxncnnn. Hnauc nc o6¡ncnnmi croni
nco»n(annin n no:opnin yxo(. 3a ncci ¬ror ncpno( xi nc
(anann nono(a x xaxoxy-nn6o nnnn(cnry nnn nc(opa:yxcnnm
n namnx ornomcnnnx c nnxn. Mi ncnn cc6n oucni xoppcxr-
no, (a»c rcpncnn n no:nonnnn nx nonc(cnnc n (cncrnnn, :a
xoropic n nnix cnryannnx xi niinann 6i nx c ncio(ona-
nncx n npc:pcnncx. K roxy »c onn nn cnona nc ycnimann o
rox, xax xi orpcainpycx na nncixo Ionimcnncrcxon naprnn
n na concrcxo-miocnancxnn xonqnnxr n ncnox. Hccnpocra :a
(cni (o ¬roio, na :acc(annn Honnr6mpo, n nc nipa:nn cnocio
xncnnn o nncixc Crannna n nc cnyuanno norpc6onan, uro6i
xi nc nicxa:annci ryr »c no ¬roxy nono(y. 2 nocrynnn rax
(nn roio, uro6i ronapnmn xoinn cnoxonno n cno6o(no ioro-
nnricn, xax n 6y(yun y6c»(cnnix n rox, uro µ:o(:c n cio
xnan ncxc(ncnno coo6mar cnonx xo:ncnax namc xncnnc. Tax
uro ¬roio opy»nn xi nc npc(ocrannnn nx n pyxn. B raxox
cnyuac, noucxy onn ycxann" Horoxy, uro, nancpnoc, µ:o(:c
coo6mnn nx o(nn nnmi qaxr: n namnx pyxax 6ino nncixo
Crannna. µnn miocnanon ¬ro :naunno, uro nx :aionop no an-
ncxcnn An6annn nponannncn. Hx nc y(anoci cnoxnri nac (a-
»c roi(a, xoi(a xi nnucio nc :nann o xonqnnxrc xc»(y nn-
xn n Koxxynncrnuccxon naprncn Concrcxoio Com:a, a nc
ro uro rcncpi, xoi(a xi y»c co:nanann, uro n cnonx ycnnnnx
xi 6inn nc o(nn. Cnc(onarcnino, y6c(nnmnci n rox, uro
nx nnucio nc nin(cr, onn namnn nono( n ycxann. B nccry-
nncnnn, oiopucnnic rcx, uro nc cxoinn c(cnari Kiocnannm

crpanon c ccxim pccny6nnxaxn, onn (a»c «a cnonx aicnron

xaxnynn pyxon. Kax ¬ro 3narnu oxa:an xnc n nocnc(nnc xo-
xcnri, y nnx 6onimc nc 6ino «npc(nourcnnn». µnn 6cnipa(-
cxnx :aionopmnxon, xax n (nn :aionopmnxon nccx npcxcn n
crpan, ¬ro 6ino 6oncc ucx nopxanino. Bc(i Koun µ:o(:c n
(pyinx onn xorcnn nc pa(n npcxpacnix ina:. Onn xorcnn nx,
uro6i rc cny»nnn ocymccrnncnnm n no((cp»xc :aionopa «n:-
nyrpn». Pa: ncni nponannnaci, ro x ucpry n cpc(crna, n opy-
(nn' Hycri onn nixpyrnrcn xax xornr nnn xax xoiyr' £cnn onn
yxnrpnrcn n:6c»ari namcio npanocy(nn, ro n no(xo(nmnx cn-
ryannnx xo:ncna cnona axrnnn:npymr nx. B npornnnox cnyuac,
ccp6cxan ncpxoni :a»icr nx cncuy, a rnroncxon nponaian(c
c nponanox :aionopa niio(ncc 6y(cr cyponoc naxa:annc aicn-
ron: onn o6nnnnr nac n «napymcnnn (cxoxparnn» n r.(. n r.n.
¹ro6i (o xonna 6iri cnpanc(nnnixn n xoppcxrnixn,
ncxc(ncnno nocnc inynocrn, na(cnannon Kynpcmannnix n
3narnucx, xi nocnann Tnro (pyioc nncixo, n xoropox ni-
pa»ann y(nnncnnc n ncio(onannc, ni:nannic rcx, uro onn
ycxann 6c: xaxnx-nn6o ocnonannn, xorn xi nnxaxoio nono(a
nc (anann nx x ¬roxy. Tnro orncrnn nax cnycrn (na (nn; on,
xoncuno, nccxonixnxn o6mnxn cnonaxn, :amnman nocrynox
cnonx nocnanncn n ryr »c n:nannnan na nac nnny :a o6ocrpcnnc
ornomcnnn. A noucxy" Tpn 6inn npnunni, xoropic Tnro
npnno(nn:
Hcpnoc, «y nac (an6anncn) orcyrcrnycr nco6xo(nxoc (o-
ncpnc x namnx xicnnx o6 An6annn»
1
.
Bropoc, «xi (miocnani) nc xo»cx coinacnricn c raxnx
nono»cnncx, xoi(a xi npnnocnx n nnrcpccax An6annn nc-
xanic xarcpnaninic »cprni n ymcp6 cnocxy napo(y n rcx
nc xcncc nc nn(nx xaxoio-nn6o ynyumcnnn n namnx orno-
mcnnnx».
¹ro nxcnno no(pa:yxcnan Tnro no( raxnx «ynyumcnncx
ornomcnnn», ¬ro on orxpiro nipa»an n rpcricn «npnunnc»:
«£cnn xi (cncrnnrcnino xornx c6nn»cnnn, ÷ :axnm-
uan xapman, ÷ ro xi (on»ni ncpccxorpcri namc corpy(-
____________________________________
1 Hnrari n xaniuxax n:nri n: nncixa H. I. Tnro, nanpanncnnoio
HK KHA 22 anpcnn 1948 i. HHA.
5O6
nnuccrno . . . n ycnnnri cio na raxon ocnonc, xoropan coor-
ncrcrnonana 6i onpc(cncnnoxy ¬rany n xc»(ynapo(nix
ycnonnnx».
¹ro ¬ro 6inn :a «onpc(cncnnin ¬ran» n «xc»(ynapo(nic
ycnonnn», xoropic Tnro cxoni:xo ynoxnnan, raxoc orxpiro io-
nopnnn nax panimc cio nocnanni: «¬ran qc(cparnnnoio o6¡c-
(nncnnn», uro6i n «o6ocrpnnmnxcn xc»(ynapo(nix ycnonn-
nx» nicrynari xax «xanan (cp»ana». Bcnc( :a ¬rnx on nc
:axc(nnn cnona yipo»ari rcx, uro npcxparnr nax noxomi,
ncpccxorpnr ncc ornomcnnn c naxn, n «concronan» nax nan-
rn nnnonnnxon n ron «uacrn namcio pyxono(crna», xoropan,
nn(nrc nn, nc 6ina coinacna c (nxrarox miocnanon'
Hy n xpannc n:6nrixn 6inn ¬rn «concri» n npnxa:i xap-
mana' Mi (anno :nann nx, xnoio or nnx norcpncnn, no onn
6onimc y»c nc (cncrnonann. Mi npoanann:nponann cio nnci-
xo n nocnann cxy :acny»cnnin orncr. C caxoio nauana xi
6c: o6nnnxon ionopnnn cxy, uro pyxono(crno KHK (on»no
ncxari n nanrn npnunny ¬roio npc»(c nccio n caxox cc6c, n
nc(onycrnxix omn6xax n (cnnnnx, xoropic ona na nporn»c-
nnn ncnix ncr concpmacr no ornomcnnm x nax. B nncixc
xi orxcuann cxy rax»c, uro n (nn namcn naprnn nacrano npc-
xn iny6oxo npoanann:nponari (cno, n, na ocnonc xpnrnxn n
caxoxpnrnxn, ninnnri nacronmnc npnunni yxy(mcnnn orno-
mcnnn.
Ho(ucpxnyn, uro xi cmc n io(i nonni n no:(ncc orxpo-
ncnno (o6nnannci yxpcnncnnn (py»6i, xi yxa:inann inannym
cnom omn6xy: «Hama naprnn n cc Hcnrpaninin Koxnrcr
y6c»(cnno, nnran 6onimoc (oncpnc x KHK, nco(noxparno
npnnnxann cyponic xpnrnuccxnc :axcuannn, xoropic HK
KHK ycrno (cnan cn, cc pyxono(crny n cc (cnrcnnx. Hx,
÷ nncann xi, ÷ uacro xi npnnnxann (a»c n 6ccnpcxocno-
nno, uro, nnpoucx, nc o6¡cxrnnno, a, nanpornn, n(cr npa:pc:
c xapxcncrcxo-ncnnncxnxn npnnnnnaxn n c xapxcn:xox-nc-
nnnn:xox. Mi npn:nacx, uro ncnpannnino nocrynann n ¬rox
nanpanncnnn...»
1
__________________________________
1 H: nncixa Honnr6mpo HK KHA, nanpanncnnoio H. I. Tnro,
23 xan 1948 i. HHA.
5O7
µancc xi na apiyxcnrax o(no :a (pyinx orncpiann ncc
o6nnncnnn Tnro, o6¡ncnnnn, noucxy cunrann nx nonc(cnnc
nccnpanc(nnnix n iopixnx n . . . ncpc(anann nx xnu, uro6i
onn nipann, xax ¬ro nx y(o6ncc 6y(cr.
Orncr nc :axc(nnn nocnc(onari, o(naxo na ¬ror pa:,
nocxonixy Tnro «nc 6ino» n Icnipa(c, on 6in :a no(nncim
Iinnnca.
B rpcx crpoxax on nncan, uro namc nncixo nc cocrannn-
no xaxon-nn6o ocnoni (nn o6cy»(cnnn, a :arcx yipo»ammc
no(nnxan yxa:arcninin nancn.
«Tcx npcxcncx, ÷ nncan on nax, ÷ uro6i namn or-
nomcnnn no:xo»no 6icrpcc ypciynnponannci, npc(naiacx nax
nanpannri x nax (cnciannm, xoropan o6cy(nna 6i c naxn ncc
nonpoci n cocrannna 6i nporoxoni o namnx ¬xonoxnuccxnx
ornomcnnnx na 6a:c namnx npc»nnx npc(no»cnnn»'
1
.
O tempora, o mores'
¹cx o6¡ncnnri raxym npnniuxy pcnn:nonncron"' Hcy-
»cnn ncc onn no(pa»amr (pyi (pyiy nnn »c :no ronxacr nx
na o(nnaxonin nyri" Koxy :a6iri namn cronxnoncnnn c Xpy-
mcnix n xoxnanncn n 196O io(y n n nauanc 1961 io(a" Koxy
:a6iri roio, uro nocnc 6onimoio pa:pina n non6pc 196O io(a
onn nacronunno rpc6onann or nac no uro 6i ro nn crano
nocnari n Mocxny (cnciannm
2
(nn «no(nncannn coinamcnnn»"'
To »c caxoc nponcxo(nno n c miocnanaxn' Ho ¬ro nc
n 196O, a n 1948 io(y. B o6onx cnyuanx ncni pcnn:nonncron
6ina o(non n ron »c: cpounin ni:on n «Kanoccy», uro6i
cnoxnri nac' Ho :aro n nama no:nnnn n o6onx cnyuanx 6ina
o(non n ron »c. Mi yxa:ann nx xccro.
O(naxo pcui n (annox cnyuac n(cr o namcx cronxnoncnnn
c ncpnix rcucnncx conpcxcnnoio pcnn:nonn:xa y nnacrn,
c miocnancxnx pcnn:nonn:xox. Bor, ucx ncc ¬ro xonuanoci
n ornomcnnnx c nnxn nccnom 1948 io(a.
_________________________________________
1 H: nncixa HK KHK, nanpanncnnoio HK KHA, 27 xan 1948 i.
HHA.
2 Cx. Onncp Xo(»a, «Xpymcnni (Bocnoxnnannn)», n:(. na pyc. n:..
crp. 498-499, Tnpana, 198O i.
5O8
IX
HAH OKOHHATEAbH1H FA3F1H C TWTO W
TWTOHUAMW
Uy6nnunoc pa:o6naucnnc 1n1n:ma * Uo nonpo-
cy o1nomcnnü KUA c kommynnc1nuccknmn nap1nnmn
Conc1ckoro Com:a n upyrnx c1pan :a ncpnou uo
1948 roua * Uoc:uka nnkornn1o n Fymmnnm no no-
nouy n:mcnm Tn1o. Hc1pcua c Anupccm Hmmnncknm.
Concmannc c Hmmnncknm n ±cncm. Hc:m6ncmmc
uonoum KUA n nou1ncpnucnnc n:mcnnnucckoü ucn-
1cnunoc1n Tn1o. Hmmnncknü: «Bonumcnnc1ckan nap-
1nn ouo6pnc1 ucüc1nnn n cnpancunnnym 6opu6y KUA
n :amn1y mapkcn:ma-ncnnnn:ma». Hn:n1 n Byxapcc1.
Ho:npamcnnc na Founny * O1uannnmc nponckn Ko-
un ±:ou:c n komnannn no n:6cnannc pa:o6naucnnn
n o1uc1a * 1ny6oknc anann:m n namcm Uonn16mpo.
±oka:a1cnuc1na, npnncucnnmc Kpnc1o Tcmcnuko n
Uanun Kpnc1o * X n XI Uncnymm UK KUA. «An-
nnn KUA 6mna npannnunoü. Ec a1akonann, no
ona nc crn6anacu, cü yrponann, no ona oc1ananacu
npcnncü» * I nc1opnuccknü c±c:u KUA. Koun
±:ou:c n Uanun Kpnc1o na ckamuc noucyunmmx *
Koncn namnx cnn:cü c Tn1o n 1n1onnamn.
Ho:opnin n nco»n(annin yxo( n: An6annn nocnanncn
Tnro n nx cnnri nccnon 1948 io(a npnncn x roxy, uro na-
mn (cna 6naiononyuno mnn n 6icrpo npo(nniannci nncpc(.
Oro cxa:anoci xax na (anincnmcx xo(c ornomcnnn xc»(y
namcn naprncn n miocnancxon naprncn, rax n na ornomcnnnx
5O9
n caxox pyxono(crnc n nnyrpn namcn naprnn n ncnox. Hponan
6cnipa(cxnx :aionopmnxon nnnncn o(nonpcxcnno nonnix
nponanox n (nn nx aicnron, ncnixn io(axn (cncrnonanmnx
n pn(ax namcn naprnn ro nnno, ro :axacxnponanno. Hopa
y»c oxonuarcnino cnccrn cucri c o6cnxn croponaxn.
Uy6nnunoc pa:o6naucnnc 1n1n:ma
µanncnnc, x xoropoxy Tnro n xoxnannn npn6ciann n an-
pcnc n xac 1948 io(a, uro6i :acrannri nac «ncpccxorpcri na-
mn no:nnnn», rpc6onannc nanpannri n Icnipa( (cnciannm
na nicoxox yponnc «(nn cina»nnannn pacxo»(cnnn» n r.(.,
noxo(nnn cxopcc na nocnc(nnc nonirxn yronammnx n orua-
nnmnxcn nccx npcxcn. Tnroncxnc pyxono(nrcnn y»c conccx
6inn y6c»(cni n rox, uro nx (cno n An6annn 6ino npo-
nipano.
Hnrcpccno orxcrnri :(cci nocronnnym ucpry rnronncn:
ccnn n «nopxaninic», «cnoxonnic» ncpno(i onn nyxanni,
concpmcnnic nonxaun n xacrcpa ricnun n o(non xacxn, yxn-
mpcnnn n :aionopa, ro conccx o6parnoc nponcxo(nr, xoi(a
nx nipa nino(nrcn na uncrym no(y. Onn concpmcnno pacrcpn-
mrcn. B raxnx cnyuanx onn ncnirinamr cnninoc 6ccnoxon-
crno n npnxo(nr n nnnoc :axcmarcnicrno, n:-:a monnnncrn-
uccxon n xnunnnon npocrn y nnx yx :a pa:yx :axo(nr, onn
cranonnrcn 6onimnxn naxanaxn n no:nonnmr cc6c (cncrnnn
n nonc(cnnc, xoropic cmc 6onimc pa:o6nauamr nx n nino(nr
napy»y nom nx ncuncri. Tax 6ino c nnxn n 1948 io(y, rax
npon:omno n n 1981 n 1982 io(ax.
Ynn(cn, uro «norcpnnn» An6annm, onn, 6c: ncnxon npn-
unni n 6c: ncnxnx (nn ¬roio ocnonannn, n nauanc nmnn
oro:nann n Icnipa( n cnocio nocna, ionopnnmcio na an6an-
cxox n:ixc, rnronna Hocnna Icpin.
Onn oqnnnanino npninacnnn nac na V c¡c:( cnocn nap-
rnn, xorn cmc npc»(c, ucx nanpannri npninamcnnc, xopomo
:nann, uro xi orncrnx nx pc:xnx «Hcr'».
51O
Bn(nxo, Tnro xorcn, uro6i n Icnipa(c xi cnonxn yma-
xn n n: ycr cio caxoio, Tcxno n (pyinx ycnimann inycnic
o6nnncnnn n nncnnyannn, xoropic onn co6npannci ny6nnuno
no:nccrn na namy naprnm. Ho rn»cnin cxpa( nx o6nnnc-
nnn (omcn (o nac. Ha c¡c:(c Tnro nicrynnn c ncncnon npc-
rcn:ncn «na poni Mnna(nna Hononnua n µymana Myioma
n ocnonannn KHA», roi(a xax Tcxno, crpcxnci :anocnari un-
ni n ni:nari nocxnmcnnc ny6nnxn, npnnncan cc6c :acnyin
ucnoncxa, «xpnrnxonanmcio» n «opncnrnponanmcio» namy nap-
rnm n namy 6opi6y n 1943-1944 io(ax'
Hax ncno 6ino, xaxym ncni npccnc(onano ncc ¬ro.
Tnro npc(npnnnxan raxon mai, uro6i «npc(ynpc(nri
(ypnoc». On or(anan cc6c orucr n rox, uro pano nnn no:(no
xi no(nnxcx cnon ionoc n ncci xnp y:nacr o rox, xaxnc
ia(ocrn on nirancn concpmnri (n qaxrnuccxn concpmnn) npo-
rnn namcn naprnn n namcn crpani. Hamn qaxri n (ono(i
pa:o6imr cio n nyx n npax. B raxox cnyuac on ncpnix
:axn(inan xaxcmcx c ncnim nanrn nono( «:amnmaricn»: An-
6anni, xon, araxymr nac :a ro, uro xi xoc-uro cxa:ann
na c¡c:(c n nx a(pcc'
O(naxo n ¬rn «nonic» ynonxn nc xoinn nn :acrninyri nac
npacnnox, nn :acrannri nac cxnonnri ionony. Hanpornn, xi
cmc 6oncc pcmnrcnino n npnnnnnnanino nicrynnnn npornn
cio xcp:ocrcn. Oucpc(i 6ina y»c :a naxn cxa:ari cnoc cno-
no. Hacrynnno npcxn ny6nnunoio pa:o6naucnnn Tnro n rn-
rn:xa.
Mc»(y rcx x nax nocrynnnn rax»c nropoc n rpcric nnci-
xa HK KHCC miocnancxoxy pyxono(crny (o(no (arnponannoc
4 xan, a (pyioc ÷ 28 xan), xax n Pc:onmnnn Hnqopx6mpo,
npnnnran n nmnc 1948 io(a, i(c na ocnonc npannninix, xapx-
cncrcxo-ncnnncxnx anann:on ny6nnuno ocy»(ancn anrnxapx-
cncrcxnn yxnon 6cnipa(cxoio pcnn:nonncrcxoio pyxono(crna.
Hamc pyxono(crno n ncn nama naprnn, xax n ncci an6ancxnn
napo(, c(nnoinacno n ncxc(ncnno conn(apn:onannci c ¬rnxn
na»nixn (oxyxcnraxn n n no(xo(nmnn xoxcnr xi orxpiro
n no nccycnimannc o6¡nnnnn cnom no:nnnm n cnon pcmcnnn
ornocnrcnino 6cnipa(cxnx n:xcnnnxon. IX Hncnyx HK KHA,
511
npoxo(nnmnn c 27 no 3O nmnn 1948 io(a, oco6o ocranonnncn
na anann:c nnccx Ionimcnncrcxon naprnn n Pc:onmnnn
Hnqopx6mpo n ncc ronapnmn n nonnox c(nno(ymnn nipa-
:nnn cnom conn(apnocri c pa:o6naucnncx n ocy»(cnncx HK
KHK :a n:npamcnnc xapxcn:xa-ncnnnn:xa, :a cxarinannc
na no:nnnn rponxn:xa n nannonan-monnnn:xa. B rc »c (nn xi
pcmnnn (cnoncnponari n orncpinyri ncc :axnmucnnic c Kio-
cnanncn xa6aninic coinamcnnn n n oco6cnnocrn ncc xonrpax-
ri, cnn:annic c npccnonyron Oxonoxnuccxon xonncnnncn.
Hamc Hapo(noc Co6pannc, npnnnnmcc ¬rn pcmcnnn, ocrann-
no n cnnc o(nn ronixo µoionop o (py»6c n n:anxonoxomn,
no(nncannin n nmnc 1946 io(a. Hamc ny6nnunoc coo6mcnnc
o6 ¬rnx na»nix pcmcnnnx 6ino c ¬nry:na:xox n pa(ocrim
ncrpcucno nccx napo(ox. Oco6cnno 6onimon ¬nry:na:x ni:-
nano n iny6oxoc nncuarncnnc npon:ncno n An6annn n :a cc
npc(cnaxn Koxxmnnxc HK KHA o namcn c(nnoinacnon co-
nn(apn:annn c nncixaxn Ionimcnncrcxon naprnn n Pc:o-
nmnncn Hnqopx6mpo, ony6nnxonannoc 1 nmnn 1948 io(a.
O rox, xax 6inn npnnnri n npoanann:nponani n namcn
naprnn ¬rn (oxyxcnri, n ncxno»xo npocrpanncc paccxa»y
nn»c, no :(cci xorcn 6i orxcrnri uro-ro (pyioc.
3a ncxc(ncnnym conn(apn:annm c nncixaxn Ionimcnncr-
cxon naprnn n Pc:onmnncn Hnqopx6mpo Tnro n xoxnannn
o6nnnnnn nac n rox, 6y(ro xi «no(nann no( nnnnnnc concr-
cxnx», roi(a xax ncxoropic (pyinc, n rox uncnc n or(cninic
ronapnmn n: roi(amnnx xoxxynncrnuccxnx naprnn, nipa:nnn,
xpoxc cnninon pa(ocrn, n . . . 6onimoc y(nnncnnc' Mi nc
xoinn coinacnricn nn c ncpnix, nn co nropix pcainponanncx
na namc :axonnoc n ccrccrncnnoc nonc(cnnc, n6o xax ncpnoc,
rax n nropoc nc coorncrcrnonann ncrnnc, nanpornn, npc(cra-
nnnnn co6on, yxancnnc n ocxop6ncnnc namcn naprnn. Houcxy"
¹ro xacacrcn o6nnncnnn Tnro n rox, 6y(ro xi «no(nann
no( nnnnnnc concrcxnx», ro (nn nac, an6ancxnx xoxxynncron,
¬ro 6ino concpmcnno a6cyp(no n cxcxornopno. Ioncc roio, n
cnyuac c naxn ncni:n 6ino n ionopnri o xaxox-nn6o nxc-
marcnicrnc co croponi KHCC, nao6opor. B rc io(i KHCC
ornocnnaci x namcn naprnn xoppcxrno, pa:yxno, ncci-
512
xa ocropo»no, npnucx nacronixo ocropo»no, uro xo»no io-
nopnri (a»c o6 n:nccrnox «ninopnponannn». 3a ncxnmucnncx
nc:a6inacxix (ncn ncra 1947 io(a, xoi(a xi c¡c:(nnn n
Mocxny n ncrpcrnnnci c ncnnxnx Crannnix, :a ncxnmucnncx
oxa:annoio nax rcnnoio, 6parcxoio n nnrcpnannonanncrnuc-
cxoio npncxa, cxa:annix nax xy(pix cnon n (annix nax
xy(pix concron, na(o npn:nari, uro (o nccni 1948 io(a xi
nc n (on»non xcpc, nc n ron crcncnn, n xaxon xi ¬roio o»n-
(ann, uyncrnonann cnono n pyxy noxomn KHCC ornocnrcni-
no namcn naprnn n namnx :a6or. 3(cci » nxcm n nn(y ncno-
cpc(crncnnym noxomi n xap(nnaninix npo6ncxax »n:nn n
icncpaninon nnnnn naprnn n oco6cnno n nonpocax namnx
n:anxoornomcnnn c KH Kiocnannn.
Hponc(n (craninin anann: n cncrc nccx na»nix co6irnn,
pa:ncprinanmnxcn :a ¬rn (ccnrnncrnn, xo»no cxa:ari, uro
concrcxnc n ncpno( c oxonuannn nropon xnponon nonni nc
nponnnnnn xaxoio-nn6o nnrcpcca x An6annn, onn xano :nann
(a»c o xnoioncxonon ncropnn namcio napo(a n o namcn
Hannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninon 6opi6c. Xorn na ncxo(c Ha-
nnonanino-ocno6o(nrcninon 6opi6i namcio napo(a x nax
npn6ina concrcxan nocnnan xnccnn c xanopox Hnanonix no
inanc, nocnc(nnn, xax n y»c ionopnn, nc n cocronnnn 6in nn-
(cri n nonnxari ncnnunc n iny6nny 6opi6i namcio napo(a
n namcn naprnn. On ronixo n (cnan, uro ncpc(anan co6pannic
rax n cnx cnncrnn n, no( xoncn, no npcxn 6cparcxnx nponc-
xon, cran xopomnx com:nnxox n corpy(nnxox Bcnnxnpa
Cronnnua.
Taxon qaxr nc ionopnr npocro o nccnoco6nocrn ¬roio
concrcxoio xanopa, npnmc(mcio x nax n(nocx n: Ipcnnn c
panncn :a nncuaxn, uro6i ycranonnri cnn:i c an6ancxnxn
naprn:anaxn, n ncpnym oucpc(i on ionopnr o nc(ocrarounox
nnrcpccc concrcxoio pyxono(crna x namcn 6opi6c. Ono, na-
cxonixo xo»no cy(nri o6 ¬rox, 6ino :annrcpcconano n nann-
onanino-ocno6o(nrcninon 6opi6c Kiocnannn n npcxpacno oc-
nc(oxncno o ncn, n, (on»no 6iri, 6onimc ncpnno n ncc, roi(a
xax n Hannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninym 6opi6y Ipcnnn nc nc-
pnno; nac »c ono nc npnnnxano n pacucr, conccx nc :nano
513
nac n :amnmano ronixo noroxy, uro na(o 6ino npn(cp»n-
naricn npnnnnnon' Bn(nxo, rnronni nc ronixo xano, no
n xax nx yio(no 6ino ocnc(oxnnnn cio o nac, rax uro co-
ncrcxoc pyxono(crno, no nccn ncponrnocrn, npnmno x npaxrn-
uccxoxy nino(y: «Hycri miocnani :anxyrcn an6ancxnxn nap-
rn:anaxn». Taxoc xncnnc npco6na(ano n nocnc ocno6o»(cnnc,
npnucx (o raxon crcncnn, uro cax Monoron, :annnn, uro «¬xo-
noxnuccxym noxomi An6annn xi oxa:inacx ucpc: Kiocna-
nnm». H, nocxonixy «miocnancxan noxomi» 6ina nnuro»non,
ro xo»no :axnmunri, uro concrcxan noxomi nc cymccrnonana
nnnori (o xoxcnra pa:pina c rnroncxon Kiocnanncn. µo roio
npcxcnn concrcxnc ninopnponann no(pinnym pa6ory Tnro
npornn namcn crpani n namcn naprnn n nnucio nc npc(npn-
nnxann (nn o6y:(annn (cncrnonanmnx npornn nac miocnanon,
:a ncxnmucnncx ncnocpc(crncnnoio nxcmarcnicrna Crannna,
xoi(a n cnpocnn cio xncnnc ornocnrcnino orxnoncnnn rpc6o-
nannn o (ncnoxannn miocnancxon (nnn:nn n An6annn.
µo roio xoxcnra ornomcnnn c Concrcxnx Com:ox n
KHCC xi no((cp»nnann n ocnonnox ucpc: concrcxoc noconi-
crno. B namcx npc(cranncnnn corpy(nnxn ¬roio noconicrna
6inn xopomnxn nm(ixn, no onn nnnnnnci nccio nnmi «cny-
»amnxn», xoropic nc ronixo nnucio nc npc(npnnnxann, no
(a»c nn cnona nc ionopnnn 6c: pa:pcmcnnn Mocxni. Onn
caxn nc nponnnnnn nnxaxon nnnnnarnni, nnxaxnx nonpocon
ncni:n 6ino ccpic:no o6cy»(ari c nnxn. Koi(a ionopm «ccpic-
:no», n nxcm n nn(y na»nic npnnnnnnaninic nonpoci, xax,
nanpnxcp, nonpoc o xnoinx ncnpannninix no:nnnnx, xoro-
pic xi :axcuann y miocnanon. Onn n:6ciann ¬rnx pa:iono-
pon, xax nonx oi nn. . . Houcxy" Hx ny»no 6ino nonyunri npn-
xa: or Mocxni' Iy(yun nacronmnxn unnonnnxaxn, onn nn
maiy nc npc(npnnnxann, nc nonyunn :apancc npnxa: Mocxni.
Onn 6inn ioroni cnymari nac, xoi(a xi uro-nn6y(i ionopnnn
nx, n ncpc(ari nax orncr na namn nonpoci. Hxcnno n ¬rnx
paxxax ncprcnnci n ncnox nonnrnuccxnc n n(conoinuccxnc
nonpoci xc»(y naxn n pa6ornnxaxn concrcxoio noconicrna. H
ro, uro onn (cnann, xi cunrann 6onimon noxomim n nona-
iann, uro ncc, uro onn ionopnnn nax, nocrynano n: Mocxni,
514
or concrcxoio pyxono(crna, or Crannna' C concrcxnxn concrnn-
xaxn, noxoianmnxn nax n pa:nnunix o6nacrnx napo(noio xo-
:nncrna n xynirypi, (cno o6cronno nnauc. Onn oucni noxo-
iann nax, (anann nax concri n oxa:inann xonxpcrnym no-
xomi, o6cy»(ann npo6ncxi c naxn n namnxn cncnnanncraxn,
co:nanan, uro noxoiann connanncrnuccxon crpanc, noxoiann
napo(y n naprnn, xoropic nm6nnn nx. Y nnx nc 6ino nn
(nnnoxarcxnx npanon, nn crpaxa :a «xapicpy», nn 6mpo-
xparcxoio n unnonnnuicio (yxa.
Mi, ccrccrncnno, nc(oyxcnann n :a(yxinannci, no, nnran
caxoc nicoxoc n 6cccnopnoc yna»cnnc x cnannon naprnn
ucnnna-Crannna, nnxoi(a nc nxcnn xaxnx-nn6o nc(oxonnox
n nc nponnnnnn nn xancnmcio nc(ononicrna cm. Hao6opor,
raxoc nonc(cnnc KHCC xi onpan(inann pn(ox (ono(on n
npnunn, xoropic n npnnnnnc nn roi(a nc 6inn n nn ccio(nn
nc nnnnmrcn omn6ounixn.
£mc 6oncc cna6ixn, uro6i nc cxa:ari nccymccrnymmnxn,
6inn n rc io(i namn cnn:n c (pyinxn 6parcxnxn naprnnxn
crpan napo(non (cxoxparnn. Taxoc nono»cnnc xi nnxoi(a
nc cunrann npannninix n npncxncxix, xorn n 6inn y6c»-
(cni n rox, uro rax nc(onio 6y(cr, n (o6nnannci ycrano-
nncnnn npnxix cnn:cn c (pyinxn 6parcxnxn naprnnxn, n ncp-
nym oucpc(i c KHCC. Hamc nacronnnc na rox, uro6i 6ina
npnnnra nama (cnciannn na nicoxox yponnc n Mocxny (uro
ocymccrnnnoci n nmnc 1947 io(a) n n Ioniapnm (n (cxa6pc
1947 io(a) 6ino xax pa: o6(yxannix n xopomo n:ncmcnnix
naxn maiox, cnn(crcnicrnonanmnx o namcx crpcxncnnn yc-
ranonnri no:xo»no 6oncc mnpoxnc (nycroponnnc n xnoio-
croponnnc cnn:n c 6parcxnxn xoxxynncrnuccxnxn n pa6oun-
xn naprnnxn n c 6parcxnxn crpanaxn napo(non (cxoxparnn.
Ho, ccnn (o nccni 1947 io(a xi nc cxoinn 6onimc c(cnari,
¬ro noncc nc no namcn nnnc. Hpc»(c nccio n n ocnonnox co:-
narcninix nnnonnnxox ¬roio 6ino 6cnipa(cxoc pyxono(crno
c Tnro no inanc. Onn, xax ¬ro nonnocrim 6ino (oxa:ano,
xorcnn (cp»ari nac no( xpinimxox, n:onnponari nac or
6parcxnx xoxxynncrnuccxnx naprnn, or Concrcxoio Com:a
n (pyinx connanncrnuccxnx crpan, nonaian, uro xi 6inn
515
«xnocrox KHK», caxoc 6onimcc ÷ uacrnncn roio, uro onn
nnocnc(crnnn nanxcnonann «Com:ox xoxxynncron Kiocna-
nnn». Bocnoni:onanmnci xanix onirox KHA no uacrn no(-
(cp»nnannn cnn:cn c 6parcxnxn naprnnxn, a rax»c rcx,
uro xi n 1942 io(y nonpocnnn nx noxo(arancrnonari npn Ko-
xnnrcpnc, Tnro n xoxnannn npcnparnnn namy npoci6y n
cnocio po(a «xan(ar», xoropin ncnixn io(axn ncnoni:ona-
nn caxix nn:xcnnix n anrnxapxcncrcxnx o6pa:ox.
Mi nc pacnonaiacx (oxyxcnraxn, co(cp»amnxn no(po6-
nocrn o rox, xax Tnro n cio npn6nn»cnnic n:o6pa»ann 6par-
cxnx naprnnx nono»cnnc n namcn naprnn n 1944-1947 io(ax,
no n o(nox ronixo xi yncpcni: (cncrnyn xonapno n co :nix
yxicnox, 6cnipa(cxnx pyxono(nrcnnx i(c 6onimc, a i(c
xcnimc y(anoci ni:nari y nnx rcni coxncnnn ornocnrcnino
cnoco6nocrn KHA 6iri or(cninon, caxocronrcninon naprncn,
xoiymcn caxon onpc(cnnri cnom nnnnm, npcrnopnri cc n
»n:ni n yxcno, c npnnnnnnaninix no:nnnn nccrn an6ancxnn
napo( no nyrn connann:xa. Cnc(onarcnino, miocnani y»c na-
ca(nnn npa»(c6noc nax n a6cyp(noc npc(cranncnnc o rox,
6y(ro nxcnno onn n y(cp»nnann nac na noiax, npoxapxnn-
nann nac, 6y(ro or nnx :annccno, 6y(cr nn cymccrnonari
nnn ncr Koxxynncrnuccxan naprnn An6annn' Cxonixo raxan
inycnan n no»nan nponaian(a (cncrnonana n (pyinx naprnnx
nnn »c no:(cncrnonana na nnx ÷ ¬ro (pyioc (cno, o(naxo
s1o qaxr, uro raxym nponaian(y Tnro n cio ¬xnccapi no:-
ncnn n cncrcxy. Hc cunran nn ny»nix n nn yxccrnix ocra-
nonnricn na no(po6nix apiyxcnrax, ynoxnny :(cci nccio nnmi
(na-rpn cnyuan. B 1946 io(y 6ino co:(ano Hnqopx6mpo
xoxxynncrnuccxnx naprnn £nponi, n xoropoc nxo(nno 9 nap-
rnn, nxnmuan cm(a ncc naprnn roi(amnnx connanncrnuccxnx
crpan, xax n KH 0pannnn n KH Hrannn. Ocranaci nnc cio
o(na ronixo naprnn cnponcncxon connanncrnuccxon crpani:
Koxxynncrnuccxan naprnn An6annn' 2 nc xouy nipa:nri nn-
xaxoio nc(ononicrna no nono(y roio, uro n ¬ror na»nin
qopyx nc 6ina nxnmucna n nama naprnn, no ror qaxr, uro
nnc cio ocranaci nnmi o(na xoxxynncrnuccxan naprnn conna-
nncrnuccxon crpani, no6y»(acr no(o:pcnari n (yxari, uro
516
npn ¬rox uro-ro nc mno. Hponcxo(nno ¬ro no ncocnc(oxncnno-
crn nnn »c n:-:a (c:nnqopxannn co croponi (pyinx ÷ ¬ra
npo6ncxa 6y(cr pa:¡ncncna npcxcncx. Mi y6c»(cni n rox,
uro :(cci cxpinacrcn ucpnan pyxa rnroncxon aicnrypi. Bc(i
rnronni nc xorcnn, uro6i KHA yrncp(nnaci n xc»(ynapo(-
nox xoxxynncrnuccxox (nn»cnnn xax caxocronrcninan nap-
rnn, xax naprnn cyncpcnnon crpani, xy»ccrncnnoio n nccin-
6acxoio napo(a, n6o, n npornnnox cnyuac, npoiopcnn 6i nx
aicnrypnan pa6ora n nx nnani anncxcnn An6annn n npcnpa-
mcnnn cc n cc(ixym pccny6nnxy miocnancxoio iocy(apcrna'
Cax ror qaxr, uro :a ncci ncpno( c 1945 io(a n nnnori
(o nccni 1947 io(a xi nc nn(cnn co croponi 6parcxnx nap-
rnn (a»c nnxaxon nnnnnarnni, nc ionopn y»c o :axcrnix
ycnnnnx x ycranonncnnm nocronnnix n npounix cnn:cn c
namcn naprncn, x nponc(cnnm xoncynirannn, o6xcny xncnnn-
xn n onirox, cocrannncr (pyioc cnn(crcnicrno roio, uro mio-
cnancxnc rponxncri y»c 6pocnnn rcni na npccrn» namcn
naprnn n ncnox. To »c caxoc, ¬ro qaxr, uro y pn(a pyxono(n-
rcncn ncxoropix 6parcxnx naprnn Tnro n xaxnannn ni:nann,
ccnn nc xncnnc, ro, no xpanncn xcpc, no(o:pcnnc n rox, uro
KHA 6ina co:(anncx, no(unnnnmnxcn nnnnn KHK' Oro 6i-
na nccixa iopixan (nn nac xoncrarannn. Mnc xopomo noxnnr-
cn cnyuan, xoi(a xo xnc co cnc:axn na ina:ax npnmcn o(nn
nam ronapnm, ronixo uro ncpnynmnncn c qccrnnann (opia-
nn:onannoio, ccnn nc omn6amci, n ¹cxocnonaxnn) n cxa:an xnc:
÷ O(noio ronixo namcio nannonaninoio qnaia nc 6i-
no cpc(n qnaion crpan-yuacrnnn'
÷ Hy a ni, xax nocrynnnn" ÷ cnpocnn n. ÷ Hc cnpo-
cnnn nn y xo:ncn (oxa npnunny ¬roio"
÷ µa' ÷ orncrnn xnc ronapnm. ÷ Mi cnpocnnn nx n
onn, pacrcpnnmnci n noxpacncn, cxa:ann nax n orncr, n:nnnnn-
mnci: «Mi (yxann, uro qnai Kiocnannn npc(crannncr n An-
6annm»'
Hc :a6iri xnc rax»c nnccx xnoinx namnx cry(cnron n
cncnnanncron, yunnmnxcn n crpanax napo(non (cxoxparnn,
n xoropix onn c ncio(onanncx nncann o cnyuanx, xoi(a xn-
nncrpi nnn (pyinc nnacrn ron nnn nnon crpani na ina:ax y
517
nnx «npocnnn» y miocnancxoio nocna «pa:pcmcnnn» n cnpa-
mnnann cio, coinaccn nn on nnn ncr c rcx, uro6i onn ycra-
nonnnn ropionic onn:n . . . ncnocpc(crncnno c An6anncn'
Mi nnxoi(a nc rannn :no6y na (py:cn :a ¬ro, no, xax 6i
ro nn 6ino, ncrnna ocracrcn ncrnnon, 6y(i ona iopixan nnn
cna(xan' Hxcnno rcx, uro i(c 6onimc, a i(c xcnimc anrn-
an6ancxnn :aionop Tnro c(cnan cnoc, n o6¡ncnnmrcn «y(nnnc-
nnc» n «nnxonannc» pn(a pyxono(nrcncn roi(amnnx 6parcxnx
naprnn, xoi(a . . . nco»n(anno (') onn y:nann o :(oponon,
xapxcncrcxo-ncnnncxon, xy»ccrncnnon n cxcnon no:nnnn, :a-
nnron KHA n ornomcnnn miocnancxnx pcnn:nonncron' Onn
concpmcnno orxpiro, xax nn n ucx nc 6inano, cnpamnnann
cc6n, (pyi (pyia n (a»c n nac:
÷ Kax ¬ro xo»no, uro6i KHA :annxana croni pcmn-
rcninym n npnnnnnnaninym no:nnnm"' Kax ¬ro xo»no, uro-
6i ni ocy»(ann n pa:o6nauann pyxono(crno KHK"'
O(naxo n (annox cnyuac nc onn, a xi nxcnn :axonnoc
npano y(nnnnricn nx «y(nnncnnm». Hc onn, a xi nxcnn :axon-
noc npano o6parnricn x nnx c nonpocox:
÷ ¹ro ¬ro :a y(nnncnnc c namcn croponi, ronapnmn"'
¹ro ¬ro :a ornomcnnc x xoxxynncrnuccxon naprnn"'
Mi nnpanc 6inn :a(anari nx raxnc nonpoci, n6o, xax
n:nccrno, no(nnnnic xapxcncri-ncnnnni nn n xocx cnyuac
nc cy(nr n nc (on»ni cy(nri o 6parcxnx naprnnx na ocnonc
roio, uro ionopnr nx npo nnx «(pyinc», «rpcrin», «nocpc(nn-
xn». Tcx 6oncc ¬ro nc (on»no 6ino nponcxo(nri, xoi(a ra-
xnx «nocpc(nnxon» nnucio nc ynonnoxounn, xoi(a nx nnxro
nc nopyuan raxym poni, n, xy»c roio, xoi(a poni ¬ra no
omn6xc no:naianaci na nnoxnx nocpc(nnxon, npo(c rnroncxnx
nn(cpon.
Kax 6i ro nn 6ino, nocxonixy (cna npnnnnn y»c xopo-
mnn o6opor, xi nxcnn :axonnoc npano iop(nricn rcx, uro n
n raxnx rpy(nix n cno»nix ycnonnnx, nc ronixo nnyrpcnnnx,
no n nncmnnx, xi cyxcnn ycncmno cnpannricn co cno»nn-
mnxcn nono»cnncx n, xorn n o(nnoxnc, cyxcnn xy(po n c
xapxcncrcxo-ncnnncxon npnnnnnnaninocrim nponrn no rpy(-
nix rponax, xnnyn nonymxn n cpinan :aionopi.
518
Cnc(onarcnino, xi npnmnn x rcx »c coo6pa»cnnnx n
nino(ax, uro n 6parcxnc naprnn, n o(nnouccrnc cranxnnannci
c pcnn:nonncrcxnx pyxono(crnox KHK, nc :nan, uro raxym
»c 6opi6y ncnn n (pyinc, n ncpnym oucpc(i Ionimcnncrcxan
naprnn c ncnnxnx Crannnix no inanc.
Oro 6ino n ocracrcn ncnnxon n ncocnopnxon :acnyion
namcn naprnn, ncrounnxox yna»cnnn n iop(ocrn (nn nac'
Hocnc ¬rnx xoxcnron pyxa 6parcxnx naprnn 6icrpo npo-
rnnynaci x nax n xi (py»ccxn no»ann cc, rax xax y»c io(i
»(ann n xorcnn cc. Oro xi «unrann nc ronixo (oniox, no
n :axonnix npanox.
Bicrynan nncuox x nncuy c 6parcxnxn naprnnxn n n
ncpnym oucpc(i c Koxxynncrnuccxon naprncn Concrcxoio
Com:a xi (on»ni 6inn cmc nyumc pa6orari n ycncmncc 6o-
poricn :a npo(nn»cnnc nncpc( connann:xa n namcn crpanc,
:a (anincnmcc nonimcnnc npccrn»a n anropnrcra namcn
naprnn n namcn crpani na xc»(ynapo(non apcnc.
Bicrynan nncuox x nncuy c 6parcxnxn naprnnxn, xi
(on»ni 6inn nnocnri cmc 6onimnn nxna( n n (cno 6oncc
iny6oxoio no:nannn, oxonuarcninoio pa:o6naucnnn n ocy-
»(cnnn rnroncxoio pcnn:nonn:xa. Oro 6ina o6nacri, n xoro-
pon xi, nnn(y oco6ix ycnonnn 6-7-ncrnnx ornomcnnn c rn-
roncxnx pyxono(crnox, xoinn xnoioc cxa:ari n (oxa:ari.
Uoc:uka nnkornn1o n Fymmnnm no nonouy
n:mcnm Tn1o
Hc1pcua c Hmmnncknm n ±cncm
ucrox 1948 io(a ncc xoxxynncrnuccxoc n pa6oucc (nn-
»cnnc n xnponan o6mccrncnnocri y:nann, uro Tnro n cio
npn6nn»cnnic n:xcnnnn xapxcn:xy-ncnnnn:xy n naicpm co-
nnann:xa. B ¬ror ncpno( npornnopcunn xc»(y naxn n miocnan-
519
cxnxn rnronnaxn rax o6ocrpnnnci, uro xoinn ncpcpacrn n onac-
nic xonqnnxri. Concrcxnc, nyumc n (anno :nan Tnro n nnn(y
roio, uro icoipaqnuccxn xi 6inn n:onnponani or nnx n oxpy-
»cni npa»(c6nixn nax iocy(apcrnaxn, »cnann no:xo»no 6nn-
»c n ncnocpc(crncnncc 6ccc(onari c naxn o xcpax, xoropic cnc-
(onano npnnnri npn (annon o6cranonxc. B ro »c npcxn onn
cunrann ny»nix ncnocpc(crncnno n no(po6no nicnymari
namc cnono n namc xncnnc o :arn»nox xonqnnxrc, xoropin
xi nxcnn c miocnancxnx pyxono(crnox. Oro (on»no 6ino
cny»nri (anincnmcxy anann:y, xoropoxy Hnqopx6mpo co-
6npanoci no(ncpinyri anrnxapxcncrcxym no:nnnm n nnnnm
nn(cpon Icnipa(a.
Hxcnno no¬roxy ncrox 1948 io(a 6ino opiann:onano
n Iyxapccrc concmannc, n xoropox yuacrnonann Bimnncxnn,
Icopic Icopiny-µc» n n.
Hpninamcnnc nocxari n Iyxapccr, ncpc(annoc xnc co-
ncrcxnx nocnox ¹ynaxnnix, n npnnnn c ncnnuanmnx y(ononi-
crnncx. µnxnrpnn Crcnanonnu ¹ynaxnn, ncpnin nocon Concr-
cxoio Com:a n An6annn, 6in cnpanc(nnnix ucnoncxox, c
xoropix xi noo6mc na(nnn, xorn, xax n y»c ionopnn, xpyi
o6cy»(anmnxcn naxn nonpocon ocrannnn »cnari nyumcio. C
¹ynaxnnix xi o6mannci na qpanny:cxox n:ixc, xoropin
on ro»c nonnxan n na xoropox ionopnn. Mnc oucni pc(xo (o-
no(nnoci ncrpcuari ionopnnmnx na qpanny:cxox n:ixc concr-
cxnx pyxono(nrcncn, n6o n rc, xro :nan qpanny:cxnn, nc iono-
pnnn na ncx, rax xax nc xorcnn ionopnri. Houcxy" Onn ocra-
nnnnn :a co6on npano cnymari rc6n n ninipari npcxn (nn roio,
uro6i o6(yxinari orncr, noxa ncpcno(unx ncpcno(nn na pyc-
cxnn. Hnn »c ¬ro 6ino pa(n (nnnoxarnuccxon rounocrn. Ho n
ccnn 6i npnunna ¬roio :axnmuanaci n nocnc(ncn ncpcnn, ro
xnc xa»crcn, uro c naxn raxoio nc (on»no 6ino 6iri. 2 xno-
ioxparno ncrpcuancn c Monoronix, Ipoxixo, 6ccc(onan c
nnxn, n ionopnn na qpanny:cxox, a onn ncci(a na pyccxox n
nnxoi(a na qpanny:cxox. Onn :nann qpanny:cxnn n:ix, no
nc ionopnnn na ncx, ncponrno, no nimcynoxnnyrix npn-
unnax.
Yrpox xi nincrcnn n Iyxapccr na concrcxox caxoncrc.
52O
Hax npc(cronno nponcrcri ucpc: no:(ymnoc npocrpancrno
Kiocnannn, nccxorpn na no:nnxmym xc»(y naxn n miocnana-
xn npa»(y. Caxoncrox ynpannnn Icpon Concrcxoio Com:a.
Concrcxnc nocnann ¬roio ncrunxa n:nri xcnn, rax xax on :nan
nnnnm, no xoropon (on»cn 6in ncrcri caxoncr, n ¬ro 6ino
6i 6c:onacncc (nn xcnn na cnyuan, ccnn 6i miocnancxan
aicnrypa pa:y:nana o xocn noc:(xc. Ha 6opry caxoncra naxo-
(nnnci ronixo ¹ynaxnn n n. Mi nc o6n:arcnino (on»ni
6inn c(cnari noca(xy n Icnipa(c, x roxy »c, n ro npcxn
caxoncr conccx xnnonan cio ÷ ocrannnn cio na ccncpc. Io-
ncc roio, no:(ncc, c nnnix o6ocrpcnncx ornomcnnn xc»(y
rnronnaxn, c o(non croponi, n Concrcxnx Com:ox n namnxn
connanncrnuccxnxn iocy(apcrnaxn ÷ c (pyion, na nporn»c-
nnn xnoinx ncr (nnnori (o npnxo(a Xpymcna x nnacrn) mio-
cnani noncc nc pa:pcmann o6iunix caxoncrax concrcxon nn-
nnn nponcrari na( nx rcppnropncn n nax ny»no 6ino xnnn-
xyx 8 (ncn, uro6i (o6paricn (o O(ccci na nc6onimnx concr-
cxnx ipy:onix napoxo(ax, xoropic :(opono noxaunnann,
cmc (na (nn noc:(ox, a pc»c caxoncrox n: O(ccci n Mocxny.
Hoio(a cronna xopoman, conncunan, 6c:o6naunan, n c ca-
xoncra xi inn(cnn na miocnancxnc :cxnn, na nonn, xoropic
nnxoi(a nc 6inn xonncxrnnn:nponani, na ncxcnnopnponannic
nnoma(n, xaxnxn 6inn na ncpnix nopax nocnc ocno6o»(cnnn
n namn :cxnn n :cxnn Pyxinnn, na( xoropixn xi ncrcnn.
Ha Iyxapccrcxox a¬po(poxc nac ncrpcuann µc», Anna
Hayxcp, concrcxnn nocon n ncxoropic (pyinc ronapnmn. B
Iyxapccrc, nacxonixo n noxnm, y nac cmc nc 6ino noconi-
crna, rax »c xax n y pyxin nc 6ino noconicrna n An6annn.
0opxaninocrn nc 6inn oxonucni n ornomcnnn xc»(y na-
mnxn crpanaxn napo(non (cxoxparnn na ncpnix nopax
nocnc ocno6o»(cnnn cmc nc 6inn nonnocrim no(unncni (nnno-
xarnuccxnx npannnax, onn ncc cmc no((cp»nnannci no-nap-
rn:ancxn. Y nac ncc 6ino n nopn(xc, 6ina ycranonncna napo(-
nan nnacri na npounix xoncrnrynnonnix ocnonax, a n Pyxi-
nnn raxoio nc 6ino. £n nona(o6nnoci ncxoropoc npcxn (nn
roio, uro6i nnxnn(nponari xonapxnm n xoponn Mnxan, cmc
cymccrnonanmnc roi(a xomnic xannranncrnuccxnc ornomc-
521
nnn, qamncrcxnc ocrarxn «»cnc:non inap(nn» Anronccxy, mc-
ncnnnmnccn n n ncpno(, xoi(a n c¡c:(nn n Iyxapccr, n r.(.
Pcmammnx qaxropox ocno6o»(cnnn Pyxinnn n ynnuro»cnnn
¬rnx onacnix ocrarxon 6ina Concrcxan apxnn. Kax n paccxa»y
n nn»c, ncc ocraninoc, naionopcnnoc Icopiny-µc»cx no npcxn
6ccc( co xnom no npcxn xocio npc6inannn rax, 6ino n:(o-
pox n caxoxnanicrnox.
Mi o6nnnnci c µc»cx, Annon Hayxcp n (pyinxn rona-
pnmaxn. Hcpnoc xoc nncuarncnnc npn ncrpcuc c Icopiny-µc-
»cx na a¬po(poxc 6ino xopomcc, a ¬ro nc ronixo noroxy,
uro n cniman or concrcxnx xopomnc cnona o ncx, no n noroxy,
ucx o ncx nomna cnana xax o crapox xoxxynncrc, xnoio «no-
crpa(anmcx» n rmpixc «µoqrani». Ho:(ncc xi y:nann ¬nn-
:o( n: cio »n:nn. B ro npcxn, xoi(a on naxo(nncn n rmpi-
xc n «µoqranc», n Iyxapccrc npon:omno :cxncrpnccnnc
1
n, co
crpaxy ncc ÷ »an(apxi n :axnmucnnic, yiononnic n nonn-
rnuccxnc, nycrnnnci n 6cicrno. O(nn ronixo Icopiny-µc» nc
noxnnyn rmpixy n, no no:npamcnnn, »an(apxi :acrann cio
rax n y(nnncnno cnpocnnn cio: «Ti nc 6c»an"». «Hcr, ÷
orncrnn µc», ÷ n co6nm(am :axon».
µc» 6in nicoxoio pocra, ucpnoina:in, ucpno6ponin n
ucpnononocin, 6in xopomo o(cr, on 6in ncccn n npon:no(nn
nncuarncnnc «ncpnqana», xax ¬ro xi na:inacx n Inpoxacrpc
nm(cn, ¬ncpinunix n »ccrax n n cnonax, xoropic n n:nccrnon
xcpc xnacramrcn n iop(nrcn caxnx co6om, (ononini rcx, uro
ionopnr n (cnamr. ¹ro xacacrcn Anni Hayxcp, ro ona 6ina
»cnmnna 6oncc cnoxonnon npnpo(i ucx µc», xorn n nn(no
6ino, uro ona 6ina ¬ncpinunon. Oro 6ina roncran »cnmnna c
nonnix nnnox, xoropan, no nccn nn(nxocrn, crpa(ana n rmpi-
xax 6onimc µc»a; nonoci y ncc 6inn cc(ic n xoporxo no(-
crpn»cnnic, xax ionopnrcn, a la garçon*.
2 n µc» ccnn n 6onimon concrcxnn anroxo6nni «3HC».
Ocraninic rax»c ccnn n xamnni. µncpny anroxo6nnn orxpin
xnc no(nrcni, no¬roxy n nc :axcrnn, uro ¬ro 6in 6ponnponan-
___________________________________
1 1O non6pn 194O i.
* Ho-qpanny:cxn: no-xaniunmccxn.
522
nin anroxo6nni. Oro xoncrarnponan, xoi(a ninc: n orxpin
(ncpny n:nyrpn. Mnc nnxoi(a panimc nc (ono(nnoci nn(cri
raxoc, a nccio nnmi unran n ia:crax n xnniax, uro no(o6nixn
xamnnaxn noni:onannci xoponn n (nxraropi, onacanci noxy-
mcnnn, xax n ianicrcpi, :amnmanmnccn or na6cion nonn-
nnn. Koi(a n ccn n xamnny, xnc noxa:anoci, uro ¬ro 6ina
nc xamnna, a nacronmnn apccnan: n no xom cropony n no
cropony µc»a 6inn ncxcnxnc nncroncri c (nyxn xaia:nnaxn,
nxcmammnxn no 2O narponon xa»(in, no( xonxn noiaxn n
no( noiaxn µc»a nc»ano cmc (na raxnx nncroncra, ro»c c
xaia:nnaxn, n, xoncuno, cronixo »c 6ino y nnunon oxpani
n no(nrcnn.
2 n myrxy ionopm µc»y:
÷ Hpn raxox opy»nn nax xo»no cpa»aricn ncnix (na(-
nari (ncn, :(cci xi cnonno n (oxc-6amnc Oco Kyxa
1
, ÷ n n
o6mnx cnonax o6¡ncnnn cxy, xro ¬ro 6in Oco Kyxa. Ho npo
cc6n n ionopnn: «Bi nn n no(xcrxn nc io(nrcci Oco Kyxc,
nc(i on xy»ccrncnno cpa»ancn n nc c(ancn». Y xcnn cno»n-
noci ncxopomcc nncuarncnnc nc noroxy, uro µc» no:a6orn-
ncn npnnnri :amnrnic xcpi, a noroxy, uro xcpi ¬rn 6inn
n:nnmnnxn. Onn ionopnnn o rox, uro pyxincxnc ronapnmn
nn6o rax ncnyiannci, uro onn rpyca npa:(nonann, nn6o »c
o6cranonxa n nx crpanc noncc nc 6ina cnoxonnon, xax onn
n:o6pa»ann cc.
Koi(a n c(cnan µc»y :axcuannc no nono(y «apccnana»,
ror orncrnn xnc:
÷ Mi (on»ni 6iri naucxy'
«2 coinaccn, uro xi (on»ni 6iri naucxy, ÷ ionopnn
n npo cc6n, ÷ no nc rax, uro6i npai nac :anyian. Mi (on»-
ni nnymnri cxy crpax n 6pocnri cio n rpcncr». Bn(nxo, n
Pyxinnn npaia nc 6nnn, xax y nac.
________________________________________
1 Koxan(np orpn(a an6ancxnx (o6pononincn n 6O-ic io(i XIX
croncrnn. B 6opi6c :a an6ancxnc rcppnropnn, oxpy»cnnin ucpnoiop-
cxnxn 6an(axn n (oxc-6amnc, pacnono»cnnox na 6cpciy Uxo(pnncxoio
xcpa, on, uro6i nc nonacri n nx pyxn, n:opnan (ox n noin6 nxccrc c
23 cnonxn ronapnmaxn, nanccn ucpnoiopcxnx npaiax rn»cnin ypon.
523
Ho (opoic n: a¬po(poxa n Iyxapccr µc» cxa:an xnc:
÷ B iopo( xi nc non(cx, a cncpncx c (opoin n ocra-
nonnxcn y (oxa nocpc(n nonn, :a Iyxapccrox, i(c naxn npn-
nnri xcpi ycrponri nac, rax xax ni npncxann incoçnito, a
Bimnncxoio cmc ncr. On npnc:»acr :anrpa nnn, caxoc 6oni-
mcc, nocnc:anrpa. Tax, xy(a xi noc(cx, ÷ npo(on»an µc»,
÷ »nncr oucni na(c»nan ccxin, crapan 6a:a, i(c n yxpinancn
(o ocno6o»(cnnn. Cin xo:nnna (oxa xoxxynncr, a «xarymxa»
oucni xnnan n xonuannnan crapyxa. Tax ni npcxpacno uyn-
crnonari cc6n 6y(crc.
÷ Oro (nn xcnn concpmcnno ncna»no, ÷ cxa:an n. ÷
Tax, i(c ni pcmnnn xcnn ycrponri, n npcxpacno uyncrnonari
cc6n 6y(y.
H ncc-raxn ¬ro y(nnnno xcnn n n :a(anan cc6c nonpoc:
«Hcy»cnn n iopo(c (cna y nnx rax nnoxn, uro nc xoiyr
ornccrn xnc rax xaxym-nn6y(i xnaprnpy" Pa:nc onn rax nc-
yncpcni, uro (a»c xnc nc xoiyr o6ccncunri 6c:onacnocri,
xorn :(cci nnxro xcnn nc :nacr, nnn »c xornr (cp»ari co-
ncmannc n crpoion rannc"». Ho n nocnc(ncc o6¡ncncnnc rax-
»c 6ino (nn xcnn ncy6c(nrcninix.
Mi y»c (oxa. Oro 6in pacnono»cnnin nocpc(n nonn
xancnixnn, no npnnrnin cnapy»n n nnyrpn ccnicxnn (ox.
Iin on oxpy»cn (cpcninxn n nncraxn. Ha nopoic »(ann
nac cin n xari, o6a nccixa cnxnarnunic; crapyxc 6ino :a
mccri(ccnr, a ciny ÷ ncr copox. Mi nomnn n (ox, i(c ncc
6ino uncro, crcni 6inn no6cncni, a xoxnari 6inn npcxpa-
cno y6pani, no-pyxincxn. µc» cxa:an xo:ncnax (oxa, uro
n 6in cio oucni 6nn:xnx (pyiox, uro 6y(y nx iocrcx conccx
ncna(onio n r.(. Onn, o6pa(onannic, orncuann µc»y na cnocx
n:ixc, xoropin n ncxno»xo nonnxan c noxomim nraninncxo-
io n qpanny:cxoio. Koi(a µc» co6npancn yxo(nri, ¹ynaxnn
rax»c nonpocnn y xcnn pa:pcmcnnn ynrn, cxa:an, uro cxy
na(o 6ino cxari n concrcxoc noconicrno noionopnri c nocnox
o rox, uro cxy (cnari, n uro ncpncrcn coo6mnri xnc o6o nccx.
Taxnx o6pa:ox, n ocrancn nac(nnc c xo:ncnaxn (oxa n c
ocranncnnix npn xnc µc»cx ncpcno(unxox c qpanny:cxoio.
Hoo6c(an nxccrc c xo:ncnaxn (oxa, n ymcn na noxon
524
Bcc n ¬rox ccnicxox (oxc 6ino uncro, cnoxonno, npnnncxa-
rcnino. Oro pacccnnano cxyxy, namc(mym na xcnn n:-:a roio,
uro n ocrancn o(nn, no n ro »c npcxn raxan o6cranonxa
no:nonnna xnc n nounon rnmnnc npnno(nri n nopn(ox xarc-
pnani n xicnn, xoropic xnc npc(cronno n:no»nri na conc-
mannn c Bimnncxnx n µc»cx. Bo npcxn o6c(a n nocnc ncio,
nocnan, n nocnoni:onancn 6ccc(on c xo:ncnaxn (oxa, uro6i
y:nari o nono»cnnn n crpanc, xoncuno, nacronixo, nacxonixo
onn :nann cio n xoinn orncuari na xon nonpoci.
÷ Hono»cnnc cmc nc nonnocrim nincncno, ÷ ionopnna
xnc xo:nnxa, ÷ no ncc-raxn cio xo:ncna ¬ro xi. Koponn xi
niinann n crpany ocno6o(nnn 6naio(apn crannncxon Kpacnon
apxnn. Mi cmc o(no ninipann, ÷ nc(i crpana nc 6ina co»-
»cna n pa:pymcna, :a ncxnmucnncx ncxnoioio; nama npoxi-
mncnnocri yncncna. Crpana y nac :a»nrounan, no cmc 6oncc
:a»nrounon n nncrymcn crancr ona n (anincnmcx. Cxa:ari
no npan(c, ÷ npo(on»ana crapyxa, ÷ xo:nncrno cmc nc n
pyxax namcio iocy(apcrna, xannranncri cmc (cp»arcn, xpyn-
nic n cpc(nnc ropionni pacnonaiamr cnonx nxymccrnox n
cno6o(no pacnopn»amrcn nx, nx xopomo »nncrcn, xorn namc
iocy(apcrno o6no»nno nx nanoiaxn.
«Hy, ionopm n µc»y, xoi(a xnc npc(crannncrcn cnyuan
nn(cri cio, ÷ npo(on»ana crapyxa, ÷ uro ni (cnacrc" £mc
ocrannnri 6y(crc nx n 6oiarix :cxncnna(cnincn, cocanmnx
namy xponi n cny»nnmnx onopon ncxnax, Ko(pcany
1
n Kon-
(yxropy* (Anronccxy)
2
, xoropic nanpannnn namnx cinon n
Poccnm, uro6i c»cui cc n noin6nyri rax"».
÷ Tcpnn, ÷ orncuacr xnc µc», ÷ ncc n cnoc npcxn.
Tax npomna uacri npcxcnn (o ncucpa cnc(ymmcio (nn,
xoi(a µc» npncxan n:nri xcnn c co6om n Iyxapccr. Mi xax
xopomnc (py:in paccrannci c xo:ncnaxn (oxa. Crapyxa nonc-
nonana xcnn, no(apnna xnc (cpcnnnnym na:ouxy, n:ioronncn-
nym cm caxon n :nxncc npcxn, n cxa:ana:
________________________________________
1 Ko(pcany Kopncnny-3cnca, pyxincxnn nonnrnx-qamncr.
* Ho-pyxincxn n rcxcrc: pyxono(nrcni.
2 Icncpan, qamncrcxnn (nxrarop Pyxinnn (194O-1944 ii.).
525
÷ Ti onnri :axo(n, nc :a6inan nac'
Xorn n npomno nccxonixo (ccnrnncrnn, n cmc noxnm
¬rnx npocrix n (o6pix pyxincxnx xpccrinn n ronixo nx nxcn
nc :nam, onn cc6n nc na:inann n n nx nc cnpamnnan, rax xax
co6nm(an :anc(cnnic µc»cx «npannna» incoçnito.
B xamnnc µc» cxa:an xnc, uro Bimnncxnn npn6y(cr
na cnc(ymmnn (cni n uro n n ¹ynaxnn 6y(cx »nri n 6inmcx
xoponcncxox (nopnc.
÷ Co xnom npon:omno ro »c caxoc, uro n c icponxn cxa-
:ox npo 6paricn Ipnxx
1
: n: xpccrinncxon xn»nni (a n xopo-
ncncxnn (nopcn' ÷ cxa:an n µc»y. ÷ Ho»anyncra, nc ornc-
(nrc xcnn ry(a, xnc ono nc npannrcn, rax nc xccro xnc, n xo-
rcn 6i ycrponricn n xaxon-nn6o xnaprnpc n ncnrpc iopo(a,
cpc(n napo(a, nc(i xcnn nnxro nc :nacr n nnxaxan onac-
nocri xnc nc ipo:nr.
÷ Hcr, ÷ npoionopnn µc», ÷ rax n ocranonnmicn,
nucpa xi cc6n ocpaxnnn, ocrannn rc6n :a iopo(ox; x roxy
»c n concmannc rax 6y(cr npoxo(nri, rax nxcmrcn ncc
y(o6crna.
2 cnona :anporccronan:
÷ µnn xcnn nnnnoci 6onimon uccrim npc6inari n ron
npocron n cnxnarnunon ccxic, rax uro nax ncucio cpaxnricn.
H rcx nc xcncc, xorcn ¬roio nnn ncr, n 6in niny»(cn
coinacnricn.
Mi npn6inn n o(nn n: «:naxcnnrix» (nopnon pyxincxnx
xoponcn. On nc ornocnncn x uncny 6onimnx (nopnon. Oro
6ino (ononino npocropnoc oxpy»cnnoc crcnaxn :(annc c (nnn-
nixn xononnixn xopn(opaxn, 6ino rax nccxonixo xancni-
xnx ia:onon; n: :cncnon rpani xccraxn ropuann xaxnc-
ro nncri n xa:anoci, 6y(ro nx noca(nna pyxa, nnxoi(a nc :a-
nnxanmancn ¬rnx (cnox. Hac noncnn n xaxnc-ro ncxc6nn-
ponannic xoxnari, xoropic ncni:n 6ino na:inari nn 6oni-
mnxn, nn xancnixnxn; uro6i nonacri n ryancrnym, na(o
6ino ninrn n xopn(op. 2cno 6ino, uro ¬ro 6in :a6pomcnnin
_______________________________
1 Hcxcnxnc qnnonoin ÷ co6nparcnn cxa:ox, n:(arcnn c6opnn-
xon cxa:ox.
526
(nopcn, oco6cnno cio ncpxnnc xoxnari. B :(annc nc ronixo
xano nponnxann conncunic nyun, no rax orcyrcrnonann (a»c
¬ncxrpnuccxnn cncr n no(a. Ha nn»ncx ¬ra»c 6inn xax-ro
nyumc y6pannic canoni; nn(nxo, o nnx 6onimc no:a6ornnnci,
rax xax onn 6inn ornc(cni Bimnncxoxy n rax (on»no 6ino
npoxo(nri concmannc.
Bcci (cni xi nc :nann, ucx :annxaricn. Honpocnnn µc-
»a ninrn ocxorpcri iopo( Iyxapccr. On coinacnncn u npc(no-
»nn nax concpmnri npoiynxy no iopo(y, a norox :anrn n
Hcnrpaninin Koxnrcr.
÷ Tax, ÷ cxa:an µc», ÷ n no:naxoxnm nac c namnx
ronapnmcx ÷ uncnox Honnr6mpo, c o(nnx n: nyumnx namnx
ronapnmcn, c Knmnncncxnx. Knmnncncxnn ÷ concrcxnn ipa»-
(annn n: Iyxonnni, on nocnan n Pyxinnn n noxoian nax, a
nocnc ocno6o»(cnnn, ÷ cxa:an µc», ÷ n nonpocnn Crannna
(ari cnoc coinacnc na ro, uro6i Knmnncncxnn orxa:ancn or
concrcxoio ipa»(ancrna, npnnnn pyxincxoc ipa»(ancrno n
ocrancn n Pyxinnn. Crannn coinacnncn n rax 6ino c(cnano.
Hpoc:»an no ynnnax Iyxapccra, n, xoncuno, ro or cxo-
pon c:(i, ro orroio, uro 6in niny»(cn cnymari ncpcno(-
unxa µc»a, nc cxoi xnoioc ynn(cri, o(naxo, cy(n no ynn(cn-
noxy, ynnni 6inn uncrixn, :cncnixn; nnxaxnx pa:nannn, nn-
xaxon pa:pyxn or nonni nc 6ino nn(no, xaia:nni n nnrpnni
6inn 6nrxox na6nri ronapaxn. H, xax ¬ro ncci(a 6inano co
xnom, xoi(a n naxo(nncn n(ann or Po(nni, n na ccn pa: n (yxan
o cnocn crpanc, pa:pymcnnon n ncncncncnnon nonnon; nn(n :ana-
ncnnic ronapaxn 6yxapccrcxnc xaia:nni, n (yxan o nycrix xa-
ia:nnax namnx iopo(on, no :aro nn pa:y nc nna(an n oruan-
nnc. «H y nac ncc 6y(cr, npnucx nonoc, xpacnnoc, xi caxn
ncc co:(a(nx, xi iop(nxcn rcx, uro icponuccxn cpa»annci c
npaiaxn, uro :anocnann cc6c cno6o(y ncnon xponn n nc »(a-
nn cc n (ap or xoio 6i ro nn 6ino».
Koi(a xi nomnn n pc:n(cnnnm Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra,
µc», nc nocryuanmnci, orxpin xaxym-ro (ncpi n nponcn nac
n xoxnary. B yiny xoxnari cronn nc6onimon cron, :a xoro-
pix cn(cn n nncan xaxon-ro ucnoncx. Tor ncran, no(omcn x
nax, npornnyn nax pyxy n na:nancn. Oro 6in Knmnncncxnn.
527
Bin on ucnoncxox nc6onimoio pocra, xy(omanin n c :ao-
crpcnnix nnnox, nocnn ucpnic ouxn n, xoi(a cnnn nx, n
ynn(cn (na cncrnmnxcn, yxnix ina:a. On c rpy(ox ocno6o(nn
n xoxnarc xccro, uro6i paccrannri (nn nac nccxonixo cry-
nicn, a ¬ro nc noroxy, uro xoxnara 6ina xancnixan, a noro-
xy, uro ona 6ina :anancna 6ccuncncnnixn nauxaxn, xoropic
ipy(axn nc»ann na nony cnonno xnpnnun, pa:ipy»acxic
ipy:onnxaxn na nnoma(nx ncpc( crponmnxncn :(annnxn.
Oro 6inn 6anxnori. 2 cxa:an µc»y, myrn:
÷ 2 ncc cmc »nny uy(ccaxn n: cxa:ox. Bn(nxo, :(cci
n n ncmcpc Ann Ia6a, a nc n pc:n(cnnnn Hcnrpaninoio Ko-
xnrcra.
µc» o6¡ncnnn nax, uro 6anxnori 6inn n:nri n: 6anxa,
rax xax 6anx nc npc(crannnn co6on na(c»noc xccro (nn nx
xpancnnn, nx xoinn pa:ipa6nri cny»amnc, xoropic, xax on
cxa:an, 6inn n: uncna crapix n ncnponcpcnnix. Hrax, ncn-
:npan na nx xnacroncrno, ncyncpcnnocri n ¬ron crpanc npo-
(on»anaci, xorn Knmnncncxnn n nc npcxnnyn ionopnri nax o
«icpon:xc» pyxincxnx xoxxynncron, o naprnn, xoropan 6ina
y nnx xopomo opiann:onannan n «cnninan». A uro xacacrcn
«6onimnx icponuccxnx no(nnion» µc»a, o nnx paccxa:an nax
ncucpox nocnc y»nna cax µc».
Hocnc roio, xax xi noy»nnann c µc»cx n namcn nonon
«pc:n(cnnnn», ror paccxa:an nax, xc»(y npounx, o rox, xax
onn :acrannnn xoponn Mnxan orpcuicn or npccrona. 2 :nan,
uro ¬ror xoponi 6in o(nnx n: caxix no(nix n caxix ncy-
(aunnnix xoponcn £nponi. On 6in cinox Kaponn II, xoro-
pin 6in nc xcx nnix, xax xoponcx cxan(anon, npnrccnn-
rcncx napo(a, nponraninncxnx n nponcxcnxnx nna(ixon. Y
¬raxoio xoponn nnucio pyxincxoio nc 6ino nn n xponn,
nn n o(c»(c. On nccio nnmi noni:onancn no((cp»xon xccr-
nix qamncron n xpynnix pyxincxnx :cxncnna(cnincn, a o(-
non n: cio inannix co(cp»anox 6ina umnccxy.
H cio cin, Mnxan, 6in ninnrin orcn, cio npcxpacno
xo»no oxapaxrcpn:onari napo(nix nipa»cnncx «n6noxo or
n6nonn nc(ancxo na(acr». Ho ¬raxnn xoponi xapnananon
yxnrpnncn nonyunri nicmnn concrcxnn nocnnin op(cn. Op(cn
528
Ho6c(i, xoropin n: nnocrpanncn nonyunnn (o rcx nop nnmi
On:cnxay¬p n Tnro. Tnro, no xpanncn xcpc, nocnan x roxy
npcxcnn n miocnancxnc naprn:ani ornnuannci n 6onx. Hy a
pyxini-ro uro c(cnann" Coo6ma c inrncponnaxn onn co»inn
Yxpanny, O(cccy n (pyinc concrcxnc iopo(a. A Mnxan uro
(cnan x roxy npcxcnn" Pa:nncxancn n cnonx (nopnax.
Oro 6in ncnpocrnrcninin onnoprynn:x co croponi co-
ncrcxnx. Oron (pnnn nc ronixo nc cnc(onano npncy(nri Op-
(cn Ho6c(i, no n noxicnnri ncni:n 6ino o rox, uro6i y(o-
cronri cio xaxon-nn6o xc(ann, xori 6i n xancnmcn. £io na-
ipa(nnn :a ro, uro nc oxa:an conpornnncnnc nacrynncnnm
Kpacnon apxnn. Ho uro ocrananoci (cnari ¬roxy xcp:anny"
Ho(nnri pyxn nncpx, xax n no(nnn na caxox (cnc. H nnmi
noroxy, uro on no(nnn pyxn, na(o 6ino npncy(nri cxy Op-
(cn Ho6c(i" Oro, no»anyn, nc mno.
Taxnc xicnn, xoropic ncornn:no ncprcnnci y xcnn n
iononc, n orxpin Bimnncxoxy no oxonuannn concmannn, no
npcxn cno6o(nix pa:ionopon c nnx, xoi(a ror paccxa:inan
nax, xax ¬ro Mnxan npnnnn cio, xax ¬ro Bimnncxnn nomcn
x ncxy no qpaxc c «xnocrnxox», xax ¬ro xoponi npyunn cxy
naipa(y, a on-ro (Bimnncxnn) npnnnn naipa(y n npnxonon
cc . . . c:a(n, x xnocrnxy qpaxa.
Hocnc o6c(a, n nc6onimox ca(y (nopna 6inmcio xoponn
Mnxan, ionopn o cnocn «6opi6c» npornn ¬roio xoponn, µc»
paccxa:an nax ncropnm roio, xax on n Hcrpy Ipo:a, x roxy
npcxcnn npcxicp-xnnncrp, ioronnnn cio orpcucnnc or npc-
crona n nn:ncp»cnnc pyxincxon xonapxnn.
On cxa:an nax, uro xoponi cmc (cp»an uacri apxnn,
xoropon xoxan(onann npc(annic cxy icncpani. On »nn n
cnocx xoponcncxox (nopnc n Iyxapccrc nxccrc c n(oncrnymmcn
xoponcnon n nccxonixnxn co(cp»anxaxn. µnopcn oxpannnn
ncpnic cxy con(ari n crapmnc oqnncpi.
÷ Xorn n nc noni:onancn nnxaxon nnacrim, ÷ cxa:an
µc», ÷ on onnri-raxn cocrannnn (nn nac 6onimym noxcxy,
rax xax xi (on»ni 6inn npn(cp»nnaricn nono»cnnn Kon-
crnrynnn no ornomcnnm x ncxy, xax n crarcn :axnmucnnoio
c concrcxnxn coinamcnnn. O(naxo naxoncn xi noc npnnnnn n
529
pacucr n pcmnnn nann:ari cxy orpcucnnc or npccrona. 2
npc(napnrcnino noionopnn c Ipo:a, xoropin coinacnncn na
¬ro, no 6in cxnoncn x roxy, uro6i nc o6ocrpnri cnryannn, a
(o6nricn ¬roio «no(o6py-no:(opony». 2, ÷ paccxa:inan
µc», ÷ cocrannn rcxcr cio orpcucnnn or npccrona, a Ipo:a
nncc ncxoropic qopxaninic nonpanxn, nocnc ucio on n xa-
uccrnc npcxicp-xnnncrpa, a n n xauccrnc ccxpcrapn Pyxin-
cxon xoxxynncrnuccxon naprnn, nonpocnnn y xoponn ay(ncn-
nnm n ror (an cc nax.
2 n Ipo:a ccnn n xamnny n nocxann no (nopcn. On 6in
oxpy»cn oqnncpaxn n cncrnix xyn(npax. Mi nomnn n crann
no(nnxaricn no nccrnnnc, no o6cnx croponax xoropon cronnn
crapmnc oqnncpi, o6rnnyric nopryncnxn, pa:yxpamcnnic
ncnxnxn :naxaxn, op(cnaxn n xc(annxn; nonoci y nnx 6inn
naxa:ani 6pnnnnanrnnox n cnnnn npn cncrc (nopnonix xan-
(cnn6pon n naxn. Onn nanycrnnn na cc6n na»nin nn( n cxo-
rpcnn na nac yipmxo, no 6inn niny»(cni yna»ari nac, rax
xax :nann, uro nnacri 6ina n namnx pyxax. Mi crcncnno n:o-
mnn no nccrnnnc, a Ipo:a ncc c co6on noprqcni c nimcyno-
xnnyrix (oxyxcnrox.
Icncpan, a(¡mranr xoponn, ÷ npo(on»an paccxa:inari
µc», ÷ nponcn nac n canon n nonpocnn o6o»(ari; norox, nc-
xnoio cnycrn, nponcn nac n rponnin :an, xax ¬ro cio na:i-
nann. Tax xoponn nc oxa:anoci, a 6ina n(oncrnymman xopo-
ncna, xoropan ncrana n no:(oponanaci c naxn. Ipo:a noncno-
nan cn pyxy, a n ncr, ÷ cxa:an µc». ÷ Mi :ancnn pa:ionop
o (o»(c, o connnc, o»n(an noxa nc con:nonnr npnnrn xoponi,
uic xpccno cronno nimc xpccna cio xarcpn, a namcio n no(a-
nno. Mari xoponn 6ina crapon npocrnryrxon, ÷ cxa:an µc»,
÷ no n ro »c npcxn n crapon nncnncn, ona yxcna xancnpn-
ponari.
Bomcn Mnxan n no(an nax pyxy. On 6in cnonno na(ymcn-
nin rcncnox, a xoi(a ionopnn, qipxan cnonno 6ix. Ipo:a
nauan pa:ionop noxpyi (a oxono. Mnc, ÷ paccxa:inan µc»,
÷ nc rcpncnoci, no ncucio 6ino (cnari. Haxoncn n no(
xoncn-ro Ipo:a npncrynnn x cyrn (cna n 6pocnn cxy «n(po».
Mnxan cnyman n, xoi(a Ipo:a xonunn, ipy6o orncrnn cxy:
53O
«2 nnxonx o6pa:ox nc naxcpcn orpcuicn or npccrona, n xo-
poni no nonc napo(a n o(nn ronixo napo( nnpanc xcnn nn:-
ncpinyri» n r.(. n r.n. Koponcna cnymana n xnnana ciny, o(o-
6pnn cio pcmcnnc.
Ipo:a onnri nycrnncn n cnom «nonnrnxy», no «6ix» qip-
xan n nc coinamancn. Mari npc(no»nna c(cnari xparxnn nc-
pcpin, uro6i o6c croponi nopa:xicnnnn. Tax xi n c(cnann,
norox cnona co6pannci n onnri 6inn npnnc(cni rc »c (ono-
(i. Co cnoncrncnnon cn xnrpocrim xari Mnxan nocrapanaci
nann:ari nax ncxoropic ycrynxn, uro6i cmc na ncxoropoc
npcxn orno»nri ¬ro (cno, nnnnmcccn (nn nnx nco»n(annocrim.
Mi nc coinacnnnci, no :aro onn ro»c nc coinacnnnci, n xo-
poni, n:nnnnnmnci, nimcn n: :ana. Mi noxann cc6c ionony
na( rcx, noucxy nimcn xoponi, (a n c ocnonanncx, n6o on
no:nonnn cnocn inap(nn n npnxa:an cn :a(cp»ari nac, xax
ronixo xi nin(cx, a cnonx cnnax, naxo(nnmnxcn noxpyi
(nopna n n iopo(c, concpmnri nyruncrcxoc nana(cnnc. Ho
xi, ÷ cxa:an µc», ÷ npc(nn(cnn ¬ro n oxpy»cnnm npornno-
nocrannnnci oxpy»cnncx.
Koi(a xoponi ncpnyncn n :an, n :naxox cxa:an Ipo:c
npornnyri n npc(crannri cxy (oxyxcnr na no(nnci. Toi(a
cnono n:nn n, ÷ paccxa:inan µc», ÷ n rn»cnix ronox
cxa:an cxy, uro (on»cn no(nncari (oxyxcnr, nnauc xi ni-
ny»(cni 6y(cx nacnnicrncnno cncpinyri cio.
÷ Ti nnxaxnx nnnm:nn nnrari nc (on»cn, nnxaxnx npn-
xa:on rc6c or(anari nc cnc(ycr, ÷ cxa:an n xoponm, ÷ npo-
(on»an µc», ÷ ncc 6y(cr nanpacno, rax xax xi npnnnnn
ncc xcpi noxpyi (nopna n no o6c:npc»nnannm rnonx ncpno-
no((annix.
On xpyrnncn n ncprcncn, no naxoncn ccn n no(nncan or-
pcucnnc or npccrona. Taxnx o6pa:ox 6ino noxonucno c
xonapxncn. Koponi, xax pancnin 6ix, cnona nimcn, xoncuno,
uro6i orxcnnri or(annin npnxa:, n, xoi(a xi noxn(ann
(nopcn, n(oni nccrnnni xi ynn(cnn rcx »c oqnncpon, no
y»c nc nanimcnnix, a oruannmnxcn: ncxoropic n: nnx
cn(cnn na cryncnixax, (pyinc paccrcinynn xyn(npi, a rpcrin
cxnarnnnci pyxaxn :a ionony. Mi, ÷ cxa:an µc», ÷ npo-
531
mnn nocpc(n nnx c nicoxo no(nnron iononon n c (oxyxcn-
rox n noprqcnc.
«Inccrnman no6c(a na( nponannnmnxcn xoponcx», ÷
cxa:an n npo cc6n, xoi(a µc» c iop(ocrim npoionopnn ¬ra
cnona. Ho on cmc nc xonunn paccxa: npo xoponn n pc-
axnnm.
÷ Mi (oionopnnnci c nnx o (nc cio or¡c:(a n: Py-
xinnn, ÷ npo(on»an paccxa:inari µc», ÷ n no:nonnnn
cxy n:nri c co6om, n coorncrcrnnn c cio »cnanncx, nnunoc
nxymccrno n ncxoropix nm(cn n: npncnyin, n rox uncnc
(nyx-rpcx n: cio nm6onnnn. Hcpc( cnonx or¡c:(ox on no-
npocnn pa:pcmcnnn cxo(nri n Cnnancxnn (nopcn :a ncxoro-
pixn nnunixn ncmaxn. Mi pa:pcmnnn cxy ¬ro. Tax y ncio
naxonnnoci xnoio :onorix uacon, y xoropix on cnnn n yncc
c co6om :onoric noxpimxn n py6nnonic xaxnn. Mi ornpa-
nnnn nx noc:(ox no ry cropony namnx ipannn n conpono»(c-
nnn namcn oxpani. Ha pyxincxon rcppnropnn on n cio
cnnra xonuann, no, xoi(a noc:( n¡cxan na uy»ym rcppnro-
pnm, on n npncyrcrnnn namcn oxpani cran pyiari nac, nam
pc»nx, oxpany n r.(. O(naxo, ÷ cxa:an µc», ÷ rax xi
nnucio nc xoinn cxy c(cnari.
÷ C(cnann 6i, xoi(a on naxo(nncn y nac, ÷ cxa:an
n µc»y, ÷ no ni «nrnuxc» yncrcri (ann.
÷ Ho :aro n xi, ÷ npoionopnn µc» xnacrnnno, ÷
ucio ronixo nc c(cnann cxy n pcaxnnn. £io npnny(nnn or-
pcuicn or npccrona n ynrn no6c»(cnnix n ono:opcnnix (').
H pcaxnnm xi n:ncnn; pcaxnnn 6ina y nac ipy6an, no n xi
ipy6o c ncm o6pamannci. H xoi(a ona 6ina cnnina, xi
6pocann cn ni:on. 2 c oxpanon, ÷ noxnacrancn µc», ÷ nnu-
no xo(nn no ncc :anc(cnnn (xaqc), xoropic 6inn nx ncnrpox,
n c :arxnyrix :a nonc nncroncrox ca(nncn, uro6i (ari nx
nonnri: «Oro xi, xoxxynncri xo:ncna crpani, a nc ni».
Cnyman µc»a, n npono(nn cpanncnnc xc»(y naxn n
nnxn. Hy n (ancxn 6inn onn or nac' Tax xnacconan 6opi6a
cmc nc nauanaci. Hcropnn c xoponcx Mnxacx, xoropym µc»
rax npocrpanno paccxa:an nax, npxo cnn(crcnicrnonana o
raxox nono»cnnn (cn. O(naxo xi caxn cmc nyumc n xon-
532
xpcrncc ynn(cnn ¬ro, npon(nci no ncxoropix ynnnax Iy-
xapccra.
2 no»cnan µc»y cnoxonnon noun n nxccrc c ¹ynaxnnix
ymcn ncui n ornc(cnnic nax xoxnari, rax xax na (pyion
(cni, c npn6irncx Bimnncxoio, npc(cronno nauari conc-
mannc.
B xoxnarc, i(c n cnan, 6ina (ncpi, xoropan ncna n (py-
iym xoxnary. 2 orxpin cc, uro6i ynn(cri, uro rax. Oro 6ina
concpmcnno nycran 6oniman xoxnara; n o(nox ronixo yiny
6in cron, na xoropox nc»ana pocxomnan o6¡cxncran xnnia.
2 no(omcn x crony n nauan ncpcnncrinari ¬ry xnniy c :ono-
rncron o6no»xon. Oro 6in xoponcncxnn ani6ox' Bcn (nna-
crnn pyxincxnx xoponcn, xoponcn n npnnncn 6ina n ncx.
2 cynyn ani6ox no( ximxy n nocryuancn x ¹ynaxnny.
÷ Bor n npnncc rc6c xnniy, ÷ ionopm cxy, ÷ nonaian,
uro ona noxo»cr rc6c :acnyri. Koponi µc»a uaci-ro yncc
c co6om, a ¬ro :a6in; ri npocxorpn cio n ncpc(an :anrpa
µc»y, nycri ror nouron ornpannr cio Mnxam; nc(i on cxy
ny»cn, a nax-ro (a»c n inincnnuccxym 6yxaiy nc io(nrcn,
rax xax ncno(xo(nm (nn ¬roio.
Mi c ¹ynaxnnix ipoxxo :acxcnnnci. Bxccrc c ani6o-
xox xonunnaci n ncropnn c xoponcx Pyxinnn. O(naxo
(ncx no:»c nauanaci ncropnn (pyioio no(nnxanmciocn no-
noio xoponn, xoponn Kiocnannn, Tnro.
Ha cnc(ymmnn (cni n: Mocxni (on»cn 6in npnncrcri
Bimnncxnn. Bccx nax n:nccrni 6inn ncnnxoc nxn n nnu-
nocri Bimnncxoio, xi cnixann o na»non ponn, xoropym
ror, 6y(yun Icncpaninix npoxypopox, nipan n cocronnmnxcn
n Mocxnc cy(c6nix nponcccax no (cny rponxncron, 6yxapnn-
ncn, npanix n (pyinx n:xcnnnxon n Concrcxox Com:c. B io(i
nonni xnc nonan n pyxn na qpanny:cxox n:ixc ncpcno(
nporoxonon xocxoncxnx cy(c6nix nponcccon n npc(crann-
naci, raxnx o6pa:ox, no:xo»nocri o:naxoxnricn c npc(n-
rcnicxon (cnrcninocrim n npc(arcnicrnox ¬rnx :axnnrix
npaion xoxxynn:xa. Tax ncnnxox n nonnocrim pacxpinannci
n pa:o6nauannci nx nnnonnocri n nx rannoc corpy(nnuccrno
c nncmnnxn npaiaxn Concrcxoio Com:a. Bcc 6ino n nnx
533
y6c(nrcnino, n yrncp»(cnnn nncmnnx npaion o rox, 6y(ro
noxa:annn npccrynnnxon (o6iri cnnon n nirxaxn ÷ cyman
xncncra. Hama 6opi6a c xccrnixn npaiaxn, cocronnmnccn
y nac no oxonuannn nonni cy(c6nic nponccci na( npaiaxn
napo(a, xax n 6opi6a, xoropym nama naprnn ncna c rpon-
xncrcxnxn ¬ncxcnraxn, cmc 6onimc ycnnnnann namc y6c»-
(cnnc n rox, uro 6ccnoma(nan 6opi6a, xoropym concrcxan
nnacri ncna n Concrcxox Com:c npornn ¬rnx npccrynnnxon,
nnnnnaci cnpanc(nnnon 6opi6on.
Haxo(nci y nnacrn, nncmnnc n nnyrpcnnnc npain namnx
napo(on npnxcnnnn caxic 6ccucnoncunic cnoco6i n xcro(i
6opi6i. Ho, ccrccrncnno, nncmnnc npain :amnmari 6y(yr
cnonx (py:cn n namnx crpanax, a namcn :a(aucn 6ino n oc-
racrcn no(annnri npaion napo(a n nnmnri nx ncnxon no:-
xo»nocrn (cncrnonari n ymcp6 co:n(arcninoxy (cny napo(a.
Oro n c(cnana concrcxan nnacri nocpc(crnox xocxoncxnx
cy(c6nix nponcccon. B ¬rnx nponcccax na»nym poni nipan
An(pcn Bimnncxnn, ni(ammnncn mpncr n xapxcncr-ncnnncn.
On noxa:an yxcnnc, nponnnarcninocri, xy(pocri, cxcnocri n
pcmnxocri npn ncnonncnnn raxon na»non :a(aun. O6na(an
nponnnarcninocrim n cnninon noinxon, on pacxpin na ocno-
nc iny6oxoio xapxcncrcxo-ncnnncxoio (nancxrnuccxoio ana-
nn:a ncc rcxnic :axoynxn npo6ncx, xo:nn n :axicni npaion,
cn(cnmnx na cxaxic no(cy(nxix, a rax»c n nncmnnx npaion,
xoropic ynpannnnn nnrnxn ¬ron crpamnon n onacnon aicn-
rypi. H xax pa: ¬ror 6c:omn6ounin xcro( pa:6nparcnicrna
(cn y(nnnnn nncmnnx npaion n nx aicnrypy, xoropic (nny
(anannci, xax ¬ro xoinn pacxpinaricn nx rannic nnani,
nxcnno ¬ror xcro( n :acrannnn nx xncncrari n pa:(ynari
nponaian(y o rox, 6y(ro ncc, nm6oc yrncp»(cnnc, nm6oc
npn:nannc no(cy(nxix 6ino «(o6iro c noxomim nirox,
napxornxon», n r.(.
B o»n(annn Bimnncxoio xi co6pannci n o(nox n: :a-
non (nopna, n xoropox »nnn. Haxoncn on npn6in. 2 6in
n:nonnonan, rax xax nncpnic ncrpcuan cio. (Koi(a n concp-
mnn noc:(xy n Mocxny n nmnc 1947 io(a, Bimnncxoio nc
6ino n Concrcxox Com:c.) On 6in nxcnno raxnx, xaxnx
534
n :nan cio nonacnimxc: »nnon, nc oucni-ro nicoxnn xy»-
unna, nocnn on ouxn n ucpnon onpanc, ina:a 6inn y ncio
ucpnic, cncrnic n no(nn»nic. Ha ncx 6in cnnnn xocrmx.
Bimnncxnn no(an nccx nax pyxy n, xoi(a oucpc(i (omna (o
xcnn, on, nn(nxo, nocxonixy o(noio ronixo xcnn nc ncrpc-
uan panimc, coo6pa:nn, xro ¬ro n 6in, n npornnyn xnc pyxy,
cnpocnn na pyccxox n:ixc.
÷ Kax namc :(oponic, ronapnm Onncp Xo(»a"
÷ Xopomo*' ÷ orncrnn n.
¹ynaxnn cxa:an cxy:
÷ Tonapnm Onncp xopomo ionopnr no-qpanny:cxn.
Toi(a Bimnncxnn o6parnncn xo xnc na qpanny:cxox
n n cran cno6o(ncc ionopnri.
Hauanoci concmannc, xoropoc orxpin µc», cxa:an nc-
cxonixo cnon. On no:(pannn nac c npnc:(ox n Iyxapccr n
npc(ocrannn cnono Bimnncxoxy.
Tor ccp(cuno no:(pannn nac, ncpc(an nax rax»c npnncr
or Crannna n (pyinx ronapnmcn-uncnon Honnr6mpo HK
BKH (6).
÷ Hcni nacronmcio concmannn, ÷ cxa:an n o6mnx ucp-
rax Bimnncxnn, ÷ o6xcnnnaricn namnx onirox n ocnc(ox-
nnri (pyi (pyia o6 n:xcnc miocnancxnx rnronncn, o6 nx
no(pinnon (cnrcninocrn npornn namnx crpan, namnx naprnn
n connann:xa n naxcrnri cnoco6 6opi6i :a pa:o6naucnnc
¬roio yxnona, onacnoio (nn xoxxynn:xa noo6mc n (nn
Koxxynncrnuccxon naprnn Kiocnannn n connann:xa n Kio-
cnannn ÷ n oco6cnnocrn.
Ho(ncpinyn anann:y rannym n nnnym (cnrcninocri pcnc-
iarcxon ipynni Tnro, Bimnncxnn no(po6no n:no»nn nax
rcopcrnuccxoc n nonnrnuccxoc co(cp»annc nnccx, xoropic
Ionimcnncrcxan naprnn nanpannna KHK, xax n Pc:onmnnn
concmannn Hnqopx6mpo no ¬roxy na»noxy nonpocy. Hamn
naprnn :nann o6 ¬rnx (oxyxcnrax, xoropic onn (cranino n:y-
unnn n npnnnnn coorncrcrnymmnc pcmcnnn, nonnocrim o(o-
6pnn nx.
_____________________________________
* Ho-pyccxn n rcxcrc.
535
2nnnnci nacronmnx 6onimcnncrcxnx npoxypopox, Bi-
mnncxnn, 6naio(apn cio ocrpoxy crnnm, (ono(ax n xapax-
rcpn:onanmcn cio y(nnnrcninon ncnocrn, cmc nyumc pa:¡n-
cnnn nax nx cymnocri. Ha ccn pa: no(cy(nxic nc cronnn
nnnox x nnny c naxn, na cxaxic no(cy(nxix, no ¬ro qaxr,
uro cy(c6nin nponccc na( nnxn y»c npoxo(nn n ¬ro 6in
cnpanc(nnnin, o6ocnonannin, apiyxcnrnponannin nponccc,
¬ro 6in ncropnuccxnn cy(c6nin nponccc, uin npanora ncnn-
xox n nonnocrim 6ina no(rncp»(cna npcxcncx.
Bimnncxnn na y6c(nrcninix ncropnuccxnx qaxrax no-
xa:an nax, uro nonnrnuccxan (cnrcninocri pcnciarcxon ipyn-
ni Tnro nc 6ina ucx-ro cnyuannix n crnxnnnix. B:inn(i
Tnro n cio inannix corpy(nnxon nc 6inn xapxcncrcxnxn,
ncn:npan na nx o6xanunnym nncmnocri. Onn n:o6pa»ann
cc6n xapxcncraxn, npnxn(inannci, 6y(ro nicrynann na cro-
ponc Concrcxoio Com:a n Crannna n rcx caxix o6xani-
nann napo(i Kiocnannn n miocnancxnx xoxxynncron. O(-
naxo cmc n io(i nonni onn no xnoinx cnyuanx nponnnnnn
nnnic npn:naxn nonnmmcio nicoxoxcpnn, 6yp»ya:no-nann-
onanncrcxnc rcn(cnnnn n ncnpannninoc nonnxannc 6opi6i
Concrcxoio Com:a n noxomn, xoropym 6opi6a ¬ra oxa:ina-
na nccx napo(ax n oco6cnno napo(ax Kiocnannn.
÷ Ionimcnncrcxan naprnn, ÷ npo(on»an no cymccrny
ionopnri Bimnncxnn, ÷ pacnonaiana (ocrarounix onirox
(nn ninnncnnn no(o6nix rcn(cnnnn, no ona nc cunrana nx
ncncnpannxixn. K roxy npcxcnn inannix nonpocox 6ina
6opi6a c ncxcnxnxn qamncraxn, n xi or(anann cc6c or-
ucr n rox, uro na nonnc, n:-:a 6ccuncncnnix rpy(nocrcn,
xoinn 6iri npc(npnnnri n nco6(yxannic, nopom (a»c nc
ncnic (cncrnnn, xoropic nincnnrcn co npcxcncx, n pc:yni-
rarc naxonncnnoio onira n n xo(c 6opi6i.
÷ Koncuno, ÷ orxcrnn on, ÷ nocnc no6c(i namn
ornomcnnn c miocnanaxn (on»ni 6inn crari cmc 6oncc
rccnixn n ncc (on»no 6ino nincnnricn caxix ronapnmc-
cxnx o6pa:ox, (a»c n ccnn miocnancxoc pyxono(crno 6pocnno
rcni coxncnnn na namn ornomcnnn. Tax n npon:omno. Hocnc
no6c(i na( inrncponcxon Icpxanncn xc»(y Concrcxnx Co-
536
m:ox n Kiocnanncn ycranonnnnci caxic 6parcxnc ornomc-
nnn, 6inn npnnnri na»nic pcmcnnn o6 oxa:annn Kiocnannn,
xoropym xi cunrann o(nnx n: caxix ncpnix namnx nonn-
rnuccxnx n n(conoinuccxnx com:nnxon, ¬xonoxnuccxon n
nocnnon noxomn, xax n nonnrnuccxon noxomn na xc»(y-
napo(non apcnc. Hn o(non ryun nc nn(ncnoci na nc6c na-
mnx ornomcnnn. Tyun o(na :a (pyion cncrannci, xoi(a ipyn-
na Tnro npncrynnna x nonnrnuccxoxy, ¬xonoxnuccxoxy, n(co-
noinuccxoxy n nocnnoxy crponrcnicrny 0HP Kiocnannn. To-
i(a crann 6oncc :axcrnixn 6yp»ya:nic, nannonanncrcxnc n
anrnconcrcxnc rcn(cnnnn rnroncxon ipynni pcnciaron.
µancc Bimnncxnn paccxa:an nax, xax ¬ro miocnancxnc
pyxono(nrcnn-pcnciari araxoninann n n:npamann ocnonnic,
ynnncpcaninic nono»cnnn xapxcn:xa-ncnnnn:xa, npnxpinan
¬rn cnon orxnoncnnn pa:inaionicrnonannnxn o rox, 6y(ro
ocymccrnnnnn xapxcncrcxo-ncnnncxnc npnnnnni npnxcnnrcni-
no «x xonxpcrnix nocncnocnnix ycnonnnx» n Kiocnannn.
÷ µcno nc n rox, uro na(o 6ino no(pa»ari nccxy, uro
(cnanoci n Concrcxox Com:c, ÷ cxa:an nax Bimnncxnn,
÷ no ¬ro onn 6pann n xauccrnc ocnoni (nn roio, uro6i ara-
xoninari npnnnnni, uro6i orxnonnricn or nnx. £crccrncnno,
¬ro (on»no 6ino ni:nari, xax n ni:nano, cnopi, a :arcx n
pacxo»(cnnn xc»(y naxn. Mi orcrannann npnnnnni, ÷ npo-
(on»an Bimnncxnn, ÷ roi(a xax onn nocronnno n ncc 6oncc
orxpiro napymann nx n npn(npannci x xcnouax, cnnnci (o-
xa:ari, 6y(ro nama crpana nxcmnnanaci n nx nnyrpcnnnc (cna,
6y(ro Concrcxnn Com: nc n (on»non xcpc oxa:inan nx ¬xo-
noxnuccxym noxomi, 6y(ro xi nc n (on»non xcpc :amn-
mann na xc»(ynapo(non apcnc nx nonnrnuccxnc rpc6onannn
n rcppnropnaninic npnrn:annn. Koncuno, ncc ¬ro nc nxcno
no( co6on nnxaxon ocnoni n xi, nponnnnn 6onimoc rcpnc-
nnc, na qaxrax orncpiann no(o6nic nx yrncp»(cnnn. O(naxo
onn nc cunrannci nn c npnnnnnaxn, nn c qaxraxn. Kiocnan-
cxnc pcnciari ocymccrnnnnn (pyiym, npornnonono»nym na-
mcn, n(conoinuccxym n nonnrnuccxym nnnnm, onn ncrynnnn
na pcnici anrnxapxcn:xa. Oro n niny(nno BKH (6) nanncari
HK KHK ncpnoc, a :arcx n (pyinc nncixa, xoropic xi (an-
537
no y»c nanpannnn cxy. Mi crpcxnnnci noxoui Koxxynn-
crnuccxon naprnn Kiocnannn npc(ornparnri xaracrpoqy,
cncpnyri c nopounoio nyrn, na xoropin nonncxan cc Tnro,
n uro6i Kiocnannn crponna connann:x n n:6c»ana noccrano-
nncnnn xannrann:xa, x ucxy ona n mna. Ionimcnncrcxan nap-
rnn npn6cina npn ¬rox x o(noxy n: caxix nopxaninix xapx-
cncrcxo-ncnnncxnx, x o(noxy n: caxix ronapnmccxnx nyrcn.
Ho pcnciari orxnonnnn cio.
Bonpoc o Kiocnannn ccri nnyrpcnncc (cno napo(on Kio-
cnannn, miocnancxnx xoxxynncron, ÷ cxa:an (ancc Bimnn-
cxnn, ÷ n xi nc nxcmnnannci n nc naxcpcni nxcmnnaricn
n nx nnyrpcnnnc (cna. Mi nc nxccx npano nxcmnnaricn, o(-
naxo cunracx cnonx (oniox pa:o6nauari n nonnrnuccxox n
n(conoinuccxox ornomcnnn (cnrcninocri ¬ron xnnxn, xoropan
6opcrcn npornn xapxcn:xa-ncnnnn:xa n cny»nr xnponoxy
xannrann:xy. Tnronni, ÷ npo(on»an Bimnncxnn, ÷ y»c ni-
crynamr na xc»(ynapo(non apcnc n no nnyrpcnncx nnanc
orxpirixn npaiaxn Concrcxoio Com:a, npnucx nx (cncrnnn
n ¬rox nanpanncnnn yxno»arcn nc ronixo npornn nac, no
n npornn nccx crpan napo(non (cxoxparnn, npornn naicpn
connann:xa. Hx (cnrcninocri xax (nc xannn no(i noxo»a na
(cnrcninocri rponxncron, 6yxapnnncn n aicnron xnponoio
xannrana, xoropix xi pa:o6naunnn na cnonx cy(c6nix npo-
ncccax.
Pa:o6naucnnc npaia ÷ (cno oucni na»noc, ÷ no(ucpx-
nyn Bimnncxnn. ÷ Hy»no 6ino y6c(nri concrcxnc napo(i
n npc(arcnicxon (cnrcninocrn rponxncron, 6yxapnnncn n
npanix, nor noucxy xi npn(ann ¬roxy :naucnnc n (o6nnnci
roio, uro namn npain caxn nino»nnn (a»c n xcniuanmnc
qaxri, nopon nxcmmnc na»noc :naucnnc, rax xax nincnnmr
6onimnc npo6ncxi. Hcrnna, no(rncp(nnman nx n:xcny, crana
concpmcnno oucnn(non na namnx cy(ax n n ina:ax namnx
napo(on. Oro nxcno pcmammcc :naucnnc. Ba»no (o6nricn
¬roio, ÷ cxa:an Bimnncxnn, ÷ a ro, x cxonixnx io(ax
rmpcxnoio :axnmucnnn npnionapnnamr npaia, nxccr nropo-
crcncnnoc :naucnnc. Hapo( (on»cn o(o6pnri pcmcnnc, on
(on»cn y6c(nricn n cio npanorc. Bor nxcnno ¬ro na(o nax
538
c(cnari n c pcnciarcxon ipynnon Tnro. Ipynna ¬ra cronr y
nnacrn n :amnmaricn 6y(cr, ona 6y(cr npn6ciari n x pa:no-
o6pa:nix nponoxannnx npornn namnx connanncrnuccxnx io-
cy(apcrn, no +u (on»ni 6iri ocropo»nixn, xpannri 6(nrcni-
nocri n nc no((anaricn nx nponoxannnx' ÷ :axnmunn on.
µc» n cnocx nicrynncnnn yxa:an, n uacrnocrn, na 6oni-
mym onacnocri ¬ron aicnrypi npccrynnnxon n y6nnn, on
ncronxonan npnnnric na concmannn Hnqopx6mpo conxccrnic
pcmcnnn, no(ucpxnyn npo(cxoncrpnponannoc miocnancxnxn
«ronapnmaxn» na ¬rox concmannn naxanicrno n ornomcnnn
xoxxynncrnuccxnx naprnn 0pannnn n Hrannn, n r.(. On yno-
xnnyn xc»(y npounx nccxonixo ¬nn:o(on n: cnocn ncpnon
oqnnnaninon noc:(xn n Kiocnannm n ncpnon ncrpcun c Tnro.
÷ Tnro, ÷ cxa:an µc», ÷ npcnc6pc»nrcnino orncccn
x nax n ¬ro on noxa:an cmc na ncpnix ncrpcuax. On crpc-
xnncn yxannri namy nannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninym 6opi6y,
npnnnn nac, nanycrnn na cc6n oucni na»nin nn(, cnnnci na-
nn:aricn nax cnocn o(c»(on, op(cnaxn n xc(annxn, xoninaxn
n (nopnaxn. Ynn(cn ¬ro, ÷ cxa:an µc», ÷ n «na6pancn cxc-
nocrn o6cnxn pyxaxn» n cxa:an Tnro no npcxn ncpcionopon:
«H ri n n ÷ pa6ounc n xoxxynncri, rax uro (ananrc npocro
n npnxo noronxycx o :annxammnx nac npo6ncxax» n r.(.
On-ro, ÷ npo(on»an µc», ÷ c(cnan nn(, 6y(ro coinacnncn,
o(naxo cio pocxomnin o6pa: »n:nn, xax xnunnnoio n 6yp-
»ya:noio anrnxapxcncra, cran y»c »nnon (cncrnnrcninocrim
n on nc xoi or ncio orpcuicn. µcno (o roio (omno, ÷ cxa:an
µc», ÷ uro Tnro npninacnn xcnn n xnnncrpa nnocrpannix
(cn Pyxinnn (¬ro 6in 6yp»ya n nnocnc(crnnn on 6in cnnr
c :annxacxoio nocra n ocy»(cn) noccrnri cio xonmmnm. Tn-
ro, o(crin n ucpnym qopxy, n canoiax n o6nccnn ipy(i op(c-
naxn, cax noncn nac ry(a. Koi(a xi no(omnn x cronnax, ÷
orxcrnn µc», ÷ on xpnxnyn o(noxy n: cnonx oqnncpon:
uetep-uetep n ror npnncc 6onimoc nc(po c caxapox; Tnro
conan ry(a pyxy n no(anan xonnx caxap c na(onn.
Koi(a xi paccrannci c Tnro n y(annnnci na xamnnax,
xon xnnncrp nnocrpannix (cn, ÷ npo(on»an µc», ÷ xon-
qn(cnnnanino cxa:an xnc: «µnxnrpon, ronapnm µc», xox-
539
xynncr n xopomnn ucnoncx, no c Tnro xo»no (onrn (o ca-
xoio xoxxynn:xa». Hy n na:naunn ncny Tnro ¬ror 6yp»ya,
÷ :axonunn µc».
Cnono n:nn n. Iino xnc uro cxa:ari o rnronnax. B na-
mnx ornomcnnnx c npc(arcnicxon ipynnon Icnipa(a xo»no
6ino nanrn ynxy qaxron n (annix, no(rncp»(anmnx nx n:-
xcny xapxcn:xy-ncnnnn:xy n nnnic rcn(cnnnn ycranonnri n
namcn crpanc iocy(apcrncnno-xannranncrnuccxnc n xononna-
nncrcxnc ornomcnnn.
B uacrnocrn, n orxcrnn ronapnmax, uro namn cnn:n n
ornomcnnn c miocnanaxn, ycranonncnnic cmc n io(i Hanno-
nanino-ocno6o(nrcninon 6opi6i, nnauanc no nonnrnuccxon n
naprnnnon nnnnn, nnocnc(crnnn, x xonny nonni n oco6cnno
n nocncnocnnin ncpno( nonyunnn pa:nnrnc no nccx nanpa-
nncnnnx, nnn(y rax»c ycnonnn, co:(annix conxccrnon 6opi-
6on npornn o6mcio npaia n ocnonanncx namnx napo(no-(c-
xoxparnuccxnx iocy(apcrn. 2 ncpno n o6¡cxrnnno ionopnn nx
o6 yuacrnn namcn naprn:ancxon Hannonanino-ocno6o(nrcni-
non apxnn n 6opi6c :a ocno6o»(cnnc Kiocnannn, xax o (o-
cronnox yna»cnnn, cnpanc(nnnox n nconponcp»nxox axrc,
xoropin nocnn noncrnnc ocno6o(nrcninin xapaxrcp, orxc-
rnn npn ¬rox, uro ono ncci(a 6ino noxomim, oxa:annon Kio-
cnancxon nannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninon apxnn, xoropan n
cnom oucpc(i cpa»anaci icponuccxn, ucio, nnpoucx, ncni:n
6ino nn orpnnari, nn yxannri, nccxorpn na ro, uro ipynna
Tnro n:xcnnna xponn, nponnron ¬ron icponuccxon apxncn,
xoropan ninccna na cnonx nncuax 6pcxn 6opi6i :a ocno6o»-
(cnnc napo(on Kiocnannn.
Yxa:an no(nnnnym poni Mnna(nna Hononnua n µymana
Myioma, n npn noxomn rcopcrnuccxnx (ono(on n xonxpcrnix
qaxron orncpi ncncnoc n anrnxapxcncrcxoc yrncp»(cnnc o
rox, 6y(ro ¬ro miocnani co:(ann namy naprnm, 6y(ro onn «pa-
:o»inn oioni namcn Hannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninon 6opi6i».
Pa:yxccrcn, raxnc anrnxapxcncrcxnc, nannonanncrcxnc
nacrpocnnn «npcnocxo(crna» nonnnnnci y nnx n io(i nonni,
no nonyunnn onn nponoxannonnic pa:xcpi oco6cnno naxany-
nc ocno6o»(cnnn n nocnc ncio.
54O
Moiy cxa:ari, ÷ orxcrnn n ronapnmax, ÷ uro no npcxn
nonni namn ncrpcun c miocnanaxn 6inn pc(xnxn, 6oncc
roio, n xoi(a nax y(anoci ycranonnri c nnxn xonraxri (n n
paccxa:an nx o ncrpcuax c Byxxanonnucx Tcxno n Ina»o
Honanonnucx), xc»(y naxn nauann nonnnnricn npnnnnnnani-
nic pacxo»(cnnn no xnoinx nonpocax, nocxonixy cmc x
roxy npcxcnn :annnnnn o cc6c rcn(cnnnn miocnanon pac-
cxarpnnari n ncnoni:onari namy naprnm xax npn(arox nx
naprnn, a An6annm ÷ xax miocnancxym o6nacri. Koncuno, o6
¬rnx anrnxapxcncrcxnx n:inn(ax nomna norcxa ncxno»xo
no:(ncc.
Mi, c namcn croponi, ncci(a paccxarpnnann namy 6opi-
6y n c(nncrnc c 6opi6on napo(on Kiocnannn. µnn nac, xax
xapxcncron-ncnnnncn, ¬ro cocrannnno nicoxnn (oni nc roni-
xo noroxy, uro xi 6oponnci :a ocno6o»(cnnc or o6mcio
npaia, no n noroxy, uro xi nccx ccp(ncx crpcxnnnci nocpc(-
crnox 6ocnon (py»6i xc»(y o6onxn namnxn napo(axn na-
ncci(a n:»nri nacrpocnnn, ni:nannic o6cronrcnicrnaxn npom-
nix npcxcn, raxnxn xax pacuncncnnc An6annn, ncpc(aua
Koconi Ccp6nn, rcppop n 6ccuncncnnic ncnpcpinnic xo:-
nn ccp6on npornn namcn crpani, n r.(.
Mi, c namcn croponi, c(cnann ncc or nac :anncnmcc,
roi(a xax miocnani na nccx ¬ranax pa:nnrnn ¬ron no»non
c nx croponi (py»6i cocrannnnn :aionopi n ycrpannann
:axynncnic nponcxn c ncnim ycranonnri iocno(crno na( An-
6anncn cpa:y »c no oxonuannn nonni.
2 npnncn Bimnncxoxy n (pyinx ronapnmax apiyxcnri
o no(ioronncnnox miocnanaxn na 6cparcxox Hncnyxc nyr-
uc, xoropin nponannncn, o6 oipoxnix ycnnnnx, xoropic onn
npnnaiann na ncpnix nopax nocnc ocno6o»(cnnn x (ncxpc(n-
rannn namcio naprnnnoio pyxono(crna n namcn nnnnn nocn-
noio ncpno(a, o co:(annn nxn n namcx pyxono(crnc aicnrypi
no inanc c Koun µ:o(:c, xoropoxy onn nocrannnn :a(aucn
n:nri n cnon pyxn nnacri n npono(nri n namcn crpanc «nnnnm»
miocnancxnx rnronncn, o rox, xax onn nccxn cnnaxn no((cp-
»nnann cio n ¬rox (cnc. 2 o6¡ncnnn ronapnmax uro ¬ro 6i-
na :a miocnancxan nnnnn, ncnnxox n nonnocrim no(rncp-
541
(nnman, uro miocnancxoc pyxono(crno cronno na anrnxapx-
cncrcxnx, 6yp»ya:nix, nannonanncrcxnx, monnnncrnuccxnx,
anrnconcrcxnx n anrnan6ancxnx no:nnnnx. µancc, npnno(n
xnoiouncncnnic apiyxcnri, n no(po6no ocnc(oxnn nx o npa»-
(c6non (cnrcninocrn miocnanon no nccx o6nacrnx, no(xpcnnn
ncc ¬ro nconponcp»nxixn n concpmcnno nc(nycxicncnnixn
xonxpcrnixn qaxraxn.
B n(conoinuccxnx nonpocax n n (cnc opiann:annn namcn
naprnn, ÷ cxa:an n ronapnmax, ÷ rnronni cmc n io(i nonni,
no oco6cnno n nocncnocnnin ncpno( ncnuccxn crapannci na-
nn:ari nax qopxi opiann:annn cnocn naprnn n orxnonnri nac
or xapxcncrcxo-ncnnncxon nnnnn naprnnnoio crponrcnicrna,
npannninoio xncnnn n (cncrnnn naprnn. Onn ucio ronixo nc
(cnann, uro6i xi orncpnynnci or onira Ionimcnncrcxon
naprnn, c xoropix xi :naxoxnnnci ucpc: cc (oxyxcnri, no-
na(anmnc nax n pyxn, a rax»c nyrcx o6xcna xncnnnxn c
concrcxnxn (nnnoxaraxn, nocxonixy, ÷ cxa:an n Bimnncxo-
xy, ÷ xi cmc nc ycranonnnn npnxic cnn:n c HK KHCC,
uro6i xoinn o6xcnnnaricn naprnnnix onirox. H ¬ro nc no
namcn nnnc n nc n:-:a orcyrcrnnn y nac »cnannn, no raxona
6ina, n o6mnx ucprax, pcaninan (cncrnnrcninocri. Hccxo-
rpn na ¬ror npo6cn, nama naprnn nc orxo(nna or raxon opn-
cnrannn. Kiocnani, cunranmnc ¬ro oucni npc(nix n onacnix
(nn cnocio xonapnoio nnana, nc nxcn roi(a no:xo»nocrn nc-
crn orxpirym nponaian(y npornn xapxcncrcxo-ncnnncxnx npnn-
nnnon, xoropixn pyxono(crnonanaci nama naprnn, npornn
rccnix npnnnnnnaninix n(conoinuccxnx n opiann:annonnix
cnn:cn c Ionimcnncrcxon naprncn, pa:ncpnynn nacrynncnnc
na npannninym icncpaninym nnnnm namcn naprnn. 2nnnnci
inanapcx anrnnaprnnnon ipynni, Koun µ:o(:c cran nacron-
mnx noco6nnxox miocnancxnx rnronncn. Hocnc(nnc nanonnn
cio ynirpancnixn n rponxncrcxnxn rcpxnnaxn, nanxcno-
nann cio «nponcrapcxon conccrim» namcn naprnn, ro ccri
«caxix (oncpcnnix, caxix npc(annix n nponcrapcxnx
pyxono(nrcncx naprnn». Ornx miocnancxnc rnronni n rn-
roncxan ipynna Koun µ:o(:c xorcnn co:(ari y6c»(cnnc n
rox, uro rcncpi nama naprnn cronna na «no(nnnno xapx-
542
cncrcxo-ncnnncxox nyrn», a ¬ro nc ronixo noroxy, uro cm
pyxono(nnn «nponcrapcxnc ¬ncxcnri», no n noroxy, uro ona
n(oxnonnnnaci KHK. C noxomim ¬ron ipynni no inanc c
Koun µ:o(:c, xoropin no nacronnnm miocnanon npnnnn n
Icparc, noxnxo (on»nocrn ccxpcrapn naprnn no opiann:a-
nnonnix nonpocax, rax»c n (on»nocri xnnncrpa nnyrpcn-
nnx (cn, onn co:(ann n namcn naprnn n n namcn crpanc rn-
»cnym o6cranonxy.
÷ Mi, ÷ cxa:an n (ancc ronapnmax, ÷ xax n ncc
ocraninoc, nnnxarcnino npounrann n rc xccra n nncixax
Ionimcnncrcxon naprnn, i(c no(ncpiannci xpnrnxc anrn-
xapxcncrcxan miocnancxan npaxrnxa coxpancnnn :a ccxpc-
rapcx naprnn no opiann:annonnix nonpocax rax»c nocra
xnnncrpa nnyrpcnnnx (cn, npc6inannn naprnn n nonync-
ianinox nono»cnnn n r.(. Taxnc uy»(ic nax xcro(i n qop-
xi 6inn nann:ani miocnancxnx pyxono(crnox n nax, n npn
npono(nxix naxn anann:ax ninninamr napy»y nonic n no-
nnmmnc qaxri onacnix (nn namcn naprnn n namcio io-
cy(apcrna nocnc(crnnn, x xoropix npnncnn raxnc xcro(i.
Cxopo raxoxy nono»cnnm nacrynnr xoncn, xax ¬ro nacry-
nacr xoncn ncnxoxy nnnnnnm, xoropoc Tnro n cio croponnn-
xax y(anoci oxa:ari n namnx pn(ax. Co nccxn ¬rnxn orxno-
ncnnnxn miocnancxnx rnronncn n nx aicnrypi n namcn nap-
rnn, ÷ orxcrnn n (ancc, ÷ xi ncnn ncnpccrannym 6opi6y,
no, pa:yxccrcn, nacronixo, nacxonixo ¬ro 6ino n namnx
cnnax, rax xax c(nncrncnnon onopon nax 6inn namn npa-
nnninic paccy»(cnnn, namc y6c»(cnnc n rox, uro cronnn xi
na ncpnox nyrn. To, uro :nann n: xapxcn:xa-ncnnnn:xa, xi
pcnnocrno :amnmann, n or onira KHCC nnxoi(a nc orxa-
:inannci.
Tax nnn nnauc n (an Bimnncxoxy nonnri, uro ncno-
cpc(crncnnon noxomn co croponi KHCC nax nc 6ino oxa:a-
no; n ro »c npcxn naxcxan n na (pyinc npo6ncxi, a nxcn-
no na ro, uro concrcxnc ronapnmn, c xoropixn xi no((cp-
»nnann npnxic cnn:n n xoropix xi o6o nccx crannnn n
n:nccrnocri, cnymann nac, noxoiann nax n rcx o6nacrnx, i(c
onn 6inn cncnnanncraxn, no nnxoi(a nc nicxa:inann cnocio
543
xncnnn, xoi(a pcui mna o namnx npornnopcunnx c miocna-
naxn. B ¬rox (cnc onn npnxn(inannci na namnx ina:ax ncn-
rpaninixn, n xi nc :nacx, uro onn (oxna(inann Mocxnc.
µpyinx o6cronrcnicrnox, n ncxoropon xcpc npnnc(mnx
nac n :axcmarcnicrno, ÷ orxcrnn n (ancc, ÷ 6ino ro, uro
cnon no(o:pcnnn n cnn:n c npa»(c6nixn (cncrnnnxn mio-
cnanon (nnrcninoc npcxn xi nc pacnpocrpannnn na ncpxn,
nnnori (o Tnro n nx pyxono(crna n ncnox. Ha(o npn:nari,
uro n ¬rox nanpanncnnn nax nn pa:y nc cninann:nponann
o rox, o6parnnn nn xoi(a-nn6o 6parcxnc naprnn nnnxannc
miocnancxoxy pyxono(crny na cio ncnpannninic no:nnnn.
Taxoc nono»cnnc coxpannnoci nnnori (o nocnc(nnx nc(cni
nnn nocnc(nnx xccnncn, xoi(a x nax nocrynnnn nncixa
Ionimcnncrcxon naprnn, co(cp»anmnc xpnrnxy n a(pcc mio-
cnancxoio pyxono(crna. µo nonyucnnn ¬rnx nnccx, ÷ cxa:an
n nx, ÷ c(nncrncnnin cninan o rox, uro (cno 6ino nc-
na(no, nocrynnn x nax, xoi(a xi nponnqopxnponann rona-
pnma Crannna o nonpocc miocnancxon (nnn:nn, xoropym
Tnro :axorcn (ncnonnponari na namcn rcppnropnn. Mi no:-
pa:nnn npornn rnroncxoio rpc6onannn n, xoi(a npnmcn or-
ncr or concrcxnx, y6c(nnnci n rox, uro nocrynnnn npannnino.
÷ Crannn, ÷ cxa:an Bimnncxnn, ÷ nnuno xpnrnxonan
Tnro :a raxon ncno:nonnrcninin mai, xoropin on xorcn
npc(npnnnri no ornomcnnm x nax.
÷ Oro 6c:xcpno nac pa(ycr, ÷ cxa:an n Bimnncxoxy,
÷ no xnc nccio nnmi cxa:ann ucpc: concrcxoc noconicrno,
uro Crannn 6in coinaccn c namnxn coo6pa»cnnnxn, a nc
c coo6pa»cnnnxn Tnro, n 6onimc nnucio. O(naxo n (yxam,
uro xnc n uncnax namcio pyxono(crna xo»no n na(o 6ino
xoc-ucio 6onimc cxa:ari, yxa:ari nax noucxy Tnro (cnan
raxoc.
To »c caxoc, ÷ no(ucpxnyn n ronapnmax, ÷ 6ino n
no (pyioxy nonpocy, no nonpocy rax na:inacxon «6anxancxon
qc(cpannn» nnn »c «xonqc(cpannn», nxo6i npc(no»cnnon
n coinaconannon xc»(y Tnro n µnxnrponix, o xoropon nac
nnxoi(a nc crannnn n n:nccrnocri. H no ccn (cni ncni:n c
rounocrim cxa:ari, uro ¬ro 6ino, xax ono 6ino :a(yxano,
544
nc(i no ¬roxy nono(y nn namcio xncnnn, nn namcio coina-
cnn nnxro nc cnpamnnan. unmi n nauanc ¬roio io(a xi y:-
nann n(pyi, uro ia:cra «Hpan(a» no(ncpina xpnrnxc ¬ry
«n(cm» µnxnrpona n ror orncrnn Crannny n «Hpan(c», uro
onn 6inn npani, uro npn (annix ycnonnnx n(cn «Ianxan-
cxon qc(cpannn» 6ina ncocymccrnnxon n ncnpannninon.
Ho(ucpxnyn, uro :a ycnnnnxn x co:(annm «Ianxancxon
qc(cpannn» cxpinannci monnnncrnuccxnc crpcxncnnn rnron-
cxon xnnxn x ycranonncnnm iocno(crna na( Ianxanaxn, n
n:no»nn ronapnmax monnnncrnuccxym n anrnxapxcncrcxym
nonnrnxy, xoropym 6cnipa(cxoc pyxono(crno npono(nno n n
ornomcnnn Koconi n (pyinx an6ancxnx xpacn n Kiocnannn
xax no npcxn nonni, rax n nocnc ncc.
Orxcrnn nx nam npannninin n npnnnnnnaninin no(-
xo( x ¬ron iopixon npo6ncxc namcn nannn, n paccxa:an (a-
ncc ronapnmax o na»nxax, x xoropix miocnani n Koun
µ:o(:c npn6ciann, (o6nnanci o6¡c(nncnnn An6annn c Kio-
cnanncn, a rax»c o xarciopnuccxox orxnoncnnn naxn ¬roio
npc(no»cnnn.
÷ Ho, ÷ cnona no(ucpxnyn n, ÷ uro xacacrcn ¬rnx
xannraninix npo6ncx, croni na»nix (nn cy(c6 namcn Po-
(nni n namcio napo(a, xi (cncrnonann no cnocn co6crncn-
non nnnnnarnnc. Mi c rncp(ix y6c»(cnncx icponuccxn :a-
mnmann cno6o(y n nc:anncnxocri Po(nni, ÷ n (an nonnri
Bimnncxoxy, uro n raxnc na»nic xoxcnri nax nc noxoiann
(on»nix o6pa:ox, crano 6iri, xi oxa:annci o(nn.
Hoxnm, uro npn ¬rox Bimnncxnn, npcpnan xcnn, cxa:an:
÷ um(n n 6opi6c n :axannmrcn'
B npo(on»cnnc n ionopnn nx o namcn apxnn, o rox,
xax xi co:(anann cc n xaxym «noxomi» oxa:ann nax mio-
cnani n ¬rox (cnc; ncxno»xo (onimc ocranonnncn n na
miocnancxon «¬xonoxnuccxon noxomn».
÷ Bcpxox nccn monnnncrnuccxon, xononnanncrcxon, an-
ncxcnonncrcxon nonnrnxn miocnancxnx pcnn:nonncron n or-
nomcnnn namcn crpani, ÷ cxa:an n, ÷ 6inn (oionopi o
«conxccrnox nnanonox xo:nncrnc», o «conxccrnix xoxnannnx»,
o «nanmrnox napnrcrc» n r.(. n r.n.
545
Ha Concmannn n paccxa:an ronapnmax o6o nccx ¬rox
xonapnox xcxann:xc n yxicnax miocnancxnx anrnxapxcncron,
o namcx conpornnncnnn nx n 6opi6c c nnxn, n, naxoncn, o
namcn no6c(c n nponanc :aionopmnnxon (cnrcninocrn Tnro
n xoxnannn.
Moc (ononino npocrpannoc nicrynncnnc na concmannn n
npnnc(cnnic xnom xnoiouncncnnic qaxri nannyumnx o6pa-
:ox no(rncp»(ann n:xcny rnronncn n npanory n:inn(on
Crannna, nipa»cnnix n nncixax, nanpanncnnix KHK. C (py-
ion croponi, onn co nccn oucnn(nocrim ionopnnn o cnpanc-
(nnnon 6opi6c namcn naprnn n :amnry nnrcpccon Po(nni,
nnrcpnannonann:xa, (py»6i c Concrcxnx Com:ox, o namcn
ncpnocrn Crannny. Ha concmannn n (an ronapnmax ÷ cio yuacr-
nnxax ncno nonnri, uro n ¬ron 6opi6c nama naprnn no xnoinx
cnyuanx oxa:inanaci o(non, rax uro ny»(anaci n noxomn,
cn na(o 6ino noxoiari 6onimc n 6oncc orxpiro n nponnnnri
x ncn 6onimcc (oncpnc.
Hocnc xocio nicrynncnnn xi c(cnann ncpcpin, :arcx
Bimnncxnn no(ncn nroin concmannm. On na:nan cio oucni
nono»nrcninix, nco6xo(nxix n nonc:nix.
÷ Mi, ÷ cxa:an on no cymccrny, ÷ y:nann xnoio ra-
xoio, uro non(cr nax nnpox n (anincnmcn 6opi6c :a pa:o-
6naucnnc ¬ron xnnxn pcnciaron.
µancc Bimnncxnn, n uacrnocrn, orxcrnn:
÷ ¹crxoc n apiyxcnrnponannoc n:no»cnnc nonpocon
ronapnmcx Onncpox Xo(»a npcxpacno pa:¡ncnnno nax ncnin
pn( nn:xcnnix axron miocnancxnx anrnxapxcncron; npnnc-
(cnnic nx na ¬rox concmannn qaxri n co6irnn (oxa:inamr,
uro concpmcnnoc miocnanaxn n ornomcnnn Koxxynncrnuccxon
naprnn An6annn n Hapo(non Pccny6nnxn An6annn nnnnmrcn
co:narcninixn (cncrnnnxn, nanpanncnnixn npornn connann:-
xa n namcn o6mcn n(conoinn.
÷ Mi, ÷ cxa:an (ancc Bimnncxnn, ÷ nc omn6acxcn
npn oncnxc (cnrcninocrn ¬rnx pcnciaron n npnxo(nx x ni-
no(y, uro ¬ro 6y(cr (onian nonnrnuccxan n n(conoinuccxan
6opi6a. Ionimcnncrcxan naprnn o(o6pncr (cncrnnn n cnpanc-
(nnnym, ynopnym 6opi6y Koxxynncrnuccxon naprnn An6a-
546
nnn, cc Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra n ronapnma Onncpa Xo(»a
n :amnry xapxcn:xa-ncnnnn:xa. Hax, ÷ orxcrnn on (ancc,
÷ na(o yuccri, uro xnnxa ¬ra cmc (animc :an(cr n cnonx
npa»(c6nix namcxy naicpm connann:xa (cncrnnnx. Tnronni
6y(yr concpmari xnoiouncncnnic n pa:noo6pa:nic nponoxa-
nnn c ncnim onpan(ari cc6n n cnannri nnny na nac. Onn
6y(yr concpmari raxnc nponoxannn, uro6i c6nri c ronxy
o6mccrncnnocri n Kiocnannn n :a cc npc(cnaxn n onpa-
n(ari cnom nonnrnxy n:xcni n ycranonncnnn cnn:cn c xa-
nnranncrnuccxnxn iocy(apcrnaxn.
Oro rpc6ycr or nac, ÷ orxcrnn Bimnncxnn, ÷ nocro-
nnno 6iri naucxy, xpannri n yxpcnnnri namc xapxcncrcxo-
ncnnncxoc c(nncrno, nm6oni x Crannny n ncpnocri cxy.
Mi nc 6onxcn ¬rnx no(onxon namcio o6mccrna, xoropic
(on»ni 6iri ni6pomcni n xycopnin nmnx ncropnn. Hax
cnc(ycr cmc 6onimc n ycncmncc yxpcnnnri cnn:n xc»(y na-
mnxn naprnnxn n namnxn connanncrnuccxnxn iocy(apcrnaxn,
cmc 6onimc noxoiari (pyi (pyiy. 2 orxcuam, ÷ cxa:an Bi-
mnncxnn, ÷ uro nam (oni, xax (py:cn, ronapnmcn n nnrcp-
nannonanncron ÷ cmc 6onimc noxoiari HP An6annn, uro6i
ona nancpcrana ynymcnnoc npcxn, ynyumnna cnoc ¬xonoxn-
uccxoc nono»cnnc, nc :a6inan n ro »c npcxn, uro rcncpi
ona co nccx cropon oxpy»cna npa»ccxnxn iocy(apcrnaxn.
Iparcxan an6ancxan pccny6nnxa nnnncrcn (ocronnix uncnox
namcio xoiyucio naicpn connann:xa, no¬roxy ona nnxoi(a nc
(on»na uyncrnonari cc6n n:onnponannon n nnxoi(a nc 6y(cr
n:onnponannon nn n nonnrnuccxox, nn n ¬xonoxnuccxox, nn
n n(conoinuccxox, nn n nocnnox ornomcnnn. Taxon n naxa:
ronapnma Crannna.
¹ro xacacrcn namcio (anincnmcio ornomcnnn x 6cnipa(-
cxoxy pyxono(crny, ÷ cxa:an n :axnmucnnc Bimnncxnn, ÷
ro xi (on»ni nponnnnri 6onimym ocropo»nocri n, :annxan
:pcnym n npnnnnnnaninym no:nnnm, copnari nm6ic nonon:-
noncnnn n nponoxannn Tnro, uro6i nn n xocx cnyuac nc (ari
cxy nono(a o6nnnnri nac n no:nnnnx n (cncrnnnx, uy»(ix
namcn connanncrnuccxon n(conoinn n nonnrnxc. Oco6cnno
n ornomcnnn An6annn rnroncxnc nponoxannn xoiyr 6iri 6oncc
547
uacrixn n 6oncc ccpic:nixn, n6o, xax orxcrnn ronapnm
Onncp, noxnxo nccio npoucio, n ornomcnnnx xc»(y o6cnxn
crpanaxn cymccrnycr rax»c ncpa:pcmcnnan npo6ncxa Koco-
ni n (pyinx an6ancxnx xpacn n Kiocnannn. Orry(a Tnro xo-
»cr ycrpannari ncnxnc nonymxn, no¬roxy, xpann 6(nrcninocri
n nixa:inan :pcnocri, na(o, xax n (o cnx nop, cnyrinari
cio xapri.
Ho:(ncc, no npcxn nropon n rpcricn noc:(xn n Concrcxnn
Com:
1
, cax ncnnxnn Crannn no(ucpxnyn xnc nco6xo(nxocri
nponnnnri 6(nrcninocri n ocropo»nocri no ornomcnnm x nm-
6on nponoxannn rnronncn, oco6cnno n cnn:n c Koconon.
B xo(c o(non n: nc:a6inacxix 6ccc( c nnx, paccxa:an
cxy o namcx :arn»nox cronxnoncnnn c 6cnipa(cxnx pyxo-
no(crnox no nonpocy Koconi, xax n no xnoinx (pyinx nonpo-
cax, n, n uacrnocrn, orxcrnn cxy:
÷ Co cnocn croponi xi, nnxax nc nxcmnnanci no nny-
rpcnnnc (cna Kiocnannn, nnxoi(a nc ncpccrancx oxa:inari
no((cp»xy npanax cnonx xponnix 6paricn, npo»nnammnx n
Kiocnannn, 6y(cx no(nnxari cnon ionoc npornn rcppopa n
nonnrnxn ncrpc6ncnnn, npono(nxon no ornomcnnm x nnx
xnnxon Tnro-Panxonnua
2
.
Koi(a n xonunn, Crannn, xoropin, nnnxarcnino xcnn cny-
man, cxa:an :
÷ Mi, xax xapxcncri-ncnnnni, n nnpc(i (on»ni 6nuc-
nari anrnxapxcncrcxnc (cncrnnn n n:inn(i Tnro n miocnan-
cxoio pyxono(crna, no, no(ucpxnnam, xi nnxax nc (on»ni
nxcmnnaricn n nx nnyrpcnnnc (cna. Oro 6ino 6i nc no-xapx-
cncrcxn. Bonpoc ¬ror (on»ni paccxorpcri caxn miocnancxnc
xoxxynncri n napo(i Kiocnannn, nx pcmari (cna ccio(nnm-
ncio n 6y(ymcio cnocn crpani. B ¬rnx »c paxxax paccxa-
rpnnam n n npo6ncxy Koconi n ocraninoio an6ancxoio nacc-
ncnnn, npo»nnammcio n cnonx xpanx n Kiocnannn. Mi nn n
xocx cnyuac nc (on»ni (ari rnroncxoxy npaiy nono(a o6nn-
____________________________________
1 Coorncrcrncnno n xaprc-anpcnc n n non6pc 1949 io(a.
2 Ioncc no(po6no cxorpn: Onncp Xo(»a, «Co Crannnix (Bocnoxn-
nannn)», n:(. na pyc. n:., crp. 159, Tnpana, 1979.
548
nnri nac n rox, 6y(ro xi crpcxnxcn x pacna(y Kiocnancxon
qc(cpannn. Oro mcxornnnin xoxcnr n x ncxy ny»no no(xo-
(nri oucni ocropo»no
1
...
Ho, ncpncxcn x 6yxapccrcxoxy Concmannm c Bimnncxnx
n µc»cx, xoropoc, xax n y»c cxa:an, npoxo(nno n :ancpmn-
noci ycncmno.
2 ocrancn oucni (ononcn nx, n ncpnym oucpc(i noroxy,
uro ncc nincnnnoci, no n noroxy, uro Bimnncxnn (an pa6orc
namcn naprnn xopomym oncnxy.
Hocnc o6c(a, no npcxn xoropoio no(nnxannci rocri,
Bimnncxnn, ornnuanmnncn 6onimnx ocrpoyxncx n ncccnix
mxopox, ornycrnn xnoio myrox. Koi(a xi o6nnxannci na
npomannc, ror cxa:an xnc:
÷ µo ncrpcun n Mocxnc ' (H n caxox (cnc, Bimnncxoio n
ncrpcuan no:(ncc n Mocxnc cmc (na-rpn pa:a, xoi(a oqnnn-
anino nnn na or(ix c:(nn n Concrcxnn Com:.)
2 coxpannn o ncx oucni xopomnc nocnoxnnannn n oco-
6cnno nocxnmancn cio xy(pocrim, cio 6onimon nponnnarcni-
nocrim, cio 6onimcnncrcxon pcmnxocrim n npc(annocrim nc-
nnxoxy Crannny. On nm6nn An6annm, nnrcpcconancn nono»c-
nncx n namcn crpanc n cnpamnnan o ncn ncnxnn pa:, xoi(a
xi ncrpcuannci. Ha y»nnc, ycrpocnnox nx n uccri namcn
oqnnnaninon (cnciannn, on co:(an nax nccixa nnrnxnym
n pa(ocrnym arxocqcpy. Ty(a npnmno xnoio ronapnmcn-
uncnon Honnr6mpo KHCC c Monoronix no inanc, n, n o6cra-
nonxc napnnmcn rax pa(ocrn, ronapnmn n: namcio noconi-
crna ncpc(ann xnc pa(ocrnym rcncipaxxy, n xoropon coo6-
manoci o nonnncnnn na cncrc xocio ncpnoio pc6cnxa n o rox,
uro n xari n cin 6inn concpmcnno :(oponi. Koncuno, n ror
ncucp xi noninnnn, nc(i nnauc n ncni:n 6ino, concrcxnc
oxornnxn ninnnari. Bimnncxoxy cxa:ann o po»(cnnn xocio
cina n on ryr »c no(omcn xo xnc, npornnyn xnc pyxy
n no:(pannn: «Or nccio ccp(na no:(pannnm rc6n c po»(cnn-
cx cina, (onion cxy »n:nn'». Ha (pyion (cni nccri o po»(c-
______________________________________
1 Ioncc no(po6no cxorpn: Onncp Xo(»a, «Co Crannnix (Bocnoxn-
nannn)», n:(. na pyc. n:., crp. 161, Tnpana, 1979.
549
nnn xocio cina coo6mnnn n Crannny no npcxn nc:a6inac-
xoio npncxa, xoropin ror ycrponn nax
1
.
Kax-ro n (pyion pa:, na ncrpcuc, xoropym n nxcn c Bi-
mnncxnx (nn paccxorpcnnn xc»(ynapo(non o6cranonxn n no-
:nnnn, xoropym namn (cnciannn (on»ni 6inn :annxari n
OOH no pa:nix npo6ncxax, on, npc(naian xnc no npcxn 6c-
cc(i nannrox, cxa:an:
÷ 2 :nam, uro ri xano nicmi, n nn(cn ¬ro na npncxc.
2 orncrnn cxy, uro noncc nc nm6nn nnri, uro nccio nnmi
xypnn n uro na rox npncxc noninnn, rax xax xnoio pa(o-
crcn naxonnnoci. 2 :axcrnn, uro on nc nacrannan, xax (py-
inc concrcxnc na rox, uro6i n nnn, o(naxo n cax on nc nnn.
÷ Y pyccxnx, ÷ cxa:an Bimnncxnn, ÷ nc npnnnro uo-
xaricn 6oxanaxn c 6op×o+o+,* n pyccxnn, no 6oncm (na6c-
rox, rax uro nnri xnc nc pa:pcmacrcn.
÷ Kax n no nccx ocraninox, ÷ cxa:an n cxy, ÷ n n
¬rox ni axxyparnin, no, nnpoucx, »cnam nax 6icrpoio ni-
:(oponncnnn n (oninx ncr »n:nn.
Ho:(ncc, y:nan o cxcprn Bimnncxoio, n oucni co»ancn
o ncx. Hnxoi(a nc :a6y(y ¬roio ncnnxoio (cnrcnn crannn-
cxoio iocy(apcrna, xoropin nc ronixo xax npoxypop, nc ronixo
xax mpncr, no n xax (nnnoxar noxa:an cc6n ucnoncxox oucni
nicoxnx (ocronncrn. Pcun, npon:ncccnnic nx n OOH n xauc-
crnc xnnncrpa nnocrpannix (cn n npc(crannrcnn CCCP, nnnn-
mr co6on :naxcnarcninic (ari n ncropnn xc»(ynapo(nix
ornomcnnn. £io pcun cocrannnmr mc(cnpi n :amnry crannn-
cxon nnnnn n 6ccnoma(noc nonnrnuccxoc, n(conoinuccxoc pa-
:o6naucnnc nxncpnanncrnuccxon nonnrnxn na ocnonc cnninon
n o6pa:nonon xapxcncrcxo-ncnnncxon noinxn. Bimnncxnn
6in 6nccrnmnx noncxncrox. £io cnona 6pocann npaion n
(po»i, rax xax onn 6inn ncpnixn, rax xax on npnno(nn
6ccuncncnnic qaxri, a qaxri ÷ ynpnxan ncmi. On yxcn
c pc(xnx xacrcpcrnox ncnoni:onari qaxri n (oxyxcnri,
noroxy uro 6in 6onimcnnxox, ncpnix yucnnxox ucnnna n
_________________________________________
1 Cx. Onncp Xo(»a, «Co Crannnix (Bocnoxnnannn)», n:(. na pyc.
n:., crp. 14O, Tnpana, 1979.
* Ho-pyccxn n rcxcrc.
55O
Crannna. Ho (ananrc ncpncxcn x 6yxapccrcxon ncrpcuc, uro-
6i «npocrnricn» c µc»cx.
Ha (pyion (cni nocnc oxonuannn concmannn n n ¹ynaxnn
nonpocnnn y µc»a pa:pcmcnnn npocxaricn n npoiynnricn no
Iyxapccry. µc» c y(ononicrnncx npnnnn namy npoci6y. Bn-
(nxo, «no(noninin xapaxrcp» xocio nn:nra y»c ornan. Ho-
:anrpaxan, xi ccnn n xamnni n n:nnnci :a ¬xcxypcnm. Mi
o6¡cxann ncci Iyxapccr, ocranannnnannci na 6cpciax nccxoni-
xnx o6ca»cnnix (cpcninxn n nncraxn nccixa »nnonncnix
o:cp, xoropix 6ino xnoio n Iyxapccrc. Boxpyi o(noio n:
nnx cronnn xpacnnic (aun, »nnic (oxa n cmc o(nn xoponcn-
cxnn (nopcn. Pyxincxan 6yp»ya:nn yincrana napo( n pa:-
nncxanaci, »nna na mnpoxym noiy, cocan cio xponi. Pyxinnn
6ina :a»nrounon crpanon, ona nino:nna :cpno, a y napo(a
xnc6a nc xnarano. Pyxinnn pacnonaiana ncqrnnixn ncrou-
nnxaxn n cnannnaci ncqrcnocnon :onon Hnocmrn, no 6oiar-
crno ¬ro npnna(nc»ano pyxincxon 6yp»ya:nn n nnocrpannix
ncqrnnix xonncpnax.
B npomnox y Pyxinnn 6ina oucni pa:nnran ropionnn
c pa:nixn xannranncrnuccxnxn crpanaxn, a xnoiocroponnnc or-
nomcnnn c ¬rnxn crpanaxn, nnnnnnc xannrann:xa, xannranncrn-
uccxoio o6pa:a »n:nn cnoco6crnonann nonnrnuccxoxy n xopani-
noxy ncpcpo»(cnnm n ¬ron crpanc. Tax iocno(crnonann xoppyn-
nnn, n:nrounnuccrno, xa6apc, c(cnxn. Iinmnc an6ancxnc rop-
ionni, oco6cnno xopunncxnc, rax»c ycrponnnci n Pyxinnn. B
n:nccrnon xcpc onn (a»c pa:6oiarcnn. Ccxin n: Kopun ¬xnipn-
ponann ry(a n noncxax pa6ori nnn »c n:-:a ioncnnn co croponi
ipcxon. Ora nc6oniman xononnn an6anncn, xoropan 6ina (o-
nonino »nnon n ornnuanaci narpnornuccxnxn n 6ocnixn uyn-
crnaxn n nnaxcnnixn crpcxncnnnxn x ocno6o»(cnnm An6a-
nnn, crana o(nnx n: caxix iopnunx ouaion 6opi6i :a nanno-
naninoc (cno n orry(a nimno xnoio ni(ammnxcn nm(cn,
npo(c Bnxropa Oqrnxny n (pyinx npoipcccnnnix nm(cn c
pc(xnx rananrox.
Pyxini na:inann Iyxapccr «Mancnixnx Hapn»cx». 2
unran xnniy Honn Mopana
1
o Iyxapccrc. Kax n y»c ionopnn,
___________________________________
1 0panny:cxnn nncarcni.
551
ocxarpnnan iopo(, y rc6n cxna(inanoci nncuarncnnc, uro on
nc nn(cn nonni, uro nnxaxnx, (a»c xcnxnx 6ox6 nc o6py-
mnnnci na ncio n io(i nropon xnponon nonni. Hnxaxnx
pa:pymcnnn nc 6ino nn(no, nnxaxnx pa:nannn, nnxaxnx no-
npc»(cnnn. µa uro n ionopnri o namnx 6c(nix iopo(ax' Hx
6ox6nnn n npc(anann oinm nraninnni, ncxni n (a»c 6pn-
rancxnc «com:nnxn». 2cno 6ino, uro :(cci, n Iyxapccrc, ncc
npomno 6c: myxa n rpccxa n nccio nnmi 6inn no(nnri pyxn
nncpx.
Bin(n na caxym xpacnnym n caxym o»nnncnnym ynnny
Iyxapccra, i(c ropionnn 6ina n pa:iapc, xi ninc:nn n:
xamnn n nomnn ncmxox. Hac conpono»(ann xaxon-ro uncn
Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra, (a cmc nnri nnn mccri ronapnmcn
n: opianon 6c:onacnocrn.
Hy n uro cxorpcri' Maia:nni 6inn :anancni ronapaxn,
x roxy »c croni pocxomnixn, uro cpa:y 6pocannci n ina:a;
n xa»(ox xaia:nnc raxnc ronapi oco6on cncnnaninocrn, xax
xynnc, nncnc n ncnxnc (pyinc nimnic xcxa; 6inn xaia:nni,
i(c npo(anannci pocxomnan o6yni, ncnnxoncnnic qapqopo-
nic n:(cnnn, mcpcrnnic rxann, ioronoc nnaric, 6inn xnn»-
nic xaia:nni. Bcc nnrpnni cnnnn pocxomim n ynncxann
myxnon pcxnaxon. Ka:anoci, 6y(ro ri naxo(nncn nc n npo-
mc(mcx nonny iopo(c, a na Onnccncxnx nonnx (onocnnoio
Hapn»a. Bcc ¬ro cmc 6ino co6crncnnocrim pyxincxon 6yp-
»ya:nn, naxo(nnoci n cc pyxax, ona ncpmana :axon na pin-
xc. 2 n ¹ynaxnn c nm6onircrnox n y(nnncnncx pa:inn(i-
nann nnrpnni. 2, xax ncci(a, (yxan o nycronanmnx rnpancxnx
xaia:nnax, no :aro n ¹ynaxnn (yxan o xocxoncxnx xaia:nnax,
xoropic, nancpnnxa, nc 6inn 6oiarixn, xax :(cmnnc. Mi
cnpocnnn conpono»(anmcio nac pyxincxoio ronapnma:
÷ Orn xaia:nni iocy(apcrncnnic"
÷ Hcr, onn cmc nc nannonann:nponani, ÷ orncrnn ror.
Ho ni non(nrc, no»anyncra, n xaxon-nn6y(i xaia:nn, uro6
ocxorpcri cio n:nyrpn.
Koi(a xi ocranannnnannci ncpc( xaxon-nn6y(i nnrpnnon,
ror npocnn nac nonrn, no xi nc y(onncrnopnnn cio »cnannc.
Ho:(ncc xi nonnnn, uro 6ccnoxonno pyxincxoio ronapnma.
552
On nonyuan or µc»a npnxa: npc(ocrannri nax ni6pari, uro
nax yio(no 6ino n xaia:nnax, xy(a xi nxo(nnn, n nc (ari
nax :annarnri :a ¬ro. Bi6pannic naxn ncmn 6inn 6i no-
(apxox or HK Pyxincxon Pa6oucn naprnn. Haxoncn-ro
xi pcmnnnci nonrn n o(nn xaia:nn, xoi(a conpono»-
(ammnn cxa:an nax, uro on 6in xoxnanionox iocy(apcrna.
Oro 6in 6onimon pocxomnin xaia:nn. Koncuno, xi nomnn,
uro6i ocxorpcri cio, yio(nri pyxincxoxy ronapnmy, xoropin
ycran, npocn nac, a nc (nn npno6pcrcnnn ucio-nn6y(i. Mi
:axcrnnn, uro ror orncn n cropony :anc(ymmcio xaia:nnox
n, pa:yxccrcn, naxa:an cxy o6cny»nnari nac. Toi(a on n npo-
(ancn n: xo»n non nc:nn, uro6i ncynyri nax xnoio ncmcn,
no xi nc npnnnnn nccio, uro onn npcno(nccnn nax. 2 ni-
6pan (nn cc6n pa:pc:non no», xanncnnpcxnc no»nnni n xo-
»anin 6mnap (nn pa6oucio crona. H ¹ynaxnn nourn ro »c
caxoc ni6pan. Hrax, »cnannc pyxincxoio ronapnma 6ino
y(onncrnopcno'
Hoxnnyn xaia:nn, xi nomnn n 6onimoc xaqc n ccnn,
uro6i ncxnoio or(oxnyri. Tax 6ino xnoio nm(cn, xoropic
o6pamann na cc6n nnnxannc cnocn pocxomnon o(c»(on. um-
(n ¬rn c nm6onircrnox n yxpa(xon cxorpcnn na nac; onn
nac nc :nann, no, nancpnoc, :nann conpono»(anmnx nac nm(cn
n: opianon 6c:onacnocrn. Oro 6ino o(no n: rcx xaqc, o xo-
ropix µc» ionopnn nax, uro nx noccmann 6yp»ya, a on,
«:acynyn nncroncr :a nonc n oxpy»cnnin nm(ixn n: opianon
6c:onacnocrn, xo(nn ry(a n npononnponan nx n caxnx nx
npnronax».
Xo(nn n «npononnponan» nx n xaqc"' Hy n no(yxacmi'
¹ro n: ¬roio nixo(nno, ccnn n nx pyxax naxo(nnnci ¬xono-
xnxa, pinox, 6oiarcrna" Oro xcnn no:xymano n n (yxan:
¹ro ¬ro :a xoxxynncri" ¹ro ¬ro :a connann:x"
Bccio nccxonixo ncr cnycrn nocnc ¬roio onn concpmcnno
nainn(no noxa:ann, xcx onn 6inn na caxox (cnc ÷ µc»,
¬ror «cyponin 6opcn» npornn Tnro, xax ronixo Xpymcn ncpc-
xcnnn nnacrnnxy, ncpnix cran :amnrnnxox n croponnnxox
Tnro.
Bcpnynmnci no (nopcn n ccn :a npomaninix y»nnox c
553
pyxincxnxn ronapnmaxn (nc(i na (pyion (cni nax npc(cro-
nno ncpnyricn na Po(nny), n no(cnnncn no npcxn 6ccc(i
cnonxn oucni xopomnxn nncuarncnnnxn o Pyxinnn, pyxin-
cxox napo(c, nm(nx, no ionopnn rax»c o namcx onirc n ni-
pa:nn y(nnncnnc n nn(c nonpoca:
÷ Houcxy ni nc ¬xcnponpnnpycrc 6yp»ya:nm, a no:-
nonncrc cn ¬xcnnyarnponari napo(" µc» o6¡ncnnn xnc, uro
«ncc 6y(cr c(cnano n cnoc npcxn, rax xax cnryannn y nac or-
nnuacrcn or namcn» n nycrnncn n (pyinc no(po6nic rcopcrn-
:nponannn.
Ha cnc(ymmnn (cni xi paccrannci c µc»cx, Annon Hay-
xcp n (pyinxn npono»anmnxn nac n a¬ponopry pyxincxnxn
ronapnmaxn.
Bncpc(n nac »(ann nonic 6nrni. Hcnoni:yn onir xno-
ioncrncn 6opi6i, ncc, ucxy xi nayunnnci n uro nincnnnn
n na ¬rox concmannn, nax npc(cronno (o xonna (onccrn
6opi6y c rponxncrcxnx yxnonox Tnro, xax n c aicnraxn rn-
ronncn n namnx pn(ax.
Koncn 1n1onncn y nac
Hcxc(ncnnin n no:opnin yxo( rnroncxnx nocnanncn n:
namcn crpani c nocrynncnncx ncpnoio nncixa Ionimcnncr-
cxon naprnn no:ixcn (nn namcn naprnn, n uacrnocrn, (na na»-
nix pc:ynirara. Hcpnin pc:ynirar 6in nono»nrcninix:
ynn(cn, uro xo:ncna noxnnynn nx n 6c(c n 6pocnnn na npo-
n:non cy(i6i, Koun µ:o(:c n cio rnroncxnn xnan ((o nuc-
pamncio (nn npco6na(anmnc n Impo), ryr »c :aionopnnn no-
nnoxy n crann «npoconcrcxnxn», c(nnoinacno «conn(apn:o-
nannci» c nncixox HK KHCC rnroncxoxy pyxono(crny' Oro
6ino n namnx nnrcpccax; nc(i, xorn 6onimnncrno naprnnnoio
pyxono(crna n caxa naprnn (xoi(a cn cxa»yr o6 ¬rox) nccn
(ymon conn(apn:npymrcn c ncpnix nncixox Crannna (xax
n c (pyinxn cio nncixaxn), 6ino 6i noncc ncxopomo (nn
554
namcn naprnn, ccnn 6i (a»c nccio rpn-ucripc ucnoncxa ni-
crynnno npornn raxon o6mcn no:nnnn.
O(naxo ¬ror ncpnin, nono»nrcninin pc:ynirar conpo-
no»(ancn nropix pc:ynirarox, xoropin xoi nccixa or-
pnnarcnino cxa:aricn na namcn pa6orc: niny»(cnnic «conn-
(apn:onaricn» c nncixaxn HK KHCC n co nccxn xapxcncr-
cxo-ncnnncxnxn anann:axn, xoropic xi nponcnn nnocnc(-
crnnn n cncrc or6irnn y nac, Koun µ:o(:c n cio manxa ni-
rannci xaxyqnnponaricn, cxpinari xoirn, n:o6pa»ari cc6n
caxoc 6onimcc «nnc(cnnixn n :a6ny»(cnnc», «no((anmnxncn
uy»oxy nnnnnnm», a nc raxnxn, xaxnxn onn n 6inn na ca-
xox (cnc, :ancp6onannixn aicnraxn rnroncxoio pcnn:no-
nn:xa.
Ho xi nnxonx o6pa:ox nc xoinn (ari :ny cmc »nri n
:(oponox rcnc namcn naprnn. £io na(o 6ino pacxpiri, nip-
nari c xopncx n or6pocnri npoui, a ¬ro nc ronixo n:-:a 6oni-
moio npc(a, npnunncnnoio nax n npomnox, no n 6y(ymcio
pa(n. £cnn 6i xi noxa:ann cc6n nn6cpanaxn, cncnnaxn n
xnixnxn c nnx, ro n 6y(ymcx, c co:(anncx no(xo(nmnx yc-
nonnn, ¬ro :no nocrapanoci 6i n:nri pcnanm n cncpinyri
naprnm.
Taxnx o6pa:ox, nauancn (nnnnin nponccc pa6ori, iny-
6oxnx anann:on n cnopon, xoropin noinornn y nac ncci nc-
pno( c anpcnn-xan n nnnori (o non6pn 1948 io(a. 3a ¬ror
ncpno( mna nnrcncnnnan 6opi6a, ncnixn (nnxn n nouaxn
npoxo(nnn :acc(annn n cnopi. ¹acro, xoi(a xa:anoci, uro
cnryannn nponcnnnaci y»c, nonnnnnnci nonic qaxri n apiy-
xcnri, orucio xi 6inn niny»(cni nauari anann:i cnauana.
Hcncixo 6ino cpa:y »c pa:o6naunri npaion n naprnnnox
pyxono(crnc; nc(i onn npomnn «mxony» Tnro-Panxonnua, a
npnxoc yuacrnc n :aionopc c(cnano nx xacrcpaxn n»n n
o6xana.
Oco6cnno apxnaicnr, Koun µ:o(:c, ncnuccxn crapancn
yncprinaricn n nannponari, uro6i cnacrn, ccnn nc ncc, ro,
no xpanncn xcpc, cronixo, cxonixo xo»no 6ino cnacrn n:
cio xpaunoio npomnoio.
Hpounran nncixa, npon(n qa:y xonc6annn n oncncncnnn,
555
on, coo6pa:nn, uro (cna iny6oxo non(yr, n:xcnnn raxrnxy,
nauan n cnom oucpc(i «y(nnnnricn» na(cnannoxy Tnro n xox-
nanncn n «ncio(onari» npornn ¬roio'
Hocnc ncpnoio n nco»n(annoio y(apa, nancccnnoio cio
xo:ncnax, on noxo(nn na oinymcnnoio :ncpn, xorn cax y(a-
pa cmc nc nonyunn; nnauanc xi (a»c conccx nc naxcxann
na cio ianicrcpcxoc (cno. Cnninoc norpnccnnc, ncpc»nroc xx
n rc xoxcnri, cio :axcmarcnicrno n pacrcpnnnocri nnnnnci
(nn nac (pyinx npxnx (oxa:arcnicrnox roio, uro xi nxcnn
(cno c npaiox n: uncna nanonacncnmnx. Hxcnno n xoxcnri,
xoi(a on naxcpcnancn :axnarnri ncm nnacri, xoi(a nonaian,
uro ncpc( nnx nc ocrananoci y»c nnxaxoio ccpic:noio npc-
nnrcrnnn, a cnc(onarcnino, nxcnno n xoxcnri, xoi(a on o»n-
(an xoponi, cnonno ipox cpc(n ncnoio nc6a na ncio nco»n-
(anno o6pymnncn cnninin y(ap, xoropin oxonuarcnino nn-
man cio nccio, o ucx on xcuran n x ucxy y»c (anno ioro-
nnncn nnno nnn ranno. B no(o6nix cnyuanx npa»ccxnc n
:aionopmnnxnc ¬ncxcnri nnauanc npnxo(nr n 6onimoc :a-
xcmarcnicrno n conccx pacrcpnmrcn, no :arcx xano-noxano
co6npamrcn c (yxox n ncnuccxn crapamrcn xnararicn :a co-
noxnnxy, uro6i ni6parin n: 6onora xcp:ocrcn, xy(a onn
:amnn no cnocn nonc n cnonxn noiaxn.
To »c caxoc nponcxo(nno n c «icpocx» VIII Hncnyxa,
Koun µ:o(:c, xoropin ncpcxcnnn raxrnxy n nipa:nn «co-
nn(apnocri» c nncixaxn Koxxynncrnuccxon naprnn Concr-
cxoio Com:a, no n ro »c npcxn nirancn xancnpnponari, :a-
xnnyn cnoncuxo o rox, uro6i xi npocro oipannunnnci conn-
(apn:anncn c nnxn, c(nnoinacno «o(o6pnnn» nnmi ro, uro io-
nopnnoci n nncixax. O(naxo n nc (an cxy o6xaninari cc6n
rmcrnixn na(c»(axn.
÷ Hncixa Crannna cocrannnmr (nn nac 6onimym no-
xomi, ÷ cxa:an n cxy cnoxonno, no pc:xo. ÷ Mi n:yunx
ni(nniacxic n nnx npo6ncxi, o(naxo, caxoc inannoc, uro
xi (on»ni c(cnari, ¬ro paccxarpnnari nx n cnn:n c namnxn
(cnaxn, c namnxn ornomcnnnxn, c namnxn panaxn, nc(i na na-
mcn cnnnc cmc :nnmr pani or y(apon, nancccnnix nax Tnro n
xoxnanncn. Hc :a6y(i, n xaxox nono»cnnn xi naxo(nnnci, ÷
556
npc(naxcpcnno cxa:an n; ÷ nc ro, uro na:inari nx npaiaxn xi
nc xoinn, no n xoi(a xori xano xro-nn6o no:pa»an xaxoxy-nn-
6y(i miocnancxoxy rcxnnxy, nax ryr »c ionopnnn n Impo:
«na(o paccxorpcri ¬ro (cno, n6o ono anrnmiocnanmnnon
nonaxnnacr». Hc rax nn"'
÷ Ho»anyn, ¬ro rax' µo roio n (omno' ÷ npoiono-
pnn on cnc cnimno n n :axcrnn, uro nnna na ncx nc 6ino.
÷ Bcc nponcmc(mcc n namcn naprnn n n namcx pyxo-
no(crnc :a nocnc(nnc ucripc-nnri ncr, ÷ cxa:an n, ÷ noxa-
:inacr, uro xi nc ronixo no(ncpiannci (anncnnm n manra»y
co croponi xnnxn Tnro, no n (anann ¬roxy manra»y ornop,
npnucx cnninin.
÷ 2 nc ionopm, uro xi nc npornnonocrannnnnci nx,
xoi(a npc(crannnncn cnyuan, no raxnxn, xaxnxn onn n ccri,
npaiaxn n npc(arcnnxn xi nx nc na:inann. Hncixa B¬xan¬
. . . orxpinn nax ina:a. .. (ananrc paccxorpnx, (ananrc mnpc
paccxorpnx npo6ncxy, ÷ cxa:an on, ÷ nc(i nxcmrcn raxnc
ncmn, xoropic 6y(yr nonc:ni Hnqopx6mpo n B¬xan¬'
÷ µa' ÷ orpc:an n cxy. ÷ Onn o6n:arcnino 6y(yr nx
nonc:ni, no n ncpnym oucpc(i onn 6y(yr nonc:ni nax, namcn
naprnn (nn anann:a npon(cnnoio naxn nyrn, cronxnoncnnn,
n xoropic xi ncrynann, nono»nrcninix cropon n omn6ox,
npomnoio, nacronmcio n 6y(ymcio. A nax npc(cronr xnoioc
ncpccxorpcri, cxa:ari, npoanann:nponari n pcmnri. Ha(o
nocrannri na cnoc xccro ncc napymcnnoc n n:npamcnnoc
miocnanaxn, no( no:(cncrnncx miocnanon nnn n cionopc c
miocnanaxn, na(o ninnnri npnunni, na(o pacxpiri xopnn,
na(o c cnnon n pcmnrcnino nipnari :no n or6pocnri cio
npoui.
÷ O(no nnmi ncncc ncnoio, ÷ cxa:an n, nocxorpcn na
ncio n ynop. ÷ B cnocn anrnan6ancxon (cnrcninocrn onn
6inn nc o(nn. Onn (anno y»c co:(ann n namnx pn(ax cnon, n
rox uncnc n aicnrypnic, 6a:i. Oro xi (on»ni xopomo yun-
rinari npn namnx 6y(ymnx anann:ax.
On ncci noxpauncn n :annyncn.
÷ Oro ncpno, (onycxannci n omn6xn, ÷ cxa:an ncxoro-
poc npcxn cnycrn, onnri conna(an co6om. ÷ Hpan(y ionopn,
557
ccnn iny6oxo paccxorpcri ¬ro (cno, ÷ npo(on»an on, nc
no(nnxan ina:, ÷ ro nixo(nr, uro xi ncxno»xo :apa»cni
¬rnx :nox, no . . . ¬ro n:-:a 6onimoio (oncpnn, xoropoc nn-
rann x ¬rnx ncax. Bcpnnn xi nx rax, 6y(ro xpoxc nnx nnx-
ro (pyion n nc cymccrnonan. 3(cci xi (onycrnnn omn6xy, n
n coinaccn, uro6i (cno ¬ro 6ino paccxorpcno n naprnn n n
pyxono(crnc.
÷ Paccxorpcri-ro, ÷ oro:nancn n, ÷ xi paccxorpnx ncc
¬ro n naprnn n n pyxono(crnc, no :aro nn n xocx cnyuac nc
nyran nn naprnm n nn cc pyxono(crno n ncnox n ro, uro ri
:apa»cnncx na:nan' Hycri caxn :apa»cnnic ¬ncxcnri ni-
crynnr n cxa»yr nax, noucxy (cnann raxoc. Onn (on»ni
orunrinaricn, n ccnn nc c(cnamr ¬roio, ro xi 6y(cx rpc6o-
nari or nnx orucra, xax n na(o. C nnxn xi nc nyracx nn
naprnm, nn cc pyxono(crno.
Orn «cno6o(nic» 6ccc(i c Koun µ:o(:c nxcnn 6onimoc
:naucnnc n n npono(nn nx ocropo»no, n6o xi naxo(nnnci
n xanyn nauana cnopon n anann:on n Honnr6mpo. Kax ¬ro n
nncan n nimc, Honnr6mpo, oco6cnno nocnc VIII Hncnyxa,
nourn nc qynxnnonnponano n xauccrnc nicmcio naprnnnoio
opiana. B ncx npco6na(ano xpino Koun µ:o(:c, a ¬ro xo-
ino nccrn n cc6c onacnocri pa:6po(a nnn ncncpnon opncn-
rannn, oco6cnno n ncpnic xoxcnri. Hrax, na»no 6ino,
uro6i cax µ:o(:c nipa:nn «conn(apnocri» c nncixaxn Ioni-
mcnncrcxon naprnn, nc:anncnxo or rcxnix ncncn, xoropic
on cxpinan 6i :a raxon «conn(apn:anncn». µpyinc »c, npo(c
Han(n Kpncro, Kpncro Tcxcnixo, Hccrn Kcpcn(»n n r.(.
(on»ni 6inn nocnc(onari :a cnonx xo:nnnox n raxnx o6pa-
:ox xny6ox cax pa:nn:ancn 6i. H rc, xro n ¬rox nonox nono-
porc co6irnn nn(cn onacnocri (nn caxoio cc6n, nc xoinn
nicrynnri npornn o6mcio. Onn rax»c (on»ni 6inn conn-
(apn:onaricn c nncixaxn, xax n conn(apn:onannci, (on»ni
6inn craparicn xax xo»no nciuc or(cnaricn n ncpcno»nri
cnom rn»xym nnny na (pyinx, no, n xoncunox nroic, na ocno-
nc nccx npannn noccranonncnnon n naprnn (cxoxparnn, xi
(on»ni 6inn ninccrn nx na uncrym no(y.
£mc n caxox nauanc anann:on n Impo n cucn nco6xo-
558
(nxix xax xo»no npannnincc opncnrnponari (yx nicry-
nncnnn.
÷ Hama naprnn, ÷ cxa:an n ronapnmax, ÷ nnnncrcn
o(non n: rcx naprnn, xoropic xoiyr n (on»ni pcmnrcnino
n na xnoiouncncnnix apiyxcnrax (oxa:ari nannunc yxnonon
n rn»cnix omn6ox y HK KH Kiocnannn. 2 nnuno, no, (y-
xam, n ni rax»c, iny6oxo uyncrnym n npannnino oncnnnam
npnnnnnnaninic xpnrnuccxnc :axcuannn Ionimcnncrcxon
naprnn, n, xorn nc nax onn c(cnani, nonaiam, uro xi (on»-
ni xopomo paccxorpcri n ocnonarcnino npoanann:nponari
n namn (cna. Mi (on»ni or(anari cc6c orucr n rox, uro
xnoinc n: no(ucpxnnacxix Ionimcnncrcxon naprncn omn6ox
n ncxa»cnnn 6cnipa(cxnc rponxncri c Tnro no inanc crapa-
nnci ncpc(ari n nann:ari n nax. Oro qaxr, uro miocnancxoc
pyxono(crno cnnnnoci nnccrn n namy naprnm nocnnic xcro(i
pyxono(crna, pacxonori pyxono(crno, nann:ari nax onnopry-
nncrnuccxnc qopxi, nanpanncnnic na ocna6ncnnc namcn
naprnn n namcn Hapo(non Pccny6nnxn, nann:ari nax opia-
nn:annonnic qopxi, no(annnnmnc nnyrpnnaprnnnym (c-
xoxparnm, y(ymanmnc xpnrnxy n caxoxpnrnxy n r.(. Ono
(omno (o ninamnnannn nnanon nocnnon oxxynannn, ro ccri
crpcxnnoci nann:aricn nax noopy»cnnon cnnon. Hpan(a, ¬rn
anrnxapxcncrcxnc n:inn(i nc nycrnnn xopnn n namcn nap-
rnn, no :aro ncxoropic n: nnx, oco6cnno n:inn(i opiann-
:annonnoio xapaxrcpa, nann:ani nax n ron nnn nnon xcpc.
Hax nc:aucx cxpinari ¬ro, nao6opor, xi (on»ni uccrno
npn:naricn n ¬rox n rouno ycranonnri, nacxonixo onn npo-
nnxnn, n 6oporicn :a ncxc(ncnnoc ycrpancnnc nx, xax n
nncmnnx, no oco6cnno nnyrpcnnnx npnunn n qaxropon, c(cnan-
mnx no:xo»nix nx nponnxnoncnnc.
÷ Oro, ÷ cxa:an n ronapnmax, ÷ (on»no 6iri o(nnx
n: nanpanncnnn namnx anann:on. O(naxo, ÷ npo(on»an n,
÷ xi nc (on»ni oipannunnaricn nnmi ¬rnx. Kiocnancxnc
pyxono(nrcnn ncnn ncnic io(i npornn nac npc(nrcnicxym
n anrnan6ancxym (cnrcninocri n n (pyinx o6nacrnx, npnxc-
nnn xnoiouncncnnic anrnxapxcncrcxnc qopxi n xcro(i, o
559
xoropix, ccrccrncnno, Ionimcnncrcxan naprnn, 6iri xo»cr,
nc :nana n nc :nacr. B namnx anann:ax xi ncc (on»ni pac-
cxarpnnari cxno:i npn:xy xapxcn:xa-ncnnnn:xa. Y»c nacrano
npcxn npan(y nincnnri, xnoioc ncpccxorpcri c caxoio na-
uana, noccranonnri cnpanc(nnnocri nc:(c, i(c ona napymcna.
Hax ncucio 6onricn ¬rnx anann:on, nax ncucio 6onricn nn
xpnrnxn, nn caxoxpnrnxn. H: nccio ¬roio naprnn nin(cr n
ricnuy pa: cnnincc n :(oponcc, namc cnnmcnnoc (cno 6y(cr
cmc yncpcnncc npo(nniaricn nncpc(.
Hrax, :acc(annn Honnr6mpo, nponc(cnnic n anpcnc,
xac n nmnc 1948 io(a n cnn:n c ¬rnx nonpocox, npoxo(nnn
n (yxc conn(apnocrn c nncixaxn Ionimcnncrcxon naprnn, na
nnx 6inn npnnc(cni xnoiouncncnnic qaxri n apiyxcnri n
no(rncp»(cnnc anrnxapxcncrcxon n anrnan6ancxon (cnrcni-
nocrn 6cnipa(cxnx nn(cpon npornn namcn naprnn n namcn
crpani.
Inaio(apn ¬roxy nocnc IX Hncnyxa HK KHA, xoi(a xi
orxpiro pa:o6naunnn 6cnipa(cxoc anrnxapxcncrcxoc pyxo-
no(crno, xi 6inn nnonnc no(ioronncni x roxy, uro6i nonpcxn
n c na(nc»amcn cnnon orncrnri na xncncrnnuccxym n ocxncp-
nnmmym xaxnannm, pa:ncpnyrym npornn nac Tnro n xox-
nanncn.
O(naxo ¬ra ncpnan qa:a namcio ncco6mcio nacrynncnnn
na rnroncxnn pcnn:nonn:x no(ioronnna ncc ycnonnn x (ani-
ncnmcxy npo(nn»cnnm nncpc( no nyrn pacxpirnn n oxon-
uarcninoio pa:o6naucnnn aicnron Icnipa(a n namnx pn(ax.
Onn, xax n y»c ionopnn, «conn(apn:onanmnci» n ncnox
c nncixaxn Ionimcnncrcxon naprnn, noncn-ncnoncn no(xnm-
unnnci xo nccx namnx anann:ax. Honcccnnoc nxn nonnoc
nopa»cnnc, crpax ncpc( o6napy»cnncx cxpinacxon nxn npan-
(i, nonirxn :axccrn cnc(i caxo co6om npnncnn x roxy, uro
Koun µ:o(:c n xoxnannn cmc n ncpnon qa:c nacrynncnnn oxa-
:ann «ycnyiy» namcxy 6y(ymcxy: nincnn napy»y xnoio qax-
ron n apiyxcnron, cmc nyumc no(rncp(nnmnx npa»(c6noc
nxcmarcnicrno n (anncnnc Tnro n cio nocnanncn na namy
naprnm n namy crpany. Orn 6inn oucni rn»cnic qaxri, n xi
56O
panimc nc xoinn :nari o nccx nx, o nnx :nann ronixo aicnri
Icnipa(a. Tcncpi »c, n paxxax «ocxicncnnn», «oncnxn npo-
mnoio n nonox cncrc», onn oruacrn c ncnim xacrcpcxn :a-
xacxnponaricn, a oruacrn n:-:a (c:opncnrannn n crpaxa, cra-
nn «anrnrnronnaxn»' Cnyman nx, xoi(a onn copcnnonannci n
rox, uro6i «pa:o6pari rnrn:x no xocrouxax», xa:anoci, uro
«6oncc rncp(ix anrnrnronncn» npn( nn nan(cmi' Xani, uro
¬raxnc xy»n rax no:(no «cnoxnarnnnci» n pcmnnn «npannnino
no(onrn x ncrnnc»'
Onn roio n :acny»nnann, uro6i no nccycnimannc na:-
nari nx nacronmnx nxcncx, o(naxo n ncpnon qa:c nyumc 6i-
no (ari nx cno6o(no nicxa:inaricn' Hycri rn»cnoc 6pcxn
cnonx ncnpocrnrcninix omn6ox n n:npamcnnn onn n:nannnann
n ¬ron qa:c «na nccx»' Hoxa uro inannoc n rox n :axnmua-
noci, uro6i 6pcxn ¬ro 6ino ucrxo ninnncno, uro6i ono npc(-
crano ncpc( nccxn no nccx 6aia»c rnroncxon xcp:ocrn n rcx
caxix, na ocnonc no:xo»no 6onimnx apiyxcnron, ncc nonnnn,
xaxnx onacnix n ipo:nix pa:xcpon (ocrnina npa»(c6nan (cn-
rcninocri 6cnipa(cxnx nn(cpon npornn nac'
Hxcnno 6naio(apn raxon xy(pon n ocropo»non pa6orc,
nponc(cnnon naxn n Honnr6mpo n anpcnc, xac n nmnc xc-
cnnax, IX Hncnyx HK KHA npoxo(nn n nicoxo naprnnnox
(yxc n na ncx 6nccrnmc nponnnnoci c(nncrno xncnnn n (cn-
crnnn nccio namcio Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra. Taxon »c (yx
xapaxrcpn:onan ncm naprnm n ncci napo(, xoi(a 1 nmnn
1948 io(a, ucpc: :annncnnc HK KHA, onn y:nann o6 ocy»(c-
nnn n pa:o6naucnnn 6cnipa(cxnx nn(cpon.
Hama 6opi6a npornn rnrn:xa, npornn cio (anncnnn n
nnnnnnn n namnx pn(ax ncrynnna n nonym qa:y. Mno»ccrno
nocrynanmnx co nccx cropon qaxron cmc nxcno cnoc :nauc-
nnc, o(naxo caxoc inannoc :axnmuanoci n rox, uro6i 6inn
o6napy»cni n oxonuarcnino pa:o6naucni :aionopmnxn, uro6i
onn orunrinannci :a cnon npccrynncnnn npornn naprnn n
napo(a.
B nmnc xccnnc n nocrannn nonpoc concpmcnno orxpiro:
÷ Hcxc(ncnnym conn(apn:annm n ¬nry:na:x, c xoropix
nama naprnn n nam napo( ncrpcrnnn :annncnnc Hcnrpaninoio
561
Koxnrcra, ncco6mcc ncio(onannc npornn nnrcncnnnon n pa:ny-
:(annon anrnan6ancxon (cnrcninocrn 6cnipa(cxnx nn(cpon,
pacncnnnari ny»no npannnino n iny6oxo. ¹ro xacacrcn nac,
ro ¬ro cnn(crcnicrnycr oco6cnno o (nyx ncrnnax: no-ncpnmx,
n y nac, ncnc(crnnc miocnancxon (cnrcninocrn, manra»a n
(anncnnn, (onymcni omn6xn n n:npamcnnn n, no-n1opmx,
¬rn (onymcnnic omn6xn n n:npamcnnn conccx nc ornocnrcn
nn xo nccn naprnn, nn xo nccxy cc pyxono(crny. Hnauc nc
o6¡ncnnmi ncnixnynmnc y nac ncco6mnn no(¡cx n ncio(o-
nannc npornn npc(nrcnicxon (cnrcninocrn Tnro n xoxnannn.
Y»c nacrano npcxn, ronapnmn, xonxpcrno ocranonnricn na
ycranonncnnn orncrcrncnnocrn xa»(oio. Iino 6i ncnpocrn-
rcnino c namcn croponi no:no»nri 6pcxn omn6ox na nccx.
Koncuno, ¬ro 6ina o(nonpcxcnno caxan (cnnxarnan n
caxan rpy(nan qa:a ninnncnnn n ncxopcncnnn :na. 3aionop-
mnxn, npan(a, orcrynann y»c n npnmnn n :axcmarcnicrno,
no npo(on»ann :amnmaricn, :axcrann cnon cnc(i, crapannci
c6nri nac c ronxy.
Bnauanc, n pc:ynirarc apiyxcnron n qaxron, npnnc(cn-
nix xnom, Xmcnn Kano, Ioio Hymn n n n:nccrnon xcpc n
Ic(pn Cnaxny c Tyxox 2xona npornn Koun µ:o(:c, Han(n
Kpncro n Kpncro Tcxcnixo, nocnc(nnc, oxa:anmnci npnncp-
rixn x crcnxc, 6inn niny»(cni npn:nari o(ny nnmi omn6xy.
÷ Mi, ÷ cxa:an Han(n Kpncro, ÷ «6onimc nccx no(-
(annci nx nnnnnnm», no xi nc :nann, uro miocnancxnc py-
xono(nrcnn 6inn npaiaxn.
Mi npnncnn nonic qaxri n apiyxcnri (xacannci onn
nccx xnoiouncncnnix nonpocon, xoropic n ynoxnnyn nimc),
rcx nc xcncc, onn na cnocx n nacrannann:
÷ Mi ncixo n 6onimc nccx no((anannci nx nnnnnnm,
¬roio xi orpnnari nc crancx, ÷ ionopnn, :annnanci, µ:o(:c,
÷ xi npn:nacx (a»c ro, uro nc xax cnc(ycr yiny6nnnnci n
ro, uro na6anrinann nax miocnani, a (cncrnonann ncco:na-
rcnino. µonycrnnn omn6xy, nor n ncc.
O(naxo nacran xoxcnr n 6nox pacxononcn. Hocnc ncxo-
ropon ncpcmnrcninocrn n ncnoio pn(a xonc6annn, Kpncro
Tcxcnixo y6c(nncn n rox, uro cxpinari npan(y 6ino 6i
562
nanpacno. On concpmcnno orxpiro :acnn(crcnicrnonan n Ho-
nnr6mpo, uro (cnrcninocri cio caxoio n (pyinx «no((anmnx-
cn nnnnnnm» ¬ncxcnron nc no «nnnnnnn» :axnmuanaci, a n
aicnrypnon pa6orc, npono(nnmcncn cncrcxarnuccxn, opiann:o-
nannon n pyxono(nxon Icnipa(ox nnn »c Cano 3narnucx,
Hocnnox Icpin, Kynpcmannnix, Ccp(»cnrnucx n (pyinxn
n Tnpanc.
Oco6cnno cio cnn(crcnicrna o rox, uro ncc, ucx on xo-
pounn nax ionony nccxonixo xccnncn roxy na:a( (o «qc(cpa-
rnnnox com:c», o «(ncnoxannn (nnn:nn» n r.(.), ncxo(nno nc
or ncio caxoio, a or miocnanon,÷ no xnoiox cnoco6crnonano
(anincnmcxy yiny6ncnnm anann:a n Honnr6mpo.
÷ Cax Tnro, n npncyrcrnnn Tcxno n Koua Hononnua,
÷ :annnn, n uacrnocrn, Tcxcnixo, ÷ cxa:an xnc: «H(n n n:-
no»n ncc ¬ro Onncpy Xo(»a, xax rnoc nnunoc xncnnc n nacra-
nnan na ncx (o rcx nop, noxa nc y6c(nmi cio».
Boncn-ncnoncn crann nixna(inari n (pyinc, oco6cnno
Hccrn Kcpcn(»n n µ»o(»n Inmmn, a Koun µ:o(:c n Han(n
Kpncro, xax «(cxani» :aionopmnxon, npo(on»ann (pa:yxccrcn,
na cnom 6c(y, n6o naprnn ncc y»c 6ino ncno) 6ncqonari,
orxa:inanci npn:naricn no nccx.
O(naxo ycnonnn y»c nonnocrim na:pcnn (nn nocranonxn
nonpoca na Hncnyxc Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra naprnn.
Bnauanc c 6 no 7 ccnrn6pn npoxo(nn X Hncnyx HK KHA,
na xoropox npono(nnnci (ncxyccnn n 6ino pcmcno co:nari n
non6pc 1948 io(a I c¡c:( KHA. Iinn o6cy»(cni n o(o6pcni
nonccrxa (nn c¡c:(a, nopn(ox nponc(cnnn o6nacrnix nap-
rnnnix xonqcpcnnnn, nopn(ox n:6pannn (cnciaron c¡c:(a
n (pyinc nonpoci.
Bcc ¬ro na»no 6ino nc ronixo noroxy, uro xi nncpnic
ioronnnnci x raxoxy ncropnuccxoxy co6irnm, xaxnx 6in
naprnnnin c¡c:(, no n noroxy, uro n opiann:annonnox orno-
mcnnn miocnani nann:ann nax n npomnox anrn(cxoxparn-
uccxnc qopxi n xcro(i.
C ¬rnx npc(cronno y»c pa: n nancci(a noxonunri, n cax
nopn(ox opiann:annn, no(ioronxn n nponc(cnnn c¡c:(a (on-
»cn 6in nnnricn noccranonncnncx na npaxrnxc nccx nnyrpn-
563
naprnnnix nopx n npannn. Hocnc paccxorpcnnn rax»c npo-
cxra Ycrana naprnn, n :axpin X Hncnyx, orxcrnn ronapnmax:
÷ Bpcxn nc rcpnnr ornaiarcnicrn, xi (on»ni xo6nnn:o-
naricn na nponc(cnnc n »n:ni n rcucnnc nccxonixnx (ncn yxa-
:annn n ycranonox ¬roio Hncnyxa. Hax cnc(ycr ncxc(ncnno
ncpc(ari ¬rn ycranonxn o6nacrnix naprnnnix xoxnrcrax,
nponncrpyxrnponari nccx ronapnmcn n nxnmunri nx n pa6ory
no no(ioronxc xonqcpcnnnn, a :arcx xi cnona co6cpcxcn.
Hac »(cr 6oniman n oucni rpy(nan pa6ora: noxnxo cocra-
nncnnn n o6cy»(cnnn nnanon xo:nncrncnnoio n xynirypnoio
pa:nnrnn, xi n (crannx npoanann:npycx ncm ncropnm namnx
ornomcnnn c 6cnipa(cxnxn rponxncraxn, nx anrnxapxcncr-
cxym (cnrcninocri npornn nac, xax n namc pcainponannc na
¬ry (cnrcninocri n rcucnnc 6-7-ncrncio ncpno(a ornomcnnn
c nnxn.
Oror anann: 6in nponc(cn nnonnc ycncmno n c xapxcncr-
cxo-ncnnncxon npnnnnnnaninocrim na XI Hncnyxc HK KHA,
npoxo(nnmcx c 13 no 24 ccnrn6pn 1948 io(a.
B (oxna(c, npc(cranncnnox Hncnyxy or nxcnn Honnr-
6mpo, n no(ncpi iny6oxoxy n ncucpninammcxy anann:y ncm
ncropnm namnx ornomcnnn c KHK n c miocnancxnx iocy(ap-
crnox, nonnrnuccxym n opiann:annonnym nnnnm namcn nap-
rnn n oco6cnno co npcxcnn 6cparcxoio Hncnyxa (non6pi 1944
io(a), ncxpin npnunni orxcucnnix y nac omn6ox n onpc-
(cnnn xcpi x ocymccrnncnnm nonopora, xoropin (nxronann
nax nonic ycnonnn.
Hc cronno 6i ocranonnricn :(cci na n:no»cnnn n (o-
xna(c n(cn, qaxron n :axnmucnnn, n6o n raxox cnyuac xnc
npnmnoci 6i n ron nnn nnon qopxc nonropnri ncc nanncan-
noc xnom nimc, n xorcn 6i ronixo no(ucpxnyri ncxoropic
xoxcnri n: pa6ori Hncnyxa.
Hpc»(c nccio n xocn naxnrn ocrancn ncn:ina(nxix :(o-
ponin, xapxcncrcxo-ncnnncxnn (yx, c nauana (o xonna xapax-
rcpn:onanmnn pa6ory Hncnyxa. Bncpnic nocnc cronixnx ncr
(xo»no cxa:ari, co npcxcnn Hcpnon nannonaninon xonqc-
pcnnnn KHA, cocronnmcncn n xaprc 1943 io(a) ronapnmn
nicrynann n ionopnnn cno6o(no, c 6onimon :pcnocrim n
564
o:a6oucnnocrim ni(nnnyrixn na paccxorpcnnc ocrpixn npo-
6ncxaxn. Ionopnnn onn o6o nccx 6c: npc(n:nrocrcn, 6c: (nx-
rara n 6c: crccncnnn ncpc( xcx 6i ro nn 6ino. Conn(apn:a-
nnn nccx ronapnmcn c npc(cranncnnix xnom (oxna(ox
nipa»anaci nc npocro cnonaxn, a xnoiouncncnnixn apiyxcnra-
xn n qaxraxn, xoropic xa»(in n: nnx npnno(nn na ocnonc
cnocio co6crncnnoio onira.
Kax n (oxna(c, rax n n xnoiouncncnnix nicrynncnnnx
(nxcnnci raxnc ronapnmn, xoropic no cnocxy »cnannm ni-
crynann (a»c 2-3 pa:a) 6inn cmc nyumc ninc(cni napy»y
anrnxapxcncrcxan (cnrcninocri miocnancxoio pyxono(crna,
cio nnxopa(ounic ycnnnn :anccrn nac n rynnx n no(unnnri,
cio inycnin :aionop, nanpanncnnin na noinomcnnc An6annn.
Cnn:an ncc ¬ro c rcx, uro ionopnnoci n nncixax Ionimcnncr-
cxon naprnn n n Pc:onmnnn Hnqopx6mpo, Hncnyx no npany
:axnmunn, uro nonnrnuccxan nnnnn pyxono(crna miocnancxon
naprnn nnnncrcn anrnxapxcncrcxon nnnncn, xonxpcrn:npym-
mcncn xax onacnoc rcucnnc n pn(ax xc»(ynapo(noio xoxxy-
nncrnuccxoio (nn»cnnn.
÷ Oro :acnyia Ionimcnncrcxon naprnn, ncnnxoio Crannna,
no rax»c n namcn naprnn, ÷ cxa:an o(nn n: ronapnmcn, ÷
uro onn pacxpinn n pcmnrcnino npornnonocrannnnci raxon
onacnon nnnnn. £cnn 6i nnnnm ¬ry xi ocrannnn n noxoc,
ccnn 6i xi nc nanccnn cn y(ap, ro ona no:ixcna 6i rn»c-
nic n omyrnxic nocnc(crnnn n naicpc connann:xa.
B xo(c (c6aron (pyion ronapnm, xorn on n ocy(nn rnron-
cxnn yxnon, nicxa:an xncnnc o rox, uro npc(arcnicrno mio-
cnancxnx pyxono(nrcncn «ocna6nr xoxxynncrnuccxoc (nn»cnnc
n connanncrnuccxnn naicpi, n6o y nac 6y(cr o(non xoxxynn-
crnuccxon naprnn n o(non connanncrnuccxon crpani xcnimc'».
Cnono n:nn Xmcnn Kano n n cnocx :pcnox, xonxpcrnox
nicrynncnnn, nonnox ncnnix apiyxcnron n o6o6mcnnn, npo-
rnnonocrannncn n nicrynnnmcxy (o ncio ronapnmy:
÷ Oro conccx ncncpno, uro ncnc(crnnc npc(arcnicrna
miocnancxnx pyxono(nrcncn xoxxynncrnuccxoc (nn»cnnc n
connanncrnuccxnn naicpi ocna6nyr' ÷ orxcrnn, n uacrnocrn,
Xmcnn. ÷ Hao6opor, ncxpirnc npc(arcnicrna, cio :acny»cn-
565
noc pa:o6naucnnc n ocy»(cnnc c(cnamr nac cmc 6oncc cnni-
nixn, cmc 6oncc cnnoucnnixn, noxoiyr nax cmc 6oncc pc-
mnrcnino n(rn nncpc(. Cnna xoxxynncrnuccxoio (nn»cnnn
n connanncrnuccxoio naicpn cocronr nc n xonnuccrnc yuacr-
nymmnx n nnx naprnn n crpan, a n xauccrnc ¬rnx naprnn n
crpan, n nx pcmnxocrn npono(nri n »n:ni n orcrannari xapx-
cn:x-ncnnnn:x
1
.
Oucni 6onimoc xccro n nicrynncnnnx n (c6arax rcx
1O-12 (ncn :annn anann: nnnnn, xoropym npono(nna nama
naprnn. Ho npany xax n (oxna(c, rax n n nicrynncnnnx 6ino
orxcucno n (oxa:ano, uro, nc:anncnxo or nxcmarcnicrna, (a-
nncnnn n manra»a rnronncn, nonnrnuccxan nnnnn KHA ncci(a
ocrananaci npannninon n nocnc(onarcninon. Ory nnnnm, ÷
6ino cxa:ano, ÷ araxoninann, no ona nc cin6anaci, cn yipo-
»ann, no ona ocrananaci npc»ncn.
Hcxoropic na6nm(anmnccn or(cninic n:npamcnnn, ÷
6ino no(ucpxnyro na Hncnyxc, ÷ nc nnnnmrcn pc:ynira-
rox namcn nnnnn. Onn cnnon n xonapcrnox npo(nxronani
n nann:ani nax n oco6ix ycnonnnx nocnannaxn miocnancxoio
pyxono(crna. Tcx nc xcncc ¬rn cnyuannic n:npamcnnn, xo-
ropic nax 6inn nann:ani, xax, nanpnxcp, na VIII Hncnyxc
HK KHA, nnxonx o6pa:ox nc xoiyr npc(crannnri n rcx 6o-
ncc :annrnari npannninym nonnrnuccxym nnnnm, xoropym
npono(nna n orcrannana nama naprnn. Ba»no ro, ÷ 6ino
no(ucpxnyro, ÷ uro n ipy6ic n:npamcnnn, nxcnmnc xccro
na VIII Hncnyxc, noncc nc namnn cc6c no(xo(nmcn nouni
n nc nycrnnn xopnn n namcn naprnn. Mi c ncio(onanncx
orncpinn nx n rcncpi yrncp»(acx nx :acny»cnnoc ocy»(cnnc.
Hnauc n 6oncc cno»nix npc(crannnncn nonpoc uro xa-
cacrcn opiann:annonnon nnnnn naprnn. B ¬rox nanpanncnnn
xax (anncnnc n nxcmarcnicrno n:nnc, rax n crcncni nx npo-
nnxnoncnnn nponnnnnnci c 6onimcn cnnon, orucio (onycxa-
nnci napymcnnn, npcnparnnmnc opiann:annonnym nnnnm
naprnn n noo6mc ncnpannninym nnnnm. Ionimym orpnnarcni-
nym poni n ¬rox onacnox nonoporc ciipann II n VIII Hncny-
_____________________________________
1 H: nporoxona XI Hncnyxa HK KHA. HHA.
566
xi HK KHA. Anann:, xoropoxy 6inn no(ncpinyri ¬rn (na
nncnyxa, nincnn napy»y xnoio nonix qaxron n apiyxcnron,
no(rncp»(anmnx nc ronixo pyxono(nmym poni nocnanncn
Tnro n nx opiann:annn, no n anrnnaprnnnym, aicnrypnym n
:aionopmnnxym pa6ory ccxpcrapn no opiann:annonnix no-
npocax, Koxn µ:o(:c n cio npn6nn»cnnix.
Kpoxc nconponcp»nxix qaxron n (ono(on, npnnc(cn-
nix na Hncnyxc ronapnmaxn Ioio Hymn, Manym Mmqrny,
Xaxn Tocxa, Hcrpo Hann n (pyinxn, oco6ym poni n ocnc-
mcnnn 6cparcxoio :aionopa n VIII Hncnyxa ciipann rc ¬nc-
xcnri, xoropic 6inn cnn:ani c miocnanaxn, no cmc cxpina-
nnci, n:o6pa»an (cno rax, 6y(ro cronnn «n(ann or aicnrypi»
n 6inn «nc:annrnannixn». Cpc(n ¬rnx ¬ncxcnron ni(cnn-
nnci Ha(»nc µyxc, Hccrn Kcpcn(»n, Hcnyx6 µnmnnna n
(pyinc.
÷ £mc (o 6cparcxoio Hncnyxa, ÷ :annnna Ha(»nc µy-
xc, ÷ n :nana, uro nxcnno nponcxo(nno, :nana, uro ioronnncn
y(ap no Koxan(anry c ncnim ycrpannri cio, :nana rax»c nxc-
na nonix ronapnmcn, xoropic (on»ni 6inn nonrn n cocran
Impo. O6o nccx ¬rox paccxa:inan xnc Haxo. ÷ Ha(»nc
xnoio naionopnna n, cxa:ari no npan(c, cnonx «yccp(ncx»
npnncna raxnc qaxri, xoropic, xorn n 6ino oucni no:(no,
co(cncrnonann pacxpirnm n pa:o6naucnnm cmc cymccrnonan-
mnx n pn(ax naprnn :aionopmnxon. B uacrnocrn, Ha(»nc
µyxc ncpnon npnncna nicxa:inannc Haxo: «ccnn Koxan(anr
nc y6c(nrcn, ro cio y6c(nr pcnonincp».
÷ Taxoc, ÷ :acnn(crcnicrnonana ona, ÷ ionopnn xnc
cax Haxo. Koi(a on cxa:an xnc ¬ro, co xnom 6in n Han(n.
Han(n Kpncro, cn(cnmnn nc ro uro xax xoxpin, a xax
npoxirin (o»(cx noxcr, «cnoxnarnncn», naxoncn, n :annnn:
÷ Haxo ionopnn nax ¬ro. Koi(a on cxa:an ¬ro, npncyr-
crnonann Koun n n. Hpncyrcrnonan rax»c Bcnnxnp Cronnnu.
Onn-ro n :ancnn xcnn n rynnx.
Kny6ox ncc 6onimc pa:xarinancn. Oco6cnno cnn(crcni-
crna Han(n, xoropic ror npnncn cxopcc nccio n:-:a oxna-
rnnmcio cio crpaxa, xax n n ncnox orxpiran n :(oponan
caxoxpnrnxa Kpncro Tcxcnixo «nomarnynn» n «icncpana µ:o-
567
(:c». On y»c norcpnn na»nin nn( n nnmnncn ncnxoio npn:-
naxa xannn ncnnunn. Hoxo(nn ou na npncxnpcnmcio ncryxa.
÷ 2 6onimc nccx no((anancn nnnnnnm miocnanon, no-
cxonixy oucni-ro ncpnn nx. B ¬rox n ncn xon 6c(a, ÷ orxc-
uan on, xoi(a cio x crcnxc npn»nxann, n ca(nncn.
Tonapnmn npnno(nnn nonic, ncc 6oncc nccxnc apiyxcnri.
B pc:ynirarc on niny»(cn 6in (animc nicxa:inaricn:
÷ 2 nnuno . . .ionopnn, uro 6c: Kiocnannn An6annn »nri
nc xo»cr. Oro ionopnn noroxy, uro raxoc 6ino y xcnn nc-
ornn:noc y6c»(cnnc. 2 nonaian, uro, npan(a, Kiocnannn n
An6annn yuacrnonann n naicpc, no:inannncxox Concrcxnx
Com:ox, o(naxo An6annn cronna nc nncuox x nncuy c Kio-
cnanncn, a no( cc xpinimxox. B ¬rox-ro n :axnmunnoci nnn-
nnnc pa6ori Tnro. Bnocnc(crnnn (cno (omno (o nonnoio
o6¡c(nncnnn, no, xax (on»no 6ino 6iri ocymccrnncno raxoc
o6¡c(nncnnc, ¬ro xnc nc ncno 6ino. 2 (yxan n npo cc6n ncc
nonropnn: qc(cpannn, xonqc(cpannn, no ccio(nn cranonnrcn
oucnn(nix, uro onn An6annm cc(ixon pccny6nnxon nxcri
xorcnn.
÷ A ri cax, xaxon cc xorcn"' ÷ c nponncn cnpocnn
xro-ro «icncpana».
÷ 2, xax y»c cxa:an, ÷ :annnanci, :aionopnn on, ÷ (o-
nycrnn ipy6ym omn6xy, no n nnxax npc(crannnri cc6c nc xoi,
uro6i ona »nna or(cnino. Ho( xpinimxox y Kiocnannn
(a' Tnro n Panxonnu cnnino na xcnn no:(cncrnonann.
£mc 6onimc o6c:opy»nno Koun µ:o(:c ro, uro cio «no-
xomnnxn» Hccrn Kcpcn(»n, ncxnn Bacxc Koncnn (¬ro n ionopm
ccio(nn ncxnn Bacxc, no nc(i 6in on roi(a :axxnnncrpox
nnyrpcnnnx (cn n xorcn noiy6nri nac) n (pyinc, crpcxnci
cnacrn cc6c mxypy, nincnn napy»y uy(onnmnic (cncrnnn,
concpmcnnic :a cnnnon y naprnn n cc pyxono(crna. Cnc(ycr
orxcrnri, o(naxo, uro n ¬rnx 6c:o6pa:nnx nnauanc onn nc
orxpinnci caxn, no cnocn co6crncnnon «nnnnnarnnc». Hcr,
onn 6inn niny»(cni «ncnonc(aricn», nnmi xoi(a npan(a
ncnnina napy»y. Hacxonixo xnc noxnnrcn, nicrynan roi(a
ronapnm A(nni ¹apuann, xoropin xy(po n o(nonpcxcnno c
ncio(onanncx xpnrnxonan anrnnaprnnnic «yxa:annn», nocry-
568
nanmnc n o6nacrnic naprxoxi or «ccxpcrapn naprnn no opia-
nn:annonnix nonpocax», Koun µ:o(:c. Mc»(y npounx A(nni
npnncn n cnc(ymmnn qaxr:
÷ Koi(a n 6in ccxpcrapcx Uxo(pnncxoio o6xoxa, x
nax nc ronixo nocrynann «yxa:annn», orxpiro napymanmnc
nnyrpnnaprnnnym (cxoxparnm; o(na»(i npnmcn xo xnc n
xauccrnc npc(crannrcnn Mnnncrcpcrna nnyrpcnnnx (cn 3on
Tcxcnn n cxa:an: «Mnc nopyucno xonrponnponari naprxox».
«Kax ¬ro xonrponnponari" ÷ cnpocnn n. Bc(i ri n: Mnnnc-
rcpcrna nnyrpcnnnx (cn, xaxoc rc6c (cno c xoxnrcrox'». 3on
cxa:an xnc: «Tax ycranonncno, nanpacno nn ccxpcrapi no
opiann:annonnix nonpocax nnnncrcn n ro »c npcxn n Mn-
nncrpox nnyrpcnnnx (cn"» n, nacrannan na cnocx, orxcrnn, uro
«raxon xarciopnuccxnn npnxa: caxoio icncpana, npnxa: Hcn-
rpaninoio Koxnrcra».
Hxcnno nocnc ¬roio ncrann Hccrn Kcpcn(»n n Bacxc
Koncnn, xoropic cnonxn co6crncnnixn ycraxn npn:nann ra-
xoc, o ucx n nnxoi(a n nc (yxan, uro xoino nponcxo(nri
n pn(ax namcn naprnn:
÷ µcno (omno (o roio, ÷ :annnnn onn, ÷ uro (nn
npncxa nnn »c (nn ncxnmucnnn xoio-nn6o n: naprnn, cnc(o-
nano npc(napnrcnino nonyunri pa:pcmcnnc opianon 6c:onac-
nocrn; naprnnnic 6nncri nccx ncxnmucnnix xpannnnci n
Mnnncrcpcrnc nnyrpcnnnx (cn; xa»(an ncpnnunan napropia-
nn:annn o6n:arcnino (on»na 6ina nxcri cnonx uncnox o(noio
pa6ornnxa opianon 6c:onacnocrn, xoropoio cnc(onano n:6n-
pari uncnox 6mpo n (a»c ccxpcrapcx nnn :axccrnrcncx cc-
xpcrapn; naprxoxi n 6mpo naprxoxon ro»c (on»ni 6inn
nxcri n cnocx cocranc «npc(crannrcnn» opianon 6c:onacnocrn,
n r.(. n r.n.
÷ Kax ¬ro no:xo»no, uro6i raxoc nponcxo(nno 6c:
nc(oxa Honnr6mpo nnn, no xpanncn xcpc, 6c: xocio nc(oxa,
xax Icncpaninoio Ccxpcrapn naprnn" ÷ ryr »c cnpocnn n
Koun µ:o(:c.
÷ 2 »c (yxan, uro ni :nann o6 ¬rox, ÷ orncrnn on
nnonionoca ÷ Bc(i nc n ycranonnn ¬rn nopn(xn. Hx-ro ncpc-
(ann nax miocnancxnc ronapnmn . . . ro ccri miocnancxnc
569
npain. Tax nocrynamr onn n cnocn naprnn, n n . . . xax y»c io-
nopnn Hncnyxy, naxo(nncn no( nx cnninix nnnnnncx.
Kax pa: n raxon xoxcnr Bacxc Koncnn, crpcxnci n:o-
6pa:nri cc6n «ncnpnuacrnix» x ¬rnx rcxnix (cnax, pcmnn
(ari cnocxy «icncpany» cnninym nomcunny:
÷ Hcpc(ari-ro miocnani ncpc(ann, no n caxoxy rc6c
npannnnci raxnc nopn(xn, ÷ cxa:an on µ:o(:c. ÷ B npom-
nox io(y ri nopyunn nax pa:pa6orari «ycran (cncrnnn n
xonrponn», xoropin xi pa:ocnann nccx or(cnax namcio xn-
nncrcpcrna, n xnc xa»crcn, uro on npcnocxo(nr ncc ocraninic.
÷ ¹ro ¬ro :a «ycran»" ÷ ocnc(oxnncn n.
÷ On crannr opianax nnyrpcnnnx (cn :a(aucn nccrn
cnc»xy n xonrponi :a xa»(ix xoxxynncrox n xa»(ix xa(po-
nix pa6ornnxox no nccn crpanc' ÷ crcncnno orncrnn Bacxc,
y6c»(cnnin n rox, uro «orxpin» nax ¬ro, nixpyrnncn n:
6c(i.
÷ Kax" Kax" H (a»c on pa:ocnan" ÷ cnpocnn n xpan-
nc o6ccnoxocnnin n nopa»cnnin ¬rnx.
÷ Hc (nn cnc»xn' ÷ xorcn xoc-xax «cxniunri» ncc
¬ro µ:o(:c. ÷ Mi nopyuann pa6ornnxax opianon 6c:onac-
nocrn nnrcpcconaricn »n:nim ronapnmcn, nx ny»(axn, nnu-
nixn n ccxcnnixn :a6oraxn. Bor nxcnno raxym ncni n npc-
cnc(onann xi, a nc ycranonncnnc cnc»xn.
3an pa:pa:nncn cxcxox, no ¬ro 6in oucni iopixnn cxcx.
÷ «Hnrcpcconaricn» nrannc cnc»xy n o:nauacr' ÷ «na-
6pocnncn» na ncio Bacxc' ÷ A uro »c xi (cnann norox c no-
crynanmnxn x nax (oxna(axn" Homnn nn xi nancrpcuy uinx-
nn6y(i :a6orax" Hcr, xi nccio nnmi :anonnnnn nxn nnunic
(ocic.
Hc cronr (animc ocranonnricn na 6ccuncncnnix 6ccunn-
crnax anrnnaprnnnoio n aicnrypnoio xapaxrcpa Koun µ:o(:c
n xoxnannn. Hncnyx ncnixn (nnxn nxn n :annxancn (x roxy
»c :a nccxonixo xccnncn (o ¬roio nx :annxanoci n Honnr-
6mpo), n pc:ynirarc ucio qaxri o iopixon npan(c 6inn yc-
ranonncni nocnc XI Hncnyxa, n nponcccc o6cy»(cnnn cio
nino(on n pcmcnnn n naprnn n n napo(c.
Ba»no ro, uro na ocnonc nccx ¬rnx (nnrcninix n yroxn-
57O
rcninix, no :aro npnnnnnnaninix n iny6oxnx anann:on crana
concpmcnno oucnn(non anrnnaprnnnan n anrnan6ancxan (cn-
rcninocri ¬rnx nipo»(cnncn, ncnixn io(axn pinmnxn xo-
inny naprnn, cno6o(c n nc:anncnxocrn Po(nni. Bcn naprnn n
ncci napo( y6c(nnnci n rox, xaxoc npccrynncnnc onn nopo-
nnnn concpmnri, a ¬ro 6ino caxoc na»noc n namnx anann-
:ax. ¹ro »c xacacrcn naxa:annn, ro ono npc(crannnnoci y»c
ncixnx (cnox.
Bor raxnx o6pa:ox 6ino noxonucno c ¬rnxn aicnraxn
miocnanon, xoropix xi ni6pocnnn n: namnx pn(on. Tcx
caxix 6ino noxonucno n c n:npamcnnnxn, nircxanmnxn n:
nx nnnon n rannon (cnrcninocrn.
XI Hncnyx pcmnn ncxc(ncnno n nonnocrim ncpcnccrn
naprnm na ncianinoc nono»cnnc, pacncnnn xax rn»cnym omn6-
xy, xoropym ny»no 6ino nocxopcc ncnpannri, ror qaxr, uro
npoipaxxa naprnn cxpinanaci :a npoipaxxon µcxoxparnuc-
cxoio 0ponra, on ocy(nn n orxcnnn, xax anrnxapxcncrcxnc
n anrnnaprnnnic pcmcnnn, 6onimnncrno pcmcnnn 6cparcxoio
Hncnyxa n ncc pcmcnnn VIII Hncnyxa HK KHA, orxcnnn
n ro »c npcxn ncc naxa:annn n xoonrannn, xoropic, xax n
y»c ionopnn, 6inn concpmcni anrn(cxoxparnuccxnx nyrcx
no( (anncnncx miocnancxoio pyxono(crna n cio aicnron,
Koun µ:o(:c n xoxnannn.
B uncnc nm(cn, pca6nnnrnponannix na XI Hncnyxc HK
KHA, o(nnx n: inannix 6in Haxo Cnnpy. Kax ¬ro n o6¡n-
cnnn nimc, pcmcnnc o cio pca6nnnrannn 6ino npnnnro no-
roxy, uro XI Hncnyx orncpi, xax nccymccrnymmnc n no:nc-
(cnnic n anrnan6ancxnx n anrnxapxcncrcxnx ncnnx, ncc «o6-
nnncnnn», npc(¡nnncnnic nax miocnancxnx pyxono(crnox,
xaxnx 6ino o6nnncnnc n rax na:inacxon «anrnmiocnancxon
nnnnn n pyxono(crnc KHA» nnn »c (pyioc o6nnncnnc, na:i-
nanmcc Haxo «aicnrox nxncpnann:xa». H:-:a nonnoio orcyr-
crnnn qaxron xi nc xoinn npnnnri :a uncrym xoncry raxoc
o6nnncnnc, xoropoc no:no(nnn nxcnno rc, xro nnnnncn nc xcx
nnix, xax aicnrypon nxncpnann:xa. ¹ro xacacrcn «ipcxon»
Haxo n o6nacrn ¬xonoxnxn, ro, xax n y»c o6¡ncnnn, on nc
6in n nnx nnnoncn; 6oncc roio, miocnani nanpacno o6nnnn-
571
nn cio, xax anropa rax na:inacxoio anrapxnuccxoio nnrn-
ncrncio nnana. Bcc xi 6inn anropaxn ¬roio nnana, xoropin
n (cncrnnrcninocrn nnnnncn cxcnix, a noncc nc «ncpcaninix»
n «anrapxnuccxnx» nnanox. O(nonpcxcnno, na npnnnrnc pc-
mcnnn o pca6nnnrannn Haxo Cnnpy nonnnnn n oco6cnnocrn
ror qaxr, uro n roi(amnnx ycnonnnx xi xnoioio nc :nann
o cio no:nnnnx, cio ipcxax n rannix (cncrnnnx, concpmcnnix
oco6cnno n ncpno( nocnc 6cparcxoio Hncnyxa. Ho inannoc,
roi(a xi nc :nann o rox, uro Haxo ncrynnn n aicnrypnic
cnn:n c miocnancxnx pyxono(crnox, a nnocnc(crnnn, nnn:an-
mnci n ipn:nym nipy :a nnacri, oco6cnno n copcnnonannn c
Koun µ:o(:c, on oxa:ancn noxnnyrix miocnanaxn, n:-:a ucio
cnn:ancn c concrcxnxn (¬ro 6ina aicnrypnan cnn:i). O6 ¬rnx
nocnc(nnx cnn:nx xi rax»c nc :nann, (a n n ionony nax nc
npnxo(nno, uro xo»no 6ino concpmari raxnc npocrynxn. Mi
nn(cnn ronixo ro, uro on orcrannan concrcxnc n:inn(i n xo-
pomo or:inancn o Concrcxox Com:c, rax uro, nocxonixy xi
caxn 6inn oucni nono»nrcninoio xncnnn o Concrcxox Com:c,
ro, nonnrno, xi nono»nrcnino ornocnnnci x raxoxy nonc(c-
nnm Haxo. To »c caxoc ror qaxr, uro on, oco6cnno n 1946
n 1947 io(ax, cmc 6onimc c6nn:nncn co xnom n co :(oponon
uacrim namcio pyxono(crna, nc xoi nc nonnnnri na npnnn-
rnc naxn raxoio pcmcnnn. Cnc(onarcnino, ro, uro xi :nann
x roxy npcxcnn, paccxorpcnnoc n ncpa:pinnon cnn:n co
nccxn roi(amnnxn o6cronrcnicrnaxn n ycnonnnxn, no:(cn-
crnonano na npnnnrnc XI Hncnyxox HK KHA pcmcnnn o
pca6nnnrannn Haxo Cnnpy.
XI Hncnyx HK KHA npnnnn rax»c ncc xcpi x noccrano-
nncnnm nnyrpnnaprnnnon (cxoxparnn n, n oco6cnnocrn, x
cxopcnmcn pa:pa6orxc Ycrana naprnn, xax n (pyinc xcpi.
Hcxoropoc npcxn cnycrn nocnc XI Hncnyxa HK KHA, a
nxcnno n non6pc 1948 io(a cocronncn I ncropnuccxnn c¡c:(
namcn cnannon naprnn.
B ror ncpno(, xoi(a y nac 6ino 6ccxoncunoc xno»ccrno
(cn, n, oco6cnno, n ycnonnnx, xoi(a µ:o(:c n (:o(:ncri cmc
ncprcnnci y nac no( noiaxn, no(ioronxa nonnrnuccxoio (o-
xna(a c¡c:(y ornnna y xcnn xnoio npcxcnn n cnn. Toi(a y nac
572
cmc nc 6inn opiann:onani naprnnnic annapari, n opninnan
xpannrcn n apxnnc HK raxnx, xax n nanncan cio, a nxcnno
npnxo na xocn nnmymcn xamnnxc n xcnxnx mpnqrox. H:-
nccrno, uro ¬ro oucni o6¡cxncrin (oxna(, xoropin xnc npnm-
noci unrari na c¡c:(c n rcucnnc (nyx (ncn, nourn :a 15 uacon,
na ucripcx :acc(annnx. Ho n (on»cn orxcrnri, uro nccixa
yroxnrcninan n nonnan rpy(nocrcn n «ncn:nccrnix» pa6ora
na( cio no(ioronxon, (ocrannnna xnc oco6oc y(ononicrnnc,
xoropoc ocranoci ncn:ina(nxix n xocn naxnrn.
B ¬rox (oxna(c nncpnic (cnanaci ccpic:nan nonirxa x
no:xo»no 6oncc npannninoxy n 6oncc rounoxy nayunoxy
orpa»cnnm ncnoio ncpno(a n ncropnn namcio napo(a, oco-
6cnno naunnan c 2O-x io(on nincmncio croncrnn. 2 cucn nco6xo-
(nxix raxon nixo( :a ncropnuccxnc «ipannni» »n:nn namcn
naprnn (:naunr o6pamcnnc x ncpno(y (o 8 non6pn 1941
io(a), ncxo(n n: ocnonnon ucpri xarcpnanncrnuccxon (nancx-
rnxn, coinacno xoropon nnuro nc po»(acrcn na 6ccnno(non
nounc, y ncnxoio nnncnnn, y ncnxoio co6irnn cnon ncropnn,
cnon n ncpnym oucpc(i nnyrpcnnnc npnunni, xopnn n ycnonnn
no:nnxnoncnnn n pa:nnrnn. To »c caxoc nponcxo(nno n c
namcn Koxxynncrnuccxon Haprncn. Anann:, xoropoxy n no(-
ncpian ncpno( c 2O-x io(on no 8 non6pn 1941 io(a, cocrannnn,
xax cxa:ari, npc(ncropnm namcn naprnn n ncocnopnxo (oxa-
:inan, uro pcmammnxn qaxropaxn, npnnc(mnxn x co:(annm
KHA, 6inn ¬xonoxnuccxnc, connaninic, nonnrnuccxnc, ncropn-
uccxnc n (pyinc npc(nocinxn u ycnonnn n An6annn roio npc-
xcnn, n orncpian pa:inaionicrnonannn 6cnipa(cxnx pcnciaron,
xoropic, y»c nncxonixo nc crccnnnci n concpmcnno orxpiro
npncnannann cc6c poni «ocnonarcnn» namcn naprnn'
Hocnc ¬roio ncropnuccxoio o6:opa n (oxna(c no(ncpia-
naci (craninoxy anann:y ncn (cnrcninocri naprnn co (nn cc
ocnonannn, npannnino oncnnnannci o(cp»annic no npcxn
nonni n nocnc ncc xpynnic no6c(i, crano 6iri ncc ¬rani,
ucpc: xoropic nama naprnn n nama crpana npomnn :a nocnc(-
nnc ccxi ncr, pacxpinannci o6cronrcnicrna n npnunni (ony-
mcnnn omn6ox, na6nm(anmnxcn npn ocymccrnncnnn nnnnn
573
naprnn n naxcuannci inannic :a(aun n ycranonxn, n coorncr-
crnnn c xoropixn (on»na 6ina pyxono(nri crpanon nama
cnannan naprnn.
µyx nicoxon naprnnnocrn, nponn:inanmnn ncci (oxna(,
xoropin 6in c(nnoinacno o(o6pcn Honnr6mpo Hcnrpaninoio
Koxnrcra, npannnino opncnrnponan nicrynncnnn (cnciaron.
Hrax, n rcucnnc 15 (ncn, c 8 no 22 non6pn, nyumnc
npc(crannrcnn namcn naprnn, caxixn (cxoxparnuccxnxn qop-
xaxn n:6pannic na o6nacrnix naprnnnix xonqcpcnnnnx,
cnonx ncpnix n cxcnix cnonox n xncnncx c(cnann I c¡c:(
naprnn o(nnx n: caxix :naxcnarcninix co6irnn nc ronixo
n »n:nn naprnn, no n no nccn ncropnn namcio napo(a.
Ba»noc xccro :annn na c¡c:(c, n uacrnocrn, anann: na-
mnx ornomcnnn c KHK n c miocnancxnx iocy(apcrnox. Tax
xi nncpnic orxpiro n ncccroponnc pa:o6naunnn n ocy(nnn
ncm npa»(c6nym (cnrcninocri Tnro n xoxnannn. 0axri,
apiyxcnri n nino(i, npnnc(cnnic c¡c:(ox no ¬roxy nonpo-
cy, 6inn ncocnopnxixn n coxpymnrcninixn (nn 6cnipa(cxnx
pcnciaron. £mc nyumc no(rncp(nnoci, uro inannix ncrou-
nnxox nccx omn6ox n n:npamcnnn, (onymcnnix oco6cnno n
opiann:annonnon nnnnn namcn naprnn, 6ino pyxono(crno
KH Kiocnannn. µonycxan n cnocn pa6orc omn6xn rcopcrn-
uccxoio xapaxrcpa (n cymnocrn, ncn cio nnnnn 6ina ncnpa-
nnninon, pcnn:nonncrcxon), a rax»c ncxo(n n: cyiy6o aicnry-
pnix, monnnncrnuccxnx n npaixarnuccxnx crpcxncnnn no
ornomcnnm x namcn naprnn n namcn crpanc, ono ncnuccxn cra-
panoci nann:ari nax uy»(ic, anrnxapxcncrcxnc n:inn(i n
xcro(i. B ro »c npcxn c¡c:( caxix (cxoxparnunix n npa-
nnninix nyrcx pcmnn n o (anincnmcn cy(i6c Koun µ:o(:c
n xoxnannn. Xorn onn 6inn pc:xo pa:o6naucni naxn na
XI Hncnyxc n na naprnnnix axrnnax n o6nacrnx, n nc(oxcrnax
n nccxorpn na npnnnric naxn ncpnic xcpi, xi onnri-raxn
pa:pcmnnn nx npnnnxari yuacrnc n (a»c nicrynari na c¡c-
:(c. £crccrncnno, Hcnrpaninoxy Koxnrcry n Honnr6mpo 6i-
no ncc ncno, uro xacanoci nx, o(naxo na»no 6ino, uro6i
cax naprnnnin c¡c:( oxonuarcnino nipa:nn n yrncp(nn
574
cnoc xncnnc n cy»(cnnc no nx (cny. £mc xoi(a n unran ry
uacri (oxna(a, n xoropon mna pcui o co:narcninon aicnryp-
non (cnrcninocrn Koun µ:o(:c, Han(n Kpncro n (pyinx, :an
oinacnncn nixpnxaxn:
÷ Bon n: namnx pn(on npaion naprnn n napo(a'
Taxon (yx nponn:inan ncm naprnm n ncci napo(, xoropic
c oipoxnix nnrcpccox cnc(nnn :a pa6oron c¡c:(a. Ticnun
nnccx n rcncipaxx nocrynann x nax or naprnnnix opiann:a-
nnn, (pyinx opiann:annn n yupc»(cnnn na xccrax; ricnun
rpy(nmnxcn ÷ xy»unn, »cnmnn, mnomcn n (cnymcx, xoxxy-
nncron n ncxoxxynncron ncrpcuann nac npn nxo(c n nixo(c
n: :ana c¡c:(a. H ncc onn n o(nn ionoc nixpnxnnann: «µa
:(pancrnycr naprnn' µonon npaion'». 2 nnxoi(a nc :a6y(y,
xax nax nimnn nancrpcuy xarcpn nanmnx icpocn, xarcpn
rcx, xro, nancpnoc, 6in 6i (cnciarox ¬roio c¡c:(a; onn o6cry-
nnnn xcnn n, no inanc c orna»non xarcpim Mnxann µypn,
nicoxo no(nnn xynax, naxa:inann nax, ncpncc, «rpc6onann or
nac», no nxn xponn cnonx cinon xpcnxo (cp»aricn, nicoxo
nccrn :naxn naprnn, :amnmari napo(nym nnacri n :axanun-
nann cnonaxn: «Bpaion x nnccnnnc'».
Mnoiouncncnnic n :pcnic nicrynncnnn (cnciaron ni-
ncnn aicnrypy Icnipa(a na uncrym no(y. Hcpc( nnnox co-
xpymnrcninix qaxron n apiyxcnron, Koun µ:o(:c n Han(n
Kpncro crapannci nannponari n na c¡c:(c. Tax, Koun µ:o-
(:c, nanpnxcp, 6in niny»(cn cnonxn co6crncnnixn ycraxn
npn:nari, uro n Icparc «n npornnonocrannnncn nnnnn naprnn
n Icncpaninoxy Ccxpcrapm», uro «rax xi (cncrnonann :a
cnnnon y naprnn» n r.(., no «ncc ¬ro, ÷ nirancn onpan(ari
cc6n µ:o(:c, ÷ xi (cnann noroxy, uro nc nonnxann, uro
(onycxann omn6xy», «xi (cnann ¬ro 6ccco:narcnino», «¬ro
Cronnnu :ancn nac n rynnx»
1
. B raxox (yxc «nocrponn» (nnn
»c cxy no(ioronnnn cc) µ:o(:c ncm «caxoxpnrnxy»: on npn-
:nanan, uro ucio ronixo nc narnopnn, no :a xa»(ix qaxrox
cnc(onann cio cnona «¬ro n (cnan 6ccco:narcnino», «n nc
____________________________________
1 H: «caxoxpnrnxn» K. µ:o(:c na I c¡c:(c KHA.. HHA.
575
:nan, uro (cncrnonan npornn naprnn n napo(a», «¬ro mio-
cnani c6nnn xcnn c ronxy» n r.(.
µcnciari orncpinn n (o xonna pa:o6naunnn n ¬rn cio
yxnmpcnnn. Ha qaxrax n (ono(ax no(rncp(nnoci, uro ncc
(cnanoci nnonnc co:narcnino n no pa:pa6orannoxy n o(o-
6pcnnoxy n Icnipa(c cncnapnm
1
. µcnciari ryr »c nacron-
unno norpc6onann, uro6i :a cnom aicnrypnym n anrnan6an-
cxym (cnrcninocri Koun µ:o(:c n xoxnannn orncuann y»c
nc ncpc( naprncn, a ncpc( opianaxn (nxrarypi nponcra-
pnara.
Tcx caxix I naprnnnin c¡c:( (animc yiny6nn n oxonua-
rcnino yrncp(nn nonopor, naxcucnnin XI Hncnyxox HK
KHA. Haprnn noopy»nnaci npannninon, xapxcncrcxo-ncnnn-
cxon icncpaninon nnnncn. C¡c:( cmc pa: ocy(nn xax nc-
npannninym n npc(nym npc»nmm, nann:annym nax miocna-
naxn, npaxrnxy npc6inannn naprnn na nonyncianinox nono-
»cnnn, n pa: n nancci(a :axpcnnn :a naprncn nc:axcnnxym
pyxono(nmym poni no nccn »n:nn crpani. B (cnc nonnoio
ycranonncnnn (cxoxparnn n naprnn n no nccn »n:nn crpani,
n (cnc ycnocnnn n ocymccrnncnnn xapxcncrcxo-ncnnncxnx
npnnnnnon n nopx, pciynnpymmnx nnyrpnnaprnnnym »n:ni,
na»nym poni npn:nan 6in ciipari npnnnrin c¡c:(ox Ycran
naprnn.
Mi o6cy»(ann na c¡c:(c xa»(ym crarim Ycrana, npn
¬rox ronapnmn :pcno n :a6ornnno conocrannnnn xnoinc npc(-
nic xcro(i n nopn(xn, npnxcnnnmnccn (o roio npcxcnn, c
xapxcncrcxon ncrnnon, nonnomcnnon n Ycranc. Caxo co6om
(animc pacmnpnnnci namn cnc(cnnn o (cnrcninocrn 6cnipa(-
____________________________________
1 Kax pa: raxoio pa:o6naucnnn n xorcnn n:6c»ari 6cnipa(cxnc nn-
(cpi. Onn ucio ronixo nc npc(npnnnnn, uro6i Koun µ:o(:c y6c»an n
Kiocnannm cmc (o I c¡c:(a KHA. C ¬ron ncnim roi(amncxy miocnan-
cxoxy npc(crannrcnm n Tnpanc nocnann nccxonixo pa(noipaxx, n o(non
n: xoropix cxy npnxa:inann o6n:arcnino ncrynnri n xonraxr c Koun
µ:o(:c n opiann:onari cio no6ci n Kiocnannm. ¹cnoncxy, xoropoxy
y(anoci 6i opiann:onari cio no6ci, o6cmann 1OO OOO ncx n r.(. (Apxnn
Munucmepcmea enympennux uea.)
576
1 Kax pa: raxoio pa:o6naucnnn n xorcnn n:6c»ari 6cnipa(cxnc nn-
(cpi. Onn ucio ronixo nc npc(npnnnnn, uro6i Koun µ:o(:c y6c»an n
Kiocnannm cmc (o I c¡c:(a KHA. C ¬ron ncnim roi(amncxy miocnan-
cxoxy npc(crannrcnm n Tnpanc nocnann nccxonixo pa(noipaxx, n o(non
n: xoropix cxy npnxa:inann o6n:arcnino ncrynnri n xonraxr c Koun
µ:o(:c n opiann:onari cio no6ci n Kiocnannm. ¹cnoncxy, xoropoxy
y(anoci 6i opiann:onari cio no6ci, o6cmann 1OO OOO ncx n r.(. (Apxnn
Munucmepcmea enympennux uea.)
576
cxnx pcnciaron n nx aicnrypi n namnx pn(ax. C¡c:( nnmnnn
pa: no(rncp(nn npannninin nino( o rox, uro n cnyuac c py-
xono(crnox KH Kiocnannn xi nxcnn (cno nc ronixo c anrn-
an6ancxnx, nannonanncrcxnx n monnnncrnuccxnx pyxono(-
crnox, no n ncpnym oucpc(i c aicnrypon nxncpnann:xa, c
xnnxon co:narcninix pcnciaron, xoropic crpcxnnnci pcnn-
:onari rcopnm n npaxrnxy pcnonmnnn n connann:xa no nccx
o6nacrnx. Iccxoncunoc xno»ccrno nnxoi(a nc nccnxanmnx
qaxron, xax n namn (anincnmnc anann:i c ncnim nonnrnuc-
cxoio n n(conoinuccxoio pa:o6naucnnn miocnancxoio pcnn-
:nonn:xa, (oxa:ann n (oxa:inamr npannninocri n (anino-
nn(nocri nino(a, c(cnannoio I c¡c:(ox KHA ornocnrcnino
6cnipa(cxnx pcnciaron.
Hocnc I c¡c:(a naprnn, n cncrc nonnnnmnxcn nonix qax-
ron, naprnn n napo( no npany norpc6onann, uro6i inanapn
:aionopmnxon 6inn ncpc(ani napo(noxy npanocy(nm n
uro6i ono cy(nno nx :a nicmcc npccrynncnnc npornn Po(n-
ni, npornn naprnn n connann:xa
1
. Hcpc( cy(ox 6cnipa(cxnc
aicnri cnonxn co6crncnnixn ycraxn npn:nann, uro no nccx
concpmcnnox nxn onn (cncrnonann no yxa:xc n no( pyxono(-
crnox Tnro n cio nocnanncn. Hx noxa:annn cy(y 6inn no-
xcmcni n ncuarn, uro6i napo( unran nx, no cmc n (nn roio,
uro6i onn nonann Tnro na cron, xax coxpymnrcninin y(ap
cxy :a c(cnannoc nx n npomnox n xax npc(ynpc»(cnnc na
6y(ymcc.
¹ro xacacrcn nac, ro, pa:yxccrcn, xi nopnann nm6ic
cnn:n c Tnro n rnroncxon naprncn. Iopixoc npomnoc n orno-
mcnnnx c nnxn xi coxpannnn xax ncnnin ypox na 6y(ymcc,
n6o :nann: ncnocpc(crncnno nnn xocncnno xi 6onimc nc 6y-
(cx no((cp»nnari n nc coinacni no((cp»nnari c nnxn nn-
xaxnx cnn:cn, o(naxo 6opi6a c nx anrnxapxcncrcxnxn n:inn-
_____________________________________
1 Cy(c6nin nponccc no (cny Koun µ:o(:c, Han(n Kpncro n rpcx
nx 6nn»anmnx coo6mnnxon npoxo(nn n iopo(c Tnpanc c 11 xan no
1O nmnn 1949 io(a. K cxcprnon xa:nn ucpc: paccrpcn 6in npnionopcn
ronixo Koun µ:o(:c, roi(a xax H. Kpncro 6in npnionopcn x 2O io(ax
rmpcxnoio :axnmucnnn, a ocraninic rpn ÷ x rmpcxnoxy :axnmucnnm
cpoxox or 5 (o 15 ncr.
577
(axn n no:nnnnxn, c nx ncnpcpinnon anrnan6ancxon (cnrcni-
nocrim nn n xocx cnyuac nc npcxparnrcn.
Mi 6inn npcncnonncni pcmnxocrn c xapxcncrcxo-nc-
nnncxon npnnnnnnaninocrim n nocnc(onarcnino npo(on»ari
n ¬ry 6opi6y, uro6i (onccrn cc (o xonna, (o caxon no6c(i.
578
X
H OTKF1TOH BOFbBE C TWTOHUAMW
Bopu6a c 1n1n:mom ÷ nc1opnucckan nco6xoun-
moc1u * Hamc ncpnoc c1onknoncnnc c xpymcnnamn
«no mrocnanckomy nonpocy» * O «ucmokpa1nn» 1n-
1o-pankonnucü * Bcnrpauckoc pykonouc1no npnno-
un1 n ucüc1nnc an1nan6ancknx nouonkon, npcc1ynnn-
kon n unncpcan1on * Xpymcnckan n:mcna na no-
momu 1n1onckoü n:mcnc. Fa:rpom 1n1oncko-xpy-
mcnckoro :aronopa na Tnpanckoü nap1nünoü kon-
qcpcnnnn {anpcnu 1956 r.) * Mcxmc1 Hcxy ÷ no-
nnarcn1 nmncpnannc1nuccko-pcnn:nonnc1cknx cckpc1-
nmx cnyn6 * 4okycm Mcxmc1a Hcxy n ncpnou
c 6cpa1ckoro Uncnyma {non6pu 1944 r.) n nnno1u
uo I c±c:ua KUA {non6pu 1948 r.) * 1960 rou. Mcx-
mc1 Hcxy nmcc1c c Tn1o, Fanuonuqom Hcpunnncm
n 4ynunom na okcanckom napoxouc «Koponcna Enn-
:anc1a». Komy uonncn 6mn yronua1u, a komy nc1
s1o1 cnyra mnornx rocnou? * H ?0-c roum. 3anaunmc
n 1n1onckan arcn1ypm o1uam1 Mcxmc1y Hcxy npn-
ka: ncpcü1n k ucüc1nnm. Tpn nponannnmnccn :aro-
nopmnnknc rpynnm * ±cmonc1pannn n Koconc nm-
nynuam1 V±B noncp1nona1u kap1oü «6onumoü na-
ucnum» n An6annn. Uoucmy :ac1pcnnncn Mcxmc1
Hcxy? * C1anka na 6anum 1cppopnc1on * Connann-
c1nucckan An6annn 6mna n oc1ac1cn rpann1nmm y1c-
com.
35 ncr, xnnonanmnx co npcxcnn, xoi(a rnroncxan n:xcna
6ina no nccycnimannc ocy»(cna n pa:o6naucna, ÷ cnn(c-
rcnicrno roio, uro, xorn cmc n 1948 io(y cnn:n xc»(y namcn
naprncn n KHK 6inn pa: n nancci(a npcpnani, 6opi6a
xc»(y naxn nn na xni nc npcxpamanaci. B uacrnocrn, ccri
579
(nc inannic npnunni, (na inannix qaxropa, c(cnanmnx (nn
nac ¬ry 6opi6y nacronrcninon n »n:ncnno nco6xo(nxon:
Ho-ncpnmx, n rnrn:xc nama naprnn ycxarpnnana n ycxa-
rpnnacr o(ny n: nanonacncnmnx pa:nonn(nocrcn 'conpcxcnnoio
pcnn:nonn:xa, orucio 6opi6y :a cio nonnrnuccxoc n n(co-
noinuccxoc pa:o6naucnnc n pa:ipox xi cunrann n cunrari
6y(cx cnonx npanox n ncpnocrcncnnix (oniox.
Ho-n1opmx, :a ncci ¬ror ncpno( anrnan6ancxan (cnrcni-
nocri 6cnipa(cxoio pyxono(crna nn na xni nc npcxpamanaci,
orucio namcn naprnn n namcxy iocy(apcrny npnxo(nnoci
nccrn o»ccroucnnym 6opi6y :y6 :a :y6 c ncnim ncxpiri, npc-
ccui n pa:6nri n nyx n npax nocronnnic aicnrypnic n :a-
ionopmnnxnc crpcxncnnn n (cncrnnn Icnipa(a.
Hc cunran ny»nix n(anaricn n no(po6nocrn ornocnrcni-
no roio, xax ncnaci xonxpcrno raxan 6opi6a (no nccx rcopc-
rnuccxnx (oxyxcnrax namcn naprnn ona (cranino npoanann-
:nponana), n xorcn 6i no(ucpxnyri ncxoropic n: cc ocnon-
nix acncxron n xoxcnron.
Bopu6a c 1n1n:mom ÷ nc1opnucckan nco6xounmoc1u
Kiocnancxnn pcnn:nonn:x, ncpnoc rcucnnc, npc(crannnm-
mcc pcnn:nonn:x y nnacrn, nonnnncn n y:nonon xoxcnr 6opi6i
xc»(y connann:xox n nxncpnann:xox. C caxoio nauana axc-
pnxancxnn nxncpnann:x n ncn xnponan pcaxnnn ynn(cnn n rn-
rn:xc nyri, n(conoinm n nonnrnxy, nc(mnc x ncpcpo»(cnnm
xoxxynncrnuccxnx naprnn connanncrnuccxnx crpan, x pacxony
n nnxnn(annn c(nncrna xc»(ynapo(noio xoxxynncrnuccxoio
(nn»cnnn, x no(piny pcnonmnnn n nannonanino-ocno6o(nrcni-
nix nonn. Bor noucxy nxncpnann:x n pcaxnnn nccxn cnnaxn
n cpc(crnaxn nicrynnnn n no((cp»xy 6cnipa(cxnx pcnciaron,
no((cp»nnann n opncnrnponann nx na ro, uro6i, coxpannn
ncxoropic «connanncrnuccxnc» :annari, cny»nnn opy(ncx (n-
ncpcnn (nn pa:ipoxa (pyinx.
58O
Taxym xnccnm Tnro n xoxnannn n:nnn na cc6n nnonnc
co:narcnino, npcnparnn cnom naprnm n miocnancxoc iocy(ap-
crno n aicnrypy nxncpnann:xa. Hamn naprnn nn n xocx cny-
uac nc xoinn n nc (on»ni 6inn ocranaricn panno(ymnixn x
raxoxy :ny. Oco6cnno ncpc( naprnnxn roi(amnnx connanncrn-
uccxnx crpan ncranana ncorno»nan :a(aua nc nounnari na
nanpax n nc nponnnnri ncixoxicnnc, cunran, uro, nocxonixy
onn cronnn y nnacrn n nocxonixy miocnancxoc pyxono(crno
6ino ocy»(cno n oxa:anoci n n:onnnnn, ono nc npc(crannnno
6onimc nnxaxon onacnocrn. Hcr, nocronnnan xnacconan 6opi-
6a, 6opi6a :a nonnomcnnc n »n:ni xapxcn:xa-ncnnnn:xa n n
:amnry cio uncrori, :a nocnnrannc xa»(oio xoxxynncra n
nccn naprnn n (yxc pcnonmnnonnon n(conoinn, cocrannnna
(nn nm6on naprnn ycnonnc sine qua non*, uro6i npc(ornpa-
rnri nonropcnnc cmc i(c-nn6o roio, uro cnyunnoci n Kio-
cnannn.
Or(anan cc6c orucr no nccx ¬rox, nama naprnn cmc
n 1948 io(y (xorn n 6ina ornocnrcnino xono(on n nc pac-
nonaiana ny»nix onirox n o6nacrn rcopnn) o(non n: ncp-
nix nxnmunnaci n orxpirym nonnrnuccxym n n(conoinuccxym
6opi6y npornn miocnancxoio pcnn:nonn:xa. Hncuox x nncuy
c (pyinxn xoxxynncrnuccxnxn naprnnxn, cocronnmnxn nnn
»c nc cocronnmnxn n Hnqopx6mpo, nama naprnn nnccna
cnon nxna( n pacxpirnc n (anincnmcc pa:o6naucnnc ¬roio
pcnn:nonncrcxoio rcucnnn, cio xopncn, xax n connanino-xnac-
conix npnunn, c(cnanmnx no:xo»nix cio nonnncnnc, npc(a,
xoropin ono npnunnnno xax naprnn, iocy(apcrny n napo(y
n Kiocnannn, rax n xc»(ynapo(noxy xoxxynncrnuccxoxy
n pa6oucxy (nn»cnnm.
B cnom oucpc(i Tnro n xoxnannn, npnmc(mnc n npocri or
noncccnnoio nopa»cnnn n nocronnnoio pa:o6naucnnn, pa:ncp-
nynn, napn(y c 6opi6on :a pacnpocrpancnnc pcnn:nonncrcxnx
rcopnn, 6c::acrcnunnym xaxnannm xncncri n o6nnncnnn
n a(pcc Koxxynncrnuccxon naprnn Concrcxoio Com:a n
H. B. Crannna, n a(pcc Hnqopx6mpo, a rax»c n n a(pcc namcn
____________________________________
* Ho-narnncxn: ncnpcxcnnoc ycnonnc.
581
naprnn. Iy(yun npnncprixn x crcnc cxcnix n apiyxcnrn-
ponannix cnonox namcn naprnn, nx nnucio (pyioio nc ocra-
nanoci, xpoxc xax ipoxxo rpy6nri o rox, 6y(ro An6ancxan
naprnn Tpy(a nopnana c nnxn n araxoninana nx noroxy, uro,
nn(nrc nn, npc(nouna no(unnnricn 6onimcn naprnn ('), KHCC,
n 6y(ro xi (cnann ro, uro nax «ionopnnn» n «(nxronann»
Mocxna n Hnqopx6mpo'
Mi nc o6parnnn nn xancnmcio nnnxannn na raxoc inyc-
noc o6nnncnnc, co:nanan, uro or 6cnipa(cxnx n:xcnnnxon nn-
ucio nnoio n ncni:n 6ino o»n(ari. Hrax, xi npo(on»nnn
cnoc (cno, n, nonnrno, paccxarpnnann xax 6onimoc cuacric
ror qaxr, uro n ¬rox o»ccroucnnox cronxnoncnnn xc»(y
xapxcn:xox-ncnnnn:xox n conpcxcnnix pcnn:nonn:xox xi
cronnn nncuox x nncuy c KHCC, pyxono(nxon cnannix
Crannnix, n c (pyinxn xoxxynncrnuccxnxn naprnnxn roi(am-
nnx connanncrnuccxnx crpan n xannranncrnuccxnx crpan.
O6man conn(apnocri n 6opi6c c 6cnipa(cxnxn pcnciaraxn
(x roxy npcxcnn, no xpanncn xcpc nncmnc, n ¬ron conn(ap-
nocrn nc 6ino rpcmnn) npn(anana nax cxcnocrn, n n xo(c
6opi6i xi (animc :axannnnci n nyumc ioronnnnci x npc(-
cronmnx 6nrnax.
Ho npomno nccio ncxnoio ncr n pa:pcxnaxnponannoc
6cnipa(cxnxn nn(cpaxn o6nnncnnc n cnn:n c xornnaxn, xoro-
pixn nama naprnn pyxono(crnonanaci n 6opi6c c nnxn, 6ino
nocranncno ncpc( nacronmnx ncniranncx. Oro 6ino rn»cnoc
n iopixoc ncnirannc, xoropoio xi c namcn croponi nc xo-
rcnn n nnxoi(a nc »cnann 6i. O(naxo ¬ro qaxr, uro ncpc(
nnx xi oxa:annci nocnc cxcprn H. B. Crannna. Hpnmc(-
man x nnacrn xpymcncxan ipynna nnauanc crana nccrn no(
cyp(nnxy, n ncxopc conccx npcxparnna 6opi6y c miocnancxnx
pcnn:nonn:xox. Coinacno noinxc rnroncxoio o6nnncnnn, n
xi (on»ni 6inn :aionopnri no-nnoxy, pa: «rax nocrynnna
Mocxna». Ho, x y(nnncnnm Tnro (xoncuno, n Xpymcna), xi
npo(on»ann n(rn rcx »c nyrcx: nnxaxnx ycrynox, nnxaxnx
npn:naxon npnxnpcnnn c miocnancxnxn pcnn:nonncraxn.
Mi ncnn cc6n rax noroxy, uro 6inn concpmcnno y6c»-
(cni n n:xcnc miocnancxoio pyxono(crna, nn(cnn, uro ono
582
c iononon ymno na nyri o6mcn pcnn:nn rcopnn n npaxrnxn
xapxcn:xa-ncnnnn:xa. Mano roio, n ncpno( c 1948 io(a no
1954 io( Tnro, Kap(cni n (pyinc npono:inamann n nocnc(o-
narcnino npono(nnn raxnc rcopnn n npnxcnnnn raxnc qop-
xi n opiann:annn naprnn n miocnancxoio iocy(apcrna, xoro-
pic concpmcnno nainn(no cnn(crcnicrnonann o nonnox
orxo(c or npnnnnnon xapxcn:xa-ncnnnn:xa n nonnox nx n:-
npamcnnn (x ¬roxy ncpno(y ornocnrcn, n uacrnocrn, raxnc
rnroncxnc «(cnnnn», xax ncpcnxcnonannc «Koxxynncrnuccxon
naprnn» n «Com: xoxxynncron»; npcnpamcnnc ¬roio «Com:a»
n cnocio po(a nocnnrarcnino-nponaian(ncrcxoc o6mccrno;
npnnnrnc nxn «axcpnxancxon (cxoxparnn» n xauccrnc o6pa:na
(nn nocrpocnnn nonnrnuccxon cncrcxi n Kiocnannn; npono:-
inamcnnc rax na:inacxoio connann:xa caxoynpanncnnn, xo-
ropin 6in nc ucx nnix, xax xacxon (nn npnxpirnn xannra-
nncrnuccxoio crpon; npononc(n o6 orxnpannn iocy(apcrna
cmc npn connann:xc, orpnnan nono»cnnc xapxcn:xa-ncnnnn:-
xa o nco6xo(nxocrn cymccrnonannn (nxrarypi nponcrapnara
n rcucnnc nccio ncpno(a ncpcxo(a or xannrann:xa n xoxxy-
nn:x n r.(. n r.n.).
Hxcnno n ro npcxn, xoi(a nponcxo(nno ncc ¬ro, crano
6iri, xoi(a Tnro cnonxn (cnnnnxn orxpiro noxa:inan cc6n
:axopcncnix pcnciarox n pcnn:nonncrox, Xpymcn crapancn
«pa:¡ncnnri» nax, uro Tnro, nn(nrc nn, 6in «xapxcncrox»
x roxy »c «ni(ammnxcn», n uro n Kiocnannn crponnn, xon,
«connann:x», uro n nponcmc(mcx n 1948 io(y nnnonari
6inn, (ccxari, nc Tnro n xoxnannn, a Hnqopx6mpo n Crannn'
Mi nc 6inn coinacni c raxnx no(xo(ox x (cnax, c
raxon oncnxon ncmcn, orucio xi nomnn nc no nyrn, xoropin
«o:apnna» Mocxna, a no nyrn, xoropin o:apnn nax xapxcn:x-
ncnnnn:x.
O(naxo, xax n no nccx (pyinx o6nacrnx, cnoc ucpnoc (c-
no n n no:nnnn, :annron no ornomcnnm x 6cnipa(cxon xnnxc,
Xpymcn nc oipannunn ronixo noxa:ox «nnunoio npnxcpa».
Bcxopc nacrynnn xoxcnr, xoi(a Mocxna n qopxc pc:xnx npn-
xa:on n (nxrara norpc6onana, uro6i xi npcxparnnn cnom
npnnnnnnaninym 6opi6y, npcxnonnnnci ncpc( Tnro n nonc-
583
nonannci c nnx. Mi c ncio(onanncx orncpinn n ¬rn npnxa:i
n (nxrar n nn n xocx cnyuac nc coinacnnnci (cncrnonari na-
ncpcxop ncrnnc. K roxy »c, xax n no(po6no o6¡ncnnn ¬ro
n n xnnic nocnoxnnannn «Xpymcnni», ornomcnnc x 6cnipa(-
cxnx pcnciarax crano (nn nac o(nnx n: npo6nix xaxncn,
xoropin noxoian y:nari, uro ¬ro 6inn :a nm(n nonic pyxo-
no(nrcnn, :axnarnnmnc nnacri n Concrcxox Com:c nocnc cxcp-
rn Crannna, uro ¬ro 6inn :a nm(n n pyxono(nrcnn (pyinx
naprnn, n:xcnnnmnc cnon xypc ncnc( :a nonnncnncx xpymcn-
cxoio pcnn:nonn:xa
1
. Co6irnn 6icrpo pa:ncpnynnci n o6c
croponi, xpymcnni n rnronni, n corpy(nnuccrnc n c(nncrnc
xc»(y co6om, pa:pa6orann nnani n npncrynnnn x (cncrnnm
(nn n:xcncnnn nono»cnnn n xc»(ynapo(nox xoxxynncrn-
uccxox n pa6oucx (nn»cnnn n oco6cnno n crpanax napo(non
(cxoxparnn n noni:y pcnn:nonncrcxnx crpcxncnnn Xpymcna
n aicnra nxncpnann:xa, Tnro. K co»ancnnm, ¬ra nnxopa(ou-
nan anrnxapxcncrcxan (cnrcninocri npnnccna cnon iopixnc
nno(i n naprnnx (pyinx crpan. Ho(rncp(nnoci, uro nc xi,
a (pyinc naprnn ncnn c uy»oio ionoca n 1948 io(y, xoi(a
n onn, napn(y c Koxxynncrnuccxon naprncn 6onimcnnxon,
«pa:ncpnynn» nacrynncnnc na Tnro n xoxnannm. Tor »c µc»,
xoropin ncxoi(a xnacrancn, paccxa:inan o rox, xax ¬ro on,
:arxnyn nncroncr :a nonc, concpman «no(nnin» n cnocx o6pa-
mcnnn c xoponcx, uin nccnn 6ina y»c cncra, ror »c µc»,
xoropin nicrynan n Hnqopx6mpo c (oxna(axn, pa:o6nauan
n nnx miocnancxoc pcnn:nonncrcxoc pyxono(crno, o(nnx n:
ncpnix no6c»an x Tnro, uro6i nonpocnri y ncio npomcnnn;
ro »c caxoc c(cnann nonnxn, xoropic, noxnxo nccio (pyioio,
ninycrnnn n: :axnmucnnn crapoio rnronna, npccnonyroio
Bna(ncnana Ioxynxy, n nocrannnn cio npnxo na (on»nocri
Icncpaninoio Ccxpcrapn HOPH, uro6i nocxopcc nonncui
Honimy na nyri nonnoio n (paxarnuccxoio xaoca; ro »c
caxoc c(cnann ncnipi, a 6oniapi n no(anno, n rax no ouc-
pc(n ncc ocraninic. Tcx caxix ncxopc no(rncp(nncn nino(
________________________________
1 Cx. Onncp Xo(»a, «Xpymcnni (Bocnoxnnannn)», n:(. na pyc.
n:., crp. 1O9, Tnpana, 198O.
584
namcn naprnn o rox, uro, n cnyuac ccnn 6opi6a c pcnn:no-
nn:xox nc 6y(cr nccrnci nccxn cnnaxn n ncnpcpinno, mio-
cnancxoc nnncnnc nocrnincr, xax n nocrnino, n (pyinx.
Bnpoucx, pcui mna o namcx nyrn. Mi npo(on»nnn 6opi-
6y c 6cnipa(cxnxn pcnciaraxn, no nccx cnyuanx 6ccnoma(no
6nucnann nx npa»(c6nic n:inn(i n no:nnnn, no nccycnima-
nnc pa:o6nauann nx, nnxoi(a n nn ncpc( xcx nc orcrynann n
nc nixa:inann crpaxa. Mc»(y rcx (anncnnc n nponcxn Tnro n
Xpymcna no ornomcnnm x nax nn na xni nc npcxpamannci.
Tax »c, xax n Honimc, Bcnipnn, Ioniapnn, ¹cxocnonaxnn,
Pyxinnn n n (pyinx crpanax, n n An6annn onn nirannci
pca6nnnrnponari cnom aicnrypnym ipynny, Koun µ:o(:c n
xoxnannm. Kax miocnancxoc pyxono(crno, rax n concrcxoc py-
xono(crno (oqnnnanino, ucpc: Cycnona) norpc6onann pca6n-
nnrannn Koun µ:o(:c, a ¬ro o:nauano, uro6i xi ncpnynnci
x 6cparcxoxy Hncnyxy HK KHA, npn:nann rax na:inacxic
«omn6xn» namcn naprnn n nonnrnuccxon nnnnn n n ornomc-
nnnx c miocnanaxn; xax n orxcuan n panimc, ncni:n cxa:ari,
uro n n 1944 io(y ¬ro (cnanoci 6c: nc(oxa inani concrcxon
xnccnn n An6annn, xanopa Hnanona, rccnoio (pyia npccnony-
roio nonxonnnxa Bcnnxnpa Cronnnua. Ho ncc ¬rn nonirxn
nomnn nacxapxy. Hama Haprnn Tpy(a rncp(o ocrananaci
npn cnocx npc»ncx xncnnn o rox, uro rnroncxan ipynna
6ina n ocrananaci ipynnon npc(arcncn, pcnciaron n rponxn-
cron, (nncpcnonnon ipynnon n aicnrypon axcpnxanncn, uro
nn nama naprnn, nn Hnqopx6mpo n nn Crannn nc omn6nnci
npn cc oncnxc. Mi nc pa: nonropnnn ¬ro Xpymcny n cio naxc-
nx: n nncixax n na oqnnnaninix ncrpcuax npnno(nnn nx
6ccxoncunic (ono(i n: «rcopcrnuccxnx» n npaxrnuccxnx (cn-
nnn miocnancxnx pcnciaron, no npan(a inyxoxy na yxo yio-
»(ana. B pc:ynirarc xi y6c(nnnci n rox, uro pcnn:nonncr-
cxan ianipcna nopa:nna ionony n rcno HK KHCC, xax n py-
xono(crno (pyinx naprnn. Xorn n ynn(cnn cc6n o(nnoxnxn n
¬ron 6opi6c, xi nc orcrynnnn.
Ho oxonuannn qa:i «npo6noio xaxnn», ro ccri, y6c(nn-
mnci n rox, xcx 6inn Xpymcn n xpymcnni no cpanncnnm c
585
rnronnaxn, xi pcmnnn npc(npnnnri nonin, cmc 6onimnn mai
n 6opi6c c conpcxcnnix pcnn:nonn:xox. Oro qaxr, uro n rc-
ucnnc nccxonixnx ncr, oco6cnno c nauana 1956 io(a n (o ccpc(n-
ni 196O io(a, orxpirym (ncpi 6opi6i c rnroncxnxn npc(arcnn-
xn xi ncnoni:onann (nn o6nnucnnn nonnnnmcncn na cncnc n
c xa»(ix (ncx xpcnnynmcn nonon n:xcni ÷ xpymcncxon
n:xcni.
Oro, xax n y»c orxcuan n n (pyinx cnyuanx, 6ina co
croponi namcn naprnn pa:yxnan n (aninonn(nan raxrnxa,
xoropym xi nnonnc ycncmno npnxcnnnn. Bcc namn naprnnnic
(oxyxcnri ¬roio ncpno(a, ccnn nnnxarcnino paccxorpcri nx,
(amr nonnri nm6oxy, uro xi ncnn 6opi6y c xpymcncxon n:-
xcnon, xoropan ianonnpymmnxn rcxnaxn pa:nnnanaci napn(y
c rnroncxon n:xcnon nc ro uro n 196O n 1961 io(ax, xoi(a
xi orxpiro n ny6nnuno nicrynnnn npornn xpymcnncn, no
cmc n 1954, 1955 n oco6cnno nocnc 1955 io(a; no, nocxonixy
roi(a cmc nc na:pcnn ycnonnn n nc nacrynnn no(xo(nmnn xo-
xcnr (nn roio, uro6i orxpiro n ny6nnuno nicrynnri npornn
Xpymcna n xpymcnncn, na:inan nx no nxcnn, xi 6nucnann
n pa:o6nauann nx pcnn:nonncrcxnc n:inn(i n no:nnnn, con-
xcman nx n ncuarn n n ny6nnxc c 6cnipa(cxnxn pcnn:no-
nncraxn, c anrnxapxcncrcxon (cnrcninocrim Tnro, Kap(cnn
n (pyinx. Oro ornm(i nc :naunr, uro xi nc:acny»cnno ara-
xoninann Tnro n cio nm(cn. Tnro 6in xpymcnncx n ron »c
xcpc, uro n cax Xpymcn, xax ¬ror nocnc(nnn 6in rnronncx
n ron »c xcpc, uro n cax Tnro. O6c pa:nonn(nocrn 6inn ncr-
nnxn o(noio n roio »c crnona ÷ conpcxcnnoio pcnn:nonn:xa,
o6c onn npc(crannnnn co6on npa»(c6nic, onacnic rcucnnn,
xoropic :acny»nnann pa:o6naucnnn n pcmnrcninoio o6nnuc-
nnn. Ho, xax n y»c ionopnn, Tnro n (annox cnyuac nc ronixo
nonyuan or nac no :acnyiax, no n ncnoni:onancn naxn n xa-
uccrnc «xo:na ornymcnnn», ro ccri xi o6nnuann cio, nxcn n
nn(y n Xpymcna.
O6c croponi nn(cnn, xy(a 6ino nanpanncno ocrpnc na-
mcn 6opi6i, no¬roxy onn cmc 6onimc yxpcnnnn corpy(nn-
uccrno, n ro, uro Xpymcn no raxrnuccxnx coo6pa»cnnnx n
586
(nn nn(nxocrn nc xoi ionopnri npornn nac orxpiro, npcxpa-
cno nicxa:inan Tnro. Xopomo n:nccrna, n uacrnocrn, npccno-
nyran pcui, npon:ncccnnan Tnro n Hync n non6pc 1956 io(a.
B ncn Tnro nc ronixo concpmnn npocrnic nana(xn c anrn-
xapxcncrcxnx no:nnnn na rcopnm n npaxrnxy connanncrnuc-
cxoio crpon, no n npnxo ocy(nn «xynir Onncpa Xo(»a» n npn:-
nan x cncp»cnnm pyxono(crna namcn naprnn. Hancpnoc, npc(-
npnnnn raxoc anrnan6ancxoc nacrynncnnc n orxpiro npn:-
nan x cncp»cnnm namcio pyxono(crna, Tnro nipa»an nc
o(no ronixo cnoc »cnannc, no n »cnannc concrcxoio pyxono(-
crna. Hc cnyuanno, uro nccio nccxonixo (ncn cnycrn nocnc
¬ron npccnonyron pcun xo xnc npnmcn concrcxnn nocon n Tn-
panc, Kpinon, n, no nopyucnnm concrcxoio pyxono(crna, na-
cronunno rpc6onan, uro6i xi «nc (ann Tnro pc:xoio orncra,
n6o n npornnnox cnyuac pa:iopnrcn crpacrn, a ¬ro (ocrannr
nax xnonori». Mi orncrnnn Xpymcny n Tnro no iopnunx cnc-
(ax: ocy(nnn n pa:o6naunnn ynirpapcnn:nonncrcxym pcui
Tnro, nanc(n na ncc ncc 6arapcn n nc o6parnn nnnxannn na
ro, «pa:iopnrcn nn crpacrn Tnro» nnn «(ocrannr nn ¬ro xno-
nori» Xpymcny. Hama rncp(an npnnnnnnaninan no:nnnn (cn-
crnnrcnino (ocrannnna Xpymcny xnonori. Horcpncn xpax n
Bcnipnn n n (pyinx crpanax n oco:nan, uro nono»cnnc n xox-
xynncrnuccxox (nn»cnnn n connanncrnuccxox naicpc ni6n-
nanoci y nnx n:-no( xonrponn, concrcxnc pcnn:nonncri n n:-
nccrnon xcpc orxa:annci or no(pinnon 6opi6i, xoropym onn
ncnn n corpy(nnuccrnc c Tnro, n6o nocnc(nnn cnonxn (cncrnn-
nxn n «rcopnnxn» nc ronixo orxpiro nino(nn napy»y pcnn-
:nonncrcxoc 6onoro, i(c onn noipn:nn, no n crapancn (cp»ari
no( xpinimxox xpymcncxoc rcucnnc n ncnoni:onari cio n
cnonx nnrcpccax n n nnrcpccax cnonx nxncpnanncrnuccxnx xo-
:ncn. B ¬rn xoxcnri Xpymcn 6in niny»(cn npcxcnno no(-
(cp»nnari no:nnnn An6ancxon naprnn Tpy(a, on noxcman
namn crarin n concrcxon ncuarn, a na Concmannn 1957 io(a
xoxxynncrnuccxnx n pa6ounx naprnn 6in niny»(cn coina-
cnricn c namcn pcmnrcninon no:nnncn no ornomcnnm x
rnrn:xy, xax aicnrypc nxncpnann:xa, uro orpa:nnoci n n
3annncnnn, n r.(. Tcx nc xcncc, xax; n orxcuan n n (pyinx
587
cnyuanx, ¬ro 6ino nccio nnmi npcxcnnoc orcrynncnnc Xpy-
mcna. B cymnocrn on 6in npornn namcn npnnnnnnaninon
6opi6i c rnrn:xox, n (o roio ¬ro ncpno, uro na o(non n:
ncrpcu, xoropym n nxcn c nnx n Cycnonix no nonpocy orno-
mcnnn x miocnancxoxy pcnn:nonn:xy, Xpymcn rax pa:(pa-
»nncn, uro co :no6on o6parnncn x nax: «Ky(a ni xornrc
nac nccrn, na nyri Crannna"'».
Hamn npnnnnnnaninic npornnopcunn c concrcxnx pyxo-
no(crnox mai :a maiox pocnn, xi mnn x 6yxapccrcxon xon-
qponrannn.
Kax n:nccrno, n 196O io(y xi orxpiro nicrynnnn n npo-
rnn xpymcncxon n:xcni, n nocnc ¬roio nnrcncnqnnnponann
npnnnnnnaninym 6opi6y c ncm, uro xi (cnann n npo(on-
»ann (cnari c 1948 io(a npornn rnroncxoio rcucnnn. B ¬ror
ncpno( xa:anoci, uro pn(ox c naxn n ¬ron 6opi6c xax npo-
rnn ncpnoio, rax n npornn nropoio rcucnnn conpcxcnnoio
pcnn:nonn:xa, nicrynana n KH Knran. µonocnnnci n n ¬ror
ncpno(, no y»c nc ronixo n: Icnipa(a, no n n: Mocxni, io-
noca o rox, 6y(ro xi nxnmunnnci n ¬ry 6opi6y noroxy, uro
n ncc nxnmunncn Hcxnn (') n uro ¬roio rpc6onan or nac Mao
H:¬(yn' Taxnc inycnic o6nnncnnn ni:inann y nac yni6xy,
n xi npo(on»ann cnoc (cno. Mi y»c nonnocrim or(anann
cc6c orucr n rox, uro o6nnnnrcnn ionopnnn ¬ro nc noroxy,
uro ncxopomo :nann An6ancxym naprnm Tpy(a. Hcr, ¬ro
6in non nonxa, xoropin, (a»c cxcprcnino pancnin, crapa-
crcn yipo»ari n :anyinnari. Tnroncxnc n xpymcncxnc pcnn-
:nonncri nirannci nanycxari ryxan n (ix c ncnim xori
cxonixo-nn6y(i n:nparnri ncrnny o namcn naprnn.
Bcxopc npcxn no(rncp(nno, uro n na ¬ror pa:, xax
ncci(a, xi nicrynnnn npornn pcnn:nonn:xa nc no( (nxrarox
Hcxnna nnn »c Mao H:¬(yna, a no ncncnnm xapxcn:xa-nc-
nnnn:xa. Ho ncncnnm namcn nyrcno(non n(conoinn, n cc
nnrcpccax, crano 6iri, n :amnry rcopnn n npaxrnxn pcno-
nmnnn or nana(ox conpcxcnnix pcnn:nonncron, nama icpo-
nuccxan naprnn ncna n npomnox, npo(on»ana nccrn n 6ina
nonna pcmnxocrn (animc npo(nnnyri nncpc( cnom npnnnn-
nnaninym 6opi6y. Koi(a n o(nn npcxpacnin (cni n Mao
588
H:¬(yn npcxparnn 6opi6y c miocnancxnx pcnn:nonn:xox,
xi npo(on»nnn cc c npc»ncn cnnon. Cnc(ycr orxcrnri,
uro n na ¬ror pa:, «ocrannn orxpiron (ncpi» 6opi6i c mio-
cnancxnx n concrcxnx pcnn:nonn:xox, xi nxcnn no:xo»-
nocri 6nucnari rax»c Koxxynncrnuccxym naprnm Knran n
cc nani»cnnoio nn(cpa, Mao H:¬(yna, :a nx n:inn(i n :a
n:npamcnnc xapxcn:xa-ncnnnn:xa. O(naxo, xax ¬ro mnpoxo
(oxa:ano xnom n pn(c xarcpnanon, oco6cnno n «Pa:ximnc-
nnnx o Knrac», npnunna n:xcni KH Knran nc :axnmuacrcn
nn n o(pnxncnnn Mao, nn n ncxomn (pyinx ncxnncxnx crap-
ncn. Hcr, pcnn:nonncraxn, npnucx uncron no(i, onn 6inn
cmc n xono(ocrn cnocn, no, nxo6i «npnnnnnnaninic», «xapx-
cncrcxo-ncnnncxnc» qpa:i onn ncnoni:onann n or(cninic nc-
pno(i (oco6cnno n I96O io(y), uro6i cxpinari :a nnxn (a-
ncxo yxo(nnmnc anrnxapxcncrcxnc, xonrppcnonmnnonnic ncnn
n :axicni. Y6c(nnmnci, naxoncn, n rox, uro «xapxcncrcxnc»
ynonxn nc ncnn nx ry(a, x ucxy onn crpcxnnnci, onn or6po-
cnnn npoui roiy «xapxcncron-ncnnnncn» n npc(crann raxnxn,
xaxnxn 6inn na caxox (cnc ÷ or¡nnncnnixn rnronnaxn,
cnpoxoxxynncraxn n xpymcnnaxn. Co6irnn 6icrpo pa:ncpny-
nnci n, xoi(a ncxnncxoc pyxono(crno crano na xoncnn ncpc(
6cnipa(cxnx pcnciarox, xi nc ronixo nc nocrynnnn, xax ¬ro
nocrynnnn n xorcnn (nxronari n nax Mao n ¹»oy Oninan, a,
nao6opor, ryr »c pcmnrcnino ncpcmnn n nacrynncnnc rax»c
na nonin napnanr conpcxcnnoio pcnn:nonn:xa ÷ na xnran-
cxnn napnanr, xaon:¬(yn¡n(cm '
Orn n (pyinc apiyxcnri nonnocrim no(rncp»(amr, uro,
nicrynan npornn 6cnipa(cxnx pcnciaron, xax n npornn nccx
(pyinx pcnn:nonncrcxnx rcucnnn, xi nc ncxo(nnn n: xaxoio
6i ro nn 6ino nncmncio qaxropa, xi nnxoi(a nc (cncrnonann
nayia( n nc ncnn c uy»oio ionoca, nc no((anannci nnxaxoxy
nnnnnnm. Y6c»(cnnic n rox, uro c caxoio nauana ncnn cnpa-
nc(nnnym 6opi6y, co:nanan, uro ninonnnnn cnon (oni xapx-
cncrcxo-ncnnncxon naprnn, xi npo(nniannci nncpc( no nyrn
¬ron 6opi6i, npcnparnn ncci ¬ror nponccc nc ronixo n o(ny
n: caxix cnannix inan ncropnn namcn naprnn, no n n ncnn-
xym mxony pcnonmnnonnon :axanxn n nocnnrannn, n 6ccnpn-
589
xcpnin ynnncpcnrcr iny6oxoio n:yucnnn n ycnocnnn xapxcn:-
xa-ncnnnn:xa.
Iin xoxcnr, xoi(a Xpymcn, 6y(yun nc n cnnax :acrannri
nac npcxparnri orxpirym n npnnnnnnaninym 6opi6y npornn
miocnancxoio pcnn:nonn:xa, o6nnnnn nac n rox, uro xi (c-
nann ¬ro noroxy, uro nxo6i xorcnn nccrn «:naxn» 6opi6i c
conpcxcnnix pcnn:nonn:xox, cnc(onarcnino, crannri cc6n
nimc (pyinx. B cymnocrn cnocn n ¬ro inycnoc o6nnncnnc npxo
nipa»ano npa»(c6nin nax, xnunnnin n anrnxapxcncrcxnn
yiap caxoio cio anropa. Mi nn n xocx cnyuac nc (yxann 6o-
poricn n nc ncnn 6opi6y (nn roio, uro6i «aqnmnponaricn»,
crannri cc6n nimc (pyinx nnn »c xoxan(onari (pyinxn, yc-
ranonnri na( nnxn cnon (nxrar. Hcr, 6opnci c miocnancxnx
pcnn:nonn:xox, xi npocro ninonnnnn cnon (oni, xoropin
ncranan n ni(nniancn ncpc( nm6on ncrnnnon xapxcncrcxo-
ncnnncxon naprncn. H, xoi(a (pyinc orxa:annci or ¬roio cnn-
mcnnoio (onia, ncy»cnn n xi (on»ni 6inn orpcuicn or nc-
io n xonuari, uro6i nc (ari nx «nono(a» o6nnnnri nac n
crpcxncnnn crari «:naxcnocnaxn», n xannn ncnnunn"' Hocry-
nn rax, nama naprnn (onycrnna 6i ncnpocrnrcninym omn6xy.
Mi nn n xocx cnyuac nc cxarnnnci n ¬ry nponacri, xy(a xo-
rcnn ronxnyri nac xpymcnni, a no:(ncc n xaoncri. Cnc(o-
narcnino, xi npo(on»nnn 6opi6y c rnrn:xox, pyxono(crny-
nci nc ucx nnix, xax crpcxncnncx ninonnnri o(ny n: oc-
nonnix :a(au, xoropan cronna n cronr ncpc( nm6on xapx-
cncrcxo-ncnnncxon naprncn.
Ho npn ¬rox c nonnix ocnonanncx na(o no(ucpxnyri
ncocnopnxym ncrnny: An6ancxon naprnn Tpy(a npnna(nc»nr
ncnnxan ncropnuccxan :acnyia n rox, uro n ycnonnnx roio,
uro npon:omno n xc»(ynapo(nox xoxxynncrnuccxox n pa-
6oucx (nn»cnnn :a nocnc(nnc rpn-ucripc (ccnrnncrnn (oco6cn-
no nocnc xpymcncxon n:xcni), cpc(n naprnn y nnacrn ona
nnnncrcn c(nncrncnnon naprncn, xoropan nc ronixo nc no((a-
naci o6xany n nn na xni nc npcxparnna 6opi6i c miocnancxnx
pcnn:nonn:xox, no n no(ncpina rnrn:x anann:y, nnn, ncpncc,
n nonnon xcpc, iny6oxo n ncccroponnc anaroxnponana cio.
Iop(nci nxna(ox, nncccnnix naxn n pa:o6naucnnc ¬roio
59O
napnanra pcnn:nonn:xa, co:narcnino y6c»(cnnic n nco6xo-
(nxocrn yiny6ncnnn 6opi6i c nnx, xi, pyxa o6 pyxy c (py-
inxn xapxcncrcxo-ncnnncxnxn naprnnxn, n nnpc(i 6y(cx
cnc(onari rcx »c nyrcx. C rnrn:xox, xax n co nccxn (pyinxn
pa:nonn(nocrnxn conpcxcnnoio pcnn:nonn:xa, xi nc xnpn-
nnci n nnxoi(a xnpnricn nc 6y(cx. C nnxn nac «cnn:inacr»
ronixo nonnrnuccxan n n(conoinuccxan 6opi6a, xoropym xi
6y(cx npo(on»ari nnnori (o nx nonnoio n oxonuarcninoio
pa:ipoxa n ynnuro»cnnn.
H npouonncnnc :aronopon
£mc n xac-nmnc 1948 io(a xi nonnocrim or(anann cc6c
orucr n rox, uro Tnro n rnronni, nnnnnci n:xcnnnxaxn xapx-
cn:xa-ncnnnn:xa, 6inn n ocranannci npc(nixn n onacnixn
(nn nccx xoxxynncrnuccxnx naprnn, (nn pcnonmnnonnix (nn-
»cnnn n nannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninix nonn ncm(y n xnpc, no
(nn nac, an6ancxnx xoxxynncron n an6ancxoio napo(a, onn,
noxnxo nccio (pyioio, 6inn n ocranannci rax»c npnxixn npa-
iaxn, npixn n :axnnrixn anrnan6annaxn. Mi 6inn yncpcni
n rox, uro onn nc orxa»yrcn or cnonx nnanon n crpcxncnnn
noinornri An6annm, n, n ¬rnx paxxax, nc cno»ar opy»nc no-
(pinnon (cnrcninocrn, nxcmarcnicrna n :aionopon npornn
namcn naprnn n namcn crpani.
Hax npnxo(nnoci coxpannri ncycinnym 6(nrcninocri n
ncc npcxn 6iri naucxy, rax xax rnroncxan aicnrypa n An6annn,
xorn n nonyunna rn»cnic y(api, 6ina npcncnonncna pcmn-
xocrn pa6orari n na 6y(ymcc, n na( (ancxo yxo(nnmnxn
nnanaxn n napnanraxn. B ¬rnx paxxax Tnro n xoxnannn
ncnuccxn n nccxn cnnaxn nirannci ncpnyri cc6c yrpaucnnic
no:nnnn, co:(ari ycnonnn n nouny (nn nponnxnoncnnn n na-
mn pn(i, uro6i pa:ipoxnri nac. Onn nnxonx o6pa:ox nc
xoinn xnpnricn c rcx, uro An6annn «nicxoni:nyna» y nnx
n: pyx, nnxax nc xoinn cnoxonno cnari, nn(n uro n An6a-
591
nnn pa6orana n pyxono(nna naprnn, xoropym onn crpcxnnnci
c(cnari cnonx nocnymnix opy(ncx, no ona, x nx nccuacrim,
ncci(a o6nnuana nx, n, naxoncn, pa:6nna n nyx n npax nx
crapic nancnannncxnc xcuri. Cnc(onarcnino, (o rcx nop
noxa 6y(yr cronri y nnacrn, rnronni ocranyrcn pcaninixn n
onacnixn npaiaxn namcn naprnn n namcn crpani.
¹ro6i ncrnna ¬ra no(rncp(nnaci, n rnronni noxa:ann cnoc
nnno, nc nona(o6nnnci xccnni nnn io(i. Hao6opor, xi cmc
nc ycncnn ocy(nri nx ny6nnuno n no nccycnimannc, xax onn, crpc-
xnci «npc(ynpc(nri (ypnoc», pa:ncpnynn ncnym xaxnannm xnc-
ncri n o6nnncnnn n a(pcc namcn naprnn n cc pyxono(crna, n, nc-
xc(ncnno nocnc I c¡c:(a namcn naprnn, anrnan6ancxan xax-
nannn Icnipa(a npno6pcna ncnn(annic pancc pa:xcpi n nn-
rcncnnnocri. Ia:cri n ia:crcnxn, pa(nocrannnn n n:(arcni-
crna, ncc cpc(crna rnroncxon nponaian(i nxnmunnnci n ¬ry
inycnym xaxnannm, no:no(n n n:piian na nac xncncry n ncn-
xnc uy(onnmnic ni(yxxn. K roxy npcxcnn onn, n uacrnocrn,
o6nnnnnn nac n rox, 6y(ro xi «napymnrcnn (cxoxparnn» n
naprnn n napo(c ('), 6y(ro xi y6nnann «xoxxynncron» n
«uccrnix narpnoron» ('), a no:(ncc nicrynnnn c o6nnncnncx
n rox, 6y(ro xi npcnpamann An6annm n «xa:apxy, oxpy»cn-
nym xonmucn npononoxon», xy(a crynan nnmi «con(arcxnn
canoi», n r.(. n r.n.
Bnnxan (onocnnmcncn n: Icnipa(a nponaian(ncrcxon
rpcnoic, xo»no 6ino (yxari, uro n An6annn rnopnnnci nacro-
nmnc 6ccunncrna, no, xoi(a na(o 6ino npnno(nri qaxri n
apiyxcnri, «no6opnnxn (cxoxparnn» n: Icnipa(a oxa:ina-
nnci n »anxox nono»cnnn: nx ocrananoci ynoxnnyri nccio
nnmi o(no nxn ÷ nxn Koun µ:o(:c'
Ho xcx 6inn ¬rn «n(caninic no6opnnxn» «uncron (c-
xoxparnn», xoropic nnmi noroxy, uro namn opiani (nxra-
rypi npnionopnnn x cxcprn o(noio ronixo Koun µ:o(:c, ¬roio
:axnnroio npaia n aicnra, «n y»acc» npnxo(nnn x nino(y, uro
xi, nn(nrc nn, 6inn «y6nnnaxn» n «napymnrcnnxn (cxo-
xparnn»"'
Hc 6y(y ynoxnnari :(cci xacconic y6nncrna, ynnuro-
»cnnc n ncrpc6ncnnc, concpmcnnic no npnxa:y rnro-panxo-
592
nnucn n 1945-1948 io(ax rnroncxon apxncn n opianaxn YµI
no( xacxon 6opi6i :a «nnxnn(annm ycramcn n ucrnnxon»,
«6an( npccrynnnxon», «ocrarxon crapoio pc»nxa» n r.(., nc
6y(y ynoxnnari ucpnin rcppop, no( xacxon 6opi6i c «6an-
nicrcxnxn», «nannonanncrcxnxn», «ncnnxoan6ancxnxn manxa-
xn» n (p., pa:ncpnyrin nxn n ¬ror ncpno( (oco6cnno x xon-
ny 1944 io(a n na nporn»cnnn nccio 1945 io(a) npornn napo(a
Koconi n an6ancxoio naccncnnn, npo»nnanmcio n cnonx xpanx
n ¹cpnoiopnn n Maxc(onnn' 2 ocranonnmci, conocranncnnn
pa(n, na rox, xax nocrynnna «rnroncxan (cxoxparnn» n xax
nocrynnna nama (cxoxparnn n 1948 io(y no ornomcnnm x co-
orncrcrnymmnx ¬ncxcnrax ÷ npornnnnxax n npaiax.
Kax o6 ¬rox n no(po6no ionopnn nimc, oco6cnno n ncp-
nic xccnni 1948 io(a nax crana ncncc ncnoio ncn xaprnna
n:xcnnnuccxon n aicnrypnon (cnrcninocrn manxn Koun µ:o-
(:c, Han(n Kpncro n (pyinx na cny»6c y miocnanon. H, xorn
nx o6nnnnnn nc npocro n uy»(ix nax n:inn(ax, a oco6cnno
n ncnnxon n:xcnc naprnn n Po(nnc, xi pa:pcmann n Koun
µ:o(:c, n Han(n Kpncro, n (pyinx yuacrnonari no nccx :acc-
(annnx Honnr6mpo, n pa6orc IX, X n XI Hncnyxon HK nap-
rnn, n cocronnmnxcn nnocnc(crnnn naprnnnix axrnnax n (a»c
n pa6orc I c¡c:(a KHA. Mi nc ronixo no:nonnnn nx yua-
crnonari n nnx, no n npc(ocrannnn nx npano nicrynari ncnxnn
pa:, xoi(a onn cunrann ¬ro ny»nix.
Kaxon »c oco6in rnn «(cxoxparnn» npcno(nccnn n Kio-
cnannn Tnro n Panxonnu rcx ricnuax uncnon KHK, xoropic
nipa:nnn conn(apnocri c nncixaxn HK KHCC n c Pc:onm-
nncn Hnqopx6mpo"' Bc(i nc ycncnn rc por orxpiri, xax
napyunnxn nx na(cnn' H xoi(a cornn (pyinx nccio nnmi no-
rpc6onann o6cy»(cnnn n naprnn roio, uro ionopnnoci n
nncixax HK KHCC, crano 6iri, xoi(a onn cmc nc nicxa:a-
nnci nn :a, nn npornn, rnroncxan «(cxoxparnn» na(cna nx
napyunnxn, 6pocnna nx :a pcmcrxy, y6nna nx :a cnnnon. Mi
»c na nporn»cnnn 5-6 xccnncn anann:nponann n naprnn npc-
crynnoc (cno manxn Koun µ:o(:c (x roxy »c n npncyrcrnnn
caxnx npc(arcncn), roi(a xax rnronni nc (anann cnonx npo-
rnnnnxax ionopnri (a»c na co6pannnx napropiann:annn, n
593
xoropix onn cocronnn' £cnn xi n: nccn ccrn pacxpiron na-
xn anrniocy(apcrncnnon aicnrypi or(ann no( cy( nccio 4-5
ucnoncx, ro rnroncxan xnnxa nanonnnna rmpixi ricnuaxn n
ricnuaxn cyiy6o n(conoinuccxnx npornnnnxon' H nocnc nccio
¬roio ona cmc cxcna o6nnnnri nac n «napymcnnn (cxo-
xparnn» '
Oro qaxr, uro n: 4-5 ucnoncx, npnnncucnnix naxn n
xonnc 1948 io(a x cy(c6non orncrcrncnnocrn, nnmi o(nn,
a nxcnno Koun µ:o(:c, 6in npnionopcn x cxcprnon xa:nn,
xax :axnnrin n:xcnnnx naprnn n iocy(apcrna, xax inana man-
xn, xoropin ucio ronixo nc (cnan, uro6i nocrannri An6annm
no( nio Kiocnannn' Ocraninic 3-4 6inn npnionopcni x rm-
pcxnoxy :axnmucnnm cpoxox or 5 (o 2O ncr, n :anncnxocrn
or crcncnn nnnonnocrn n or nx nonc(cnnn nocnc nponana :a-
ionopa. H: ricnu miocnancxnx xoxxynncron, xoropix rnron-
ni 6pocnnn n rmpixi xax croponnnxon Hnqopx6mpo, 6oni-
mnncrno 6ino y6nro nnn »c nponano 6c: nccrn. Tcx nc xc-
ncc, onn cmc cxcnn na:inari nac «y6nnnaxn»'
Konnnaicpn npccnonyroio rnna Ionn Orox, ¬rn cnocio
po(a Marxay:cn n ycnonnnx «miocnancxoio connann:xa», 6i-
nn co:(ani nc n An6annn, a n Kiocnannn. Bc(i n nnx roxn-
nnci, 6inn n:yncucni n ynnuro»cni nc namn xoxxynncri n
narpnori, a miocnani, n rox uncnc cornn n ricnun xoconncn
n (pyinx an6anncn, npo»nnanmnx n cnonx xpanx n ¹cpnoio-
pnn n Maxc(onnn. Hrax, nc xi An6annm, a 6cnipa(cxoc py-
xono(crno Kiocnannm nanonnnno crpamnixn xonnnaicpnxn
rnna Ionn Orox. H ono cmc cxcno o6nnnnri nac n rox, 6y(ro
xi npcnparnnn An6annm n «xa:apxy, i(c iocno(crnonan con-
(arcxnn canoi»'
Bor nxcnno raxona 6ina «rnroncxan (cxoxparnn», raxo-
nixn 6inn Tnro n Panxonnu, ¬rn «npononc(nnxn xpncrnan-
cxoio xnnoccp(nn», xoropic, nc ocranannnnanci ncpc( caxi-
xn uy(onnmnixn npccrynncnnnxn npornn naprnn n napo-
(on Kiocnannn, «npnxo(nnn n y»ac», or roio, uro xi npn-
ionopnnn x cxcprn namcio :axnnroio npaia n n ro »c npcxn
nx ncpnoio aicnra' Oro ra »c caxan «panxonnuin (cxoxparnn»,
xoropan cnnpcncrnonana n Kiocnannn na nporn»cnnn ncnix
594
35 ncr, ¬ro ra »c caxan «rnroncxan (cxoxparnn», xoropan
6pocnna n nocnc(ncc npcxn ucpnocorcnncn n ucpnoricnucnncn
panxonnucn, nm6nunucn, crax6onnucn n xcpncnnucn na pa:-
ion xnpnix (cxoncrpannn xoconcxoio napo(a, rpc6onanmcio
co6nm(cnnn n ocymccrnncnnn cnonx xoncrnrynnonnix npan.
Ho, 6y(yun npix anrnan6anncx, Tnro cmc n 1948 io(y
nc xoi oipannunnaricn, (a n nc oipannunncn ronixo npona-
ian(ncrcxnxn nina(axn na nac.
Ho(o6no pcaxnnonnix npannrcnicrnax :ana(nix crpan,
rnroncxoc pyxono(crno co:(ano na miocnancxon rcppnropnn
ncnoc xno»ccrno naicpcn, i(c cocpc(orounnannci npccrynnnxn
n npounc aicnri, npain nonoio, connanncrnuccxoio crpon n
An6annn, xoropic npoxo(nnn rax no(ioronxy, uro6i ncpc6po-
cnricn na namy :cxnm (nn no(pinnon n (nncpcnonnon (cn-
rcninocrn. Taxnx o6pa:ox, nacrynnn xoxcnr, xoi(a Tnro n
cio nm(n, nxccro npc»nnx «naprnnnix» n iocy(apcrncnnix
nocnanncn, crann (m»nnaxn :acinari x nax 6an(nron, npc-
crynnnxon, pa:6onnnxon, axopaninix nm(cn, 6c»anmnx n:
An6annn nn6o nxccrc c oxxynanraxn n 1944 io(y, nn6o no:(-
ncc, uro6i yxnonnricn or orncrcrncnnocrn :a concpmcnnic
nxn npccrynncnnn n n:-:a npa»(c6nocrn x nonoxy crpom, x
crpom (nxrarypi nponcrapnara. Hrax, n corpy(nnuccrnc c
nnocrpannixn nxncpnanncrnuccxnxn n monnnncrnuccxnxn
aicnrypaxn, oco6cnno c aicnrypaxn cocc(nnx crpan, 6cnipa(-
cxnc pcnciari co6pann ncc anrnan6ancxnc no(onxn ÷ nccx
aicnron, nonnrnuccxnx n yiononnix npccrynnnxon n 6c»cn-
ncn, i(c 6i onn nn naxo(nnnci, n crnnynn nx n Kiocnannm
c ncnim no(ioronnri nx n xauccrnc nacxnon cnni npornn
An6ancxon naprnn Tpy(a n an6ancxoio connanncrnuccxoio
iocy(apcrna. £crccrncnno, nax na(o 6ino ncrpcrnri 6an(n-
ron-«iocrcn» n: Kiocnannn rax, xax ncrpcuari npnnnro
6an(nron n npccrynnnxon ÷ co n:nc(cnnix xypxox.
Orn xpaunic cnni cocrannnnn, xax cxa:ari, «nncmnnn
¬mcnon», xoropin miocnancxoc pyxono(crno naxcpcnanoci
narpannri, xax n narpannno na nac. B ro »c npcxn miocnani
nc ynycxann n: nn(y n «nnyrpcnncio ¬mcnona». K ncxy orno-
cnnnci nc ronixo ¬ncxcnri, (anno y»c :ancp6onannic YµI
595
n xoropic naxn cmc nc 6inn pacxpiri, no n ncc ocrarxn nn:-
ncpinyroio naxn crapoio crpon. Bcc ¬rn ¬ncxcnri 6inn npc(-
pacnono»cni nanocrpnri ymn n npnnnxari nocrynanmnc n:
Icnipa(a yxa:annn n cninani. H ¬ro nonnrno: nn:ncpinyric
xnacci, npc(arcnn, nc(ononinic ¬ncxcnri, npain napo(non
nnacrn, ncc rc, xro nc xoi rcpncri cnpanc(nnnocrn namcn
naprnn n namcn napo(non nnacrn, no:naiann ncc cnon na(c»-
(i na noxomi n:nnc. H ccnn (o 1948 io(a onn paccunrinann na
axcpnxanncn n aninnuan, ro nonnncnnc cmc o(noio com:nnxa n
xo:nnna conccx nc xcmano nx. Onn naxcpcnannci craparicn,
xax n crapannci n (cncrnnrcninocrn, axrnnn:nponaricn, ncrynari
n xonraxri n (cncrnonari rax»c n paxxax ccrn rnronncn.
Ho co npcxcncx n onn 6inn pacxpiri n nonyunnn no
:acnyiax. Ha(c»(i Tnro n xoxnannn ni:nari n An6annn nc-
(ononicrno, nannxy, oruannnc, pa:6po( n 6ccnopn(xn nc on-
pan(inannci. Cnonno ximi n ximcnonxy o(nn :a (pyinx
nona(ann n namn pyxn, xax 6an(nri n (nncpcanri, rax n
rannic aicnri, npnnc(cnnic n (cncrnnc n namcn crpanc :a
¬ror ncpno(
1
.
Ho xi onnri-raxn nc (pcxann. Bpcxn noxa:ano, uro mio-
cnancxoc pyxono(crno, xax «cnonxn cnnaxn», rax n n aicnryp-
nox cionopc c nxncpnanncrnuccxnxn ccxpcrnixn cny»6axn,
(cp»ano n «:anacnic ncmxn», uro6i npnnccrn nx n (cncrnnc
n xoxcnri, xoropic ono couno 6i 6oncc no(xo(nmnxn n
xoi(a ¬roio norpc6onann 6i cio nnrcpcci. ¹ro ¬ro 6inn :a
«:anacnic ncmxn» ÷ raxoc pacxpino npo(nn»cnnc nncpc(
namcn pcnonmnnn. Inannoc :axnmuanoci n rox, uro6i xi
xpannnn nocronnnym 6(nrcninocri, co:nanan, uro cnoxon-
crnnn na namcx nyrn nc 6y(cr, n6o, noxnxo nccio (pyioio,
namn xnoiouncncnnic npain nnxonx o6pa:ox nc (a(yr nax
cnoxonno pa6orari n »nri.
__________________________________
1 B ncpno( c 1948 io(a no 1955 io( miocnancxon aicnrypon 6ino
:acnano nnn cxonoucno n An6annn 3O7 6an( aicnron, (nncpcanron n
npccrynnnxon, xoropic 6inn cxnaucni nnn ynnuro»cni ncc (o c(n-
noio. 3a ¬ror »c ncpno( 6inn pacxpiri n ynnuro»cni rannic aicn-
rypnic ipynni n opiann:annn, co:(annic n ynpannncxic miocnancxnxn
ccxpcrnixn cny»6axn n corpy(nnuccrnc c :ana(nixn.
596
1 B ncpno( c 1948 io(a no 1955 io( miocnancxon aicnrypon 6ino
:acnano nnn cxonoucno n An6annn 3O7 6an( aicnron, (nncpcanron n
npccrynnnxon, xoropic 6inn cxnaucni nnn ynnuro»cni ncc (o c(n-
noio. 3a ¬ror »c ncpno( 6inn pacxpiri n ynnuro»cni rannic aicn-
rypnic ipynni n opiann:annn, co:(annic n ynpannncxic miocnancxnxn
ccxpcrnixn cny»6axn n corpy(nnuccrnc c :ana(nixn.
596
Tax xonunnaci ncpnan qa:a ycnnnn Tnro n:xcnnri cnry-
annm n An6annn c noxomim (nncpcanron n aicnron. Hnuro
nc cxoino noxonc6ari namy connanncrnuccxym rncp(inm,
uin qyn(axcnri 6inn nc:i6ncxixn. Uai :a maiox, no xc-
pc npo(nn»cnnn nncpc( no nccx o6nacrnx »n:nn, no xc-
pc nnxnn(annn nxncpnanncrnuccxnx, rnroncxnx n nxncpna-
nncrnuccxo-rnroncxnx 6an( n aicnrypnix ccrcn, xi cranonn-
nnci 6oncc cnninixn, 6oncc pcmnrcninixn na cnocx nyrn.
K nauany 5O-x io(on crano oucnn(no, uro, ncnoni:yn
(nncpcanron, aicnron n crapic anrnan6ancxnc n anrnconna-
nncrnuccxnc no(onxn, Tnro nnucio nc xoi (ocrninyri n
6opi6c c naxn. O(naxo nxcnno n xoxcnri, xoi(a cio na-
(c»(i na n:xcncnnc nono»cnnn n An6annn yiacann, cxy,
cnonno «xanna nc6ccnan», npnmcn na noxomi (pyion pcnc-
iar ÷ Hnxnra Xpymcn.
Xpymcncxan n:xcna ÷ o(na n: cnnincnmnx rpanx, xo-
i(a-nn6o ncpc»nrix xc»(ynapo(nix xoxxynncrnuccxnx n
pa6ounx (nn»cnncx, (ana Tnro nonic no:xo»nocrn n cpc(-
crna, a :ao(no npo6y(nna n ncx n 6onimnc na(c»(i na n:-
xcncnnc nono»cnnn n An6annn. Crapan monnnncrnuccxan
»a»(a noinomcnnn An6annn ncpcnncnaci y»c c cmc (nyxn
cymccrncnnixn qaxropaxn: no-ncpnix, c ncnanncrim 6cnipa(-
cxnx pcnciaron x crponnmcxycn n An6annn connann:xy, n,
no-nropix, c uyncrnox xmcnnn :a ncnpcpinnic y(api n :a
nocronnnoc pa:o6naucnnc nx namcn naprncn n namnx napo-
(ox na nporn»cnnn ncnix ncr.
Tnronni nc crann (onio »(ari n npc(npnnnnn ncpnym ara-
xy ucpc: Tyxa 2xona. Hc cnyuanno ro, uro nxcnno n xoxcnri,
xoi(a Tnro n Xpymcn nana»nnann crpyni, :a o(nn-(na xccn-
na (o roio, xax Xpymcn ornpannncn n Icnipa( noncnonaricn
c Tnro, Tyx 2xona n:nn (a nonropnn nax npa»(c6nin rc:nc
miocnanon o rox, 6y(ro ¬ro onn ocnonann Koxxynncrnuccxym
naprnm An6annn (') n 6y(ro ncc no6c(i, o(cp»annic n Anrn-
qamncrcxon Hannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninon 6opi6c nnnnmrcn
nx «:acnyion» (').
O rox, uro ¬ro 6in :a «rc:nc» n :aucx on ni(nnnyr, n
no(po6no ionopnn nimc. 3(cci xorcn 6i nccio nnmi no(ucpx-
597
nyri ncuro (pyioc: Tyx 2xona 6in o(nnx n: yuacrnnxon co-
ncmannn no ocnonannm KHA, cocronnmciocn n non6pc 1941
io(a; n ncpno( nonni n nnnori (o 1955 io(a, xax n ncc xi,
on uacro cniman ¬ror rc:nc n nc coinamancn c nnx, nanpornn,
pcmnrcnino npornnonocrannnncn cxy. B raxox cnyuac, xax »c
on o(yxancn n nnmnyn cc6c n nnno n anpcnc 1955 io(a"' Ha-
ncpnoc, Xpoxon (µyman Myioma), xoropin, coinacno xo(o-
noxy naponm YµI, «ncnoxnnan n nc :a6inan» :ancp6onannix
nx nm(cn, no(an Tyxy :nax ncpcnrn x (cncrnnm. Ocraninixn
»c «rc:ncaxn» Tyxa 6inn xax pa: rc:nci, onrox ni6pomcn-
nic na pinox xpymcncxon ipynnon n ncnnx npc(napnrcninon
no(ioronxn nouni (nn nponc(cnnn XX c¡c:(a KHCC: :ary-
xannc xnacconon 6opi6i; ncpccxorp npono(nnmcncn naprncn
nnnnn n oco6cnno pca6nnnrannn npaion, ocy»(cnnix :a on-
noprynn:x n rponxn:x; n:xcncnnc cocrana HK naprnn n ni-
(nn»cnnc n naprnnnoc pyxono(crno ocy»(cnnix ¬ncxcnron
n r.(. n r.n.
Hama naprnn ncxc(ncnno pcmnrcnino n 6ccnoma(no y(a-
pnna no «rc:ncax» n crpcxncnnnx Tyxa n rcx, xro npcno(ncc
nx cxy. K Tyxy 2xona npncoc(nnnncn o(nn ronixo ¬ncxcnr ÷
Ic(pn Cnaxny, (anno n:nccrnin xax onnoprynncr, xax crpa-
(anmnn xanncn ncnnunn ucnoncx, croponnnx rc:nca o :aryxa-
nnn xnacconon 6opi6i n r.(. Ocy(nn o6a ¬rnx xannrynnnra
n anrnnaprnnnic ¬ncxcnri, Hncnyx HK AHT, cocronnmnncn
n nmnc 1955 io(a, nc ronixo nipa:nn pcmnxocri AHT nc cxa-
rnricn n 6onoro, xy(a nauann noipy»aricn (pyinc naprnn roi-
(amnnx connanncrnuccxnx crpan, no, o(nonpcxcnno, npcno(an
xopomnn ypox Tnro n xoxnannn. Hcpnan nonirxa rnronncn,
nanpanncnnan npornn nac n ncpno(, xoi(a pa:pa:nnaci xpy-
mcncxan ¬nn(cxnn, (ana occuxy. O(naxo, nccxorpn na ¬ror
iopixnn ypox, miocnancxoc pyxono(crno nc norcpnno na(c»-
(i (a n nc »ancno nonix ycnnnn x nxcmarcnicrny n (nncp-
cnonnon (cnrcninocrn n An6annn.
Oro 6ino nxcnno n xoxcnri, xoi(a n xonnc xan n nauanc
nmnn 1955 io(a n Icnipa(c npon:omno namyxcnmcc n no:op-
noc npnxnpcnnc Tnro n Xpymcna. Xopomo n:nccrno, uro xi
pcmnrcnino nicrynnnn npornn ¬roio npccnonyroio axra.
598
Kax ronixo Xpymcn coo6mnn nax n nocnc(nnc xnnyri,
uro cax nincrnr n Icnipa( noxnpnricn c Tnro, nonpocnri y
ncio «nap(ony» :a «omn6xn, (onymcnnic n cio ornomcnnn» n
1948 n 1949 io(ax (') n npono:inacnri n ncuarn «pcmcnnc» (npn-
nnroc caxnx Xpymcnix) o npn:nannn nc(cncrnnrcninixn
Pc:onmnnn Hnqopx6mpo, xi nanpannnn Xpymcny cnninoc
nncixo, n xoropox nipa»ann cnoc nccoinacnc c no(o6nixn
(cncrnnnxn n oco6cnno c npn:nanncx nx nc(cncrnnrcninixn
Pc:onmnnn Hnqopx6mpo
1
. Ha pn(c ncrpcu, xoropic n nxcn n
rc (nn c concrcxnx nocnox n Tnpanc, ucnnuxnnix, xi mnpc
n pcmnrcnino apiyxcnrnponann concrcxoxy pyxono(crny na-
my npannninym no:nnnm no ¬roxy nonpocy. Ho cionop xc»(y
Tnro n Xpymcnix :axnmunncn. Hcxnoio (ncn cnycrn nocnc
¬roio axra n:xcni, a nxcnno 17 nmnn 1955 io(a, c npnnnrncx
Hncnyxox namcio Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra xcp npornn Tyxa
2xona n Ic(pn Cnaxny, xi npnxo n xocncnno (ann nonnri
Tnro n Xpymcny, uro nc ronixo nc naxcpcni 6inn coina-
cnricn c nx nnanaxn, no n co6npannci 6ccnoma(no nanocnri
y(api, xax n nanccnn, nm6on nonirxc nx caxnx n nx aicnron
nocrannri nac na xoncnn. Tcx nc xcncc, cnc(ycr no(ucpxnyri,
uro, xorn nn n xocx cnyuac nc npnnnxann nnnnm, xoropym
(nxronana nax Mocxna, a, nao6opor, npornno(cncrnonann ¬ron
nnnnn, xi nc xoinn ocranaricn «nc:a(crixn» n, xax cxa:ari,
nponrn xnxo no(nnron cm nonni. Crpcxnci c(cnari y(api
___________________________________________
1 «Honcc(ncnnin onir namcn naprnn n ornomcnnnx c miocnanaxn
xax (o pa:pina c miocnanaxn n 1948 io(y, rax n no:(ncc n nnnori (o
namnx (ncn, ÷ nncann xi, n uacrnocrn, Xpymcny, ÷ ncno n n nonnon
xcpc, na xnoiouncncnnix n »nnix qaxrax cnn(crcnicrnycr o rox, uro
npnnnnnnaninoc co(cp»annc nccx Pc:onmnnn Hnqopx6mpo no mio-
cnancxoxy nonpocy 6ino concpmcnno npannninix . . . Ha nam n:inn(,
croni nocncmnoc (n onpoxcrunnoc) pcmcnnc no nonpocy 6onimon npnn-
nnnnaninon na»nocrn 6c: npc(napnrcninoio nponc(cnnn nxccrc co nccxn
naprnnxn, :annrcpcconannixn n ¬rox nonpocc, iny6oxoio anann:a n rcx
6oncc noxcmcnnc cio n ncuarn n oinamcnnc cio na 6cnipa(cxnx ncpc-
ionopax, nc ronixo 6inn 6i npc»(cnpcxcnnixn, no n nanccnn 6i cc-
pic:nin ymcp6 o6mcxy xypcy . . . Mi y6c»(cni n rox, uro raxan icnc-
paninan nnnnn namcn naprnn n ornomcnnnx c Kiocnanncn npannninan ...»
(Hs nuct+a HK AHT, nanpaeaennoeo HK KHCC 2: +a» !9:: eooa. HHA.)
599
no:xo»no 6oncc ¬qqcxrnnnixn, a, cnc(onarcnino, ni:nari
o6cranonxy, xoropan npnncna 6i x «no(unncnnm» An6annn,
xax Xpymcn, rax n Tnro pa6orann ro n c(nncrnc xc»(y co-
6on, ro pa:(cnino.
Cpc(n nan6oncc rn»cnix co6irnn n ¬rox nponcccc ny»-
no ynoxnnyri Tnpancxym naprnnnym xonqcpcnnnm, npoxo(nn-
mym n anpcnc 1956 io(a. B paxxax ncpnon qa:i nonnncnnn
xpymcncxoio pcnn:nonn:xa ona, 6c: coxncnnn, npc(crannncr
co6on inanncnmcc ycnnnc Tnro n Xpymcna x n:xcncnnm no-
no»cnnn n An6annn. Anpcnicxan Tnpancxan xonqcpcnnnn 1956
io(a cocronnaci nccio ncxnoio npcxcnn cnycrn nocnc npc-
cnonyroio XX c¡c:(a KHCC n nponcmc(mcc na ncn nnnnoci n
n(conoinuccxox ornomcnnn pcqncxcox ¬roio c¡c:(a n xo(n-
qnnnponannon nx pcnn:nonncrcxon nnarqopxi, a n opiann:a-
nnonnox ornomcnnn ÷ npocro :aionopox, cocrpnnannix rn-
roncxnx pyxono(crnox ucpc: miocnancxoc noconicrno n corpy(-
nnuccrnc, xax ¬ro nincnnnoci no:(ncc, n c concrcxnx noconi-
crnox.
H:nccrcn ror qaxr, uro Xpymcn, oco6cnno nocnc XX c¡c-
:(a, cocronnmciocn n qcnpanc 1956 io(a, ucio ronixo nc npc(-
npnnnxan, n corpy(nnuccrnc c Tnro, (nn n:xcncnnn nono»c-
nnn no nccx crpanax napo(non (cxoxparnn. Kax n nncan n
nimc, o(non n: ncpnix xcp, npnnnrix Xpymcnix, 6ina pc-
a6nnnrannn ocy»(cnnix no npcxn Hnqopx6mpo n nx nxnm-
ucnnc n cocran pyxono(crna naprnn n crpan napo(non (cxo-
xparnn. O(nn :a (pyinx 6inn pca6nnnrnponani Panx ÷ n
Bcnipnn, Ioxynxa ÷ n Honimc, Kocron ÷ n Ioniapnn, pa:-
ncpnynoci rax na:inacxoc (nn»cnnc :a (cxoxparn:annm, :a
«ncpccxorp pcmcnnn, npnnnrix no( nnnnnncx Crannna n Hn-
qopx6mpo» n r.(. Bo xnoinx crpanax 6in y:axoncn «nonin
xypc» na npnxnpcnnc c 6inmnxn npaiaxn «xnpnoio cocy-
mccrnonannn» c nxncpnann:xox n r.(. B ¬rox ianonc nc or-
cranann nn (pyinc crpani napo(non (cxoxparnn n £nponc, nn
Knran Mao H:¬(yna.
Tnro (ononinin cxorpcn na ¬ror nponccc n ucio ronixo
nc npc(npnnnxan, uro6i (ari cxy nonin nxnynic n pa:nn-
nari cio coinacno cnonx nnrcpccax. Ha(cnci, uro nacrynnn
6OO
y»c xoxcnr (nn npnnnrnn :naxcnn n cnon pyxn, on nc pa:
:annnnn, uro «nnnonnnxox» nccio nponcmc(mcio 6in cax co-
nnanncrnuccxnn crpon, rax uro ny»no 6ino cncpinyri «(oi-
xarnuccxnn», «crannncxnn» connann:x n ycranonnri miocnan-
cxnn crpon, «»n:nccnoco6noc», «iyxannoc caxoynpanncnnc».
Mnoinc 6inn nnc(cni n :a6ny»(cnnc nnn »c c ncrcpnc-
nncx »(ann nccn ¬ron n:xcni, xoropan 6ina xo(nqnnnponana
n crana y»c oqnnnaninon n(conoincn. Tonixo nama naprnn
n nama crpana ncnoxonc6nxo cronnn na npc»nnx no:nnnnx.
Oro nc xoino nc npnnccrn n npocri inanapcn conpcxcnnoio
pcnn:nonn:xa, xax Tnro, rax n Xpymcna. Ynn(cn, uro y nac
nc npomno ro, uro nxcno xccro n (pyinx crpanax, onn pcmnnn
n(rn crapix nyrcx, nyrcx :aionopon. A nc(i Tnro 6in xacrc-
pox n ¬rox (cnc.
Tnpancxan xonqcpcnnnn 6ina xax pa: uacrim :aionopa
Tnro n Xpymcna, nancncnnoio na n:xcncnnc nono»cnnn n
namcn crpanc. 2 ionopm «uacrim» noroxy, uro nx nnan nnn
»c :aionop 6in xy(a 6onimc n mnpc. Ha Tnpancxon xon-
qcpcnnnn onn co6npannci c(cnari nnmi ncpnin mai, nomy-
nari nynic, no(ioronnri nouny, a nnocnc(crnnn n(rn cmc (ani-
mc, oco6cnno na III c¡c:(c AHT, xoropin naxcucno 6ino
co:nari, xax n 6in co:nan, ncxnoio cnycrn nocnc Tnpancxon
xonqcpcnnnn
1
.
¹ro »c qaxrnuccxn npon:omno na Tnpancxon xonqc-
pcnnnn"
Hpc(napnrcnino n Tnpanc, xax n ncm(y n crpanc, npoxo-
(nnn co6pannn naprnnnix opiann:annn, xapaxrcpn:onanmnc-
cn nonnrnuccxon, n(cnnon n opiann:annonnon :pcnocrim nccn
naprnnnon opiann:annn, nm6onim, xoropym xoxxynncri nn-
rann x naprnn, x cc pyxono(crny, ncpnocrim npono(nnmcncn
cm nnnnn, pcmnxocrim (animc npo(nniari nncpc( n :amn-
mari ¬ry nnnnm. Ha ¬rnx co6pannnx 6inn n:6pani n (cnc-
iari Tnpancxon naprnnnon xonqcpcnnnn. Kax n y»c orxc-
rnn, (o ¬roio xoxcnra ncc mno conccx nopxanino, naprnnnan
opiann:annn n Tnpanc, xax n ncm(y n crpanc, nnmnnn pa:
_________________________________________
1 III c¡c:( AHT npoxo(nn n Tnpanc c 25 xan no 3 nmnn 1956 io(a.
6O1
(cxoncrpnponana cnom :pcnocri n no(rncp»(ana npannninocri
icncpaninon nnnnn naprnn. Ho nxcnno roi(a, xoi(a (cncia-
ri 6inn y»c n:6pani n ioronnnnci x xonqcpcnnnn, miocnan-
cxoc noconicrno n Tnpanc nonyunno npnxa: ncxc(ncnno npn-
nccrn n (cncrnnc (anno y»c no(ioronncnnix rannix aicnron,
nc(ononinic n (pyinc ¬ncxcnri. ¹ro ¬ro 6ina :a nocncm-
nocri Icnipa(a ÷ raxoc ncixo xo»no nonnri: ronixo uro 6i-
nn ony6nnxonani pcnn:nonncrcxnc rc:nci n pcmcnnn XX
c¡c:(a KHCC, n miocnancxoc pyxono(crno :axnmunno, uro
npcxn nc rcpncno ornaiarcnicrn. Ono no(yxano, uro 6icrpoc,
rannoc n nnrcncnnnoc (cncrnnc n An6annn xoino cxyrnri n
concpmcnno (c:opncnrnponari cnryannm, nnauc «crannncxoc
pyxono(crno Onncpa Xo(»a» nc noxonc6acmi. H nauanoci
nncrcnnc :aionopa.
Ho( xacxon «o:naxoxncnnn» n «nonynnpn:annn» pcmcnnn
n rc:ncon XX c¡c:(a KHCC, xoropic myxno nponaian(nponan
ncci xnp, aicnri miocnanon n (pyinc ocy»(cnnic naprncn
¬ncxcnri nauann, nonyunn or miocnancxoio noconicrna coor-
ncrcrnymmnc nncrpyxnnn, nrannc o6pa6arinari n:6pannix
(cnciaron xonqcpcnnnn. Onn (cncrnonann (a»c «ncianinix»
nyrcx: ncnoni:onan yrncp»(cnnym n nnx namcn naprncn nm-
6oni x Koxxynncrnuccxon naprnn Concrcxoio Com:a, onn
«noconcronann» xnoinx (cnciarax rpc6onari or n:6panmnx nx
opiann:annn cmc pa: «nponccrn (ncxyccnm» no npnxcpy «6par-
cxon concrcxon naprnn», noopy»nricn n a(pcc pyxono(crna
namcn naprnn «:axcuannnxn» n «xpnrnxon», xoropic coorncr-
crnonann 6i «nonoxy (yxy»; npn:nari xoxxynncron «ncc» io-
nopnri o «nacronmcx n npomnox»; npnnaiari ycnnnn nxo6i
x «ncnpanncnnm omn6ox n n:npamcnnn» no( xacxon «(cxo-
xparnn», «npncnymnnannn x ionocy xacc», «ncpc(aun na xon-
qcpcnnnn ionoca nn:on» n r.(. n r.n.
£mc n ncpnin (cni pa6ori xonqcpcnnnn, no oco6cnno na
ncpnix :acc(annnx nropoio (nn, raxon «xpnrnuccxnn (yx»
cran oucnn(nix n ncxopc o6nnncnnn (o roio pa:omnnci,
uro o6cranonxa crana rn»cnon n norpncammcn (a»c (nn ca-
xnx rannix opiann:aropon :aionopa.
Hxcnno x nony(nm nropoio (nn pa6ori xonqcpcnnnn
6O3
concpmcnno nco»n(anno no Bncpy npncxana Hc(»xnc. 2 y»c
nourn nc(cnm xax naxo(nncn no Bncpc na or(ixc, xorn, qax-
rnuccxn, pa6oran (nn no(ioronxn (oxna(a III naprnnnoxy
c¡c:(y, xoropin 6ino naxcucno co:nari n xac roio io(a.
Hc(»xnc cxa:ana xnc (n xopomo noxnm, uro ¬ro 6ino n noc-
xpcccnic 15 anpcnn), uro Mcxxcr Ucxy n Icunp Ianyxy ni-
:nann cc na ncrpcuy n Mcxxcr Ucxy cxa:an cn, uro «arxoc-
qcpa na xonqcpcnnnn rn»cnan», «rax (o6nnamrcn pca6nnn-
rannn Koun µ:o(:c, Tyxa 2xona n Ic(pn Cnaxny», «ycranonnc-
nnn cnn:cn c Tnro n miocnancxon naprncn» n r.(. «2 ionopm
rc6c ¬ro, ÷ :axnmunn Mcxxcr Ucxy, ÷ uro6i ri nocxana
no Bncpy, nocrannna ronapnma Onncpa n n:nccrnocri o6 ¬rox,
n xi (yxacx, uro nco6xo(nxo, uro6i on cax npnmcn na xon-
qcpcnnnm».
2 paccxa»y nn»c, noucxy Mcxxcr Ucxy nponnqopxnpo-
nan o6 ¬rox, noucxy on cucn «nco6xo(nxix», uro6i n npnmcn
na xonqcpcnnnm, n xaxona 6ina cio ncrnnnan poni n ¬rox :a-
ionopc. 3(cci n xouy orxcrnri, uro nocnc cxa:annoio xnc
Hc(»xnc n, n 6c: «npoci6i» Mcxxcra Ucxy, 6onimc nn na
xni nc xoi ocranaricn no Bncpc. 2 npnxa:an no(ari xamnny
n (na uaca cnycrn 6in y»c n Tnpanc.
2 ncxc(ncnno ni:nan x cc6c Mcxxcra Ucxy, Icunpa
Ianyxy (nocnc(nnn oe-mpe 6in nocnanncx Hcnrpaninoio Ko-
xnrcra na xonqcpcnnnn, a oe-{atmo, xax ¬ro no(rncp(nnoci
nnocnc(crnnn, nnnnncn «nocnanncx» miocnancxon ccxpcrnon
cny»6i). Ha ¬ron ncrpcuc npncyrcrnonan n Xmcnn Kano.
2 oco6cnno or Icunpa Ianyxy norpc6onan, uro6i ror no(po6-
ncc ocnc(oxnn xcnn o rox, uro rnopnnoci n uro ionopnnn
na xonqcpcnnnn, n on, ro xpacncn, ro 6nc(ncn, cxa:an xnc:
÷ Bucpa, xax ronixo 0nupcr Ucxy xonunna (oxna(,
nac 6yxnanino :anannnn nonpocaxn. Bonpoci ¬ r n . . . cnni-
nic, norpncammnc: «Houcxy Hcnrpaninin Koxnrcr nc (cn-
crnycr 6icrpo n n mnpoxox xacmra6c (nn nonynnpn:annn
XX c¡c:(a concrcxon naprnn"»; «Iy(yr nn npnnnri naxn cio
pcmcnnn n rc:nci, xax ¬ro c(cnann 6parcxnc naprnn"'»;
«Cunracr nn Hcnrpaninin Koxnrcr, uro na(o ncpccxorpcri
n cncrc XX c¡c:(a pcmcnnn, npnnnric n ornomcnnn Koun
6O3
µ:o(:c, Tyxa 2xona, Ic(pn Cnaxny"»; «Houcxy Hcnrpaninin
Koxnrcr namcn naprnn :anpcrnn noxcmcnnc n ncuarn crarcn
n xarcpnanon 6parcxnx naprnn, nanncannix n (yxc XX c¡c:-
(a"»; «Houcxy pyxono(crno namcn naprnn nc nanccno y(ap,
xax ¬ro c(cnann (pyinc naprnn, xyniry nnunocrn Crannna n
na6nm(amrcn nn y nac cio nponnncnnn"»; «Kaxono xncnnc
pyxono(crna namcn naprnn o miocnancxox nonpocc"»; «Ho-
ucxy n xi nc ncrynacx n cnn:i c KHK, xax ¬ro (cnamr
(pyinc. . ."».
Ynoxnnyn cmc nccxonixo no(o6nix nonpocon (onn nnmi
no qopxynnponxc xoinn ornnuaricn (pyi or (pyia, a no cy-
mccrny 6inn rcxn »c, uro n ncpcuncncnnic xnom nimc),
Ianyxy :axnmunn:
÷ Bor nxcnno raxnc nonpoci :a(anannci nucpa n n raxox
(yxc nicrynamr (cnciari.
÷ Oro ncc (cnciari :a(amr raxnc nonpoci H ncc onn n
raxox (yxc ionopnr"' ÷ ryr »c cnpocnn n cio.
Ianyxy :axonuan xinoncnno, ncci xpacnin nocxorpcn n
cropony Mcxxcra Ucxy, no, nocxonixy Ucxy cronn xax nxo-
nannin, orxamnnncn n orncrnn:
÷ µa ncr' Bccio nnmi ncxoropic ronapnmn no(nnxamr
raxnc nonpoci n ionopnr n raxox (yxc, no (cno n rox, uro
onn :a(amr ron xonqcpcnnnn.
÷ Hy uro, orncrnnn nn ni (on»nix o6pa:ox na raxnc
nonpoci n o6nnncnnn, no:nc(cnnic na namy naprnm n cc
nnnnm"
÷ Orncrnri-ro n orncrnn, no, nn(nxo, (cno nccixa oc-
no»nnnoci. Hx nc ycnoxonmi. Bor noucxy n n ronapnm Mcxxcr
Ucxy pcmnnn cninann:nponari nac o6 ¬rox n nonpocnnn
nac caxoxy npnnrn na xonqcpcnnnm, uro6i (ari nx orncr . . .
÷ 2cno' ÷ npcpnan n Icunpa Ianyxy. ÷ Bi npannnino
nocrynnnn, coo6mnn xnc o6 ¬rox n nonpocnn xocio npncyr-
crnnn rax. Mi ncxc(ncnno non(cx na xonqcpcnnnm n nc
nax, a ¬ncxcnrax, crpcxnmnxcn nanxn n xoncca ncrannnri
nax n n:npamari namy npannninym nnnnm, na(o nyiaricn
ounon cranxn. O(naxo, npc»(c ucx nonrn ry(a, cxa»y nax
napy cnon:
6O4
÷ Bo-ncpnix, n: cxa:annoio naxn cranonnrcn oucnn(no,
uro xi nxccx (cno c npa»(c6nix y(apox, xoropin, 6c: cox-
ncnnn, nc ronixo nncnnpnponan, no n opiann:onan (pyinxn.
Kax n xcx, ¬ro xi pa:y:nacx, npnucx cxopo, no, no-xocxy, :(cci
nn(cn nc ro uro nancn, a pyxa miocnanon. Mi nocxorpnx n
¬ro. O(naxo n cunram, uro ri, Icunp Ianyxy, nnnnnci npc(-
crannrcncx Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra naprnn, nc (on»cn 6in
no:nonnri, uro6i (cno (omno (o ¬roio. Bc(i nnnnn naprnn
rc6c n:nccrna, nama no:nnnn no ornomcnnm xo nccx no-
npocax, «ncpccxorpa» xoropix (o6nnamrcn ncxoropic non-
nnnmnccn rcncpi «xpa6pcni», 6oncc ucx ncnan. Bcc ¬rn
nonpoci xi o6cy»(ann n xonncinanino o nnx pcmann n (on»-
noc npcxn n nc noxnm, uro6i y xoio-nn6o n: nac 6inn ncnc-
nic nonpoci, a nc ro uro no:pa»cnnn.
÷ Oro ncpno' ÷ ncrannn Mcxxcr Ucxy nnonionoca. ÷
Mi 6inn coinacni n nipa»ann coinacnc c ¬rnx.
÷ B raxox cnyuac, ÷ o6parnncn n x Mcxxcry Ucxy
n Icunpy Ianyxy, ÷ noucxy (on»cn npnnrn nxcnno n (nn
roio, uro6i cnpannricn c cnryanncn n orncrnri na nonpoci,
xoropic nax npcxpacno n:nccrni"' C xaxon 6i croponi nn
no(xo(nri x (cny, ¬ro nc ronixo ncnpannnino, no n nc(o-
nycrnxo (nn inannix pyxono(nrcncn naprnn. To, uro o6cy»(c-
no n pcmcno nccxn naxn, xi ncc :amnmari o6n:ani. Kax 6i
ro nn 6ino, ÷ npo(on»an n, ÷ inannoc :axnmuacrcn n rox,
uro6i xi cnpannnnci co cno»nnmcncn cnryanncn n nocxonixy
ni counn ny»nix, uro6i nxcnno n npnnnncn :a ¬ro (cno,
n o6n:arcnino cio ninonnm.
Bropoc, uro n xorcn 6i cxa:ari nax, cnn:ano c raxrnxon,
xoropon ny»no npn(cp»nnaricn. 2 (yxam, uro nocrynnri na(o
cnc(ymmnx o6pa:ox: 2 ncxc(ncnno nonpomy cnona n cnoxon-
no, nc araxoninan o6nnnnrcncn (o nopi (o npcxcnn, pa:¡ncnm
(cnciarax cymnocri npan(i o no(nnrix nonpocax n no:nc-
(cnnix na nac inycnix o6nnncnnnx. 2 o6¡ncnm, xaxnx 6in
n ocracrcn no(xo( namcn naprnn x ¬rnx nonpocax, xax xi
nocrynann n c xaxnx no:nnnn npc(¡nnnnmrcn o6nnncnnn, x
ucxy onn nonc(yr n cnyuac, ccnn xi (a(nx nx nponrn. 2
y6c»(cn n rox, uro no(annnmmcc 6onimnncrno (cnciaron
6O5
¬ro :(oponic n ncpnic naprnn nm(n, n, ccnn xaxon-nn6y(i
n: nnx nnc(cn n :a6ny»(cnnc, ro xi 6icrpo pa:¡ncnnx cxy
ncc. ¹ro »c xacacrcn «xpa6pcnon», (o6nnammnxcn pcnn-
:nn, ro nxn n xonxpcrno :anxyci no nropon qa:c, xoi(a (c-
nciarax ncno 6y(cr ncrnnnoc nono»cnnc ncmcn. Ha xon-
qcpcnnnn n norpc6ym, uro6i xa»(in n: ¬rnx ¬ncxcnron
o6¡ncnnn nax c xaxnx nxcnno no:nnnn no:no(nr on cnon
xcp:xnc o6nnncnnn, or nxcnn xoio on ionopnr n xro cio
n(oxnonnn. 2 yncpcn, uro ncpc( nnnox ncrnni onn 6y(yr
pa:o6naucni n (ncxpc(nrnponani.
Hrax, 15 anpcnn, no nropon nononnnc (nn, n nomcn na
Tnpancxym xonqcpcnnnm n npn(cp»nnancn yxa:annon xnom
nimc raxrnxn. Ha(o orxcrnri, uro, xax ronixo nomcn n :an,
i(c npoxo(nna xonqcpcnnnn, n 6in oxpy»cn arxocqcpon,
xoropan (animc ycnnnna xom yncpcnnocri n yxno»nna xon
cnni: ynn(cn xcnn, (cnciari ncrann c xccr n pa:pa:nnnci
anno(ncxcnraxn n no:inacaxn n uccri namcn naprnn n cc
Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra. Xnnocri n pa(ocri crann nonnnnri-
cn na nx nnnax. 2cno 6ino, uro ronapnmn ocno6o»(annci
or xomxapa, xoropin nourn (na (nn xpn(y norpncan n rpcno-
»nn nx. £mc 6onimc y6c(nncn n n ¬rox nocnc roio, xax n:nn
cnono. Hauaroc xnom pa:¡ncncnnc nonpocon n ronapnmccxox
(yxc, apiyxcnrnponannc npannninocrn icncpaninon nnnnn, xo-
ropym npono(nna nama naprnn, ryr »c na¬ncxrpn:onann :an.
µcnciari ro n (cno nixpnxnnann c xccr:
÷ Bor ¬ro npan(a' µa :(pancrnycr naprnn'
Bccio nnmi ncxnoinc (nciapxonnponann c o6mnx nacrpo-
cnncx : xoi(a ncc n :anc no(nnxannci c xccr, ncranann n onn,
npnny»(cnnic 6onimnncrnox, no xa:anoci, 6y(ro y nnx or-
nnnnci n n:ix n pyxn. Koncuno, nx anno(ncxcnron xi nc
xorcnn, (a»c n :a(apox. Mi xorcnn, uro6i onn oxa:annci
xpcnxo :a»arixn n rncxax, cnonxn co6crncnnixn ycraxn npn-
:nann, uro no nccx ni(nnnyrox nxn ncxo(nnn c npa»(c6nix,
anrnan6ancxnx n anrnnaprnnnix no:nnnn, uro ncnonnnnn
onn npnxa:i n «(npcxrnni» miocnancxoio rponxncrcxoio pyxo-
no(crna, n :a ncc ¬ro ucpnoc (cno nx ny»no 6ino npnnncui x
orncrcrncnnocrn. Oco6cnno na (pyion (cni, 16 anpcnn xnc
6O6
npnmnoci cncnnanino :annricn ¬rnxn ¬ncxcnraxn. Kax n y»c
orxcuan, qa:a ocncmcnnn nonpocon n npnnnnnc n cnoxonno
y»c ycncmno :ancpmnnaci. Ha oucpc(n 6ino coxpymnrcninoc
nana(cnnc na :aionopmnxon n yuacrnonanmnx n pa6orc xonqc-
pcnnnn nx npncncmnnxon. 2 o6parnncn x o(noxy n: nnx,
na:nan cio no nxcnn, n norpc6onan or ncio ncxc(ncnno «o6¡n-
cnnri» nax, uro nxcnno no6y(nno cio nicrynari c o6nnnc-
nnnxn'
Tor :a6opxoran nnauanc xax-ro «xpa6po», a norox nnon-
ionoca, yrncp»(an, 6y(ro nipa»an «xncnnc ncpnnunon op-
iann:annn».
÷ Ipoci ri ¬ro npo ncpnnunym opiann:annm' ÷ cxa:an
n. ÷ Ti nyumc cxa»n nax, ucio ncxan n xamnnc miocnan-
cxoio noconicrna n raxon-ro (cni, xy(a cxan n xaxnc nony-
unn yxa:annn"'
um(n n :anc xoxcnranino o»nnnnnci n :amcncnnnnci.
÷ Oro cnyunnoci no omn6xc, ÷ orna»nnoci «:amnrnri-
cn» opy(nc miocnanon, ÷ ona noxa:anaci xnc an6ancxon
xamnnon.
÷ Hy (onycrnx, uro nnauanc ri omn6cn, ÷ npo(on»an n
no nnnnn cio «noinxn», ÷ no, ccn n ncc n ycniman, uro rax
ionopnnn no-ccp6cxn, nc noxa:ancn nn rc6c ccp6cxnn n:ix
an6ancxnx n:ixox"'
B :anc :axoxorann. Aicnr miocnanon cran noxo» na xcpr-
ncna, on nc :nan, xax 6iri n uro cxa:ari. B raxox (yxc npo-
(on»nnn xi n c (nyxn-rpcxn (pyinxn ¬ncxcnraxn, xoropic
(o nucpamncio (nn noxa:inann cc6n «6c:y(cp»nixn» n «6oni-
mnxn xpa6pcnaxn», a rcncpi oxa:annci n nonnon n:onnnnn
n conccx (ncxpc(nrnponann cc6n.
Hocnc ¬roio xnc 6onimc nourn nc npnmnoci nxcmnnari-
cn. Cnono n:nnn (cnciari, xoropic, nponnnn :pcnocri, cxc-
nocri, (yx xpnrnxn n caxoxpnrnxn, ncci(a xapaxrcpn:onan-
mnc namnx xoxxynncron, c(cnann no:xo»nix, uro6i Tnpan-
cxan naprnnnan xonqcpcnnnn npo(on»nna n :ancpmnna cnom
pa6ory nnonnc ycncmno.
Honirxa npcnparnri cc n ncpnym axnnm, nanpanncnnym
6O7
na cncp»cnnc :(oponoio pyxono(crna AHT n na n:xcncnnc
cnryannn n An6annn, nponannnaci cmc n :apo(imc.
Bo npcxn pa6ori xonqcpcnnnn, no oco6cnno nocnc ncc,
xi xna(noxponno npoanann:nponann cnyunnmcccn n, xax n
y»c orxcuan, na ocnonc 6ccxoncunoio xno»ccrna qaxron, npn-
mnn x :axnmucnnm, uro ncc ¬ro 6ino opiann:onano rnroncxnx
pyxono(crnox ucpc: miocnancxoc noconicrno n Tnpanc. Kpoxc
¬roio, cmc n rc (nn xi c(cnann npannninin nino( o rox,
uro nxcnno pcnn:nonncrcxan nnarqopxa XX c¡c:(a KHCC
n(oxnonnna n no6y(nna xax miocnancxoc pyxono(crno, rax
n cio aicnron n namnx pn(ax npc(npnnnri raxym npa»(c6nym
nina:xy.
Hocnc pa:ipoxa :aionopmnnxon ipynni Tnpancxon xon-
qcpcnnnn ncxoropic cc yuacrnnxn 6inn ncxnmucni n: nap-
rnn, a ncxoropix (pyinx, xoi(a nincnnnoci, uro onn cocronnn
n cnn:nx c miocnancxnx noconicrnox ((annix o6 nx cnn:nx
c concrcxnx noconicrnox roi(a y nac nc 6ino), xi or(ann
no( cy(.
O(naxo x roxy npcxcnn, nnn(y crcncnn namcn ocnc(oxncn-
nocrn, nax nc y(anoci pacxpiri n nanccrn y(ap nancnnincn-
mcxy opy(nm nnocrpannix aicnryp, xoropoc na ¬ror pa:, npn-
nc(cnnoc n (cncrnnc miocnancxnx YµI, nrannc nipano inan-
nym poni n cocrpnnannox :aionopc. Oro 6in Mcxxcr Ucxy.
0axri, xacanmnccn cio nonc(cnnn na xonqcpcnnnn, nc no:no-
nnnn nax npnnrn x (pyioxy nino(y. Tcncpi »c, na ocnonc
anann:a npc»nnx n nocnc(ymmnx co6irnn, oco6cnno na 6a:c
qaxron, o6napy»cnnix nocnc cio caxoy6nncrna, nxcnmcio
xocio 18 (cxa6pn 1981 io(a, naprnn npnmna x rounix n
nnonnc o6ocnonannix nino(ax.
Ho npc»(c, ucx ionopnri o ponn n :aionopmnnxnx crpcx-
ncnnnx Mcxxcra Ucxy n cio npa»(c6non ipynni na Tnpan-
cxon xonqcpcnnnn n 1956 io(y n no:(ncc, nnnori (o xoxcnra,
xoi(a ror :acrpcnnncn, cunram nco6xo(nxix «o6parnricn x
npomnoxy», uro6i noxa:ari, xcx 6in n (cncrnnrcninocrn
Mcxxcr Ucxy, orxy(a on npnxo(nn n xoxy cny»nn.
H: cnc(crnnn, nponc(cnnoio nocnc caxoy6nncrna Mcxxcra
6O8
Ucxy, n (oxyxcnron, xoropixn naprnn pacnonaiacr, nncrnycr,
uro Mcxxcr Ucxy 6in :ancp6onan axcpnxannaxn, cmc xoi(a
yunncn n mxonc 0ynina n Tnpanc. Ho cio npnxa:y Mcxxcr
Ucxy ornpannncn n Hrannm yunricn n xaxox-ro nocnnox yuc6-
nox :anc(cnnn, no npnxa:y »c axcpnxancxon aicnrypi on
ornpannncn n Hcnannm (nn nponnxnoncnnn n pn(i nnrcpna-
nnonaninix 6pnia(. Hcnim axcpnxancxon aicnrypi 6ino npc-
(ocrannri cnocxy aicnry «narcnr» «6onna-nnrcpnannonanncra»,
uro6i ncnoni:onari cio (nn ocymccrnncnnn n An6annn no:(-
ncnmnx (ancxo n(ymnx ncncn.
C no(anncnncx anrnqamncrcxon nonni n Hcnannn Mcx-
xcr Ucxy ornpannncn n naicpi (nn 6c»cnncn no 0pannnn, i(c
npo6in rpn io(a, roi(a xax xnoinc cio ronapnmn 6c»ann
orry(a. B naicpc on 6in :ancp6onan n 6pnrancxnx Hnrcnnn(-
»cnc ccpnncox. Orry(a cio n:nnn o(nn oqnncp ncxcnxoio Ic-
crano n o(nn oqnncp nraninncxoio CHM, cio ncpcncnn n Hra-
nnm, i(c (cp»ann (na xccnna, a :arcx ncpc(ann n µyppccc
or¡nnncnnoxy an6ancxoxy mnnony Many Kyxancmn, cocronn-
mcxy na cny»6c y nraninncxnx :axnarunxon, xoropin nocnc
2O (ncn ninycrnn cio na nonm, n Mcxxcr Ucxy ncpc6pocnncn
n Manaxacrpy n cnn:ancn rax c namcn napropiann:anncn.
B ncpno( Hannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninon 6opi6i Mcxxcr
Ucxy n cio »cna, 0nupcr Can(»axrapn, crann n aicnraxn
miocnanon, 6y(yun :ancp6onannixn µymanox Myioma. Pa6ory
c Mcxxcrox Ucxy Myioma nauan cmc no Bncpc nccnom n
ncrox 1943 io(a n (animc nnrcncnqnnnponan cc, xoi(a o6a
onn «ycrponnn (cno» rax, uro6i 6iri nxccrc n Hcpnon y(ap-
non 6pnia(c, co:(annon naxn n aniycrc roio »c io(a. B 6pn-
ia(c »c Myioma no iopmxy namcn n noxpimxy: :ancp6onan
0nupcr Can(»axrapn n, n aicnrypnix »c ncnnx, «cocnaran»
cc Mcxxcry Ucxy. Kax n nm6an (pyian nnocrpannan aicnrypa,
n rnroncxan aicnrypa, po»(anmancn n qopxnponanmancn «n
oinc 6opi6i», (cncrnonana n nanpanncnnn ncnoni:onannn :a-
ncp6onannix cm nm(cn (nn ocymccrnncnnn 6nn:xnx n (ancxo
yxo(nnmnx nnanon: n coorncrcrnnn c ncpnix, ncorno»nix
nnanox, Myioma norpc6onan or cnocio aicnra, Mcxxcra Ucxy,
n no6y»(an cio concpmari xax xo»no 6onimc ccxranrcxnx
6O9
axron n (cncrnnn c rcx, uro6i no:(ncc, xoi(a nona(o6nrcn,
miocnani, caxn ccnnmnc n noompnnmnc raxoc ccxranrcrno, o6-
nnnnnn, xax ¬ro 6ino c(cnano nxn, pyxono(crno namcn nap-
rnn n «ccxranrcrnc» (¬ro, xax n orxcuan nimc, 6ino c(cnano n
Icparc n non6pc 1944 io(a). B ro »c npcxn, n paxxax «corpy-
(nnuccrna c com:nnxaxn», rnroncxan aicnrypa xnoioxy nayun-
naci na onirc Hnrcnnn(»cnc ccpnnca. Kpoxc ynoxnnyroio
xnom nimc, ona npnnnxana n pacucr n nopa»cnnc, xoropoc
xoina nonccrn n An6annn, rax uro no(ioronnna Mcxxcra
n 0nupcr Ucxy n xax aicnron na rpy(nic npcxcna, na 6y(y-
mcc. C ¬ron ncnim ona (ana ncpnoxy aicnrypnym xnnuxy
MHU (Mcxxcr Wcxanni Hcxy), a cn xnnuxy 0HCAPH (4n-
upcr Can(»axrapn).
H: o6napy»cnnix ninc nncixcnnix (oxyxcnron Mcxxcra
Ucxy nncrnycr, uro on 6in yuacrnnxox 6cparcxoio :aionopa
nxccrc c Koun µ:o(:c n Haxo Cnnpy, xorn n nc 6in n Icparc
n non6pc 1944 io(a.
Tax, n nncixc, nanpanncnnox Hcnrpaninoxy Koxnrcry
naprnn |Koun µ:o(:c] n (cxa6pc 1944 io(a, Mcxxcr Ucxy
ocy»(acr nnnnm naprnn, xax «ccxranrcxym» n «xccrnnuccxym»
n na:inacr :(oponoc cc pyxono(crno «nnyrpnnaprnnnon xnn-
xon». H, uro6i nc 6ino nnxaxnx coxncnnn n rox, xoio ¬ro
on nxccr n nn(y, Mcxxcr Ucxy, npnnc(cnnin n nocropi 6cpar-
cxnx anrnnaprnnnix nonoporox, co6crncnnopyuno nnmcr, uro
«ccnn 6i naprnn. . . nc concpmana ninc concpmacxin cm
nonopor, ro, nccoxncnno, xi cxarnnnci 6i x nponacrn»
1
.
Koncuno, nnnnnci :ancp6onannix miocnanaxn aicnrox,
Mcxxcr Ucxy :annxan anrnnaprnnnym no:nnnm n npncoc(n-
nnncn x :aionopmnxax. O(nonpcxcnno, n ¬rox nncixc conn-
(apnocrn on noni:onancn cnyuacx (nn roio, uro6i n:nnri
nnunoc nc(ononicrno naprnnnix pyxono(crnox n oco6cnno
xnom n norpc6onari or Koun µ:o(:c n rcx, xro (npn»nponan
Koun µ:o(:c, no:naipa»(cnnn :a :acnyin, xoropic on oxa-
:an n oxa:inan nx.
______________________________________
1 H: nncixa Mcxxcra Ucxy, nanpanncnnoio HK KHA |Koun µ:o(:c]
1O (cxa6pn 1944 io(a. HHA.
61O
Mcxxcr Ucxy n n io(i nonni nponnnnn npn:naxn nc(o-
nonicrna, ni:nannoio rcx, uro na Hcpnon nannonaninon xon-
qcpcnnnn Koxxynncrnuccxon naprnn An6annn, cocronnmcncn
n un6nnorc n xaprc 1943 io(a, cio n:6pann nccio nnmi xan-
(n(arox n uncni Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra, a n Hcpxcrc (na
Anrnqamncrcxox nannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninox c¡c:(c, npo-
xo(nnmcx n xac 1944 io(a) cio nc npon:ncnn n icncpani, xax
¬ro npon:ncnn ncxoropix (pyinx, xoropix on npc:npan.
Mcxxcr Ucxy xorcn, uro6i 6inn npc(ani :a6ncnnm omn-
6xn, xoropic on (onycrnn n (onycxan, napyman nnnnm naprnn
n nc ncnonnnn npnxa:i Icncpaninoio Ura6a. 3a raxnc omn6-
xn cio nco(noxparno xpnrnxonann, n rcncpi, nonnrno, on co-
ncpman nx nc 6c: onpc(cncnnon ncnn. Tax, n (cpcnnnx, xy(a
npoxo(nna Hcpnan 6pnia(a, on npn6cian x rcppopy, crpcxnci
(ncxpc(nrnponari naprnm n naprn:ancxnc cnni, on no:ncn
n ncicn(y «6onimon noxo(» (nyx 6aranionon Hcpnon 6pnia-
(i (nn cnaccnnn Icnmra6a or ncxcnxo-6annicrcxoio oxpy-
»cnnn, xoropin cnac nc on (rax xax Icnmra6 npopnan oxpy-
»cnnc cnonxn cnnaxn), 6oncc roio, Mcxxcr Ucxy yximncnno
norcpnn (nc nc(cnn nxccro (nyx (ncn, nc(n cnni 6pnia(i no
onacnix rponax, n:-:a ucio icponcxn nano xnoio xpa6pix
naprn:an ¬ron 6pnia(i.
B io(i nonni Mcxxcr Ucxy no:pa:nn npornn npnxa:a
Icncpaninoio Ura6a o ncpcxo(c Hcpnon (nnn:nn ucpc: pcxy
Uxyx6nn na Ccncp. Taxoc no:pa»cnnc Mcxxcra Ucxy nc
6ino cnyuannocrim. Ono conna(ano c anino-axcpnxancxnx
nnanox, paccunrannix na ro, uro6i copnari ncpcxo( qopxnpo-
nannn AHOA c Kia n Hcnrpaninym n Ccncpnym An6annm, n
c 6onimnx (anncnncx, xoropoc cpc(n:cxnoxopcxoc anino-
axcpnxancxoc xoxan(onannc oxa:inano na Inannoc xoxan(o-
nannc namcn apxnn c ncnim :acrannri cio orxa:aricn or ncpc-
6pocxn (nnn:nn na Ccncp
1
n or naxcpcnnn nana(ari na cnni
A6a:a Kynn, na:inan raxym ncpc6pocxy n raxoc crpcxnrcni-
noc pa:nnrnc namnx 6ocnix (cncrnnn «nxcmarcnicrnox n cio
crparcinuccxnc nnani». O(naxo y namcn naprnn n y Icnmra6a
______________________________________
1 Onncp Xo(»a, «Anino-axcpnxancxan onacnocri (nn An6annn (Boc-
noxnnannn)», an6. n:(., crp. 255, Tnpana, 1982.
611
6inn cnon crparcinuccxnc nnani cxopcnmcio ocno6o»(cnnn
nccn An6annn. Ham 6ccnonopornin npnxa: o ncxc(ncnnox
ncpcxo(c Hcpnon (nnn:nn na Ccncp copnan n anino-axcpn-
xancxnn nnan n ycnyin Mcxxcra Ucxy cio xo:ncnax.
Hrax, Mcxxcr Ucxy ncpnyncn n An6annm n 6oponcn nc
xax xoxxynncr n naprn:an, a xax nacxnnx, :acnannin anino-
axcpnxannaxn (nn cny»cnnn nx nnanax xacarcnino 6y(ymcio
An6annn
1
. Hocnc caxoy6nncrna Mcxxcra Ucxy n cio ccnqc
6ina nan(cna npoipaxxa, co6crncnnopyuno nanncannan nx
n 1942 io(y, no no:npamcnnn n An6annm. Ona 6ina nc ucx
nnix, xax 6yp»ya:no-(cxoxparnuccxon npoipaxxon, n xoro-
pon ionopnnoci noncc nc o connann:xc n xoxxynncrnuccxon
naprnn, a o xnoinx naprnnx, ucio crapannci (ocrninyri anino-
axcpnxancxnc xnccnn n pcaxnnonnic ipynni, oxa:inanmnc nx
no((cp»xy n ncpno( cpa:y »c nocnc ocno6o»(cnnn. Mi pac-
nonaiacx rcncpi (oxyxcnraxn, nonnocrim no(rncp»(ammnxn,
uro Mcxxcr Ucxy 6in n aicnrox Hnrcnnn(»cnc ccpnnca. B
¬rnx (oxyxcnrax ynoxnnamrcn cio nxn n nccxonixo :amn-
qponannix xnnucx, xax BAB-OO8, n r.(. H: nnx nncrnycr, uro
Mcxxcr Ucxy nonyunn n (cniin :a oxa:annic nx ycnyin, n
ncnrp naxa:inan nc rpoiari cio, a ¬ro :naunno, uro on 6in no-
rcnnnaninix aicnrox n: uncna rcx, xoio, xax ionopnrcn na
n:ixc aicnryp, «xonccpnnpymr», uro6i ncnoni:onari n no(-
xo(nmcc npcxn
2
.
____________________________________
1 O rox, uro Mcxxcr Ucxy 6in aicnrox axcpnxanncn, n o6 ycnyiax,
xoropic ror oxa:inan nx, cnn(crcnicrnycr, n uacrnocrn, n nncixo, xo-
ropoc aicnr HPY, uapn Hocr (nnocnc(crnnn :acnannin n An6annm
cny»6axn axcpnxancxon pa:nc(xn), nanpannnn 6 qcnpann 1944 io(a (py-
ioxy aicnry axcpnxanncn, Xacany Pcun: «2 nco(noxparno nonropnn
nax, uro nax ny»ni qak1m, qak1m n qak1m o6o nccx cnryannnx n
nccx ocraninox, ÷ orxcuan n ¬rox nncixc uapn Hocr n npo(on»an:
÷ Iopo(c ÷ Mcxxcry Ucxy ÷ ncpc(anrc or xcnn 6onimon npnncr. Hc
cxo»cr nn on nocnari xnc xaxon-nn6y(i panopr o cnocx nono»cnnn n
cnocn (cnrcninocrn"' ¹ro ni nnucio nc nnmcrc xnc, ncrpcuann nn ni
cio . . . ' P.S. Oro nncixo xo»cr unrari n Iopo(a». (Hs nooaunnuta nuct-
+a, naxoo»meeoc» e HHA.)
2 Ha ocnonc oncnxn nxn cnryannn n An6annn n xonnc 1944 io(a,
cny»6i 6pnrancxon pa:nc(xn npc(ycxarpnnann opiann:annm no:xo»-
non onno:nnnn, xoropan npornnonocrannnaci 6i ronixo uro ocnonannoxy
612
Cnc(onarcnino, ¬ror rannin aicnr axcpnxancxnx ccxpcr-
nix cny»6, nnocnc(crnnn, n naicpnx (nn 6c»cnncn no 0pan-
nnn, xy(a 6inn :axnmucni 6inmnc (o6pononini nnrcpnanno-
naninix 6pnia(, no(ioronncnnin Hnrcnnn(»cnc ccpnncox
(nn no(pina an6ancxon Hannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninon 6opi-
6i n cnn:annin, xax n nncan n nimc, n ncpno( nonni c mio-
cnancxnx O3HA (YµI), nc xoi nc n(rn (animc no nyrn n:-
xcni: cpa:y »c nocnc ocno6o»(cnnn, no npnxa:y cnocio xo-
:nnna, 0ynina, nnnnnmciocn y»c oqnnnaninix npc(crannrc-
ncx axcpnxancxon xnccnn n Tnpanc, nc :axc(nnn nponc:ri n
n concrcxym ccxpcrnym cny»6y. Mi pacnonaiacx nncixox, xo-
ropoc Mcxxcr Ucxy nocinan xanopy Hnanony cpa:y »c no-
cnc ocno6o»(cnnn n n xoropox nonocnn nnnnm naprnn n ni-
pa»an ncnanncri x :amnmanmnx ¬ry nnnnm :(oponix xa(pax,
oco6cnno x Icncpaninoxy Ccxpcrapm, Onncpy Xo(»a, x Xmcnn
Kano n (pyinx. Oro noxa:inacr, uro Mcxxcr Ucxy, noxnxo
aicnrypnix cnn:cn c miocnanaxn, ycranonnn cnn:i n c 6oncc
ncnnxon (cp»anon, c opianaxn 6c:onacnocrn Concrcxoio
Com:a. Bor, uro nnmcr on, n uacrnocrn, xanopy concrcxon
pa:nc(xn, Hnanony, inanc concrcxon nocnnon xnccnn n Tn-
panc:
«... 2 cunram cnonx (oniox nicxa:ari cnoc xncnnc o :a-
xcuacxox xnom n nipa:nri ro, uro (yxam. Mnc xopomo n:-
nccrno, uro n (annox cnyuac ¬ror xon nocrynox npornnopc-
_________________________________
nonoxy iocy(apcrny napo(non (cxoxparnn. O(nnx n: inannix ¬ncxcnron
¬ron onno:nnnn onn paccunrinann nxcri Mcxxcra Ucxy. µoxa:arcni-
crno roxy n (arnponannin 1O-x non6pn 1944 io(a (oxyxcnr, uin
qoroxonnn n:nra n uon(onc n: apxnna 0opnn Oqqnca n n xoropox,
n uacrnocrn, no(ucpxnnanoci ornocnrcnino Mcxxcra Ucxy: «... on
xoxxynncr, no cio nnunoc nnacronm6nc npcnocxo(nr cio ncpnocri
naprnn». (1O J7!´4J::4. FRO). B (pyiox »c (oxyxcnrc, (arnponannox
1O-x qcnpann 1945 io(a, or(cn 6pnrancxon pa:nc(xn no An6annn
(1orca ^ J99) na:inacr Mcxxcra Ucxy «c(nncrncnnix ucnoncxox, y
xoropoio croponnnxon (ocrarouno (nn roio, uro6i 6iri onacnix (nn
Xo(»a n cnyuac, ccnn onn nc npn(yr x coinacnm» (no(pa:yxcnan: n cnn:n
c npoipaxxon aninnuan, npnncccnnon Mcxxcrox Ucxy no no:npa-
mcnnn n An6annm n 1942 io(y n nan(cnnon n cio ccnqc nocnc cio
caxoy6nncrna. Cxorpn n nacronmcx roxc crp. 612) WO-204.
613
unr nopn(xax opiann:annonnon nnnnn namcn naprnn, no,
(oncpnn rc6c, . . . n 6cpy na cc6n orncrcrncnnocri ncnocpc(-
crncnno x rc6c o6parnricn»
1
.
µancc n cnocx nncixc Hnanony, nanncannox n qopxc pa-
nopra, on no nccx nanpanncnnnx araxoninacr nnnnm naprnn,
xoropan pyxono(nna Hannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninon 6opi6on n
npnncna cc x no6c(c. On araxoninacr ncropnuccxnc ncpno(i
n co6irnn, ucpc: xoropic npoxo(nnn 6opi6a n naprnn, n rox
uncnc Hc:cxym xonqcpcnnnm, Hcpxcrcxnn c¡c:(. Hcpnym
nannonaninym naprnnnym xonqcpcnnnm, n nipa»acr non-
noc coinacnc c anrnxapxcncrcxnxn n anrnan6ancxnxn n:inn(axn
Bcnnxnpa Cronnnua n Koun µ:o(:c. H Mcxxcr Ucxy, no-
(o6no Bcnnxnpy Cronnnuy, na:inacr Onncpa Xo(»a n (pyinx
ronapnmcn «KuHKOH»
2
, xoropym na(o (animc ycrpannri na
6a:c npnnnrix n Icparc pcmcnnn. «¹ro6i c(cnari nonopor,
÷ nnmcr Mcxxcr Ucxy, ÷ nco6xo(nxo concpmnri rorani-
nym pcnonmnnm n namcn naprnn» (no(pa:yxcnan: roraninym
uncrxy).
Ha:inan Tnro «iononon M£XµYHAPOµHOIO :naucnnn»
n crpcxnci y(onncrnopnri cnon nnunic ax6nnnn, xoropix nc
cxoi ocymccrnnri n xo(c cnocn 6opi6i, nonnon xonc6annn n
ccxranrcxnx n anapxncrcxnx omn6ox, Mcxxcr Ucxy (cnacr n
xonnc cnocio nncixa xanopy Hnanony ncxoropic «nino(i» n
npn:ini, nanncannic nponncnixn 6yxnaxn.
«Cpc(n nac, an6ancxnx xoxxynncron, ÷ nnmcr on, ÷
ncr nn ounoro ucnoncka, cnoco6noro, kak Tn1o n Kiocnannn...
¹ro6i 6naiononyuno n(rn nncpc(, uro6i nax 6ina oxa:ana
noxomi, ny»na npnman n ncmcuncnnan noxomi co croponi
K. H. |Koxxynncrnuccxnn Hnrcpnannonan] nnn co croponi
KHK |Koxxynncrnuccxan naprnn Kiocnannn]
3
, a ¬ro na(o
6icrpo c(cnari, rax xax cnryanncn ni(nnnyro xnoio na»nix
npo6ncx». (Hocnc caxoy6nncrna Mcxxcra Ucxy n cio ccnqc
______________________________________
1 H: nncixa Mcxxcra Ucxy xanopy Hnanony. HHA.
2 Hnrnpycxic :(cci cnona, xoropic nanncani nponncnixn 6yx-
naxn, rax nanncani n n caxox no(nnnnnxc.
3 Kypcnn n cxo6xn n nacronmcx orpinxc nncixa - pc(axnnn.
614
6ina nan(cna n co6crncnnopyuno c(cnannan nx :anncxa, n
xoropon ionopnrcn, uro on nanpannn nncixo Hnanony).
B ¬rox xonrcxcrc concpmcnno nonnrni qoxyci n npornno-
pcunnoc nonc(cnnc Mcxxcra Ucxy n io(i Hannonanino-oc-
no6o(nrcninon 6opi6i n nocnc ocno6o»(cnnn, (o n nocnc
VIII n XI Hncnyxon Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra (cocronnmnxcn
n 1948 io(y); on ro :amnman rc:nci miocnanon, ro npornno-
nocrannnncn nx, (cncrnyn no( ccnim concrcxnx nocnnix co-
ncrnnxon.
Ha VIII Hncnyxc Haxo Cnnpy 6in ocy»(cn n o6nnucn
miocnanaxn n Koun µ:o(:c, xax npai, a Mcxxcr Ucxy, xax
n nncan n nimc, 6in na:nan «anrnmiocnanox» n nocnanni
Tnro n Koun µ:o(:c yxno»nnn «y(api» n «na»nxi» na ncio,
(o6nnanci cio y(ancnnn n: apxnn. O(naxo ¬rn »c «xpnrnxo-
nanmnc» cio nm(n n: Icnipa(a, (a»c or nxcnn Tnro, nacra-
nnann na rox, uro6i Mcxxcr Ucxy nc 6in nonnocrim ycrpa-
ncn, a, nao6opor, nonyunn noprqcni o(noio n: xnnncrcpcrn (').
£io na:naunnn xnnncrpox nyrcn coo6mcnnn, ro ccri uncnox
npannrcnicrna
1
.
Hocnc oinamcnnn nnccx Bcccom:non xoxxynncrnuccxon
_____________________________________
1 Kpncro Tcxcnixo :annnn na XI Hncnyxc: «Kiocnani nm6nnn
Mcxxcra Ucxy». B o(nox cnyuac on (a»c cxa:an Mcxxcry Ucxy:
«Oro ncpno, uro xonx omn6ox nc cuccri, no nc :a6y(i, uro ncnxnn pa:,
xoi(a xi c:(nnn n Icnipa(, Tnro nc xcnn, a rc6n ncpnix npnnnxan'».
«¹ro xacacrcn xpnrnuccxnx :axcuannn, c(cnannix n (cxa6pc 1947 io(a,
÷ npo(on»an Kpncro, ÷ ro ¬ro ncpno, uro miocnani xpnrnxonann cio,
o(naxo onn cxa:ann xnc oxa:inari na pyxono(crno (anncnnc, uro6i cio
xnnncrpox na:naunnn' Onn :a(o6pnri xorcnn Mcxxcra Ucxy, rax xax
6onnnci cio'» (Hs npomotoaa X1 Haeny+a HK KHA. HHA).
O6 «oco6ix» cnn:nx Mcxxcra Ucxy c rnronnaxn cnn(crcnicrnymr,
n uacrnocrn, n ncxoropic cio «xonqn(cnnnaninic» nncixa µymany
Myioma. Tax, n nncixc, nanpanncnnox cxy 9 qcnpann 1944 io(a, on
nncan, xc»(y npounx: «Tnoc nncixo cocrannncr (nn xcnn yrcmcnnc. . . ,
ono noxa:inacr, xaxon oco6in nnunin nnrcpcc nponnnncmi ri |xo
xnc]. Hncixo ¬ro yrcmacr, nacxacr xcnn, concrycr n noxoiacr xnc,
yunr xcnn. 2 coxpanm nncixo n nycri ono 6y(cr cny»nri xnc rnocn
qoroipaqncn, uro6i n noxnnn o rc6c. . . Ax' Kax xopomo 6ino 6i,
ccnn 6i ri (c:cprnponan n cnona npnmcn x nax, xi (cp»ann 6i
rc6n xonrpa6an(on, ian(yxox'».
B nncixc »c or 22 anpcnn 1944 io(a, nanncannox no cnyuam
615
naprnn (6), nanpanncnnix HK KHK, nocnc XI Hncnyxa HK
namcn naprnn, Mcxxcr Ucxy y»c npncnoco6nncn x nnnnn
naprnn ÷ nicrynan n :amnry Concrcxoio Com:a n Crannna
«pa:o6nauan» Tnro n cio xnnxy, xax aicnrypy nxncpnann:xa,
xax ¬ro (cnana ncn nama naprnn. Hccxorpn na ipoxi n xon-
nnn, xoropic Mcxxcr Ucxy xcran n a(pcc rnroncxon xnnxn,
Icnipa( xonuan. Kiocnancxoc YµI, xax n axcpnxancxoc HPY
n 6pnrancxnn Hnrcnnn(»cnc ccpnnc, c xoropixn ono corpy-
(nnuano, nc ni(anann cio, rax xax on 6in y nnx norcnnnani-
nix aicnrox, nponnxmnx n concrcxym ccxpcrnym cny»6y
n noni:onanmnxcn cc (oncpncx.
Hocnc cxcprn Crannna npnmc(man x nnacrn ipynna ocy-
(nna Icpnm, nauaninnxa concrcxoio KII, :a xnoioxparnoc
napymcnnc :axonnocrn. Mi norpc6onann or Mcxxcra Ucxy no-
cxorpcri, nc (onycxannci nn omn6xn n n opianax pyxono(n-
xoio nx namcio Mnnncrcpcrna nnyrpcnnnx (cn. Mcxxcr Ucxy
ncnyiancn, onacanci roio, xax 6i nc 6inn pacxpiri cio cnn:n
c concrcxnx KII nnn c :ana(nixn aicnrypaxn n xax 6i cio
nc nocrnina yuacri Icpnn. On nomcn x concrcxoxy nocny uc-
nnuxnny, xoropoio :ancpnn n cnocn npc(annocrn npnmc(mcn
x nnacrn nonon xpymcncxon ipynnc n nonpocnn concrcxon
:amnri, n6o, no cio cnonax, «Onncp Xo(»a c no(o:pcnncx x
ncxy ornocnncn», a ¬ro cio cnnino 6ccnoxonno. ucnnuxnn
noconcronan Mcxxcry Ucxy npnnrn xo xnc n nincnnri cnoc
nono»cnnc, :ancpnn cio n rox, uro n on 6y(cr :amnmari
cio. Cax ucnnuxnn npnmcn xo xnc, paccxa:an xnc o rpcnoiax
Mcxxcra Ucxy n o rox, xax on noconcronan cxy npnnrn
xo xnc. Hpomnn (nc-rpn nc(cnn n Mcxxcr Ucxy nc npnxo-
(nn. Ha (pyion ncrpcuc, xoropym n nxcn c ucnnuxnnix,
ror cnpocnn xcnn:
÷ Bi noionopnnn c Mcxxcrox Ucxy"
_________________________________
or¡c:(a Myioma n: An6annn, Mcxxcr Ucxy, nocnc roio, xax nocr
cxy (nqnpax6i n noxopno o6pamacrcn x ncxy co cnonaxn «nam yun-
rcni» na:inacr an6ancxnx xoxxynncron «xoxxynncraxn-iononopc:axn»,
«xaxon-ro cxccim iopixnx onomcn» n n xonnc nocxnnnacr: «On, Cani'
|xnnuxa µymana Myioma] . . . Koxy ri (oncpnmi ¬ry cncnnaninym
xnccnm .."» (Huct+a xpan»mc» e HHA). .
616
÷ On nc npocnn xaxon-nn6o ncrpcun co xnom, ÷ ornc-
rnn n.
÷ Mo»cr, na(o uro6i ni caxn ni:nann cio" ÷ cnpo-
cnn xcnn ucnnuxnn.
÷ Hn n xocx cnyuac' ÷ cxa:an n. ÷ Mnc nc:aucx cio
ni:nari, nao6opor, on cax (on»cn npnnrn xo xnc n nicry-
nnri c iny6oxon caxoxpnrnxon. Hpan(a, xi c naxn (py:in,
no n cunram 6onimon omn6xon ror qaxr, uro on npnmcn
noionopnri c naxn o xacammcxcn nac nonpocc, nc no6ccc-
(onan co xnom, Icncpaninix Ccxpcrapcx naprnn.
ucnnuxnn ncrpcno»nncn n «npnxa:an» Mcxxcry Ucxy
nnnricn xo xnc. Tor npc(napnrcnino nocnan xo xnc 0nu-
pcr Ucxy, uro6i nomynari xnc nynic. Ona npnmna y:nari,
noucxy ¬ro Mcxxcr Ucxy «6in xpannc o6ccnoxocn» (xax
6y(ro caxa ona nnucio o6 ¬rox nc :nana').
÷ Mi nnucio npornn ncio nc nxccx, ÷ orncrnn n, ÷
rax uro cnpocn cio caxoio, nc nxccr nn on uro-nn6y(i npo-
rnn nac'
Tcx caxix Mcxxcr Ucxy y(ocroncpnncn n rox, uro xi
nnucio nc orxpinn n nn n ucx cio nc no(o:pcnann. Ho6y-
»(cnnin n ucnnuxnnix, on npnmcn xo xnc, nicrynnn c
caxoxpnrnxon, c(cnan caxoxpnrnxy rax»c n n Honnr6mpo
n na Hncnyxc Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra, :annnn, uro (onycrnn
ipy6ym omn6xy, ncrpcrnnmnci c concrcxnx nocnox, uro6i
»anonaricn cxy na Icncpaninoio Ccxpcrapn Hcnrpaninoio
Koxnrcra, nc noionopnn c nnx n nc nocrannn nonpoc n py-
xono(crnc naprnn.
Ho:(ncc cnyunnoci ncuro (pyioc, :anyianmcc n xpannc
ncrpcno»nnmcc Mcxxcra Ucxy: Coxpar Iyqn, naprnnnin
pa6ornnx, yunnmnncn roi(a n Mocxnc, nanpannn Hcnrpani-
noxy Koxnrcry nncixo, n xoropox, n uacrnocrn, ionopnnoci,
uro «Mcxxcr Ucxy ÷ nponoxarop...». Mcxxcr Ucxy npn-
mcn n npocri or ¬roio n ynopno (o6nnancn n Ccxpcrapnarc
n n Honnr6mpo Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra, a nccxonixo pa:
n y xcnn, apccra n naxa:annn Coxpara Iyqn. Mi orxnonnnn
cio rpc6onannc, n6o xi nc xoinn apccronari n ocy(nri cio
617
nnmi :a ro, uro on no(ncpi xpnrnxc naprnnnoio (cnrcnn;
nc(i ¬ro mno 6i npa:pc: c nopxaxn namcn naprnn. Koi(a
nnocnc(crnnn Coxpar Iyqn 6in na:naucn :axccrnrcncx npc(-
cc(arcnn ncnonxoxa o(noio n: panonon, Mcxxcra Ucxy cran
cmc 6onimc rounri ucpni coxncnnn, on onacancn roio, xax
6i xi uro-nn6y(i nc nponmxann o cio ipcxax, n npo(on»an
cn(cri xax na yioninx, »nri n pa6orari, ncnirinan cnninym
rpcnoiy.
Hxcnno cn(n na yioninx :acrann Mcxxcra Ucxy npnxo(
Xpymcna x nnacrn n XX c¡c:( KHCC, npnnc(mnc x npnxnpc-
nnm concrcxnx pcnn:nonncron c rnronnaxn.
C nponanox nonirxn n:xcnnri nono»cnnc n An6annn c
noxomim Tyxa 2xona n Ic(pn Cnaxny, nnocrpannic pa:nc(xn
counn ncnccoo6pa:nix npnnccrn n (nn»cnnc n Mcxxcra Ucxy.
Oro n ionopm nnoc1pannmc pa:ncukn noroxy, uro n rc xoxcn-
ri n 6opi6c :a (c:opncnrannm n pa:ipox connanncrnuccxnx
crpan ucpc: nocpc(crno «nnnnn Xpymcna» cxo(nnnci ncnn n
concrcxnx n rnronncn, a rax»c ncnn nxncpnanncron c axcpn-
xancxnx nxncpnann:xox no inanc. unmi nocnc ¬roio, ro ccri
nocnc :axcni :(oponoio pyxono(crna namcn naprnn n namcio
iocy(apcrna pcnn:nonncrcxon ipynnon, xoina nauaricn npn-
niunan ipi:nn nnocrpannix pa:nc(ox, xa»(an n: xoropix
crpcxnnaci 6i n:nri An6annm no( cnoc xpinimxo.
Hrax, Mcxxcr Ucxy nonyunn or concrcxnx n miocnanon
(no n c coinacnn 6pnrancxon n axcpnxancxon pa:nc(ox) npn-
xa: nccn cnocn ipynnon ncpcnrn x (cncrnnm (nn ocymccrnnc-
nnn n An6annn roio, uro 6ino ocymccrnncno nnn »c ocymc-
crnnnnoci n (pyinx crpanax napo(non (cxoxparnn. Hxcnno
c ¬roio n naunnacrcn npnuacrnocri Mcxxcra Ucxy x :aiono-
py na Haprnnnon xonqcpcnnnn n Tnpanc, i(c (on»nocri
ncpnoio ccxpcrapn naprxoxa :annxana cio »cna n crapin
aicnr miocnanon, 0nupcr Ucxy. Cnyunnoci rax (¬ro n ncnc(-
crnnc :axynncnix xaxnnannn Mcxxcra Ucxy), uro na xonqc-
pcnnnn npc(crannrcncx
1
6in na:naucn (pyion aicnr cio ipyn-
_______________________________________
1 HK naprnn.
618
ni, Icunp Ianyxy. ¹ro xacacrcn ocraninix, rax cxa:ari, «ia-
ncpcn» :aionopmnnxon ipynni, ro (nn nx opncnrannn nc
no:nnxano norpc6nocrn n rox, uro6i nxn :annxannci MHU,
0HCAPH nnn Ianyxy. Hcr, pyxono(nrcnn :aionopa n oco6cnno
Mcxxcr Ucxy (on»ni 6inn (cncrnonari nrannc, oucni iny6o-
xo :a xynncaxn, uro6i xoinn n:6ciari ncnxon nco»n(annocrn.
«Iancpccn» (on»ni 6inn :annxaricn, xax n :annxannci, co-
rpy(nnxn miocnancxoio noconicrna n nx nm(n, (anno pacxpi-
ric n ocy»(cnnic namcn naprncn, npo(c unpn Icia, µann
H(pcy, Xynmcn Cnaxny n (pyinx.
Hcpnon :a(aucn, ncrananmcn ncpc( pyxono(nrcnnxn :a-
ionopa n (annox cnyuac, 6ino co:(ari ¬ncxcnrax n: :ana,
cxpinanmnxcn :a xan(arox «(cnciara», ycnonnn n no:xo»nocri
n:piiari ncm naxonncnnym »cnui n :a(anari ron xonqcpcn-
nnn. unmi yncpnnmnci n rox, uro ncc mno nopxanino, onn
xoinn npc(npnnnri (pyinc, 6oncc :axcrnic n pcmnrcninic
main. Icunp Ianyxy n 0nupcr Ucxy ninonnnnn ¬ro aicn-
rypnoc :a(annc. Oro qaxr, uro cmc n ncpnin (cni pa6ori
xonqcpcnnnn onn co:(ann npa»ccxnx ¬ncxcnrax ncc no:xo»-
nocrn n:nnri ncnin norox ipn:nix anrnnaprnnnix nonpocon
n, xoi(a nacrana nopa npcnnn, ycrponnn (cno rax, uro6i
cnono o(nn :a (pyinx 6pann npa»ccxnc ¬ncxcnri. Cnocn «6c:-
(cnrcninocrim», nxo6i «oncncncnncx or nco»n(annocrn» n
«nccnoco6nocrim» nccrn c npaiaxn «pa:¡ncnnrcninym» pa6ory,
onn cnoco6crnonann roxy, uro ncpnan qa:a :aionopa mna rax,
xax onn ¬ro npc(nn(cnn n :annannponann :a xynncaxn.
Hxcnno xoi(a anrnnaprnnnic nicrynncnnn na xonqc-
pcnnnn pa:iopcnnci, Mcxxcr Ucxy n Icunp Ianyxy «counn
yxccrnix» nonpocnri xcnn npnnrn na xonqcpcnnnm. A no-
ucxy" Taxan nx nocncmnan npoci6a npccnc(onana (nc inannic
ncnn:
Bo-ncpnix, nocrannri xcnn nnuno, no( anrnnaprnnnin
y(ap, cmc 6onimc pa:»cui crpacrn n, n cnyuac, ccnn 6i n
oxa:ancn ncpc( ncorpa:nxixn araxaxn nnn orcrynnn, n xyr-
nix no(ax, xoropic xoinn o6pa:onaricn, Mcxxcr Ucxy (on-
»cn 6in cxancnpnponari ÷ cmc 6onimc ocno»nnri cnrya-
619
nnm, :axnarnri 6pa:(i npanncnnn n, nicrynnn orxpiro, (o-
nccrn (o xonna cncnapnn, no(ioronncnnin cio xo:ncnaxn.
Bo-nropix, Mcxxcr Ucxy npnnnxan n pacucr n no:xo»-
nocri nponana :aionopa, on (a»c ncnyiancn, ynn(cn, uro no»-
»n ycxoni:ann y ncio n: pyx. Bpa»ccxnc ¬ncxcnri, «ianc-
pcn», nc :nan, uro inanon nx 6in cax Mcxxcr Ucxy, nc no-
»ancnn nnnmni rax»c n cio a(pcc n n a(pcc cio »cni, rax
xax oro»(ccrnnnnn nx co :(oponixn pyxono(nrcnnxn. Hpn
raxnx o6cronrcnicrnax on cucn yxccrnix, uro6i n npnmcn
n cax cronxnyncn c nnxn, a n cnyuac, ccnn :aionopy cy»(cno
6y(cr nponannricn, on naxcpcnancn nocrynnri rax, xax ¬ro y
ncio 6ino n o6iuac: n:nri «xom cropony», pa:ncpnyri «na-
crynncnnc» na xcnxnc ¬ncxcnri, na ncmxn, n, 6c: coxncnnn,
n na Tnro, n, xax panimc, »(ari no rixc n n cnninox 6ccno-
xoncrnc 6oncc no(xo(nmnx xoxcnron.
O(naxo n caxn cio xo:ncna, xax nonic (Xpymcn n xox-
nannn), rax n crapic (anino-axcpnxanni n rnronni) uynnn n
:nann, uro cnryannn n An6annn nc rc, uro n n (pyinx nap-
rnnx n (pyinx crpanax napo(non (cxoxparnn. AHT o6na(ana
xoiyunx c(nncrnox. B cnocn 6oncc ucx 15-ncrncn »n:nn AHT
noxa:ana, uro nc ninocnna omn6ox, cnon:annn n orxnoncnnn,
y ncc 6ino nonnrnuccxn n n(conoinuccxn uncroc npomnoc,
ona no((cp»nnana npounic cnn:n c xaccaxn, noni:onanaci
6c:ipannunon nm6onim n yna»cnncx napo(a. Hpn raxon :(o-
ponon o6cranonxc npaiax noncc ncncixo 6ino pa:»cui anrn-
naprnnnym crnxnm n no6c(nri. Cxopcc nccio ncc xoino non-
nyri y nnx n pyxax xax xininin ny:ipi, uro n npon:omno n
(cncrnnrcninocrn.
Bcc ¬ro npain xopomo npnnnxann n pacucr n nc raxnxn
y» (ypaxaxn 6inn onn, uro6i ncixo no»cprnonari cnonx
inanncnmnx aicnrox. Hao6opor, onn ucio ronixo nc (cnann,
uro6i ror ocranancn no:xo»no 6oncc «uncrix», onn nirannci
n rox nnn nnox cnyuac 6pocnri cio n araxy, no, xax ronixo
nn(cnn, uro cxy xoina ipo:nri onacnocri, no(anann cxy
cninan n:xcnnri cnoc nonc(cnnc n nicrponricn «pn(ox» co
:(oponix pyxono(crnox.
62O
To »c caxoc npon:omno n na ¬ror pa:, rax 6ino n no:(-
ncc. Ynn(cn, uro naprnn nc nonana n ycrpocnnym nxn nonym-
xy, Mcxxcr Ucxy n Icunp Ianyxy oromnn n cropony, «ocy-
(nnn» :aionopmnxon, a 0nupcr Ucxy noxnnnaci, uro nnxro
nc cninann:nponan cn o6 ¬rox, uro ncc npon:omno «:a
cnnnon» y ncc, uro ona :ancpnaci n (oxc (nn no(ioronxn
(oxna(a n r.(. 0nupcr Ucxy cnnnn c (on»nocrn ncpnoio
ccxpcrapn n c(cnann cn niionop c :ancccnncx n yucrnym
xaprouxy. K roxy npcxcnn xi nnucio nc :nann n o 0cuopc
Ucxy
1
, xoropin, xax nncrnycr rcncpi, 6in aicnrox, :ancp-
6onannix YµI, n ocymccrnnnn cnn:i xc»(y miocnancxnx
noconicrnox n Mcxxcrox Ucxy. Cnn:n c concrcxnx noconi-
crnox no((cp»nnan ncnocpc(crncnno cax Mcxxcr Ucxy,
ncixo ncnoni:yn c ¬ron ncnim roi(amnnc namn xopomnc
ornomcnnn c Concrcxnx Com:ox.
B cnryannnx, cno»nnmnxcn nocnc nponana xpymcncxo-
rnroncxoio :aionopa na Tnpancxon xonqcpcnnnn n pcmn-
rcninoio, orxpiroio pa:o6naucnnn namcn naprncn co6irnn
n Honimc n oco6cnno n Bcnipnn, YµI Tnro-Panxonnua or-
(ano npnxa: cnonx aicnrax unpn Icia, µann H(pcy n Ha-
nanory Hnnxy 6c»ari n Kiocnannm, uro6i co:(ari :a ipa-
nnncn onno:nnnm n 6oporicn npornn nac nx ycraxn. unpn
Icia n µann H(pcy nc y(anoci ncpcnrn ipannny n onn 6i-
nn apccronani, xc»(y rcx xax Hananor Hnnxy, noni:ynci
noxomim Mcxxcra Ucxy n cio coo6mnnxon n apxnn n op-
ianax Ioc6c:onacnocrn, raxnx xax Icunp Ianyxy ÷ 6inmnn
xnnncrp o6oponi, n Ka(pn Xa:6ny ÷ 6inmnn xnnncrp nny-
rpcnnnx (cn, ncpcmcn namy iocy(apcrncnnym ipannny n pa-
6oran ncxoropoc npcxn n xaxon-ro nxo6i no(noninon pa(no-
crannnn, n:piianmcn c rcppnropnn Kiocnannn crapym »cnui
rnronncn npornn namcn naprnn n namcn crpani.
______________________________________
1 Anrnnaprnnnin ¬ncxcnr n :axnnrin npai HCPA. Ho npc(no»cnnm
Mcxxcra Ucxy 6in na:naucn xnnncrpox nnyrpcnnnx (cn. C pacxpirncx
aicnrypnon (cnrcninocrn Mcxxcra Ucxy 6ino pacxpiro n no(nnnnoc
nnno 0cuopa Ucxy, xoropin :a cnom npa»(c6nym (cnrcninocri or(an
opianax npanocy(nn.
621
3(cci na»no no(ucpxnyri, uro n n no:nnnn, :annron no
ornomcnnm x µann H(pcy, unpn Icia n Hananory Hnnxy, npxo
nponnnnoci nc ronixo npo(on»cnnc anrnan6ancxoio xypca rn-
roncxoio pyxono(crna, no n corpy(nnuccrno miocnanon c concr-
cxnxn. Koi(a namn opiani nonxann c nonnunix µann H(pcy
n unpn Icia n noca(nnn nx na cxaxim no(cy(nxix, miocnani
n:nnnnci (o noronxa, no (o noronxa n:nnncn n Xpymcn. Ho-
cnc(nnn ncxc(ncnno nanpannn concrcxoxy nocny n Tnpanc,
Kpinony, pa(noipaxxy c rpc6onanncx noxo(arancrnonari npn
xnc, uro6i xi nc naxa:ann npaion n npc(arcncn. Oro 6ino
nxcnno n rc non6picxnc (nn 1956 io(a, xoi(a, xax n y»c
orxcuan, Tnro npon:ncc n Hync npccnonyrym pcui, n xoropon
orxpiro npn:inan, n uacrnocrn, x cncp»cnnm pyxono(crna
AHT n ocy»(cnnm xcnn. Xpymcn nocnan Kpinona xo xnc c
(nyxn inannixn nopyucnnnxn: nonpocnri xcnn nc (anari pc:-
xoio orncra na pcui Tnro n nc ocy(nri nonxannix aicnron,
xoropic y»c (cp»ann orucr ncpc( napo(nix cy(ox. Mi
nc:axc(nnrcnino orncrnnn Xpymcny n Tnro: uro xacacrcn
ncpnoio nopyucnnn, ro xi ony6nnxonann n ncuarn crarin,
nanc(n ncc 6arapcn na Tnro, rnrn:x n cio nynicxym pcui;
uro xacacrcn nropoio »c nopyucnnn ÷ xi no :acnyiax na-
xa:ann aicnron n npc(arcncn.
Xpymcn n Tnro npoinornnn o6n(y, no cnonx anrnan6an-
cxnx axron npcxparnri nc npcxparnnn. Hcxnoio cnycrn nocnc
¬roio 6ino concpmcno 6cicrno Hananora Hnnxy n Kiocna-
nnm. Ho ncxopc rnronni (on»ni 6inn y6c(nricn n rox, uro
n:nnc onn nc xoinn nanpc(nri nax nn «onno:nnnnxn», xoro-
pic nirannci co:(ari (ymani xyioma npn noxomn pcaxnnon-
non ¬xnipannn, nn »cnuim, xoropym xcp:xnn npc(arcni
Hananor Hnnxy n:piian npornn nac ucpc: rax na:inacxym
no(noninym pa(nocrannnm, rax uro o6parnnnci :a noxomim
x Xpymcny. Kiocnani na(cnnnci, uro cnonx nnnnnncx Xpy-
mcn niny(nr nac pa:pcmnri Hananory Hnnxy ncpnyricn n An-
6annm n, n corpy(nnuccrnc c aicnraxn n (pyinxn cxpirixn
npaiaxn, niraricn n:ny1pn ocymccrnnri :aionopi n aicnryp-
nic nnani miocnanon n concrcxnx. Honnn niio(y raxoio (cna,
622
Xpymcn nipa:nn ioronnocri corpy(nnuari c Tnro, xax on
nocrynan n xoi(a pcui mna o nonicxox n ncnicpcxox nonpo-
cax, o conpamcnnn Tnpancxon naprnnnon xonqcpcnnnn (1956
i.) n r.(., no¬roxy nc npcxnnyn noxo(arancrnonari npn nac,
uro6i xi «noxnpnnnci» c n:xcnnnxox. B xauccrnc ncpnoio
maia on cxa:an nax, uro naxcpcnancn npnnnri cio n Concr-
cxnn Com:, n6o raxoc »cnannc nipa:nn cxy cax Hnnxy n
nanpanncnnox cxy nncixc.
÷ On ÷ n:xcnnnx, ÷ cxa:an n Xpymcny, ÷ n, ccnn
ni npnxcrc cio n namy crpany, namcn (py»6c c naxn npn-
(cr xoncn. ÷ B cnyuac, ccnn ni npnxcrc cio, ro ni (on»ni
ncpc(ari cio nax, uro6i xi nonccnnn cio nocpc(n nnoma(n
n Tnpanc
1
.
Taxnx o6pa:ox 6ino noxonucno c ¬rnxn crapixn aicn-
raxn rnroncxon xnnxn n, pa:yxccrcn, rcx caxix nponannnnci
n na(c»(i, xoropic no:naiann na nnx xax rnronni, rax n
xpymcnni.
O(naxo ¬ro noncc nc o:nauano, uro n nocnc(ymmcx xi
nc cronxncxcn c nonixn nponcxaxn, nonymxaxn n :aionopa-
xn. Bor noucxy xi nn n xocx cnyuac nc no:nonnnn ycinnc-
nnn 6(nrcninocrn. Hao6opor, nama Haprnn Tpy(a ynopno
npo(on»ana n(conoinuccxym n nonnrnuccxym 6opi6y c rnrn:-
xox xc»(y rcx, xax ncc npcxn o6ocrpnnnci namn npornno-
pcunn c concrcxnx pcnn:nonncrcxnx pyxono(crnox. Oro xi
mnn x 6yxapccrcxon xonqponrannn, nxcnmcn xccro n nmnc
196O io(a.
Kax ¬ro ncci(a 6ino c rnronnaxn, xpymcnni rax»c nc
cxynnnnci n xanyn n nocnc ¬ron 6onimon xonqponrannn na
cpc(crna (anncnnn n manra»a, nc no»ancnn cnonx (anno :a-
ncp6onannix aicnron. Hcpnon, npnnc(cnnon nxn n (nn»cnnc
ncmxon, 6ina unpn Icnnmona. ucrox roio io(a Icnnmona
oxa:anaci n Hcxnnc n cocranc napnaxcnrcxon (cnciannn n ro
npcxn, xoi(a rax npoxo(nna ccccnn Bccxnpnon qc(cpannn
__________________________________
1 Cx. Onncp Xo(»a, «Xpymcnni (Bocnoxnnannn)», n:(. na pyc. n:.,
crp. 389, Tnpana, 198O.
623
npoqcom:on. Iny6oxnc npornnopcunn, nainonnmnccn n pn(ax
xc»(ynapo(noio xoxxynncrnuccxoio n pa6oucio (nn»cnnn,
orxpiro nponnnnnci na ron ccccnn xc»(y xnrannaxn n co-
ncrcxnxn, npnucx nonpcxn nm6ix naprnnnix npannnax n
nopxax. Hancpcxop no:nnnn pyxono(crna namcn naprnn,
xoropoc nc xorcno npc»(cnpcxcnno nicxa:aricn no nono(y
¬rnx npornnopcunn, unpn nomna n concrcxoc noconicrno n
(ono»nna o6o nccx, cxa:annox cn xnrannaxn. Kax no npcxn
npc6inannn n Hcxnnc, rax n xoi(a ona 6ina na nyrn n Mocxny,
xi nocnann unpn Icnnmona (na nncixa, n xoropix o6pamann
cc nnnxannc na no:nnnm, :annrym cm n Hcxnnc, n o6¡n-
cnnnn cn, xax na(o 6ino nccrn cc6n n Mocxnc. O(naxo, nnnn-
nci aicnrox concrcxnx, unpn Icnnmona nc nnnna concrax
pyxono(crna naprnn, a ncrpcrnnaci c Ko:nonix, noionopnna c
nnx, nicnymana cio n ncpc(ana xpymcnnax (a»c n namn
nncixa (pa(noipaxxi), :annnn nax, uro «co»ina» nx, xoi(a
xi nx norpc6onann.
Ho no:npamcnnn n An6annm unpn Icnnmona orncna n
cropony ronapnma Xmcnn n cxa:ana cxy: «Orcrpannx ronapn-
ma Onncpa or ¬rnx cronxnoncnnn», no Xmcnn nponnqopxn-
ponan o6 ¬rox naprnm. Ona nomna n x Mcxxcry Ucxy n
cxa:ana cxy: «Hc ionopn o Xpymcnc, n6o ncc, uro ri iono-
pnmi, (oxo(nr (o cio ymcn». O6 ¬rox Mcxxcr Ucxy paccxa-
:an oucni no:(no n no npnny»(cnnm, ynn(cn, uro pyxono(-
crno naprnn ocy»(ano y»c unpn Icnnmona. K xaxnx (pyinx
cpc(crnax (anncnnn npn6ciana unpn Icnnmona no ornomc-
nnm x ncxy, ¬ro ncn:nccrno.
Mi nc :nacx rax»c, uro nxcnno cxa:an Kociinn Mcx-
xcry Ucxy, xoi(a nocnc(nnn nc»an n xocxoncxon 6oninnnc
na ncucnnc. Hax-ro Mcxxcr Ucxy ionopnn, uro Kociinn ni-
rancn y6c(nri cio n rox, uro Knran ocy(nri na(o, a on «pa-
:o:nnncn» n n:nn (a nincrcn n An6annm. Tcncpi »c oxa:ina-
crcn, uro Mcxxcra Ucxy nxccrc c 0nupcr ni:nann x Mnxonny
na xaxoc-ro concmannc, i(c npncyrcrnonann rax»c An(ponon,
n, xa»crcn, n nauaninnx ioc6c:onacnocrn, Ucncnnn, xoropic
ncnix ucripc uaca 6ccc(onann c nnxn.
624
Bn(nxo, concrcxnc pcmnnn, naxoncn, npnnccrn n Mcxxc-
ra Ucxy n (nn»cnnc (nn no(unncnnn pyxono(crna namcn
naprnn. 2 ionopm «naxoncn» noroxy, uro nccxonixnxn xccn-
naxn panimc, n qcnpanc roio io(a, onn nc ronixo xonc6annci,
no (a»c nc xorcnn crannri Mcxxcra Ucxy n n:nccrnocri o
cnonx pa:(opax c xnrannaxn.
Kax n nncan n xnnic nocnoxnnannn «Xpymcnni», xoi(a
xi npn6inn n Mocxny (nn yuacrnn n concmannn na nicmcx
yponnc n paxxax COB n Bapmancxoio µoionopa, xnc coo6-
mnnn, uro Mnxonn npocnn cpounon ncrpcun «c ina:y na ina:
c Onncpox Xo(»a». 2 nacrannan na rox, uro6i npncyrcrnonan
n Mcxxcr Ucxy, n concrcxnc, nocxonixy n n:nn Mcxxcra Ucxy
c co6om nonpcxn nx »cnannm, noxonc6annci, nacynnnn 6po-
nn, no oxa:annci ncpc( «concpmnnmnxcn qaxrox»
1
. ¹ro6i
nc o6n(cri Mcxxcra Ucxy, onn onpan(ann cc6n rcx, uro
pcmnnn noionopnri «ronixo c ncpnixn ccxpcrapnxn 6par-
cxnx naprnn». Tcncpi oxa:inacrcn, uro ¬ra «npnunna» nnnnnaci
6ncqox. Onn nc xorcnn, uro6i Mcxxcr Ucxy y:nan o npo-
ncxo(nnmcx, rax xax :nann, uro ¬ro 6in ucnoncx xnoinx
aicnryp n xoi ncc ni(ari axcpnxannax n aninnuanax. O(naxo
co6irnn ¬nonmnponann, n n xac-nmnc concrcxnc :ancnn na
nnon na(.
Mc»(y rcx Mcxxcr Ucxy nonnxan, uro pyxono(crno na-
mcn naprnn nc naxcpcno 6ino (animc rcpncri nnani Xpymc-
na, nancncnnic npornn xapxcn:xa-ncnnnn:xa n xc»(ynapo(-
noio xoxxynncrnuccxoio n pa6oucio (nn»cnnn. Hama naprnn
nipa6orana nnarqopxy no:nnnn, xoropym npc(cronno :annri
n Iyxapccrc, coxpannn :a co6on npano n:no»nri cnon n:inn-
(i na oucpc(nox Concmannn nccx naprnn (n Mocxnc n non6pc
196O io(a). Mcxxcr Ucxy oxa:ancn roi(a na ncpcnyric: xoxy
yio(nri, a xoxy ncr" Hpornnonocrannricn naprnnnoxy pyxo-
no(crny, ¬ro cio nc ycrpannano ÷ cio nocrnina 6i yuacri
unpn Icnnmona n nccx (pyinx npaion, anrnnaprnnnix ¬nc-
xcnron. Ho, nnnnnci ucnoncxox xnoinx nnocrpannix aicnryp,
____________________________________
1 Cx. Onncp Xo(»a, «Xpymcnni (Bocnoxnnannn)», n:(. na pyc.
n:., crp. 411, Tnpana, 198O.
625
on (on»cn 6in yunrinari noxnxo nac n concrcxnx, rax»c
axcpnxanncn, aninnuan n miocnanon.
Kax xo»no 6ino nocrynari ¬roxy nonnaicnry n raxon
cno»non cnryannn"'
Ho (cna npnnnnn raxon o6opor, uro on namcn nixo( n:
nono»cnnn. K roxy npcxcnn Mcxxcr Ucxy nicxan no inanc
npannrcnicrncnnon (cnciannn n Him-Hopx (nn yuacrnn n pa-
6orc OOH. On c:(nn ry(a na 6opry pocxomnoio 6pnrancxoio
oxcancxoio napoxo(a «Koponcna £nn:ancra». Mi :nann, uro
na ¬rox »c napoxo(c 6in n Tnro, no nax n n ionony nc npn-
xo(nno, uro Mcxxcr Ucxy xoi ncrpcrnricn c Tnro. A rcncpi
or conpono»(anmnx cio nnn, xoropic 6inn cio coo6mnn-
xaxn, a ninc cn(nr n rmpixc, y:nacx, uro ¬rnx »c napoxo-
(ox c:(nn n Iappn 0ynin ÷ n: axcpnxancxoio HPY, xax
n Pan(oniq ¹cpunnni, xoropin 6in na»non ncpconon Hnrcn-
nn(»cnc ccpnnca, a na napoxo(c n:o6pa»an cc6n »ypnanncrox.
Bo npcxn cnocn (nnnmcncn nccxonixo (ncn noc:(xn Mcxxcr
Ucxy, 6y(yun nx aicnrox, nxcn rannic ncrpcun n ncpciono-
pi c Tnro, 0ynincx n P. ¹cpunnncx, paccxa:an nx o nono-
»cnnn n no:nnnnx namcn naprnn, o no:nnxanmnx c Concrcxnx
Com:ox ocrpix pa:noinacnnx n no:nnnn, xoropym pyxono(crno
namcn naprnn naxcpcnanoci :annxari n Mocxnc.
Crparcinn nccx rpcx aicnryp ÷ miocnancxon, axcpnxan-
cxon n 6pnrancxon, conpnxacanaci n onn noconcronann cnocxy
cyncpaicnry nccxn cnnaxn «no((cp»nnari» npannninym no:n-
nnm naprnnnoio pyxono(crna, xoropan ni:nana 6i 6onimym
rpcmnny n npnncna 6i x pa:piny c Concrcxnx Com:ox. Onn
nnucio nc rcpnnn 6i n cnyuac, ccnn 6i xi no((cp»nnann
Knran, nanpornn, ¬ra «(py»6a» c nx rannixn npoaxcpnxan-
cxnxn, npornroncxnxn (py:inxn (npo(c ¹»oy Oninan, um Uao-
nn n µ¬n Cnonnna) cny»nna 6i nx 6oncc (ancxnx crparcin-
uccxnx nnanax (crpcxncnnm nrnnyri nac n nn6cpaninym nonn-
rnxy Knran, nauanmymcn no:(ncc co ncrpcucn Hnxcon-¹»oy
Oninan nnn »c ynccrn nac na nyri, na xoropin ¹»oy Oninan
no6y»(an Icunpa Ianyxy ncrynnri, onnpanci na com: Kio-
cnannn-Pyxinnn-An6annn) n r.(.
Mcxxcr Ucxy ncpnyncn n: Coc(nncnnix Uraron Axc-
626
pnxn, na6panmnci «cxcnocrn», n cran 6onimnx xaronnxox, ucx
cax nana, on noxa:inan cc6n 6c:y(cp»nix «n :amnry» nnnnn
namcn naprnn n 6opi6c c :axicnaxn n no:nnncn Xpymcna n
concrcxoio pcnn:nonncrcxoio pyxono(crna. On ycrpannan (a»c
«cncni», uro6i na6nri cc6c ncny n ocnonarcnino yxpcnnri
namc (oncpnc x ncxy. Koi(a xi 6inn na xocxoncxox Conc-
mannn 81 naprnn n non6pc roio io(a, on npc(no»nn noxnnyri
(ox, xoropin orncnn nax concrcxnc, :annnn, uro onn «cnoco6-
ni orpannri nac». (Oro on npc»(c nccio :a cc6n 6onncn.) Koi(a
xi ncpcccnnnnci n pc:n(cnnnm namcio noconicrna n Mocxnc,
on ucpc: o6napy»cnnic naxn ycranonncnnic concrcxnxn no(-
cnymnnammnc ycrponcrna «ncpc(an» nx nnaxcnnoc nocnannc,
no:ncnnunn namy naprnm n cc Hcpnoio ccxpcrapn, npn6cinyn
x caxix rn»cnix pyiarcnicrnax n na:nan no:opox ro, uro
onn no(cnymnnann cnonx rccnix (py:cn, xaxnxn 6inn An-
6ancxan naprnn Tpy(a n cc pyxono(nrcnn. Mcxxcr Ucxy ynop-
no no:pa»an npornn namcio no:npamcnnn napoxo(ox co cro-
poni ¹cpnoio xopn n opiann:onan namc no:npamcnnc noc:-
(ox ucpc: Ancrpnm n Hrannm. C raxnxn xcpaxn 6inn co-
inacni n xi, nc(i n xi 6onimc nc ncpnnn concrcxnx, o(na-
xo, nponnnnn raxoc pncnnc, on ycnnnnan namc (oncpnc x
ncxy, 6cpci n cc6n. Tcx nc xcncc, Mcxxcr Ucxy nc xoi nc
6ccnoxonricn no nono(y roio, uro :a «n:xcny», xoropym co-
ncpman n ornomcnnn concrcxnx xo:ncn, noxa:inan cc6n nc-
nocnymnix nx aicnrox, on xoi nonnarnricn cnocn iononon.
Hcxoropic naxcxn n xaxcmxn nc orcyrcrnonann. 2 npn-
no(nn n xnnic «Xpymcnni» cnona Kociinna, xoropin ionopnn
xnc, uro «n namcx pyxono(crnc nxcmrcn npain»
1
. O(naxo,
xoi(a n no:nan Mcxxcra Ucxy, uro6i ror nyumc ncpcncn nx,
n6o, xorn n n nonnxan pyccxnn, cmc nc n cocronnnn 6in
pa:o6paricn n xnpnnnnnax, xoropic xcmann xnc unrari n
xopomo onna(cri nx, Kociinn noxnncn n cxa:an xnc, «uro n
ncnpannnino cio nonnn». 2 nncan rax»c o (anncnnnx, oxa:annix
na nac concrcxnxn nocnnixn, xoropic (a»c cnopnnn c Mcx-
xcrox Ucxy. Tcncpi xo»no nnauc o6¡ncnnri, noucxy Xpy-
__________________________________
1 Cx. Onncp Xo(»a, «Xpymcnni (Bocnoxnnannn)», n:(. na pyc.
nx, crp. 458, Tnpana, 198O.
627
mcn cxa:an nax na nocnc(ncn c nnx ncrpcuc: «Tax nirancn
ionopnri co xnom Maxxnnnan», a Mcxxcr Ucxy ncxounn
c xccra, n xi npcxparnnn ncrpcuy. Bn(nxo, nocxonixy Xpy-
mcn ynoxnnyn aninnuannna Maxxnnnana, Mcxxcr Ucxy no-
(yxan, uro on xoi pa:6cpc(nri pany, or xoropon on cnnino
nocrpa(an 6i.
Hocnc concmannn 81 naprnn Xpymcn n xoxnannn crapa-
nnci ncnpannri ro, uro nocrpa(ano n namnx ornomcnnnx.
Oro onn nonpo6onann c(cnari na namcx IV c¡c:(c, nonpo6o-
nann onn (ocrninyri ¬roio ucpc: nanpanncnnic nax nncixa,
xax n c noxomim xnranncn n (pyinx. Onn npn6ciann rax»c
x ¬xonoxnuccxoxy n nocnnoxy (anncnnm c ncnim :acrannri
nac crari na nx nyri, no norcpncnn xpax no nccx ornomcnnnx.
Mi rncp(o cronnn na cnonx no:nnnnx. Mi niinann concr-
cxnx c Bncpcxon 6a:i; roi(a onn npcxparnnn ¬xonoxnuccxym
n nocnnym noxomi nax, nopnan (a»c n (nnnoxarnuccxnc
ornomcnnn.
Hxcnno n rc oucni rpy(nic n (cnnxarnic xoxcnri, xo-
ropic nama naprnn n nama crpana ncpc»nnann n 196O io-
(y, xi pacxpinn onacnin :aionop Tcxc Ccnxo, cocrpnnan-
nin n no((cp»annin 6-x axcpnxancxnx qnorox, 6cnipa(-
cxnxn pcnciaraxn n ipcuccxnxn monnnncrnuccxnxn xpyia-
xn. B corpy(nnuccrnc xc»(y co6on ¬rn cnni xpaxa npnncnn
n (nn»cnnc cnocio crapoio aicnra, Tcxc Ccnxo n ncxoropix
(pyinx oxpy»anmnx cio aicnron c ncnim no(ioronnri n ni-
:nari n An6annn «nnyrpcnnnc» 6ccnopn(xn, xoropic nocny-
»nnn 6i nono(ox (nn nnocrpannon nocnnon nnrcpncnnnn
npornn namcn crpani. O(naxo, xorn n 6inn oucni :annri
6opi6on c nonixn npaiaxn ÷ xpymcnnaxn, xi nn na xni
nc ocna6nnnn 6(nrcninocri n ornomcnnn namnx crapix npa-
ion ÷ nxncpnanncron, monnnncron n 6cnipa(cxnx pcnciaron.
Hx :aionop xi pacxpinn n ynnuro»nnn, n na IV naprnnnox
c¡c:(c
1
ionopnnn o ncx, no nccycnimannc ocy(nn :aionop,
xax n cio opiann:aropon. B rc xoxcnri concrcxnc c(cnann
nn(, 6y(ro nnucio nc :nann o6 ¬rox n 6y(ro ncrpcno»nnnci.
___________________________________
1 IV c¡c:( AHT cocronncn c 13 no 2O qcnpann 1961 io(a.
628
Ioxynxa (a»c norpc6onan or nac npnnnri (nn «nponcpxn»
xoxnccnm Bapmancxoio µoionopa, uro xi n orxnonnnn' ¹ro
¬ro 6ina :a 6oniman rpcnoia concrcxnx ÷ ¬ro ocranoci
roi(a (nn nac ncncnix.
Tcncpi y»c nonnocrim no(rncp»(acrcn, uro n xoxcnri,
xoi(a axcpnxanni, miocnancxnc n ipcuccxnc monnnncri
nrannc ioronnnn npornn namcn crpani :aionop Tcxc Ccn-
xo n xoxnannn, concrcxnc y:nann o6 ¬rox :aionopc pa:nixn
aicnrypnixn nyrnxn n pacncnnnn cio xax nccixa no(xo(n-
mnn cnyuan (nn coxpancnnn n yxpcnncnnn cnonx pacmaran-
mnxcn no:nnnn n An6annn.
Hcni:n :a6inari, uro x roxy npcxcnn no Bncpc cmc na-
xo(nncn concrcxnn qnor. Hcni:n :a6inari, uro ¬ro 6inn (nn
n xccnni, xoi(a xi 6inn y»c na no»ax c concrcxnxn. Co-
ncrcxnc uynnn cnon nponan n An6annn n onacannci roio,
xax 6i nx nocnnin qnor nc 6in ni(nopcn n: Bncpi. Mi
ronixo uro pa:ncpnynn n Iyxapccrc nacrynncnnc n ioronnnnci
x inannoxy n ncco6mcxy nacrynncnnm, xoropoc (on»no 6ino
nauaricn n Mocxnc n non6pc roio »c io(a na Concmannn
xoxxynncrnuccxnx n pa6ounx naprnn. Crpcxnci npc(ornpa-
rnri (ypnoc, concrcxnc ncnuccxn yipo»ann nax, onn (a»c
nocnann nax nncixo, n xoropox nnymann nax norymnri «nc-
xpy», no:nnxmym n Iyxapccrc
1
. Mi pcmnrcnino npo(on»ann
cnon nyri. Toi(a onn nonpo6onann nanrn nixo( n: nono-
»cnnn, npn6cinyn x (pyioxy, 6oncc «cnninoxy» n 6oncc «ipo:-
noxy» cpc(crny: npnnc(n n (nn»cnnc cnom aicnrypy ÷ Mcx-
xcra Ucxy, Icunpa Ianyxy n Ka(pn Xa:6ny, onn nocrapannci
ncnoni:onari npan(y o :aionopc Tcxc Ccnxo xax cpc(crno (an-
ncnnn n manra»a npornn nac, uro6i :acrannri nac noxopnricn
concrcxnx. Hocnc(nnc (a»c ncpc(ann Mcxxcry Ucxy, Icunpy
Ianyxy n Ka(pn Xa:6ny o6ccncucnnic KII (ononnnrcninic
(annic, cnn(crcnicrnonanmnc o6 onacnocrn nana(cnnn na namy
Po(nny, xoropoc ioronnnn 3ana( n miocnani. C(cnan ¬ro,
concrcxnc n nx aicnri »(ann, uro6i xi nonannci na y(ouxy
n nn(cnn «cnaccnnc or onacnocrn» n onopc na concrcxnx, na nx
___________________________________
1 Cx. Onncp Xo(»a, Counncnnn, rox 19, crp. 128, an6. n:(.
629
qnor no Bncpc. Cnc(onarcnino, pa:iipinan xapry nxncpnann-
crnuccxo-miocnancxoio :aionopa, concrcxnc ionopnnn nax: nc
myrnrc, nana(cnnc y»c no(ioronncno, nac noinornr nxncpna-
nn:x, rax uro no:ixnrcci :a yx, nax nama noxomi ny»na'
Hy n xacxapa(i' Orn nn:xcnnic pacucri n nnani, pa:pa6o-
rannic xpymcnnaxn n 196O io(y n cnn:n c :aionopox Tcxc
Ccnxo, oucni noxo»n na cocranncnnic rnronnaxn nxccrc c
Koun µ:o(:c n Icunpox Ianyxy n xonnc 1947 io(a n na-
uanc 1948 io(a nnani o ncpc6pocxc miocnancxnx (nnn:nn (nn
«:amnri n cnaccnnn nac» no( npc(noiox roio, 6y(ro nax ipo-
:nno ipcuccxoc nana(cnnc'
O(naxo rax »c, xax ¬ro xi copnann :aionopi n rannic
nnani rnronncn n 1947 n n 1948 io(y, xi copnann n :aionopi
nxncpnanncron, miocnanon n concrcxnx n 196O io(y. Ha ocnonc
pacxpirix naxn xnoiouncncnnix qaxron n (oxyxcnron xi
or(ann Tcxc Ccnxo n cio aicnrypnym ccri napo(noxy cy(y,
i(c onn cnonxn co6crncnnixn ycraxn npn:nann nc ronixo
cnoc yuacrnc n ¬rox :aionopc, no n (pyinc aicnrypnic ycnyin,
oxa:annic miocnancxnx, ipcuccxnx n axcpnxancxnx ccxpcr-
nix cny»6ax.
£crccrncnno, pa:ipox n ny6nnunoc ocy»(cnnc naxn nx-
ncpnanncrnuccxo-miocnancxoio :aionopa nc xoinn nc ncrpcno-
»nri, (a n ncrpcno»nnn concrcxnx. Pa:ipox ncpnoio, axcpn-
xano-miocnancxo-ipcuccxoio, :aionopa caxo co6om nponannn n
nropon :aionop, nrannc cocrpnnannin xpymcnnaxn n nx aicn-
raxn ÷ Mcxxcrox Ucxy, Icunpox Ianyxy n (pyinxn. Concr-
cxnc nonnnn, uro nocnc nccio ¬roio nx (nn n An6annn 6inn
cunrani. H, (cncrnnrcnino, xi ncxopc ni(nopnnn concrcxnn
qnor n: Bncpi, nn na xni nc nonaian, uro xoinn onnparicn
na ncio (nn «cnaccnnn». Cax »c ¬ror qnor xpymcnncn nnucx
nc ornnuancn or 6-io axcpnxancxoio qnora n Cpc(n:cxnoxo-
pic, n xi or(anann cc6c orucr n rox, uro cnaccnnn pa(n xi
(on»ni 6inn nc onnparicn na ¬ror qnor, a ni(nopnri cio,
xax n ni(nopnnn.
Tor qaxr, uro xi cmc n :apo(imc pacxpinn n pa:ipo-
xnnn ¬ror :aionop, no6y(nn Mcxxcra Ucxy co6pari cnon
xoirn.
63O
Tcx npcxcncx nama naprnn mna xapxcncrcxo-ncnnncxnx
nyrcx, n Mcxxcr Ucxy «o(o6pnn» cc nnnnm; on (a»c nccixa
aqnmnponan cnom poni n ¬rnx cnryannnx, n, pa:yxccrcn, n
ina:ax axcpnxanncn n miocnanon n:o6pa»an (cno rax, 6y(ro
nxcnno on n n(oxnonnnn raxon nyri. Ha ocnonc pa:pa6oran-
nix nxn nnanon n rannix cnn:cn, xoropic no((cp»nnann
c nnx, axcpnxanni n miocnani :nann ¬ro, roi(a xax ncc
:ana(nic aicnrypi coinacni 6inn c rcx, uro6i nx «cin»
xcran ipoxi n xonnnn n nx ornomcnnn npo(c: «nnnmcx n
nonuicn nacrn» n r.(. n r.n. Onn ioroni 6inn npnnnxari nm-
6ic pyiarcnicrna, (ocrarouno nnmi uro6i nx aicnr no(nn-
xancn ncc nimc n nimc n noncpnyn pyni namcn naprnn n
namcio iocy(apcrna x 3ana(y.
Hrax, Mcxxcr Ucxy yccp(no npo(on»an «6opi6y» c co-
ncrcxnxn pcnn:nonncraxn, no ncxo(n y»c n: nnix ncncn n
crpcxncnnn, xoropic 6inn concpmcnno npornnonono»ni ni-
coxnx crpcxncnnnx naprnn, 6oponmcncn n :amnry xapxcn:-
xa-ncnnnn:xa n nicmnx nnrcpccon namcio napo(a n namcn
connanncrnuccxon Po(nni.
Hacrynnnn ucxocnonanxnc co6irnn aniycra 1968 io(a,
n naprnn pcmnna (cnoncnponari Bapmancxnn µoionop, ninc-
crn namy crpany n oe-mpe n: ¬roio npccnonyroio (oionopa,
n: xoropoio ona oe-{atmo nimna cmc n xonnc 196O io(a.
Iy(yun npcxicp-xnnncrpox, c pcuinxn no ¬roxy cnyuam
nicrynnn Mcxxcr Ucxy n, ccrccrncnno, ncpc( cnonxn xo:ncna-
xn on n:o6pa»an ¬ro xax cnom no6c(y. Axcpnxancxan aicn-
rypa (xax n cnn:annic c ncm aicnrypi, n ncpnym oucpc(i rn-
ronni) no(yxana, uro An6annn ocranaci n:onnponannon n
6c::amnrnon. Knran naxo(nncn (ancxo orcm(a, n ona :axnm-
unna, uro nacrynnn y»c xoxcnr (nn roio, uro6i nama crpana
noncpnynaci nnnox x 3ana(y.
B xo( 6ina nymcna xapra noxcp o(nn :ana(nix n rn-
roncxon aicnryp, Mcxxcr Ucxy. B 1972 io(y nocnc(nnn or-
npannncn n Hapn» (nn oncpannn n conpono»(cnnn ron »c
ipynni, xoropan conpono»(ana cio n OOH, xax n cio cy-
npyin 0nupcr Ucxy. Tax on ncrynnn n xonraxr c na»nix
pa6ornnxox axcpnxancxoio HPY, xoropin cxa:an cxy: «Hy
631
uro ri (cnacmi, ri y»c crapccmi n (on»cn ncpcnrn x (cn-
crnnm '».
Mcxxcr Ucxy (ono»nn cxy o cnryannn n :aionopax (ni-
namnnanmnxcn Icunpox Ianyxy, A6(mncx Kcnnc:n n xox-
nanncn). HPY nopcxoxcn(onano cxy (cncrnonari, no :aro
nc xoxnpoxcrnpyn caxoio cc6n. Ono npc(no»nno cxy rpn
napnanra (nn nnxnn(annn Onncpa Xo(»a: 1) opiann:onari
anroxo6nninoc xpymcnnc; 2) nicrpcnnri n ncio n:(ancxa;
3) ynorpc6nri n( :axc(ncnnoio (cncrnnn. Mcxxcry Ucxy ca-
xoxy npc(ocrannnn ni6pari ror napnanr, xoropin noxa:ancn
6i cxy 6oncc no:xo»nix.
¹cpc: nocpc(crno 0cuopa Ucxy rc »c yxa:annn nony-
unn Mcxxcr Ucxy n or miocnancxoio YµI, xoropoc (cncrno-
nano n nonnox coinacnn c HPY.
B Hapn»c Mcxxcry Ucxy npyunnn n:ompcnnym pannm,
xoropym ycranonnn n cio (oxc n nacrponn cio crapmnn cin,
nnnnnmnncn nn»cncpox-¬ncxrponnxox.
0axrnuccxn Mcxxcr Ucxy npcnparnn ncm cnom ccxim
n mnnoncxoc inc:(o, n :xcnnym ccxim. Kax n y»c orxcuan,
0nupcr Ucxy cmc no npcxn nonni 6ina :ancp6onana µymanox
Myioma n nocnna xnnuxy 0HCAPH; npn ¬rox yxccrni npc(-
nono»cnnn ornocnrcnino roio, ucx xoina :annxaricn ona pani-
mc, xoi(a n io(i oxxynannn npoxo(nna n Hrannn o(noio-
(nunic nnn (nyio(nunic xypci; uro nxcnno xoinn c(cnari c
ncm unpn Icia (n Cxnr)
1
, xoi(a ona pa6orana c nnxn n I
xopnycc. Co npcxcncx nropoio cina Mcxxcr Ucxy c(cnan
cnonx coo6mnnxox n, xoi(a ror c:(nn :a ipannny (oco6cnno
xoi(a nocxan n Uncnnm na yuc6y), on coc(nnnn cio c HPY
n ncnoni:onan n xauccrnc cnn:noio. Mna(mcio »c cina n
cio »cny on axrnnn:nponan n nanpanncnnn o(noio n: nno-
crpannix noconicrn n Tnpanc.
£crccrncnno, (nn ocymccrnncnnn cnocio ucpnoio (cna,
______________________________
1 Oqnncp 6pnrancxon nocnnon xnccnn n An6annn, aicnr Hnrcnnn(-
»cnc ccpnnca, (pyi unpn Icia n Mycraqa Innnmn. B io(i Hannonani-
no-ocno6o(nrcninon 6opi6i on 6in npnxoxan(nponan x mra6y I (nnn:nn
AHOA. Cx. Onncp Xo(»a, «Anino-axcpnxancxan onacnocri (nn An6annn
(Bocnoxnnannn)», crp. 214, an6. n:(.
632
xoropoio rpc6onann or ncio HPY n YµI, Mcxxcr Ucxy nc
oipannunncn nn (anno y»c :ancp6onannixn nx ¬ncxcnraxn,
nn npa»ccxnxn n axopaninixn ¬ncxcnraxn cnocn ccxin. On
crpcxnncn ncm(y pacnpocrpannri aicnrypnym n :aionopmnn-
xym ccri. C ¬ron ncnim on nonyunn n 1972 io(y or axcpn-
xancxoio HPY yxa:annn n npnxa: pa:pa6orari xonxpcrnic
nnani n:xcncnnn cnryannn n An6annn n noni:y 3ana(a,
axrnnn:nponari n no6y(nri n (annox nanpanncnnn n:nccrnix
nnn »c nc n:nccrnix cxy aicnron, 6y(i onn aicnraxn miocna-
non, ipcxon, aninnuan, nraninnncn n (pyinx, no :aro nc xox-
npoxcrnpyn caxoio cc6n.
Tcx caxix nauanoci ocymccrnncnnc pa:ncrnncnnoio :a-
ionopmnnxoio nnana, opiann:onannoio Mcxxcrox Ucxy no(
cyp(nnxy:
I. Bpa»(c6nan (cnrcninocri 0a(nnn Haupaxn n cio
ipynni n o6nacrn xynirypi, ncxyccrna, pa(noncmannn n rc-
ncnn(cnnn, nanpanncnnan na ncxpnnncnnc nnnnn n ¬rnx o6-
nacrnx. Ho, xax n:nccrno, naprnn 6icrpo nanccna y(ap ¬ron
ipynnc n cc (cnrcninocrn. Mcxxcr Ucxy nocncmnn yxiri
pyxn, on (a»c c myxox o6pymnnancn na pa6ornnxon ncxyc-
crna n xa(pi xono(c»n (nn ocymccrnncnnn, rcx caxix, cnonx
anrnnaprnnnix ncncn, xax ¬ro nocrynan n na nonnc, (nn o6o-
crpcnnn rax»c ornomcnnn n cnn:cn naprnn c ¬rnxn npocnon-
xaxn.
II. B 1973 io(y 6ina npnnc(cna n (cncrnnc ipynna Ic-
unpa Ianyxy, xoropan ioronnna nocnnin nyru, pa:pa6oran ucp-
nic rc:nci, «rcopnm cxoni»cnnn» ÷ ocranncnnn no6cpc»in
n iopo(on nxncpnanncrnuccxnx aipcccopax, xo:ncnax Mcxxcra
Ucxy. Icunp Ianyxy 6in nonnocrim pa:o6naucn. £io noxnnynn
(a»c Hcrpnr µyxc n Xnro ¹axo, nnnnnmnccn coyuacrnnxaxn
n :aionopc. Mcxxcr Ucxy, xoropin pyxono(nn ¬rnx :aiono-
pox n (cp»an n pyxax cio nnrn, (cncrnyn :a xynncaxn (rc-
ncpi y»c ycranonncno, uro ncc crparcinuccxnc n raxrnuccxnc
nnani 6inn pa:pa6orani nonpcxn nnanax Concra O6oponi
n ¬rn ucpnic xarcpnani, xax xi na:nann nx nocnc nx pac-
xpirnn, 6inn o(o6pcni nx), nocrapancn cnacrn Hcrpnra µyxc
n Xnro ¹axo. Hocnc(nnc no:naiann na Mcxxcra Ucxy 6oni-
633
mnc na(c»(i, paccunrinan na ro, uro «nx nc orccxyr io-
nony», xax ¬ro on cxa:an nx na Hncnyxc Hcnrpaninoio Koxn-
rcra, co:nannox x roxy npcxcnn no ¬rnx nonpocax, n nc
ni(ann Mcxxcra Ucxy, no :aro n cxy nc y(anoci n:6annri
nx or ipo:nnmcn nx onacnocrn, a ¬ro noroxy, uro on ona-
cancn roio, xax 6i ¬rnx on nc npc(nn caxoxy cc6c.
III. Mc»(y rcx Mcxxcr Ucxy (a :(cci 6oncc ncnocpc(-
crncnno) npnncn n (nn»cnnc cnonx nm(cn ÷ A6(mnn Kcnnc:n,
Kouo Tco(ocn n Knuo Hiicnn ÷ (nn nc(cnnn no(pinnon
(cnrcninocrn n ¬xonoxnuccxon o6nacrn n oco6cnno n o6nacrn
ncqrn n ccnicxoio xo:nncrna, (nn paccrponcrna ¬xonoxnxn
crpani, npncrynnn x opiann:annn n nnc(pcnnm miocnancxnx
caxoynpanncnuccxnx xcro(on.
Ho, xax n:nccrno, Mcxxcr Ucxy norcpncn xpax no nccx
¬rnx rpcx acncxrax.
Bnnxarcnino cnc(n :a cnryannnxn n rcucnnc nccio ¬roio
ncpno(a, Tnro no(yxan, uro, nxcn cnocio aicnra n pyxono(-
crnc namcn naprnn n namcio iocy(apcrna, nocnc na(cnnn
Panxonnua n Kiocnannn n pa:o6naucnnn concpmcnnix nx n
Koconc napnapcxnx axron, xax n nocnc cnryannn, cno»nnmnxcn
c namnx nixo(ox n: Bapmancxoio µoionopa, xoi n(rn na
xoc-xaxnc ycrynxn n Koconc n n o6nacrn namnx ornomcnnn
c ncm. Kocona crana (imari xax-ro cno6o(ncc, 6inn orxpi-
ri an6ancxnc mxoni, 6in co:(an Hpnmrnncxnn ynnncpcn-
rcr, 6inn ycranonncni xynirypnic cnn:n, nauannci n:anxnic
nn:nri n r.(. Tnro n cio npn6nn»cnnic ncncnnn (annnmnmm
xcury o rox, uro6i ucpc: Kocony no:(cncrnonari n An6a-
nnn na nn6cpaninic cnni n c(cnari, raxnx o6pa:ox, no:-
xo»nix coc(nncnnc An6annn c Koconon n paxxax Kiocna-
nnn. Koi(a pyxono(nrcnn Koconi cxa:ann Tnro, uro «an6an-
ni pa:»niamr nannonanncrcxnc nacrpocnnn n nicxa:ina-
mrcn npornn nac», ror orncrnn nx: «Kaxoc nax (cno: ¬ro
onn xcnn pyiamr, ny n nycri pyiamr...». Tnro ionopnn ¬ro,
n6o :nan, uro n An6annn 6in y ncio Mcxxcr Ucxy, xoropin,
rpn»(i norcpncn xpax, ncpcipynnnponinan ocraninix :aio-
nopmnxon, oco6cnno n Mnnncrcpcrnc nnyrpcnnnx (cn, a nxcn-
no Ka(pn; Xa:6ny, 0cuopa Ucxy n ncxoropix (pyinx. Tcx
nc xcncc, Mcxxcry Ucxy ny»no 6ino npcxn na cocranncnnc
nonix :aionopon.
Mc»(y rcx Tnro yxcp. B Kiocnannn cno»nnaci o6cra-
nonxa nonnrnuccxon n ¬xonoxnuccxon ncyncpcnnocrn. Mnpo-
non xannranncrnuccxnn xpn:nc oxnarnn n noipy»cnnym n
(onin Kiocnannm. O6cranonxa xnncna 6onimc nccio n Ko-
conc, a ¬ro n:-:a incra ncnnxoccp6on, 6c:pa6ornni, xpau-
non ncpcncxrnni rpy(nmnxcn, xoropic nn(cnn, uro na nx
po(nnc, n connanncrnuccxon An6annn, (cna o6cronnn concp-
mcnno nnauc. Hrax, Kocona nc nocny»nna xocrox (nn npo-
nnxnoncnnn n An6annm rnroncxoio caxoynpanncnnn n n(cn-
noio pa:no»cnnn, a, nao6opor, ¬ro An6annn noxa:ana cn
no(nnnnin, cncrnin o6nnx connann:xa n namcn crpanc. H
¬ro ona c(cnana, no((cp»nnan c Koconon nopxaninic, oqn-
nnaninic (nycroponnnc cnn:n n xonraxri, a nc aicnrypnix
nyrcx, n6o, no-ncpnix, ¬ro nc 6ino no nnnnn namcn naprnn,
a, no-nropix, no inanc opianon Mnnncrcpcrna nnyrpcnnnx
(cn naxo(nnaci caxa miocnancxan aicnrypa (c 0cuopox
Ucxy). Bor noucxy «rc:nci» miocnanon o nxo6i aicnrypnox
nxcmarcnicrnc An6annn c ncnim opiann:annn (cxoncrpa-
nnn n Koconc nnmcni ncnxoio ocnonannn. Axcpnxancxan n
miocnancxan aicnrypi :a6ccnoxonnnci, onacanci roio, xax
6i Kocona nc ni6nnaci y nnx n:-no( xonrponn, xax 6i nc
nxcmanaci An6annn, 6iri xo»cr, xax ¬ro onn (yxann, n
corpy(nnuccrnc c Ioniapncn n Concrcxnx Com:ox.
Tcx npcxcncx o6cranonxa n Koconc cranonnnaci ncc
6oncc rpy(non n cno»non. Koconni n ncc an6ancxoc nacc-
ncnnc, npo»nnammcc n cnonx xpanx n ¹cpnoiopnn n Maxc-
(onnn, c xa»(ix (ncx ncc 6onimc or(anann cc6c orucr
n rox, uro npn rnroncxon (cncrnnrcninocrn y nnx orpnnann
n nonnpann noiaxn :axonnic npana, (a»cc n npana, :anncan-
nic n miocnancxon xoncrnrynnn.
Oxnarnnmnn ncm Kiocnannm iny6oxnn ¬xonoxnuccxnn
n nonnrnuccxnn xpn:nc nponnnnncn n Koconc n caxix (pa-
xarnuccxnx xpacxax. Tax »n:ncnnin yponcni 6in n nccxonixo
pa: nn»c cpc(ncio noxa:arcnn Kiocnannn, 6oncc roio, no»-
nnni nocronnno pacxpinannci n ymcp6 xoconnax; 6c:pa6o-
635
rnna, oco6cnno n pn(ax raxomncn an6ancxon xono(c»n, cnn-
pcncrnonana. £cnn 1O-15 ncr na:a( (cxaioi Tnro cnannn na
Panxonnua ncm nnny :a xacconoc niccncnnc n ncpcccncnnc xo-
conncn n nanpanncnnn Typnnn n :ana(nix crpan, rcncpi xocon-
ni nn(cnn, uro, xax n «npn Panxonnuc», onnri 6inn niny»(cni
6pocari cnon :cxnn n cxnraricn no :ana(nix pinxax. Toi(a nx
niionnn Panxonnu, a rcncpi ro »c caxoc, (a»c n 6onimnx pa:-
xcpax, (cnana 6c:pa6ornna. Cnc(onarcnino, nnnonari n ¬rox
6inn nc o(nn nnn »c nnri panxonnucn, a caxa miocnancxan
(cncrnnrcninocri, rnroncxnn «connann:x caxoynpanncnnn». B
¬ron ncrnnc xoconni nc xoinn nc crari, (a n crann co:narcni-
nixn. Ho ¬ro nc 6inn c(nncrncnnic npnunni roio, uro
xorcn y»c 6ypnnn. B ncpnym oucpc(i xoconni n ncc an6an-
cxoc naccncnnc, npo»nnammcc n cnonx xpanx n Kiocnannn,
nn(cnn n nocx cnonx cymccrnox uyncrnonann, uro n rnroncxon
Kiocnannn c nnxn o6pamannci, xax c ipa»(anaxn nocnc(ncn-
mcio pa:pn(a, rnronni nonnpann y nnx :axonnic npana,
ocxop6nnnn nx n npcnc6pciann rcx, uro cocrannncr (nn an6an-
na nannonaninym cnnrinm: cio nannonaninon iop(ocrim n
(ocronncrnox.
Hxcnno n raxnx (anno y»c xnncnmnx cnryannnx, n na-
uanc 1981 io(a npoxo(nnn n Koconc (cxoncrpannn. Bcnnxo-
ccp6i n miocnancxoc YµI ncrpcno»nnnci, onn nocnann ry(a
noncxa n ranxaxn no(annnn ¬rn (cxoncrpannn. Iinn y6nri
n pancni cornn ucnoncx. Bo:iopcnoci nnaxn, upcnaroc ona-
cnocrnxn (nn nnyrpcnncio nono»cnnn Kiocnannn, y»c pac-
marannoio xax ¬xonoxnuccxnxn, rax n nonnrnuccxnxn xpn-
:ncaxn. Ionimon myx no(nnncn cpc(n xnponon o6mccrncn-
nocrn no nono(y ¬rnx »ccroxnx pcnpcccnnnix xcp. An6annn
:annna orxpirym, nacronixo pcmnrcninym, nacxonixo n xy(-
pym no:nnnm.
Kpoxc pa:(ynannn xncncri o rox, 6y(ro (cxoncrpannn
¬rn no(crpcxana An6annn, miocnanax npnmnoci ncxc(ncnno
npnnnri xcpi x «(ncxpc(nrannn» «crannncxoio» an6ancxoio
pyxono(crna n x roxy, uro6i cxyrnri n n:xcnnri :(oponym
cnryannm n An6annn, xax n (c:opncnrnponari n Koconc na-
rpnornuccxn n pcnonmnnonno nacrpocnnic cnni.
636
Onn norpc6onann or cnocio aicnra, Mcxxcra Ucxy, ncpcn-
rn x (cncrnnm. Kiocnancxoc YµI corpy(nnuano c HPY n 6ino
n xypcc yxa:annn nocnc(ncio o nnxnn(annn Onncpa Xo(»a.
Bor noucxy ono norpc6onano, uro6i Mcxxcr Ucxy cpouno
nocnan cnom cynpyiy n Hapn». µcxoncrpannn nponcxo(nnn n
xaprc, a ona ornpannnaci n Hapn» n anpcnc 1981 io(a. Tax
cn npc(crannncn nocnancn Xpoxoio (cax Myioma y»c yxcp,
no «»nna» cio aicnrypnan xnccnn) n ncpc(an cn n(, xoropix
onn (on»ni 6inn ncxc(ncnno orpannri Onncpa Xo(»a.
0nupcr Ucxy n Mcxxcr Ucxy nxccrc o6(yxann ncc, yc-
ranonnnn xoi(a, i(c n xax npnnccrn n ncnonncnnc napnanri,
npc(no»cnnic nx HPY, n namnn nan6oncc no(xo(nmnx orpa-
nncnnc n(ox :axc(ncnnoio (cncrnnn, xoropoc xoinn concp-
mari, xoi(a xi noccmann (pyi (pyia. Bapnanr anroxo6nninoio
xpymcnnn ncxnmuancn n ycnonnnx, n xoropix n c:(nn, a
noxymcnnc c npnxcncnncx py»in namyxcno 6i n 6ino 6i
upcnaro nco»n(annixn onacnocrnxn.
Hpc(cranncnnin Mcxxcry Ucxy miocnanaxn napnanr o
rox, uro6i on ncxc(ncnno n 6icrpo ncpcmcn x (cncrnnm,
:acrni cio npacnnox. Mcxxcr Ucxy ncnyiancn, cxy nc nonpann-
noci ro, uro cio x crcnxc npnnnpann. Bor noucxy on o6parnncn
x 6onimoxy xo:nnny, x axcpnxancxoxy HPY. 0nupcr Ucxy
crana noccmari cronnni £nponi ÷ Bcny, Croxionix, Koncn-
iaicn. H n Croxionixc n n µannn ona nxcna ncrpcun c npc(-
crannrcnnxn HPY, xoropix nipa:nna xncnnc Mcxxcra Ucxy
o rox, uro nc cnc(onano (cncrnonari roponnnno, xax ¬ro-
io rpc6onann miocnani, n6o nc 6inn no(ioronncni (on»-
nix o6pa:ox; orpanncnnc nnn qn:nuccxoc ynnuro»cnnc
Onncpa Xo(»a orno»nri (o xapra 1982 io(a (no npcxn :nx-
ncio or(ixa), a :a ¬ror ncpno( xoinn npc(npnnnri xaxoc-
nn6o (cncrnnc, xoropoc ni:nano 6i pacxon n naprnn n noom-
pnno 6i nn6cpaninic ¬ncxcnri. Hpc(crannrcni HPY (oio-
nopnncn co cnonx ncnrpox n na nropon ncrpcuc, y»c n µa-
nnn, 6in o(o6pcn napnanr Mcxxcra Ucxy.
B ¬rnx paxxax Mcxxcr Ucxy o6pyunn cnocio cina c
(cnymxon n: ccxin, n uicx xpyiy 6ino 6-7 6c»anmnx nocnnix
npccrynnnxon, nxnmuan cm(a n:nccrnoio aicnra HPY, Apmn
637
Hnna. Taxoc o6pyucnnc nc xoino nc o6parnri na cc6n nnn-
xannc o6mccrncnnocrn, nc(i ono (nn roio n concpmanoci,
uro6i npnnncui x cc6c nnnxannc, namyxcri, n, n cnyuac
o(o6pcnnn cio naprncn, nacrynnn 6i pacxon, nponnnncn
6i nn6cpann:x n y (pyinx, n naprnn, n xono(c»n n r.(.
B cnyuac nco(o6pcnnn cio naprncn, npornn Mcxxcra Ucxy
6inn 6i npnnnri xcpi, xoncuno, cio nc :axnmunnn 6i n
rmpixy, a cnn:nnn 6i no (on»nocrn, orcrpannnn nnn »c
ncxnmunnn 6i n: naprnn. Oro namyxcno 6i n miocnani
xoinn 6i ncnoni:onari ¬ro, ucio nx n ny»no 6ino, n cno-
nx nponaian(ncrcxnx ncnnx, (nn (ncxpc(nrannn pyxono(crna
An6ancxon naprnn Tpy(a n oco6cnno Onncpa Xo(»a, xoro-
pin, xax ¬ro onn ro n (cno nonropnnn, no(o6no Crannny,
«orcrpanncr» cnonx corpy(nnxon.
Ho (cna nc nomnn rax, xax ¬ro 6ino n nnanax Mcx-
xcra Ucxy. Haprnn ncxc(ncnno nxcmanaci, o6pyucnnc 6ino
pacropinyro, ronapnmn no(ncpinn Mcxxcra Ucxy xpnrnxc :a
¬ry rn»cnym nonnrnuccxym omn6xy, onn norpc6onann or
ncio nicrynnri c iny6oxon caxoxpnrnxon (nn ninnncnnn
npnunn raxon omn6xn n 6ino pcmcno, uro6i on c(cnan ¬ro
nocnc VIII naprnnnoio c¡c:(a
1
. Mcxxcr Ucxy nc o»n(an
¬roio. On nonirancn c(cnari «ncxoropic (pyinc omn6xn»:
conccx ocrannn 6c: nnnxannn cnon (oxna( VIII naprnnnoxy
c¡c:(y, npc(crannn cio no:(no n c nonnmmnxn nonnrnuc-
cxnxn omn6xaxn, rax uro Honnr6mpo nc npnnnno cio. Mcx-
xcr Ucxy nonpocnn nicrynnri na c¡c:(c c «caxoxpnrnxon»
no nono(y o6pyucnnn cina (¬rnx on nxcn ncnim ni:nari na
c¡c:(c 6ccnopn(ox), no cxy orxa:ann n n ¬rox. Ha c¡c:(c
on npc(naxcpcnno cn(cn «xax y6nrin n c nnnonarix nn-
(ox», a ¬ro 6pocnnoci n ina:a (cnciarax n rcnc:pnrcnnx,
xoropic nc(oyxcnno cnpamnnann (pyi (pyia, uro ¬ro xoino
:naunri.
Tcx npcxcncx xoconcxan npo6ncxa cranonnnaci onacnon
npo6ncxon. Kiocnani pa:o6nauannci n ina:ax xnponon
o6mccrncnnocrn, roi(a xax anropnrcr namcn crpani noni-
_______________________________________
1 VIII c¡c:( AHT npoxo(nn c 1 no 8 non6pn 1981 io(a.
638
mancn. Kiocnani ynn(cnn, uro nnucio nc npon:omno nn (o,
nn nocnc c¡c:(a. Mcxxcr Ucxy nicrynnn na c¡c:(c c (oxna-
(ox, cio n:6pann n uncnox Honnr6mpo, nnxaxnx xcp nc
6ino npnnnro npornn ncio, na uro paccunrinann miocna-
ni, on nc 6in cnn»cn no (on»nocrn n nc 6in cnnr c
:annxacxix iocy(apcrncnnix nocron. Iiri xo»cr, no
oxonuannn c¡c:(a Mcxxcr Ucxy coo6mnn miocnanax o
rox, uro n nocnc npyucnnn nx caxoxpnrnxn c nnx
o6pamannci no-npc»ncxy. H: 6ccc( c naxn on nonnn,
uro xcpa naxa:annn (on»na 6ina nocnri nnyrpcnnnn, nap-
rnnnin xapaxrcp. A ¬ro nc ycrpannano rnronncn, ncnnxoccp-
6on n miocnancxoc YµI, xoropic »(ann 6ccnopn(xon n An-
6annn n ncnuccxn (o6nnannci nx. Bor noucxy naxanync :acc-
(annn Honnr6mpo, i(c npc(cronno o6cy»(ari nonpoc o rn»c-
non nonnrnuccxon omn6xc Mcxxcra Ucxy, miocnancxoc no-
conicrno n Tnpanc, n coorncrcrnnn c npnxa:axn, nonyucnnixn
n: Icnipa(a, nopyunno cnocxy aicnry n cnn:noxy 0cuopy
Ucxy ncrpcrnricn c Mcxxcrox Ucxy n ncpc(ari cxy «ynirn-
xaryx» YµI ÷ «y6nri Onncpa Xo(»a nm6on ncnon, (a»c n
no npcxn :acc(annn, (a»c n ncnon cnocn »n:nn». B croni
rpy(nox nono»cnnn oxa:annci YµI, rnroncxan n ncnnxoccp6-
cxan xnnxa n:-:a co6irnn n Koconc, croni xpaunon xa:anaci
nx ncpcncxrnna, uro onn pcmnnn no»cprnonari cnocn xpyn-
non xapron, cnonx cyncpaicnrox, (ocrarouno nnmi, uro6i
npon:omno uro-nn6y(i ccncannonnoc, xoropoc «pacmarano 6i
ycron» connanncrnuccxon An6annn n An6ancxon naprnn
Tpy(a'
16 (cxa6pn 1981 io(a, n 1O uacon ncucpa 0cuop Ucxy
nomcn x Mcxxcry Ucxy (oxon n ncpc(an cxy npnxa: nx
aicnrypnoio ncnrpa.
17 (cxa6pn nauannci npcnnn na :acc(annn Honnr6mpo.
Bcc ronapnmn, crapic n nonic, nicrynnnn na ¬rox :acc(annn
n pcmnrcnino ocy(nnn axr o6pyucnnn cina Mcxxcra Ucxy
c (cnymxon, n uicx ccxcnnox xpyiy 6ino 6-7 nocnnix npc-
crynnnxon. Onn nipa:nnn nc(ononicrno no nono(y caxoxpn-
rnxn Mcxxcra Ucxy, norpc6onann, uro6i on yiny6nncn n
pacxpin ncrounnx raxon omn6xn, :a(ann cxy xnoio nonpo-
639
con, nanoxnnnn cxy, uro (onycxan on omn6xn cmc n io(i
Hannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninon 6opi6i, uro on crannn cc6n
nimc naprnn, yxa:inann na cio nicoxoxcpnc n ipy6oc o6pa-
mcnnc c xa(paxn, xax n nourn co nccxn cnonxn 6nn»anmnxn
corpy(nnxaxn n npannrcnicrnc, n Honnr6mpo n r.(. (Ha (py-
ion »c (cni nocnc cio caxoy6nncrna ncc ¬rn nicrynncnnn,
:anncannic na xainnroqon, 6inn (ocnonno nicnymani nccxn
uncnaxn Hncnyxa Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra, xax n naprnnni-
xn axrnnaxn.)
¹ncni Honnr6mpo no(ncpinn cio cnninon, orxpiron,
6onimcnncrcxon xpnrnxc, o(naxo n xauccrnc xcpi naxa:annn
norpc6onann nccio nnmi «crpoioio niionopa c :ancccnncx n
yucrnym xaprouxy». B raxox (yxc no(ioronnn n n cnoc ni-
crynncnnc, i(c onncinan omn6xn, (onymcnnic Mcxxcrox
Ucxy cmc n io(i nonni (¬ro nicrynncnnc rax»c 6ino ni-
cnymano Hncnyxox Hcnrpaninoio Koxnrcra n naprnnnixn
axrnnaxn n raxox nn(c, n xaxox n co6npancn npon:nccrn
cio nocnc nicrynncnnn (pyinx ronapnmcn). Ho, nocxonixy
6ino y»c no:(no, n nc :aunran cio n ror (cni. Taxnx o6pa-
:ox, xi pcmnnn npo(on»nri :acc(annc na cnc(ymmnn (cni,
no, no oxonuannn nicrynncnnn ncpnoio (nn, n cxa:an Mcx-
xcry Ucxy;
÷ Iny6oxo :a(yxinancn ncm noui n :anrpa cxa»n n
Honnr6mpo, xaxnxn nxcnno xornnaxn ri pyxono(crnonancn.
Ann6n o6pyucnnn nccocronrcnino, uro-ro (pyioc ronxnyno
rc6n na no(o6nin npc(ocy(nrcninin axr.
Mon cnona ncrpcno»nnn Mcxxcra Ucxy, on no(yxan,
uro xi pacxpinn ioronnnmcccn nx npccrynncnnc. «Xpa6pcn»
Mcxxcr Ucxy ncm noui :a(yxinancn na( rcx, xax n:6annri-
cn or ¬rnx rncxon, n ni(yxan n ocymccrnnn cnon nnan. On,
nn(nxo, paccy»(an rax: «Cxcprn ncc panno nc xnnonari,
rax uro nyumc cnacy ro, uro cnacrn xo»no» n pcmnn nocnc-
(onari npnxcpy cnocio (pyia, Haxo Cnnpy ÷ noxonunri ca-
xoy6nncrnox, paccunrinan na ro, uro ¬raxoio «iocy(apcrncn-
noio xy»a», «ncicn(apnoio pyxono(nrcnn», «naprn:ana n
nonna, cpa»anmciocn n Hcnannn» naprnn noxoponnr co nccxn
nouccrnxn, cxocr c ncio nnrno no:opa, :annnn, uro on «6in
64O
y6nr n pc:ynirarc ncuannnoio nicrpcna» (xax ¬ro on no(cxa-
:inan nax n n ocranncnnox nx nncixc) n raxnx o6pa:ox,
no xpanncn xcpc, on cnac 6i cnoc npomnoc n nc nocrpa(ana
6i cio ccxin.
Bxccrc co cnocn »cnon on 6pocnn n( n y6opnym n nopy-
unn crapmcxy ciny pa:o6pari n ynnuro»nri xoxnpoxcrnpy-
mmnc uacrn ycranonncnnon nx pannn.
2nnnnci aicnrox, 0nupcr Ucxy (ona 6onnaci n nnaxa-
na n:-:a nycrnxon) xna(noxponno n nnnnuno coinacnnaci na
caxoy6nncrno xy»a, nnmi 6i 6inn cnaccni nx «ncropnuc-
cxoc» npomnoc, xax n ona caxa c cinoninxn.
Ho onn npon:ncnn pacucri 6c: xo:nnna. Kax ronixo
coo6mnnn xnc o nocnc(ncx axrc Mcxxcra Ucxy, n ryr »c
npc(no»nn ocy(nri cio caxoy6nncrno, n6o on nocrynnn xax
npai, n Honnr6mpo c(nnoinacno nicxa:anoci npornn axra
¬roio npaia. Hc ronixo naprnn n pyxono(crno, no n ncci
nam napo( na:nann ¬ro npa»(c6nix axrox n :annnn pcno-
nmnnonnym no:nnnm. Haprnn n napo( c ¬nry:na:xox, npn-
ucx c cmc 6onimcn pcmnxocrim n n 6oncc npounox c(nncrnc,
npo(on»nnn 6opi6y :a ocymccrnncnnc pcmcnnn VIII naprnn-
noio c¡c:(a.
YµI n HPY ocrannci na 6o6ax. Hnocrpannic rcncipaq-
nic aicnrcrna coo6mnnn o cnyunnmcxcn rax, xax ¬ro xi nc-
pc(ann, a nxcnno uro Mcxxcr Ucxy «noxonunn c co6om n
xoxcnri ncpnnoio xpn:nca». Tax n cnx (anannci xoc-xaxnc
xoxxcnrapnn x nponcmc(mcxy, n ¬ro (cnann nm(n, no(xy-
nncnnic miocnanaxn. O(naxo miocnani ro»c nc cxoinn nc-
noni:onari ¬ror axr n cnocn oqnnnaninon ncuarn, a nccio
nnmi nopyunnn xaxon-ro ia:crcnxc :aipc6cxnx cry(cnron
nncari o «(paxc», pa:iipanmcncn na :acc(annn an6ancxoio
pyxono(crna (coinacno :annannponannon YµI ncpcnn). Ho
cnonax ¬ron ia:cri «... Mcxxcr Ucxy nicrpcnnn n: nncro-
ncra xnrancxoio o6pa:na, raxoio-ro nnn raxoio-ro xann6pa ('),
no 6in y6nr ronapnmaxn Onncpa Xo(»a. Cy(i6a Onncpa
Xo(»a nc n:nccrna ...».
Oro npo(c cncnapnn xon6oncxnx qnnixon c ncpccrpcn-
xaxn, nponcxo(nnmnxn n canynax roio npcxcnn' Hnucio
641
nc no(cnacmi' Taxoni n »cnannn' Ho xapra cyncpaicnra HPY
n YµI n An6annn oxa:anaci 6nron, xax ionopnr n napo(c,
«nn :a nonmmxy ra6axa».
An6annn ncci(a nicrynana n no((cp»xy :axonnix npan
Koconi n naccncnnn (pyinx an6ancxnx xpacn n Kiocnannn,
o(naxo Kocona, ncc no(nnnmnccn na (cxoncrpannn an6anni
n nc :namr, xaxym onn oipoxnym noxomi oxa:ann, n cnom
oucpc(i, An6annn, niny(nn miocnancxoc YµI no»cprnonari
xapron «6onimon» n nocnc(ncn «na(c»(i» na cncp»cnnc xapx-
cncrcxo-ncnnncxoio pyxono(crna n An6annn, xoropoc ncc npcxn
pa:o6nauano n ncorcrynno npo(on»ano pa:o6nauari rnron-
cxym n:xcny, caxoynpanncnnc, ncnpncoc(nncnnc, ¬ry ornparn-
rcninym aicnrypy axcpnxancxoio n 6pnrancxoio nxncpnann:xa,
xnponon pcaxnnn, connan-(cxoxparnn n cmc xoio yio(no.
C pa:o6naucnncx Mcxxcra Ucxy aicnrypi nxncpnanncron,
connan-nxncpnanncron n (pyinc aicnrypi, n rox uncnc mio-
cnancxoc YµI, nonyunnn y(ap, xoropin (onioc npcxn omy-
mari 6y(yr. Hx aicnrypnan ccri, uinx ¬nnncnrpox 6in Mcx-
xcr Ucxy, 6ina pacxpira (o nocnc(ncn nnrxn, nonyunna
ncccroponnnn, coxpymnrcninin y(ap n rcncpi n namnx py-
xax ncc, uro xacanoci ¬ron (cncrnonanmcn n rcucnnc xnoinx
ncr crpamnon ccrn aicnron n :aionopmnxon.
Hpn ¬rox cnc(ycr orxcrnri, uro onacnin :aionop Mcx-
xcra Ucxy, xax n npc»nnc :aionopmnxn n (pyinc :aionop-
mnnxnc ipynni, 6inn pacxpiri 6naio(apn cnnc n 6(nrcnino-
crn naprnn n cc pyxono(crna, a noncc nc opianaxn iocy(ap-
crncnnon 6c:onacnocrn. Houcxy" Horoxy, uro, xax n:nccrno,
n ncpno( (o 1948 io(a xnnncrpox nnyrpcnnnx (cn 6in Ko-
un µ:o(:c, n:nccrnin aicnr Tnro-Panxonnua, xoropin, xax
raxonon, 6in ocy»(cn :a npocrynxn, (cranino yxa:annic n
nacronmcn xnnic. Bnocnc(crnnn xnnncrpox nnyrpcnnnx (cn
6in Mcxxcr Ucxy, :arcx Ka(pn Xa:6ny, a n nocnc(nnc io-
(i ÷ 0cuop Ucxy. K nccuacrim napo(a n naprnn, xi nn o(-
noio n: nnx nc no(o:pcnann n aicnrypnon (cnrcninocrn, roi(a
xax na (cnc onn ncc rpoc, no(o6no Koun µ:o(:c, 6inn ax-
rnnnixn aicnraxn, inannix o6pa:ox miocnancxoio YµI,
cxpinanmnxn xcp:ocrn n npccrynncnnn (pyi (pyia n ncxo-
642
ropix oxpy»anmnx nx coo6mnnxon n n rcucnnc nourn ucri-
pcx (ccnrnncrnn yrannanmnx or naprnn (annic o6 aicnrypnon
(cnrcninocrn (pyi (pyia. Hn o(nn n: ¬rnx :aionopmnxon, nxnm-
uan cm(a n Mcxxcra Ucxy, orxpiro nc npornnonocrannnncn
nnnnn naprnn, rax xax 6onncn naprnn, cc cnnoucnnocrn n
c(nncrna naprnn n napo(a. Bcc pacxpiric :aionopi, oco6cn-
no npccrynnin :aionop Mcxxcra Ucxy, xax n (annic n (o-
xyxcnri, xoropixn pacnonaiacr ninc naprnn n oruacrn yno-
xnnammnccn n ¬rnx :anncxax, no(rncp»(amr, uro Mcxxcr
Ucxy n cio coo6mnnxn (cncrnonann npocro xax aicnri, :a
cnnnon y naprnn n cc pyxono(crna, npnucx nc xax nnnic
npornnnnxn nnnnn nnn nonnrnxn naprnn, a xax :aionopmnxn
na cny»6c y nnocrpannix pa:nc(ox. Hx 6ino nopyucno nran-
nc (cncrnonari n nnccrn :aionopi c ncnim n:xcncnnn :(opo-
noio nono»cnnn n An6annn, cncp»cnnn napo(non nnacrn n
pacunmcnnn nyrn cnonx nnocrpannix xo:ncnax, xoropic n
rcucnnc copoxa c nnmnnx ncr, uro6i nc cxa:ari n panimc,
nocronnno ninamnnann rcxnic nnani n npccnc(onann npc-
crynnic ncnn, crpcxnci x nonpannm nc:anncnxocrn An6annn,
nnmcnnm an6ancxoio napo(a cno6o(i n npan, :anocnannix
nx ncnon 6onimon xponn n ycnnnn.
Hocnc nocnc(ncio, rpanxarnuccxoio y(apa, nancccnnoio
naxn, nnocrpannic aicnrypi, n rox uncnc n rnroncxoc YµI,
ncpnynnci co :nocrn n oruannnn x cnoco6ax n xcro(ax, x
xoropix xi (anno y»c npnnixnn n or xoropix nx caxnx
nnxoi(a npoxy nc 6ino; nonpo6onann onn nomynari nax
nynic n omcnoxnri nac, :acnan cm(a ipynny nacxnnxon n
nnarnix 6an(nron' Bn(nxo, onn :a6inn, «xaxnc nxcnno
no6c(i» o(cp»nnann, xoi(a :acinann x nax (nncpcanron n
npccrynnnxon n ncpnic io(i nocnc ocno6o»(cnnn' Ho :aro
n xi nc :axc(nnnn c orncrox: ccnn n 5O-c io(i nxcnnci
cnyuan, xoi(a nax ny»no 6ino 4-5 (ncn, a nopom n 6onimc
npcxcnn (nn pacxpirnn n ynnuro»cnnn (nncpcnonnix 6an(,
ro rcncpi nax nona(o6nnoci y»c (a»c xcncc 5 uacon (nn
pacxpirnn n ynnuro»cnnn rcppopncrnuccxon 6an(i µ»cn-
(cra Mycraqa, :acnannon x nax YµI. Oro (on»no cny»nri
nncmnnx npaiax An6annn ypoxox o rox, uro no(o6nic manxn
643
npccrynnnxon, xanic nnn 6onimnc, orxy(a 6i onn nn npnxo-
(nnn ÷ c Bocroxa nnn c 3ana(a, 6y(yr 6ccnoma(no ynnuro-
»cni namnx napo(ox, xoropin cronr naucxy n no nccopy-
»nn. Tax 6ino n rax 6y(cr co nccxn, xro ocxcnnrcn ncnon-
nnri ananrmpncrnuccxnc npnxa:i nxncpnanncron n pcnn:no-
nncron' Mi xopomo :nacx, uro n nocnc ¬roio nnocrpannic
aicnrypi, a nxccrc c nnxn n YµI, nc 6y(yr cn(cri cno»a
pyxn. O(naxo nac onn nnxoi(a npacnnox nc :acranyr. Mi
ncci(a 6y(cx xpannri ncycinnym 6(nrcninocri.
Hycri ncc xopomo :anoxnnr: crcni namcn xpcnocrn
nc:i6ncxic, onn ipannrnic.
Taxona, n o6mnx ucprax, ncropnn namnx ornomcnnn c
KHK n c miocnancxnx pcnn:nonncrcxnx iocy(apcrnox: c o(-
non croponi, ¬ro ncropnn nx nxcmarcnicrna n nonymcx, ncro-
pnn nx 6ccnpcpinnix :aionopon npornn namcn naprnn n
namcio connanncrnuccxoio iocy(apcrna; c (pyion croponi,
¬ro ncropnn cnpanc(nnnon n nocnc(onarcninon 6opi6i na-
mcn naprnn n namcio napo(a :a ro, uro6i nnxoi(a nc no-
nacri n paccranncnnic nxn nonymxn n nc crari »cprnon nx
:aionopon, a pacxpiri n pa:ipoxnri nx, nc (an nx npnun-
nnri nax ccpic:nin ymcp6.
µnn pa:nnrnn n npo(nn»cnnn nncpc( connanncrnuccxon
An6annn xi onpc(cnnnn n nocnc(onarcnino npn(cp»nnannci
roio nyrn, xoropin xa:ancn nax nan6oncc npannninix ÷
nyrn, ocnonannoio na yucnnn Mapxca, Onicnica, ucnnna n
Crannna, nyrn, orncuanmcio n orncuammcio crpcxncnnnx n
nicmnx uannnnx namcio xy»ccrncnnoio, rpy(onm6nnoio n
pcnonmnnonnoio napo(a. Taxnx nyrcx 6in n ocracrcn nyri
x nocronnnon xonconn(annn pyxono(nmcn ponn naprnn n
o6ccncucnnm axrnnnoio yuacrnn xacc no nccn »n:nn crpani,
nyri x :amnrc nc:anncnxocrn Po(nni, x yiny6ncnnm ncccro-
ponncn pcnonmnnn no nccx o6nacrnx, x nocrcncnnoxy n nc-
yxnonnoxy no(¡cxy 6naiococronnnn xacc, n r.(. 3a ¬ro npc-
xn namn xnoiouncncnnic npain, a cpc(n nnx oco6cnno mio-
cnancxnc rnronni, xaxnc ronixo cpc(crna nc ncnoni:onann n
x xaxnx ronixo qopxax (anncnnn nc npn6ciann, uro6i ync-
644
crn nac n cropony or ¬roio nyrn; onn ro yipo»ann nax, ro
«6ccnoxonnnci :a nac» n o6nnnnnn nac n rox, uro cronnn
xi «na ncnpannninox», «(oixarnuccxox», «crannncxox nyrn»
n r.(. n r.n.
Mi nn n o(nox cnyuac nc nnnxann ¬rnx «concrax» nnn
«:axcuannnx» npaion, a, co:nanan npannninocri naxcucnnoio
naxn nyrn, nocnc(onarcnino npn(cp»nnannci cio. O(no roni-
xo npcxn (on»no 6ino (oxa:ari, n o(nn ronixo napo( nam
(on»cn 6in cy(nri o rox, npannnino nnn »c ncnpannnino
xi nocrynann. A npcxn, pcaninan (cncrnnrcninocri y»c io(i
c ncnnuanmcn ncnocrim noxa:ann n noxa:inamr, xro 6in
npan, a xro ncr.
Pa:pcxnaxnponannoc co:n(annc Tnro, Kiocnannn «cncnn-
qnuccxoio» n «caxoynpanncnuccxoio connann:xa», ncnnxox
oxnaucna iny6ouanmnx n cc ncropnn xpn:ncox n ncpc»nnacr
rcncpi nccixa rn»cnoc n 6c:nixo(noc nono»cnnc.
Kiocnancxan cncrcxa (onc(cna (o nnaucnnoio cocronnnn,
xo( (cn or6pocnn npoui xacxn n nnnm:nn. Bncmnnn naxnpo-
nxa, myxnan pcxnaxa o raxox «6naiococronnnn, xaxoio nni(c
nc ncrpcrnmi» ('), o «Kiocnannn cno6o(i n n:o6nnnn» (') ycry-
nnnn xccro ncco6mcxy xpn:ncy, n(ymcxy no nocxo(nmcn nn-
nnn, nnmcrc n 6c:pa6ornnc, ianonnpymmcn nnqnnnnn, ncc
pacrymcn ncxnarxc (a»c n ronapon n npo(yxron ncpnon nc-
o6xo(nxocrn n r.(.
Kax ¬ro nocrynann c Tnro, xoi(a ror 6in npn cxcprn,
nxncpnanncri n connan-nxncpnanncri ncnuccxn crapamrcn
npo(nnri »n:ni n caxon miocnancxon cncrcxc, cmc no((cp-
»nnari cc »nnon, xorn cncrcxa ¬ra conccx oxcprncna. £c nn-
xaxnx ncpcnnnanncx xponn nc xoiyr n:ncunri nn Bamnniron,
nn Mocxna, nn xaxon 6i ro nn 6in xc»(ynapo(nin 6anx
nnn qon(. Taxon noinuccxnn xoncn nm6on pcnn:nonncrcxon
rcopnn n npaxrnxn. Hxncpnanncrnuccxnc n connan-nxncpna-
nncrnuccxnc xpc(nropi ninnxamr (cnci n: cnonx ccnqon
nc noroxy, uro »ancmr o nonanmnx n 6c(y napo(ax Kio-
cnannn, a ncxo(n n: cnonx nonnrnuccxnx n ¬xonoxnuccxnx nnrc-
pccon n Kiocnannn, crpcxnci yxno»nri n yxpcnnri nna(cnnn,
(anno ncpc(annic nx Tnro n o6xcn na nonyucnnic xpc(nri.
645
Ho, ccnn ncxoropoc npcxn xa:anoci, 6y(ro or ¬ron onacnon ni-
pi ninipinana Kiocnannn, ro rcncpi y»c nacrano npcxn, xoi(a
Kiocnannn ioronnrcn x roxy, uro6i 6iri npo(annon c ayx-
nnona nxncpnanncrax n connan-nxncpnanncrax. Hcpnoxnac-
cnix (on»nnxox, (o ocnonannn pacmarannix no nccx orno-
mcnnnx, nnmcnnix ncnxon ncnon ncpcncxrnni n nc o6na(a-
mmnx cpc(crnaxn n cnnaxn, nco6xo(nxixn (nn n:icxannn
nyrn x cnaccnnm ÷ raxon crana y» rnroncxan, caxoynpanncn-
uccxan Kiocnannn.
Mi nc xo»cx 6c: rpcnoin cnc(nri :a ¬rnx nccixa rpy(-
nix nono»cnncx, onacnix nc ronixo (nn 6parcxnx napo(on
Kiocnannn, no n (nn xnpa n 6c:onacnocrn na Ianxanax n (a-
»c :a npc(cnaxn Ianxan. Hnxoi(a nc »cnann xi xy(a ¬rnx
napo(ax, nao6opor, ncci(a crpcxnnnci n nicrynann :a (o6poc
cocc(crno. Hanpacno rnro n nx nincmnnc npccxnnxn o6nnnn-
nn n o6nnnnmr nac n rox, 6y(ro ¬ro xi xyrnx cnryannn
n nxcmnnacxcn n nx nnyrpcnnnc (cna. Hcr, ncrounnx :na
n nx caxnx, onn cnonxn co6crncnnixn pyxaxn noccnna
n nipacrnnn cio, rax uro nycri ynn(nr cio n 6opmrcn c nnx
rax, i(c ono n ccri.
Conccx o6parnoc nponcxo(nno n nponcxo(nr n namcn
crpanc, c nyrcx crponrcnicrna connann:xa y nac. Hocnc(o-
narcnino nonnoman n »n:ni nono»cnnn xapxcn:xa-ncnn-
nn:xa o crponrcnicrnc n ynpanncnnn nccn »n:nim crpani,
connanncrnuccxan An6annn mna nncpc( mai :a maiox, no
yncpcnno n nnxoxy nc nporninnan pyxn. Ha ¬rox nyrn xi
cranxnnannci c xnoiouncncnnixn rpy(nocrnxn n npcnnr-
crnnnxn, 6cccrpamno 6oponnci :a nx npco(oncnnc, nnonnc
co:narcnino mnn rax»c na nnmcnnn n »cprni, no ncci(a,
cnonno 6cpc»nnnan ccxin, pyxono(crnonannci rcx npnnnnnox,
uro crponri na(o nc ronixo na ccio(nn n nno(axn namcio
rpy(a (on»ni noni:onaricn nc ronixo xi, crponri na(o c
raxnx pacucrox, uro6i »n:ni namnx noxoncnnn c xa»(ix
(ncx ynyumanaci n n ro »c npcxn, uro6i :anrpamncc, »n:ni
ipn(ymnx noxoncnnn cranonnnaci ncc 6oncc na(c»non, ncc
6oncc cuacrnnnon n :a»nrounon. Ham :axcuarcninin na-
po( yncpcnno mcn no ¬roxy yxa:annoxy naprncn nyrn, on
646
nnonnc co:narcnino xo6nnn:onan ncc cnon yxcrncnnic n qn-
:nuccxnc cnni na 6opi6y :a ocymccrnncnnc naxa:on n (npcx-
rnn naprnn. Ka»(oc noxoncnnc y nac crpcxnrcn n 6opcrcn
:a ro, uro6i ocrannri ipn(ymnx noxoncnnnx n nacnc(nc ncc
xpcnnymym An6annm, nancuno cno6o(nym, nc:anncnxym An-
6annm c xpacnnix ccio(nnmnnx n ncnixn, cncrnixn ncp-
cncxrnnaxn.
Hrax, c naprncn no inanc, nxcn nc(ymnx xoxnacox cc
xapxcncrcxo-ncnnncxym nnnnm, xi n nnpc(i ncyxnonno
6y(cx npo(on»ari cnon nyri, rpy(nci, xpann 6(nrcninocri,
(animc yxpcnnnn c(nncrno, maian nncpc(, xax o(no c(nnoc
ncnoc ÷ naprnn n napo(, uro6i xpannri ncci(a uncrix nxn
namcn icponuccxon naprnn, uro6i ncc nimc n nimc no(-
nnxari npccrn» connanncrnuccxon An6annn, uro6i xpannri
n ncnpnxocnoncnnocrn cnnmcnnym nc:anncnxocri namcn Po-
(nni. Taxon 6ina n ocracrcn no:nimcnnan xnccnn namcn
Haprnn Tpy(a. Oron xnccnn xi nocnnmann n nocnnrnx ncm
cnom »n:ni, ncc cnon cnni n ¬ncpinm, na 6naio napo(a n
connann:xa.
!9S!-!9S2
647
CO±EFÆAHWE
crp.
UO±HWMAHCb H1HE CTAFOH HFAƱ1 3÷2O
{Hmcc1o nc1ynncnnn)
Kparxnn ncropnuccxnn o6:op · Pcmcnnc an-
6ancxnx xoxxynncron o ncrynncnnn n cnn:i c
KHK · Hapn Ccp6nn n xnn:in ¹cpnoiopnn ÷ inan-
nic nnnonnnxn iopixnx ornomcnnn xc»(y an6an-
cxnx, ccp6cxnx, ucpnoiopcxnx n (pyinxn napo-
(axn n npomnox · O(no n: ncnnuanmnx nccnpa-
nc(nnnocrcn nincmncio croncrnn n £nponc ÷ n
1913 io(y An6annm npon:nonino pa:(cnnnn na(-
noc · Bcnnxoccp6cxnn icnonn( n an6ancxnx xpanx
Kiocnannn n ncpno( xc»(y (nyxn nonnaxn · Ho-
ucxy an6ancxnc xoxxynncri ncrynnnn n cnn:i c KHK
n ncpno( Hannonanino-ocno6o(nrcninon 6opi6i"
I
OT UEFH1X KOHTAKTOH K UEFH1M UO±O-
3FEHWHM W TFEHWHM 21÷129
HPABµA O H£u£HOH HP£T£H3HH 24
THTOBCKHH «CTPAHCTBYKUHH HOCOu» PAC-
T2IHBA£T HHTH CBO£H C£TH HA IAuKAHAX 42
¹£PHL£ TY¹H HAµ CTAPOH PAHOH 75
Hcpnoc nncixo Tnro, nncixo «:ano:(anix co-
649
crp.
ncron» · Hpan(a o rnroncxon npcrcn:nn na ro, 6y(-
ro KHA «ocnonana KHK» · Cncro:ap Byxxanonnu
Tcxno n An6annn: «Y xcnn n iononc n(cn, nxnm-
uamman Kiocnannm, An6annm, Ioniapnm n Ipc-
nnm». Xccroxan ccopa c Tcxno ncrox 1943 io(a.
Koun µ:o(:c ÷ ncpnin «pcxpyr» Tcxno · Tnro
niracrcn coxpannri nna(cnnn crapon Kiocnannn.
Hcrpnncxnn nonpoc n xoconcxnn nonpoc · Iynncxan
xonqcpcnnnn, cocronnmancn n (cxa6pc 1943 io(a ·
µyman Myioma o6xo(nr xccra n naunnacr ncp6o-
nari nm(cn na cny»6c miocnanax.
II
BEFATCKWE UFOWCKW 13O÷224
«MHCCH2 CTOHHH¹» 133
HAKAHYH£ 3AIOBOPA 164
I£PATCKHH 3AIOBOP 183
«Mnccnn Cronnnu» n An6annn. Hnn: µn:(apc-
nnu «ccpoc npcocnnmcncrno» Haxo Cnnpy. Concrcxnn
xanop Hnanon «y:nacr nac» ucpc: Cronnnua · O6o-
cnonannc namcio inannoio pyxono(crna n ocno6o-
»(cnnox Icparc · Haxo Cnnpy, Koun µ:o(:c, Ccn-
qyna Mancmona n Han(n Kpncro no(xnmuamrcn
x :aionopy rnronncn. unpn Icia n ponn «xo:na or-
nymcnnn» · Tpn maia «xnccnn Cronnnu»: ncpnin
÷ y(ancnnc n: An6annn Mnna(nna Hononnua; nro-
pon ÷ nncccnnc pacxona n namc Honnr6mpo; rpc-
rnn ÷ nncccnnc pacxona n HK KHA n ocy»(cnnc
namcio inannoio pyxono(crna · 3a «c(nncrnox» :a-
ionopmnxon cxpinacrcn ccxn nx pacxona n caxopa-
:o6naucnnn · Bicrynncnnc B. Cronnnua ÷ nnar-
qopxa rnronncn, paccunrannan na no(unncnnc KHA
65O
crp.
n noinomcnnc An6annn · Tnro ÷ nocpc(nnx an-
innuan · Hapo(nic nonncnnn n Koconc · Cronnnu
npcno(nocnr n(cm «Ianxancxon qc(cpannn» c Kio-
cnanncn no inanc · Iopixnc nno(i 6cparcxoio Hnc-
nyxa.
III
TWTOHCKAH A1EHTVFA H ±EHCTHWW 225÷272
«3AUHTA» AuIAHHH µ£-KP£ µu2 ££ HOIuOU£-
HH2 µ£-0AKTO 226
AI£HTL I£uIPAµA B HAUHX P2µAX 246
KOH£H C£H0YuL MAu£UOBA £U£ IOuLU£ OI-
HAXA£T 3AIOBOP, COCTABu£HHLH KIOCuA-
BAMH 257
Icnipa( :axcnncr Cronnnua ionopnmnx na an-
6ancxox n:ixc rnronncx Hocnnox Icpin · 7-on xa-
6nncr no . . . An6annn n xanncnnpnn Kiocnancxon
qc(cpannn · Houcxy Tnro «npornn» pacuncncnnn
An6annn"' · Hpan(a o c(cnxc Hin(c-Han(apnc n
aniycrc 1946 io(a · «Uyrxa» xc»(y Tnro n xopo-
ncx Hanno o pa:(cncnnn An6annn · Cnop noxpyi
nonnrnxn ni6opon n Yupc(nrcninoc Co6pannc:
C. Mancmona: «Hpc(ocrannri onno:nnnn cno6o(y
caxocronrcnino yuacrnonari n ni6opax»; K. µ:o(:c:
«Kiocnancxnc ronapnmn nc no6onnnci (oionopnricn
n c 6yp»ya»; H. Cnnpy: «Tcncpi nax ncucio 6onri-
cn cnonx npornnnnxon»; napo(: «H:6nparcninic
mapnxn xi npoinornx, a pcaxnnoncpax nc or(a-
(nx» · Bcnimxa pacnpcn xc»(y caxnxn :aionop-
mnxaxn · V Hncnyx HK KHA (0cnpani 1946 i.)
· Tc:nci o ncpccxorpc 6cparcxoio Hncnyxa · Icn-
ipa( npnxo(nr na noxomi cnonx aicnrax.
651
IV
crp.
V TWTO . 273÷3O2
Tnro nco»n(anno npninamacr xcnn n Icnipa( ·
Oqnnnaninic ncpcionopi xc»(y an6ancxon (cncia-
nncn n miocnancxon (cncianncn. Paccxorpcnnc no-
npoca Koconi n (pyinx an6ancxnx xpacn n Kiocna-
nnn · Tnro crpcxnrcn noinornri ncc Ianxani ·
Honnrnxa xacconoio ynnuro»cnnn n Koconc · ¹nan-
crno n cxan(aninan pocxomi Tnro · O nn:nrax n
Xopnarnm n Cnoncnnm · Hcpcxonnn n Hpc:n(nyxc
Kiocnancxon Cxynmnni · Bcrpcua c Tnro n Inc(c.
«Ham Tnro» nnn «µyuc a non»" · µoionop o (py»6c
n n:anxonoxomn · «Hoxomi» no xannnx.
V
UOMOHb TWTOHUEH ÷ OKOH1 ±AH OKOHO-
MWHECKO1O W UOAWTWHECKO1O 3AKABAAE-
HWH AABAHWW 3O3÷358
µPY3L2 HuH IPAIHT£uH"' 3O4
3A THTOBCKHM OIBHH£HH£M B «µBYX uHHH2X»
H B «AHTHKIOCuABUHH£» B PYKOBOµCTB£
KHA 332
Tpy(noc nono»cnnc namcn ¬xonoxnxn nocnc
ocno6o»(cnnn · µpy:in ocrannnmr nac ncpc6nnaricn
n cnocn co6crncnnon ny»(c · Ia:apnic ipa6nrcnn
nponnnnmr mc(pocri n «concrax» n «opncnrnpon-
xax» · Iopixan ncropnn an6ano-miocnancxon Oxono-
xnuccxon xonncnnnn. Ho nonpocy ycranonncnnn na-
nmrnoio napnrcra, cnnrnn raxo»cnnix ipannn, o6-
652
crp.
pa:onannn conxccrnix xoxnannn, ynnqnxannn ncn.
Hamn no:pa»cnnn n cnn:n c ncrnnnon npnpo(on no(-
nncannix coinamcnnn · Hpccnonyrin Cano 3narnu
n An6annn · Tnroncxoc o6nnncnnc n «cymccrnonannn
(nyx nnnnn n pyxono(crnc KHA» · O noc:(xc n
Mocxny namcn (cnciannn na nicoxox yponnc. Icn-
ipa( o6nnnncr nac n «anrnmiocnanmnnc» · Tnro n
cio npn6nn»cnnic xornr (ncxpc(nrnponari namc
pyxono(crno n ina:ax Crannna · Kiocnani cnc(nr
:a naxn n nc(yr npornn nac ca6ora» · µanincn-
mcc o6ocrpcnnc n:anxnix ornomcnnn.
VI
TWTO UFWCTVUAET K OCVHECTHAEHWK UAA-
HA UO1AOHEHWH AABAHWW 359÷398
BTOPO£ OIBHH£HH£ THTO B AµP£C KHA 362
P£BAHU KIOCuABCKHX AI£HTOB 379
Bropoc o6nnncnnc Tnro . . . «HK KHK nc(o-
noncn ornomcnnnxn c naxn» · Ocrpin cnop c no-
cnanncx miocnancxoio pyxono(crna. Tnro crpcxnrcn
npcnparnri «qc(cparnnnic Ianxani» n cocpc(oro-.
ucnnym n cio pyxax «(cp»any». Tpc6onannc o nicin-
xc concrcxnx concrnnxon · O npccnonyron Koop(n-
nannonnon xoxnccnn · Tnro pcmacr »cprnonari
6inmnx cio aicnrox ÷ Haxo Cnnpy. Koun µ:o(:c
6cpcr pcnanm. µanincnmcc o6ocrpcnnc nono»cnnn
n namcx Honnr6mpo · Houcxy Haxo Cnnpy xonunn
caxoy6nncrnox" Icnipa( (o6nnacrcn ycrpancnnn Ic-
ncpaninoio Ccxpcrapn KHA · Hauano npocrnoio na-
crynncnnn na KHA, cc pyxono(crno n npono(nnmym-
cn cm nnnnm. Koun µ:o(:c n Han(n Kpncro n
6opi6c :a ocymccrnncnnc :axicnon Tnro.
653
VII
crp.
HAH UEFH1H HW3WT H HP BOA1AFWK 399÷426
{Fankonnu nopyuac1 Koun ±:ou:c kon1ponnpona1u
namy ucn1cnunoc1u.)
µnxnrpon npninamacr nac c nn:nrox n HP
Ioniapnm · Kparxan ocranonxa n Icnipa(c. Bn:nr
y Tnro · Panxonnu ni:inacr Koun µ:o(:c na ran-
nym ncrpcuy. On nopyuacr cxy xonrponnponari na-
my (cnrcninocri · Bonnymmnn npncx n Coqnn ·
Oqnnnaninic ncpcionopi · Y»nn y Icopinn µn-
xnrpona. Hnnn(cnr n nonnoui · 3ancpmcnnc oqn-
nnaninix ncpcionopon n Kpnmnnc. Icopinn µnxn-
rpon: «Xpannrc naprnm uncron. Ona (on»na 6iri
pcnonmnnonnon, nponcrapcxon, roi(a y nac ncc o6pa-
:ycrcn» · Hpoc:(ox n Icnipa(c ÷ Tnro n Py-
xinnn · Bo:npamcnnc na Po(nny.
VIII
TWTOHU1 HA UVTW K FA3OBAAHEHWK W
HEW3BEÆHOMV UFOHAAV 427÷5O8
HOPAIOTHT£uLCKH£ HP£µuOX£HH2 429
¹£PHO£ H2THO B HCTOPHH HAU£H HAPTHH 455
THTOBHL M¹ATC2 K HPOBAuY 471
HO3OPHLH KOH£H 494
Hopa6ornrcnicxnc npc(no»cnnn. K nonpocy o
Koop(nnannonnon xoxnccnn · Hannin miocnancxnx
nocnnix n Tnpany: «An6annn ipo:nr ncnocpc(crncn-
nan onacnocri'». Hacronrcninoc rpc6onannc Haxo
Cnnpy nocrannri Mcxxcra Ucxy no inanc Icnmra-
6a. Bocnnic rc:nci Tcxno · Icncpan Xaxonnu ni-
654
crp.
crynacr :a co:(annc c(nnoio xoxan(onannn · Icnc-
pan Kynpcmannn n Tnpanc. Tnro: «Hpomy npc(o-
crannri nax n Kopuc 6a:y (nn o(non (nnn:nn». Co-
o6mcnnc Crannny no nonpocy o miocnancxon (nnn-
:nn · VIII Hncnyx HK ÷ ucpnoc nnrno n ncro-
pnn KHA. Bpcxcnnoc rop»ccrno miocnancxnx rc:n-
con · ¹y(onnmnoc nacrynncnnc Koun µ:o(:c n
(pyinx na naprnm n cc :(oponix pa6ornnxon · Ky-
npcmannn, 3narnu n (pyinc: «Tnro xoucr, uro6i
ni caxn npocnnn o6¡c(nncnnn c Kiocnanncn» ·
Crpannan nocncmnocri rnronncn · Hcropnuccxoc
nncixo Crannna · Hocnanni Tnro no:opno noxn-
(amr An6annm.
IX
HAH OKOHHATEAbH1H FA3F1H C TWTO W
TWTOHUAMW 5O9÷578
HYIuH¹HO£ PA3OIuA¹£HH£ THTH3MA 51O
HO£3µKA HHKOIHHTO B PYMLHHK HO HOBO-
µY H3M£HL THTO 519
KOH£H THTOBH£B Y HAC 554
Hy6nnunoc pa:o6naucnnc rnrn:xa · Ho no-
npocy ornomcnnn KHA c xoxxynncrnuccxnxn nap-
rnnxn Concrcxoio Com:a n (pyinx crpan :a ncpno(
(o 1948 io(a · Hoc:(xa untoenumo n Pyxinnm no
nono(y n:xcni Tnro. Bcrpcua c An(pccx Bimnn-
cxnx. Concmannc c Bimnncxnx n µc»cx. Hc:i6nc-
xic (ono(i KHA n no(rncp»(cnnc n:xcnnnuccxon
(cnrcninocrn Tnro. Bimnncxnn: «Ionimcnncrcxan
naprnn o(o6pncr (cncrnnn n cnpanc(nnnym 6opi6y
KHA n :amnry xapxcn:xa-ncnnnn:xa». Bn:nr n
Iyxapccr. Bo:npamcnnc na Po(nny · Oruannnic
655
crp.
nponcxn Koun µ:o(:c n xoxnannn no n:6c»annc
pa:o6naucnnn n orucra · Iny6oxnc anann:i n na-
mcx Honnr6mpo. µoxa:arcnicrna, npnnc(cnnic
Kpncro Tcxcnixo n Han(n Kpncro · X n XI Hncny-
xi HK KHA. «unnnn KHA 6ina npannninon. £c
araxoninann, no ona nc cin6anaci, cn yipo»ann,
no ona ocrananaci npc»ncn» · I Hcropnuccxnn c¡c:(
KHA. Koun µ:o(:c n Han(n Kpncro na cxaxic no(-
cy(nxix · Koncn namnx cnn:cn c Tnro n rn-
ronnaxn.
X
H OTKF1TOH BOFbBE C TWTOHUAMW 579÷647
IOPLIA C THTH3MOM - HCTOPH¹£CKA2 H£OI-
XOµHMOCTL 58O
B HPOµOuX£HH£ 3AIOBOPOB 591
Iopi6a c rnrn:xox ÷ ncropnuccxan nco6xo(n-
xocri · Hamc ncpnoc cronxnoncnnc c xpymcnnaxn
no «miocnancxoxy nonpocy» · O «(cxoxparnn» rnro-
panxonnucn · Icnipa(cxoc pyxono(crno npnno(nr n
(cncrnnc anrnan6ancxnc no(onxn, npccrynnnxon n
(nncpcanron · Xpymcncxan n:xcna na noxomi rn-
roncxon n:xcnc. Pa:ipox rnroncxo-xpymcncxoio :a-
ionopa na Tnpancxon naprnnnon xonqcpcnnnn
(anpcni 1956 i.) · Mcxxcr Ucxy ÷ nonnaicnr nx-
ncpnanncrnuccxo-pcnn:nonncrcxnx ccxpcrnix cny»6
· 0oxyci Mcxxcra Ucxy n ncpno( c 6cparcxoio
Hncnyxa (non6pi 1944 i.) n nnnori (o I c¡c:(a
KHA (non6pi 1948 i.) · 196O io(. Mcxxcr Ucxy
nxccrc c Tnro, Pan(oniqox ¹cpunnncx n 0yninox
na oxcancxox napoxo(c «Koponcna £nn:ancra». Koxy
(on»cn 6in yio»(ari, a xoxy ncr ¬ror cnyia xno-
656
crp.
inx iocno(" · B 7O-c io(i. 3ana(nic n rnroncxan
aicnrypi or(amr Mcxxcry Ucxy npnxa: ncpcnrn x
(cncrnnm. Tpn nponannnmnccn :aionopmnnxnc ipyn-
ni · µcxoncrpannn n Koconc niny»(amr YµI no-
»cprnonari xapron «6onimon na(c»(i» n An6annn.
Houcxy :acrpcnnncn Mcxxcr Ucxy" · Cranxa na
6an(i rcppopncron · Connanncrnuccxan An6annn
6ina n ocracrcn ipannrnix yrccox.
657