History of Artificial Intel.

By: Jonea Davis & David Perez

~3000BC
- A papyrus bought in 1882 was prepared representing 48 surgical observations of head wounds - observations stated in symptom-diagnosistreatment-prognosis

13th Century- 1651

In the 13th century Ramon Lull invented the Zaija. It was the first device that tried to make ideas by mechanical means.
In 1651, Thomas Hobbes wrote Leviathan. He wrote that the organization of humans and their machines, would create a new intelligence.

17th C- 1726
- Leibnitz and Pascal invented mechanical computing devices - pascal was 19 when he invented the first 8 digit calculator

18th Century
1805-Joseph-Marie Jacquard invented the first programmable device to drive looms. 1832-Charles Babbage designed a mechanical computer called the analytical engine. 1847-George Boole developed Boolean algebra. It is used to manipulate and simplify logical propositions. 1879-Gottlob Frege invented predicate logic. This made it possible to prove general theorems from rules.

18th Century Continued

1890-Mechanical hand driven calculators became available. 1890-Herman Hollerith patented a tabulating machine. 1890-Edward Lee Thorndike came up with the idea of behaviorism.

1921- ~1938
- Karel Capek invented the term robot to describe intelligent machines that revolted against their human owners - John Neumann introduced the minimax theorem, which is still used for game playing - Alan Turing conceived a universal Turing machine that could mimic the operation of any computing machine - Claude Shannon showed that calculations could be performed much faster using electromagnetic relays than with mechanical

1941-1945
1941-The Zuse Z3 was a general-purpose electromagnetic computer. It was deployed by a German aeronautical research center. 1943-Electromechanical relays were replaced by vacuum tubes in calculators. Also Walter Pitts and Warren McCulluck showed how artificial neural networks compute. 1945-John von Neumann designed a basic architecture for computers that is still used today.

1945-1949
- ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator), which was to run 1,000 times faster than the relay-operated computers -The transistor was invented by William Shockley, Walter Brattain, and John Bardeen - Nobert Weiner published Cybernetics, a landmark book on information theory - Donald O. Hebbs suggested a way in which artificial neural networks might learn

1950s
- the first von Nuemann computer was built - Marvin Minsky and Dean Edmonds built the first artificial neural network that simulated a rat finding its way through a maze - It was clear that computers could manipulate symbols representing concepts as well as numerical data

1955-1956
- the first AI program was written by Allen Newell, Herbert Simon, and J.C. Shaw. -In 1956 IBM released the 701 general purpose computer. - George Miller published a book on the limits of short-term memory called The Magic Number Seven - In 1956-1963 the main themes that emerged in AI were improved methods in trial and error problems and making computers learn by

1960s
Mortimer Taube, an engineer, authored the first anti-AI book, "Computers and Common Sense: The Myth of Thinking Machines."

1961-Mortimer Taube, an engineer, authored the first anti-AI book, "Computers and Common Sense: The Myth of Thinking Machines." 1962- The world's first industrial robots were marketed b y a U.S. company.

1963-The Stanford University founded the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory under John McCarthy.
1969-1974:Roger Schank developed his "conceptual dependency" theory which enabled computers to make more plausible inferences about the meaning of the "semantic primitives".

1969-A mobile robot called Shakey was assembled at Stanford, that could navigate a block world in eight rooms and follow instructions in a simplified form of English.

1970s
1974-Paul J. Werbos invented the back-propagation algorithm, that enabled multilayer neural networks, that had the ability to perform classification operations beyond simple Perceptrons. Late 1970s-First commercial expert system was developed. It was XCON. (for eXpert CONfigurer), developed by John McDermott at Carnegie Mellon. July 1978-World champion backgammon player, Luigi Villa of Italy, became the first human champion of a board game to be defeated by a computer program,

1980s
1980-Fuzzy logic was introduced in a fuzzy predictive system used to operate the automated subway trains in Sendai, Japan. This system, designed by Hitachi, reduced energy consumption by 10% 1984-GE built an expert system based on electric locomotive diagnosis it could diagnose 80% of breakdowns, and provide repair instructions.

1987 Etienne Wenger published his book, "Artificial Intelligence and Tutoring Systems. Its a milestone in the development of intelligent tutoring systems

Etienne Wenger published his book, "Artificial Intelligence and Tutoring Systems: 1988-Expert systems were increasingly used in industry, and other AI techniques were being implemented jointly with conventional software, often unnoticed but with beneficial effect.

1990s- 2000s
1990-The National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign developed and released released the first widely used web browser, named Mosaic. 1997- Deep Blue, a highly parallel 32-node IBM RS/6000 SP supercomputer, beat Gary Kasparov, world champion of chess. Deep Blue did this by calculating hundreds of million of alternative plays for a number of moves ahead. 1999-Sony Corporation introduced the AIBO, a robotic pet dog that understands 100 voice commands, sees the world using computer vision, May 17th, 1999- An artificial intelligence system, Remote Agent, was given primary control of a spacecraft for the first time. The goal of such control systems is to provide less costly, more capable control, that is more independent from ground control. October 8,2005-Stanley, an autonomous Volkswagen Touareg R5 entered by the Stanford Racing Team, won the DARPA Grand Challenge 2005.