Derrick Lai Period 1 Chapter #9: The Confederation and the Constitution Big Picture Ideas 1.

. The Articles of Confederation, the first government set up after the American Revolution, was structured out of fear of a too-strong government. Therefore, the Articles were very weak on purpose. 2. Two things showed the Articles as being too weak to the point of being sterile: (a) it could not regulate commerce and the money situation was growing dim fast and (b) Shays Rebellion frightened many to the possibility that mobs might just take over and the government might be too weak to stop them. Due to these reasons, the Constitutional Convention was held. 3. The Constitution was written as something of a balancing act between strengthening the government, yet making sure it doesnt get too strong to take over. The resulting government was indeed stronger, but also a system of checks and balances were put into place to ensure no one branch becomes like the king had been. 4. After some negotiating, mostly with the promise of the Bill of Rights, the Constitution was ratified. IDENTIFICATIONS: John Lockes Second Treatise of Government Locke wrote that all human beings have a right to life, liberty, and property and governments exist to protect those rights. Locke also didnt believe in the divine rights of a monarchy, as a republic was best for all. Federalist #10 Madisons Federalist No. 10, which brilliantly refuted the conventional wisdom of the day that it was impossible to extend a republican form of government over a large territory. Republican Government The government is under the people it governs and people could vote on government matters. Land Ordinance of 1785 Provided for the sale of land in the Old Northwest and amassed the proceeds toward repaying the national debt Land Ordinance of 1787 Ordinance that said that sections of land were similar to colonies for a while, and under the control of the Federal Government. Once a territory was inhabited by 60,000 then congress would admit it as a state.

Derrick Lai Period 1 Necessary and Proper Clause The Necessary and Proper Clause allows Congress "To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof." Allowed Congress to basically make and pass laws. Federalist Papers A series of 85 articles and essays written by James Madison Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay promoting the ratification of the United States Constitution. Shays Rebellion The rebellion was composed of debtors demanding cheap paper money, lighter taxes, and suspension of mortgage foreclosures. Annapolis Convention Originally planning to discuss the promotion of interstate commerce, delegates from five states met at Annapolis in September 1786 and ended up suggesting a convention to amend the Articles of Confederation. Philadelphia Convention The delegates hoped to crystallize the last evaporating pools of revolutionary idealism into a stable political structure that would endure. They strongly desired a firm, dignified, and respected government. They believed in republicanism overall. Delegated Powers The Powers of the Federal Government stated by the constitution.

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English Traditions

Limited Govt
Magna Carta 1215 Bill of Rights 1689 Balance of power b/t King and Parliment

Colonial Governments Right to vote Natural rights philosophy Separation of powers Checks and balances

Influences on The U .S Constitution

NY State Constitution
Included Bill of Rights First popularly elected executive Right to petition Right to vote The Iroquois Confederacy Peace, justice, power of good minds Indians can do it, so can we

Reserved Powers A political power that a constitution reserves exclusively for the command of a

Derrick Lai Period 1 particular political authority. Concurrent Powers Concurrent powers are powers in nations with a federal system of government that are shared by both the states and the federal government. Supremacy Clause The Supremacy Clause, located in the Article VI of the U.S. Constitution, declares federal laws to have jurisdictional authority over state laws in the event there is conflict between laws established by two governing bodies. Anti-Federalists The antifederalists, who opposed the stronger federal government, were arrayed against the federalists, who obviously favored it. They also believed that the central government had too much power. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The Pursuit of Equality Know: Leveling, Society of the Cincinnati, Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, Abigail Adams, Republican Motherhood, John Singleton Copley 1. What social changes resulted from the American Revolution? Most states reduced (but usually did not eliminate altogether) property-holding requirements for voting. Ordinary men and women demanded to be addressed as Mr. and Mrs. titles once reserved for the wealthy and highborn. Constitution Making in the States Know: State Constitutions, Fundamental Law 2. What was the importance of the state constitutions? The constitution of an individual state outlines how the government of that state will work, including the division of powers between the executive (the governor), the state legislature, and the state courts. Economic Crosscurrents Know: Navigation Laws, Empress of China, Speculation 3. What were the positive and negative effects of the war on America? The positive effects were that now the Colonies could make their own products and increase revenue for the states. The colonies could also now trade with other countries. The negative effects were that the colonies are almost out of money and paper currency isnt worth a lot. The much hated Navigation Laws were put to an end because the colonies were no longer affiliated with the British.

Derrick Lai Period 1 A Shaky Start toward Union Know: Natural Rights 4. Why was the end of the war difficult on the national government? The American government couldnt fully unite the states after the fight for independence. The central government had very little power over the states. It is always difficult to set up a new government and doubly difficult to set up a new type of government.

Creating a Confederation Know: Sovereignty, Articles of Confederation 5. What forces served to unify the separate states during the war? The common cause that united the states together was the need to be independent from Britain. Although the Confederation was praiseworthy as confederations went, the troubled times demanded not a loosely woven confederation but a tightly knit federation. The Articles of Confederation: America's First Constitution 6. What weaknesses plagued the Articles of Confederation? What was good about it? It gave the Federal government very little power over the states and didnt have the same currency. The good thing was that the 13 states could come together to fight a common problem. Landmarks in Land Laws Know: Old Northwest, Land Ordinance of 1785, Northwest Ordinance of 1787 7. Explain the importance of the Land Ordinance of 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance. The Land Ordinance of 1785 allowed the American government to sell the Old Northwest land to pay for war debts. In the land of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, it allowed new states to be formed but only when the population was greater than 60,000 and no slavery.

The World's Ugly Duckling Know: Natchez, Dey of Algiers 8. Using examples, explain the title of this section. After gaining independence from Britain, Britain shut off trade with the Americas through the West Indies. Scheming British agents were also active along the far-flung northern frontier. They intrigued with the disgruntled Allen brothers of Vermont and sought to annex that rebellious area to Britain. At Natchez, on disputed soil, it held an important fort.

Derrick Lai Period 1 The Horrid Specter of Anarchy Know: Shay's Rebellion, Mobocracy 9. Were the United States of America in danger of falling apart under the Articles of Confederation? Explain. The Articles of Confederation gave so little power to the federal government that they couldnt do anything effectively. They also had very little money and could not stop Shays Rebellion due to a nonexistent army. Shay was outraged, because Massachusetts had high taxes and the colonists could not pay up and as a result had to give their farms to the state government.

A Convention of "Demigods" Know: George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, Patrick Henry 10. What kind of men gathered in Philadelphia for the "sole and express purpose of revising" the old government? Alexander Hamilton, Benjamin Franklin, and James Madison gathered in Philadelphia. However, people like Jefferson, John and Sam Adams, Thomas Paine, Hancock, and Patrick Henry were not there. Patriots in Philadelphia 11. How does George Washington's quote, "We have, probably, had too good an opinion of human nature in forming our confederation." help to explain the purposes of our founding fathers. The Founding Fathers sought out unity and a strong government where no one would receive abusive powers. Hammering out a Bundle of Compromises Hammering out a Bundle of Compromises Know: Virginia (large state) Plan, Bicameral Legislature, New Jersey (small state) Plan, Great Compromise, Electoral College, Three-fifths Compromise 12. Describe the compromises that were achieved by the delegates to the Constitutional Convention. During the convention they talked about the Three-fifths Compromise, where each African American would count as 3/5 of a person/vote. The Great compromise was thought of by Roger Sherman. He wanted a Bicameral legislature which was composed of or based on two legislative chambers or branches, a house of reps based on population and 2 senates per state.

Derrick Lai Period 1 Safeguards for Conservatism Know: Checks and Balances, Separation of Powers 13. How democratic was the Constitution as originally written? The constitution was based on a Republic, a type of democracy where each citizen gets to vote for a senator to voice their opinions in congress. They would also have a separation of Powers: Legislature, Judicial, and Executive Branches. The Clash of Federalists and Anti- federalists Know: Anti- federalists, Federalists 14. Who were the anti- federalists and why did they oppose the Constitution? Anti- Federalists opposed the Constitution; they cast the document as antidemocratic, objected to the subordination of the states to the central government, and feared encroachment on individuals' liberties in the absence of a bill of rights. The Great Debate in the States 15. Did most of the states approve of the Constitution? Why? Elections were run to elect people into the state conventions. Four small states quickly ratified the Constitution, and Pennsylvania was the first large state to act. In Massachusetts, a hard fought race between the supporters and detractors (including Samuel Adams, the Engineer of Revolution who now resisted change), and Massachusetts finally ratified it after a promise of a bill of rights to be added later.

The Four Laggard States Know: Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, The Federalist 16. Explain some of the opposition to ratification of the Constitution? The anti-federalists would not ratify the constitution because it did not contain a bill of rights. They wanted to ensure the rights of citizens.

A Conservative Triumph 17. What does your text mean when it says that the Constitution, "...elevated the ideals of the Revolution even while setting boundaries to them."? The minority had triumphed again, and the transition had been peaceful. Only about 1/4 of the adult white males in the country had voted for the ratifying delegates. Conservationism was victorious, as the safeguards had been erected against mob-rule excesses.

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Chapter #10: Launching the New Ship of State Big Picture Ideas 1. Alexander Hamilton, get the U.S. on a solid foothold. With the Bill of Rights quickly ratified, the top problem the new nation faced was financial in nature. 2. Secretary of State Alexander Hamilton developed a plan that included (a) starting a national tariff, (b) starting a tax on whiskey, (c) setting up a national bank, and (d) paying off the national debt. 3. Politics quickly fell into two camps: (a) those who followed Thomas Jefferson became the Democratic-Republicans and (b) those who followed Alexander Hamilton became the Federalists. 4. Turmoil broke out Europe with the French Revolution, mostly between England and France. The U.S. nearly got sucked into European issues, but both Washington and John Adams kept the America out of war. This was best for the U.S. IDENTIFICATIONS: Washingtons Cabinet A body of executive department heads that serve as the chief advisors to the President. It was formed during the first years of Washington's Presidency. Judiciary Act of 1789 The Judiciary Act of 1789 organized the Supreme Court, originally with five justices and a chief justice, along with several federal district and circuit courts. This Act created the judiciary branch of the U.S. government and thus helped to shape the future of this country. Federalists The Federalists were the wealthy that opposed anarchy. Their leaders included Jay,

Derrick Lai Period 1 Hamilton, and Madison, who wrote the Federalist Papers in support of the Constitution. Democratic-Republicans The Democratic-Republicans was a political party led by Thomas Jefferson and had many anti-federalists. Hamiltons vision vs. Jeffersons vision Hamilton believed in a strong central government. Jefferson thought that giving too much power to the central government would cause a monarchy. Report on Manufactures and Report on the Public Credit Hamilton's "Report on Manufactures" laid forth economic principles rooted in both the Mercantilist System of Elizabeth I's England and the practices of Jean-Baptiste Colbert of France. Jays Treaty Jays Treaty offered little concessions from Britain to the U.S. and greatly disturbed the Jeffersonian presidency. Jay was able to get Britain to say they would evacuate the chain of posts on U.S. soil and pay damages for recent seizures of American ships. Pinckneys Treaty Pinckneys Treaty gave America what they demanded from the Spanish. This included the freedom to navigate through Mississippi and large area of north Florida. Washingtons Farewell Address The Farewell Address was a document by George Washington in 1796, when he retired from office. It wasn't given orally, but was printed in newspapers. It did not concern foreign affairs; most of it was devoted to domestic problems.

Midnight appointments Adams and the federalists lost control of the presidency and they felt that the only way to stay in the government was to put federalists in congress. Federalist Congress then passed a new law Judiciary Act of 1801. Revolution of 1800 The two Democratic-Republicans Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr defeated Federalist John Adams, but tied with each other. The final decision went the House of Representatives, where there was another tie. After a long series of ties in the House, Jefferson was finally chosen as president. Judiciary Act of 1801

Derrick Lai Period 1 The Midnight Judges Act (also known as the Judiciary Act of 1801; 2 Stat. 89) represented an effort to solve an issue in the U.S. Supreme Court during the early 19th century. XYZ Affair John Marshall was approached by three French agents and they demanded a loan and a bribe of $250. Negotiations broke down and Marshall came homeseen as a hero War hysteria swept the U.S. Chisholm v Georgia In 1792 in South Carolina, Alexander Chisholm, the executor of the estate of Robert Farquhar, attempted to sue the state of Georgia in the Supreme Court over payments due to him for goods that Farquhar had supplied Georgia during the American Revolutionary War. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Washington for President Know: George Washington, Cabinet, Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, Henry Knox 1. Was Washington an important president? Explain. He was an important president because he was unanimously voted in by congress. Even though Jefferson and Hamilton were on different parties, they both served on the same cabinet. Washington also helped Hamilton with his goals such as setting up

The Bill of Rights Know: James Madison, Ninth Amendment, Tenth Amendment, Judiciary Act, John Jay 2. What important steps were taken by the first congress? It was included because this was the only way for the constitution to be ratified. The Judiciary Act established the first federalist congress. John Jay was one of the founding fathers of America. He served as the president of the continental congress. Hamilton Revives the Corpse of Public Credit Know: Funding at Par, Assumption of State Debts 3. How did Alexander Hamilton's economic plans lead to the District of Columbia? Hamilton felt that this was the right thing to do even though Virginia wasnt as citified as New York. Funding at par meant that the federal government would pay off its debts at face value, plus accumulated interesta then-enormous total of more than $54 million.

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Derrick Lai Period 1 Customs Duties and Excise Taxes Know: Revenue Tariffs, Protective Tariffs, Excise Taxes 4. Explain Hamilton's overall economic plan for America. He started Revenue Tariffs such was the excise taxes on domestic products and out a low tariff on imported goods which were called the Protective Tariffs. If people owed the government money then more people would trust and depend on the United States.

Hamilton Battles Jefferson for a Bank Know: Bank of the United States, Strict Construction, Loose Construction, Elastic Clause 5. How did the issue of the Bank of the United States reveal a difference in understanding about the Constitution between Jefferson and Hamilton? Jefferson believed in a strict construction of the constitution. If it didnt say it in the constitution then it cannot be made into a law. The Elastic Clause stated that you can add or change laws to better suit the time period. Mutinous Moonshiners in Pennsylvania Know: Whiskey Rebellion 6. Was the Whiskey Rebellion a victory for freedom, order, or both? Explain. The Whiskey Rebellion proved to be victory because it showed that the Government had authority and power. Washington was able to stop the rebellion without even fighting. All he had to do was show up.

The Emergence of Political Parties Know: Factions, Parties 7. Why did political parties develop during George Washington's presidency? Were they good or bad? Hamilton believed in a strong Central government. His group would be called the federalists. Jefferson was the leader of the democratic-republicans. He wanted the middle class to rule and have the government interfere as little as possible. The Impact of the French Revolution Know: Democratic-Republicans, Federalists, French Revolution, Reign of Terror 8. In what way did the French Revolution expose the differing views of DemocraticRepublicans and Federalists?

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Derrick Lai Period 1 The Democratic-Republicans were pro-french. They believed they should ally with the French because they were having the French Revelation to overthrow the monarchy. The Federalists wanted nothing to do with France because they were power and didnt want to be dragged into another war.

Washington's Neutrality Proclamation Know: Franco-American Alliance, Neutrality Proclamation, Citizen Genet 9. Explain the reasoning for and against Washington's Neutrality Proclamation. During the Revolution, Washington set up the Franco-American Alliance in which the United States would ally against the British. After the revolution Washington wanted to stay neutral because they felt they still have a long way to go.

Embroilments with Britain Know: Anthony Wayne, Battle of Fallen Timbers, Treaty of Greenville 10. How did British actions towards Native Americans and American merchant ships incite many Americans? The British supplied Native Americans with guns and captured American ships. Waynes expedition of more than 1,000 soldiers represented the third U.S. attempt (see Saint Clairs Defeat) to eradicate the resistance posed by the Northwest Confederation, comprising the Miami, Potawatomi, Shawnee, Delaware, Ottawa, Chippewa, Iroquois, and other tribes.

Jay's Treaty and Washington's Farewell Know: Jay's Treaty, Farewell Address 11. Did John Jay betray American interests in Jay's Treaty. Jay's treaty was between the United States and Great Britain to regulate commerce and navigation. It corrected problems arising from violations of the Treaty of Paris of 1793. Americans were outraged by Jay's Treaty. John Adams Becomes President Know: John Adams, High Federalists 12. What handicaps did John Adams face as he became president? John Adams was a sharp-featured, bald, relatively short (five feet seven inches), and thickset (His Rotundity), he impressed observers as a man of stern principles who did his duty 12

Derrick Lai Period 1 with stubborn devotion. Unofficial Fighting with France Know: John Marshall, XYZ Affair, "Millions for Defense, but Not One Cent for Tribute 13. What French actions brought America close to war in the closing years of the 18th century?

John Marshall: the chief of justice was approached by three French agents and they demanded a loan and a bribe of $250. Negotiations broke down and Marshall came home seen as a hero War hysteria swept the U.S. This was known the XYZ Affair because the French agents were called X, Y, and Z. assurances of a settlement. Adams Puts Patriotism above Party Know: Napoleon Bonaparte, Convention of 1800 14. How did avoiding war with France hurt John Adams' political career? John Adams was unpopular because Americans were outraged at France, and felt that it was going to cause a war, so they were upset with President Adams for not letting America join the fight against France. Americas envoys (now three) found the political skies brightening when they reached Paris early in 1800.

The Federalist Witch Hunt Know: Alien Laws, Sedition Act 15. Explain the reasons for the passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts. The Alien and Sedition Acts consisted of four bills that the Federalists passed in 1798. The Acts were intended to protect Americans from their foreign enemies (France). Overall, the Alien and Sedition Acts were ruled unconstitutional. The Virginia (Madison) and Kentucky (Jefferson) Resolutions Know: Compact Theory, Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, Nullification 16. Which was more dangerous to the US Constitution: the Alien and Sedition Acts or the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions? Explain.

The Alien and Sedition Acts were more dangerous because they were considered unconstitutional because it violated the acts of foreigners. Resentful Jeffersonian naturally refused to take the Alien and Sedition Laws lying down. Jefferson himself feared that if the Federalists managed to choke free speech and free press, they would then wipe out other precious constitutional guarantees. Federalists versus Democratic-Republicans 13

Derrick Lai Period 1 17. What were some key differences between Federalists and Democratic Republicans?

The Federalists were welded by Hamilton into an effective group by 1793, they openly advocated rule by the best people. Those who own the country remarked Federalist John Jay, ought to govern it. Republicans were led by Thomas Jefferson, a poor speaker but a great leader, and an appealed to the common people.

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