Chapter #5: Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution Big Picture Themes IDENTIFICATIONS: Great Awakening A movement by Edwards

s to return to Puritanism, increased overall religious involvement, gave women more active roles in religion, more and more ministers sprouted up throughout the country; mainly affected towns and cities. George Whitfield: A powerful speaker that toured the colonies to spread the radical ideas of Puritanism Jonathan Edwards: A Puritan minister, led revivals, and stressed immediate repent to God. New Lights Groups of religious people who embraced the ideas from the Great Awakening and sought to build learning centers that taught these new ideas. Old Lights The older clergymen who looked down upon the ideas dictated in the Great Awakening. Age of Reason/Enlightenment A cultural movement of intellectuals during the 17th and 18th century that began in Europe and later occurred in the colonies. John Peter Zenger The owner of a newspaper that was involved in a legal case after one of his articles assailed the actions of a corrupt politician. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Conquest by the Cradle Know: Thirteen Original Colonies 1. What was the significance of the tremendous growth of population in Britain's North American colonies? The population boom had political consequences; in 1700 there were twenty English subjects for each American colonist but by 1775 the English advantage in numbers had fallen to three to onesetting the stage for a momentous shift in the balance of power. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Conquest by the Cradle Know: Thirteen Original Colonies 1. What was the significance of the tremendous growth of population in Britain's North American colonies? In 1700 the Thirteen Original Colonies had fewer than 300,000 people living there, but by 1775, 2.5 million inhabited the land. The ratio of English subjects to Colonists in 1700 were twenty to one, but the ratio in 1775 became only three to one. This population growth created a stage for the beginning of a great rebellion against the colonies and English. A Mingling of Races Know: Pennsylvania Dutch, Scots-Irish, Paxton Boys, Regulator Movement 2. What was the significance of large numbers of immigrants from places other than England? Many non-English immigrants were not loyal to the England, so it allowed rebellion to be easier. It also created a diversity of different cultures, religion, and ethnics into the colonies. Pennsylvania consisted of 1/3 of Dutch, who ran from religious, political, and economical reasons. Most Scots-Irish escaped to Pennsylvania; they created the Paxton Boys, to protest Quakers oligarchy policies toward Indians, and started the Regulator Movement, to protest against eastern colonial dominance.

The Structure of Colonial Society Know: Social Mobility 3. Assess the degree of social mobility in the colonies. In the eighteen century the colonies were very open and free. There were many small farmers and small classes. Almost anyone in the colonies could move up the social ladder. However in the seventeenth century the social mobility was restricted because of the revolution. There was an increase in high-class elites and poor people. Many colonists faced more limited prospects. The black slaves had no freedom and social mobility at all. Makers of America: The Scots-Irish Know: The Session 4. How had the history of the Scots-Irish affected their characteristics? The Scots-Irish migrated from their Scottish Lowlands, because of Scottish lords, who gave extremely high rents, to Ireland where they were also faced with harsh Irish landlords' rents and British taxes. They then migrated to America where they came to Pennsylvania. Because of all these harshness that they received especially from Britain, they were part of the revolution against the British through resentment. Workaday America Know: Triangular Trade, Naval Stores, Molasses Act 5. Describe some of the more important occupations in the colonies. Agriculture was the leading industry involving 90% of people(Tobacco=Maryland/Virginia, wheat=middle colonies). The famous triangular trade allowed many sailors to get a profit by first sailing to Africa and trade them their rum for slave, next would sail to the West Indies where they trade the slaves for molasses, then sail back to New England where they would make it into more rum. Lumbering was the most important manufacturing activity, and colonial naval stores(tar, pitch rosin, and turpentine) were high valued by the British. The Brits limited trade with the colonists, so they relied on the trade with the French Indies(food/timber for money), but Parliament passed the Molasses Act which restricted the trade with French indies. Horsepower and Sailpower Know: Taverns 6. What was it like to travel in early America? Traveling was horrible and dangerous because the roads were deficient, so they relied much on waterways. Taverns were attractions such as bowling alleys, pool, gambling, and bar. Taverns were also places that spread info, shared opinions, and cultivate democracy(Samuel Adams). Dominant Denominations Know: Established Church, Anglicans, Congregationalists, Presbyterians 7. How did the denominations in America affect relations with Great Britain? Their different church hurt the relationship with Britain because they had different ideals. There were two established or tax supported church in America. Anglican or Church of England(mostly in southern colonies) supported the king, but was less passionate. Congregational church(mostly New England), was a branch from puritan church. Presbyterian was similar to congregational church but was not official in any colonies. Presbyterianism, Congregationalism, and rebellion became a neo-trinity for the revolution. The Great Awakening Know: Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield, Old Lights, New Lights, Baptists 8. How was the religion encompassed in the Great Awakening different from traditional religion? What was important about the difference? The traditional religion (old lights) was less fervid unlike the Great Awakening (new lights). The old religion also had some problems such as deviation, such as disbelief in predestination. Jonathan Edwards started the Great Awakening and George Whitefield spread it through his gifted orating. Many people converted to Baptists for more emotion. The difference allowed competitiveness, which made them reach out to Indians/blacks more, created schools such as Princeton, Brown, Dartmouth, etc., and it allowed the American people to unite Schools and Colleges

Know: Latin and Greek 9. What kind of education could a young person expect in colonial times? Usually only boys could attend school. The schools mainly focused on religion and Latin and Greek. Many youths would also not be able to get an education because they would have to work on the farm. There also consisted of primary and secondary schools. A Provincial Culture Know: John Trumbull, Charles Wilson Peale, Benjamin West, John Singleton Copley, Benjamin Franklin 10. Did Americans distinguish themselves in the arts during the colonial period? Explain. Americans didn't distinguish themselves in the arts because they were interested to European tastes. For example John Trumbull was a great painter who was discouraged by his father so he traveled to London. Charles Wilson Peale was famous for his portraits of George Washington. Benjamin West (friend of George III) and John Singleton Copley (Loyalist, Paul Revere) also wanted to become painter but had to move to England. Benjamin Franklin was very famous in both literary and science, he wrote the "poor Richard's Almanac". Pioneer Presses Know: John Peter Zenger 11. Why was the jury verdict in the Zenger case important? Zenger's case involved John Peter Zenger (newspaper printer) to go to trial because he attacked a royal governor in the newspaper. During the trial Zenger was defended by Andrew Hamilton. Zenger's victory in trial was important because it supported the freedom of press. The Great Game of Politics Know: Royal Colonies, Proprietary Colonies, Self-governing Colonies, and Colonial Assemblies, Power of the Purse, Town Meetings, and Property Qualifications 12. How democratic was colonial America? The American colonies were not fully democratic yet. They had many democratic features such as the town meetings, where people could speak in open discussions and vote. However, according to the Property Qualifications, people had to own a certain amount of land in order to vote. Royal colonies had royal governors who were appointed by the king. Proprietary Colonies were owned by proprietary and they chose their own governors, such as Maryland. Self-governing colonies, like Connecticut and Rhode Island, elected their own governors. The colonial Assemblies were groups that found various ways to assert their authority and independence. The Power of the Purse is the idea that British authorities should have arranged to pay governors from independent sources. There was a two house legislative body, an upper house/council and lower house/popular branch. Chapter #6: Duel for North America Big Picture Themes IDENTIFICATIONS: Samuel de Champlain A French leader who first established a French empire in Quebec. He was titled the "Father of New France". He entered in a friendly relationship with the Huron Indian tribes, fighting the Iroquois tribe. William Pitt A great British leader during the French and Indian War. He was titled the "Great Commoner" or the Organizer of Victory". He was able to capture the fortress of Louisbourg and sent James Wolfe to attack Quebec, which led to the victory of the British. Pontiac The Ottawa chief, who was angered the Treaty of Paris and led several Indian tribes and French traders to besiege Detroit and drive British off Ohio. He eventually lost against smallpox. Albany Plan of Union a plan formed by Benjamin Franklin in the Albany Congress to create a greater colonial unity to defend against France. Proclamation of 1763

an act that state that settlement beyond the Appalachians was prohibited. It was issued by the London government and its purpose was to settle the conflicts between the Indians, but this angered the American colonists. Pontiacs Rebellion A rebellion led by The Ottawa chief Pontiac consisting of several Indian tribes and French traders, and they besieged Detroit and drove the British off Ohio, but they lost from the smallpox disease. Paxton Boys: a group of Scot Irish that armed themselves and marched on Philadelphia in 1764, protesting the Quaker oligarchy's lenient policy. Five Nations of the Iroquois The five nations were named Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga and Seneca. The British did not want them to sign a treaty with France. Salutary Neglect a time period after the Seven Years War in which the mother country ignored their American Colonies by avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws. French and Indian War a war sparked by George Washington, between the American colonies, Britain, and some Indians against the France and Indians. It lasted for 2 years then it grew into the Seven Years War. The Battle of Quebec 1759 It was the British attackers led by James Wolfe to attack a poorly guarded part of Quebec. They faced the French under the Marquis de Montcalm in the Plains of Abraham and eventually the French lost. This was a significant battle of the loss of France in the Seven Years War. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: France Finds a Foothold in Canada Know: Huguenots, Samuel de Champlain, New France 1. How was the colony of New France different from the British North American colonies? The colony of New France started at Quebec with Samuel de Champlain leading it. Canada was under the direct control of the king and was completely autocratic. The people could no elect representative assemblies and have the right to trial by jury. They were also Catholic, unlike the Protestant North Americans. Protestant Huguenots were not allowed in this catholic land. New France Fans Out Know: Beaver, Coureurs de Bois, Voyageurs, Robert de La Salle 2. What factors led to the French settlement of New France? Beavers were very valuable in New France because their furs were very popular. So Coureurs de bois (runners of the woods) or French fur-trappers traveled the woods to search the beavers. Voyageurs were French paddle swingers that recruited Indians into the fur business, and they eventually traveled great deeps into the continent. Antoine Cadillac founded Detroit to oppose American, and Robert de La Salle founded a land called "Louisiana" when he floated down Mississippi R. The Clash of Empires Know: Treaty of Utrecht, War of Jenkins's Ear, James Oglethorpe, and Louisbourg 3. Describe the early wars between France and Britain. The earliest war was the King William's War and Queen Anne's War between the British and the French couriurs de bois. When France lost, the Treaty of Utrecht was signed. The treaty gave British trading rights with Spain, then the Spaniards cut off the ear of the British captain Jenkins which started the War of Jenkins's Ear, with James Oglethorpe(Georgia) fighting the Spaniards. This conflict merged with the war of Austrian Succession and became the King George's War. The British were able to capture the French fortress of Louisbourg, which was very vital to the American continent, but was given back to France after Brits won and the peace treaty of 1748 was signed. George Washington Inaugurates War with France Know: Fort Duquesne, George Washington, Fort Necessity, Acadians

4. How did George Washington spark the French and Indian War? George Washington was sent to the Ohio Valley to secure their lands from the French who were creating chains of forts in the Ohio, and Fort Duquesne was one of the most formidable one. George Washing fought French troop near the fort and killed their leader which resulted in the French to return and make Washington surrender, who was hastily building the Fort Necessity. The French Acadians (Britain conquered) was scattered because Britain feared them. Global War and Colonial Disunity Know: Benjamin Franklin, Albany Plan of Union, "Join or Die" 5. What was meant by the statement, America was conquered in Germany? George Washington sparked the French and Indian War, which grew into the world war, The Seven Year's War. During the war Germany led by Frederick the Great was able to repel the French, Austrian, and Russian armies , which allowed the British to win. The Albany Plan of Union wanted the colonies to be more united to bolster their defense against French. Benjamin Franklin created the "Join or Die" political cartoon in the Pennsylvania Gazette. Braddock's Blundering and Its Aftermath Know: Edward Braddock 6. What setbacks did the British suffer in the early years of the French and Indian War? When Edward Braddock went out to capture Fort Duquesne with his ill-disciplined colonial troops("buckskins") and George Washington, they lost against a French and Indian troop. The British launched an invasion of Canada and they unwisely attacked wilderness posts instead of the main strongholds at Quebec and Montreal, which made them loose alot. Pitt's Palms of Victory Know: William Pitt, James Wolfe, Battle of Quebec 7. What was the significance of the British victory in the French and Indian War? William Pitt("Great Commoner") was a great leader for the British. He was able to take Louisbourg and he sent James Wolfe to capture Quebec. This was called the Battle of Quebec and was very significant because it signaled the peace settlement at Paris, which stated that the French would lose all its colonies in North America, but it gave Spain Louisiana. The victory allowed Britain to be a dominant naval power. Restless Colonials 8. How did the French and Indian War affect the relationship between the colonies and with the mother country? During the war the British showed contempt toward the colonists' officers such as George Washington and the colonist themselves. The British also mocked them for their disunity. But colonies slowly started to unite during the war. Wars Fateful Aftermath Know: Treaty of Paris, Pontiac, Daniel Boone, and Proclamation of 1763 9. How did French defeat lead to westward expansion and tension with Native Americans and the British? The Treaty of Paris ended the Seven Years War; however this angered the Indian tribes, because now they would have to trade with only the British. Pontiac led many raids against British settlements and seemed victorious until the British began using smallpox to defeat the Natives. After the defeat, the London government issued the Proclamation of 1763, which prohibited the settlement beyond the Appalachians, which angered the colonist who believed that they deserved the land after their victory. Daniel Boone was a pioneer who trickled into Tennessee and Kentucky. Chapter #7: The Road to Revolution IDENTIFICATIONS Lord North: A prime minister that was part of the Kings inner circle of trusted subjects; He persuaded Parliament to repeal the Townshend Act and Enact the Tea Act on the colonies

George Grenville Prime Minister who enforced the Navigation Laws, Sugar Act, Quartering Act, and Stamp tax to the colonies. He also believed in the theory of "virtual representation" and that all the taxes were just. Letter from a Farmer in Pennsylvania: A series of essays written by the Pennsylvania lawyer and legislator John Dickinson (17321808) and published under the name "A Farmer" from 1767 to 1768;The twelve letters were widely read and reprinted throughout the thirteen colonies, and were important in uniting the colonists against the Townshend Acts. Gaspee Incident Gaspee was a British ship charged with enforcing naval laws off the coast of the colonies. Its captain wrongly detained and boarded ships and his attacks outraged colonists. This ended with an act of rebellion against the Crown that resulted with the burning of the ship. Charles Townshend: A man who persuaded Parliament to pass the Townshend Act, which put light tax on some imports such as paper, lead, paint, and tea. Baron Von Steuben: A Prussian drillmaster and general in the Continental Army that whipped the rag tag fighting force into a professional army with his profane yet patient ways. Mercantilism: A Theory that stated that the British authorities had control of the colonies. It also elaborated on that money is power, and the British enacted some acts/taxes based on this theory. "Virtual" representation A theory claimed by George Grenville that stated that the Parliament represented every British subject including the ones in the colonies. Sons of Liberty: Violent, colonial protestors, who punished the violators of the non-importation agreements through punishments such as tar and feathering. They also ransacked the houses of unpopuar officials, stole their money, etc. Admiralty courts A trial where there was no jury. This was usually given to people who broke the Sugar and Quartering Acts. Committees of Correspondence: Created by Samuel Adams in Massachusetts after the Tea Act was enacted. Its main purpose was to spread information and spread the idea of rebellion. First Continental Congress: They created the Declaration of Right and sent it to the king to try to repeal the offensive legislation, but it failed. John Adams was one of the leading figures. Loyalists (Tories): American Colonists who were still loyal to the British crown during the Revolution. They supported the British soldiers and fought against their side against their own colonies. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The Deep Roots of Revolution 1. Why does the author say that the American Revolution began when the first settlers stepped ashore? The New World brought new ideas contrary of the strict, aristocratic ideas of the Old World. The New world brought in the idea of republicanism, defined as a just society as citizens try to achieve the common good, and the idea from the "radical Whigs", which states the treat of liberty possessed by the arbitrary control of the monarch. Mercantilism and Colonial Grievances Know: Mercantilism, Navigation Laws, Royal Veto 2. Explain the economic theory of mercantilism and the role of colonies.

Mercantilism was a theory accepted by the British authorities that justified their control of the colonies. The theory stated that money(silver and gold) is power and the more money a country has the more political and military power it had. If a country can export more than it can import than it can gain more profit, so the British used the colonies by taking their raw materials and using it as a market for exports. 3. How did Parliament enact the theory of mercantilism into policy? The Parliament passed the Navigation Law of 1650, which stated that all commerce flowing to and from the colonies could be transported only in British ships, European goods destined for America had to be taxed, and that colonist had to ship certain products only to Britain. These acts limited the colonist's trade and inflicted currency shortage. According to the Royal Veto the king had the right to veto any legislation passed by the colonial assemblies. The Merits and Menace of Mercantilism Know: Salutary Neglect, John Hancock, Bounties 4. In what ways did the mercantilist theory benefit the colonies? London paid liberal bounties to colonial producers of ship parts to improve their naval power. The Virginian tobacco planters also had a monopoly of tobacco in the British market. The colonies also received protection from the British navy with no cost. The Navigation laws were also very loosely enforced; so many colonists were able to move around these restrictions, such as John Hancock, who became a very rich smuggler. 5. What economic factors were involved in leading colonists to be displeased with the British government? The colonists were annoyed with the many liabilities enacted by Britain. The colonists had to be very economically dependent on Britain, which limited their initiative. The colonists also felt that the Mercantilism was very debasing. The Stamp Tax Uproar Know: George Grenville, Sugar Act, Quartering Act, Stamp Act, Admiralty Courts, Virtual Representation 6. Why were the colonists so upset over relatively mild taxes and policies? George Grenville first enacted the Sugar Act of 1764, Quartering Act of 1765, and then the Stamp Act to raise revenues to support the new military. These taxes were enacted on them after a period of salutary neglect. So they felt that the taxes had threatened the local liberties of the colonists. And it seemed to jeopardize the basic rights of the colonists as Englishmen because the violation of the acts forced someone to go to the Admiralty Courts, where there was no jury. The taxes also brought suspicion of why a British army was still needed in the colony. The colonists were also upset over the theory stated by Grenville called "virtual representation", which states that Parliament represented all British subjects even the ones living in America. Forced Repeal of the Stamp Act Know: Stamp Act Congress, Non- importation Agreements, Homespun, Sons of Liberty, Declaratory Act 7. In what ways did colonists resist the Stamp Act? The Stamp Act Congress of 1765 was formed to ask the king to repeal the legislation, but it failed. The widely accepted Non-importation Agreements against British goods spread in the colonies. Homespun cloth was a public defiance that replaced the importation of British textiles. The Sons and Daughters of Liberty were violent colonial protestors, who enforced the nonimportation agreements against violator with tar and feathers. The nonimportation agreements were effective and repealed the stamp act, but it brought forth the Declaratory Act, which stated that Parliament had the right to "bind" the colonies in all cases. The Townshend Tea Tax and the Boston "Massacre" Know: Townshend Acts, Indirect Tax, Boston Massacre, John Adams 8. How did the Townshend Acts lead to more difficulties? "Champagne Charley" Townshend persuaded Parliament to pass the Townshend Acts in 1767. The act put light import duty on glass, white lead, paper, paint, and tea. this was an indirect tax(on goods not person) payable at American ports. The colonists still did not like this act so they revived the no importation agreements and started to smuggle tea and sell it at cheaper prices. Thus two British regiments of troops were sent to Boston in 1768, where the redcoats shots an angry mob that were taunting them, which was called the Boston Massacre, and John Adams defended the soldiers, so only 2 soldiers were founded guilty.

The Seditious Committees of Correspondence Know: George III, Lord North, Samuel Adams, Committees of Correspondence 9. How did Committees of Correspondence work? The Committees of Correspondence was first formed in Massachusetts by Samuel Adams in response to the new Tea Act. The Tea Act was a enacted because The prime minister of King George III, Lord North, persuaded parliament to repeal the Townshend act(b/c No revenues) but enacted the Tea Act. The Committees of Correspondence started to form in different colonies, which would create an intercolonial committee of correspondence with Virginia leading. The committee would exchange ideas and information to spread the spirit of resistance. Tea Brewing in Boston Know: British East India Company, Boston Tea Party 10. What was the cause of the Boston Tea Party, and what was its significance? The British East India Company was overburdened with 17 million pounds of unsold tea and was facing bankruptcy. If it collapsed the British would lose heavily in tax revenue, so ministry awarded a monopoly of tea to the company in America. This allowed Tea to be extremely cheap but it angered the colonists. A Massachusetts governor, Thomas Hutchinson tried to enforce the Tea Tax, but about 100 Bostonians (disguised as Indians) boarded a tea ship and dumped tea into the Ocean, and this was called the Boston Tea Party(1773). It was significant because it brought appraise from all the colonies of different classes, but it angered the British who would pass the intolerable acts. Parliament Passes the "Intolerable Acts" Know: Boston Port Act, Massachusetts Government Act, Administration of Justice Act, Quartering Act of 1774, Quebec Act 11. What was so intolerable about the Coercive (Intolerable) Acts? It was intolerable because it was "the massacre of American Liberty" to the colonists. It was particularly aimed at Boston. The Boston Port Act closed the tea-spilled harbor until all damage is repaid. Town meetings would be restricted(Massachusetts Government Act), British official who killed colonist can go to Britain for trial(Administration of Justice Act), and a new Quartering Act of 1774, which allowed authorities to lodge the soldiers anywhere, was passed. The Quebec Act was also passed on the same year as the intolerable acts. It allowed the French in Quebec to keep their Catholic religion and increased their boundaries. This angered the Protestant colonists even more. Bloodshed Know: First Continental Congress, Declaration of Rights, The Association, Tar and Feathers, Minute Men, Lexington and Concord 12. What was the goal of the First Continental Congress? The First Continental Congress met in Philadelphia and it created and sent the Declaration of Rights and other appeals to the American colonies to the king. Their goal was to repeal the legislation(tax). The Congress also created The Association, which was a complete boycott of British goods. After the king denied their petition, there were Tar and Feathering punishments to violators of the Association. Then British troops were sent to seize colonial gunpowder stores and capture the leaders, Samuel Adams and John Hancock. The British troops first went to Lexington where they outnumbered the American militia(Minute Men) and advanced to Concord where they were blocked and retreated to Boston. Imperial Strength and Weakness Know: Hessians, Tories 13. What were British strengths and weaknesses at the outset of the war? The British had 7.5 million in population and the colonists had 2.5 million. The British had more money and naval power than the colonists. Their troops were more trained, and they enlisted Germans called Hessians(Butchers), American Loyalists(Tories), and Indians; however, the British had to keep watch of the angry oppressed Ireland, and France was waiting to attack Britain. They were also far away from their homeland and had to travel the vast land of America. American Pluses and Minuses Know: George Washington, Ben Franklin, Marquis de Lafayette, Continentals

14. What were the American strengths and weaknesses at the outset of the war? George Washington was an outstanding leader and Ben Franklin was a master among diplomats, able to get France's aid. The Marquis de Lafayette aided the colonies by funding the colonies. They were also fighting defensively and had a moral cause. However, they were badly organized(both army and congress). The Congress created Continental paper money in great amounts, which created inflation in currency. A Thin Line of Heroes Know: Valley Forge, Baron von Steuben, Continental Army 15. What role was played by African-Americans in the Revolution? Blacks also fought in the Revolution in both the colonists and British sides. A royal governor, Lord Dunmore promised freedom for any enslaved black in Virginia who joined the British Army. At Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, American soldiers would go without food for 3 days and some were naked in the winter. Baron von Steuben trained the untrained Continental Army to fight. Chapter #8: American Secedes from the Empire Big Picture Themes IDENTIFICATIONS: Second Continental Congress: The meeting that authorized the creation of a Continental Army. Hessians A group of German mercenaries rented out by the British king to fight the Revolutionary war. Thomas Paine/Common Sense: A British citizen who wrote the Common Sense, an article key to gaining support for the Rebels by attacking the system of government by the Monarchy George Washington: A Virginian citizen and a retired officer in the British army who was chosen to lead the Continental Army. Marquis de Layfette: A young military officer from France that rose to the rank of General while commanding the Continental Army. Baron Von Steuban: A Prussian drill instructor that whipped the ragtag militiamen into a professional army suited to fighting the British. John Burgoyne: A general of the British army that surrendered his entire command to Horatio Gates at Saratoga after failing to invade Philadelphia. Benedict Arnold: A brilliant military officer in the Continental army that led the invasion of Canada and ultimately betrayed the colonies after he was not chosen to be the commander of the Continental Army Treaty of Paris, 1783: The treaty ending the Revolutionary war that was signed in Paris by John Jay, John Adams, and Ben Franklin. It entitled the colonies to all the land claimed by the British Battle of Trenton A turning point in the war, in which Washington led his troops across the Delaware river on Christmas eve to launch a surprise attack on the Hessians. They succeeded in defeating the Hessian allies of the British. Battles of Lexington and Concord The first military conflict of the war which resulted from a shot fired deemed the the shot heard around the world. Battle of Saratoga

A military blunder by Burgoyne that allowed the militia to flank his troops and force his surrender at Saratoga to Horatio Gates. Battle of Yorktown: The final major battle of the war in which the British retreated to Yorktown but were trapped between the French navy and the Continental army and forced to surrender Articles of Confederation a proposed constitution drafted in 1777 by the Continental Congress to create a national government and that was not approved to 1781. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Congress Drafts George Washington Know: Second Continental Congress, George Washington 1. Why was George Washington chosen as general of the American army? George Washington was mainly chosen by the Second Continental Congress because he was a Virginian. The Congress wanted the former military officer to serve as their general in order to get the rest of Virginia to support the war. He was also chosen for his military skills, leadership, and his height. Bunker Hill and Hessian Hirelings Know: Ethan Allen, Benedict Arnold, Fort Ticonderoga, Bunker Hill, Redcoats, Olive Branch Petition, Hessians 2. George III "slammed the door on all hope of reconciliation." How and why? After Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold took over Fort Ticonderoga and the militiamen fought off many Redcoats at Bunker Hill, George III decided that the colonists could only be dealt with violence. He rejected the Congresss Olive Branch Petition to amend the wrong doings of the war and instead hired mercenaries to eliminate the rebels. The Abortive Conquest of Canada Know: Richard Montgomery 3. Did the fighting go well for Americans before July of 1776? Explain. The Americans were largely outnumbered by the British troops prior to July of 1776 and were forced to retreat due to shortage of guns and ammunition. However in the Battle of Bunker Hill, the Americans managed to hold their defense against the British Army by following their commanding officer Richard Montgomery. He told his soldiers only to shoot the redcoats if they were completely sure they would hit them. Thomas Paine Preaches Common Sense 4. Why was Common Sense important? The Common Sense was written by a British writer that supported the American Revolution. The pamphlet detailed the wrongness of the monarchy and promoted the use of a democracy or a republic. This article was written in the common language so all the colonists could read it. It rallied the originally neutral colonists behind the rebel cause. Paine and the Idea of "Republicanism" Know: Republic, Natural Aristocracy 5. Why did Paine want a democratic republic? Paine wanted a democratic republic because he saw the unfairness of a monarchy. He argued that a governments power should come from the people and that the people should be represented by individuals they themselves elect. Some colonists did not agree with this as they thought it would affect the natural aristocracy and the social ladder. Jefferson's "Explanation" of Independence Know: Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence, Natural Rights 6. What does the Declaration of Independence say? Richard Henry Lee stated that the colonies deserved to be independent states and the motion was adopted a month later. As a result the Declaration of Independence was drafted by Thomas Jefferson as a formal separation from Britain. Jefferson wrote in the constitutions that all people have natural rights that the British government did not recognize.

Patriots and Loyalists Know: Patrick Henry 7. What kinds of people were Loyalists? The Loyalists were often rich aristocratic colonists that did not wish for things to change. They were afraid that change would ruin all the work they had spent a life time building up. Most Loyalists believed that they should not bite the hand that feeds them (the crown). Makers of America: The Loyalists 8. What happened to Loyalists after the war? Many of the Loyalists had their lands confiscated during the war and sold to pay for debts. Although in the Treaty of Paris the Americans promised to return all the land they had confiscated most Loyalists were not able to return to their homes. In an event called the Loyalists exodus, a large percentage of the loyalists either returned to the homeland or travelled up north to British-Canada. The Loyalist Exodus 9. What happened to Loyalists during the war? The Loyalists were often subject to persecution during the war by the other colonists. The Loyalists had most of their land confiscated and sold. Some fought against their neighbors during the war to defend the Crown. Burgoyne's Blundering Invasion Know: John Burgoyne, Benedict Arnold, Saratoga, Horatio Gates 10. Why did the Americans win the battle of Saratoga? Why was it significant? The Americans won the battle of Saratoga due to the military blunders of John Burgoyne. Burgoyne led his troops deep into rebel territory to capture the rebel capital but progress was slow and this gave Washington enough time to move a majority of his army to protect the capital city. During this time as well American militiamen flanked around and came at the British troops from the back. Cornered and unable to fight, Burgoyne was forced to surrender to Horatio Gates. This victory revived the colonial cause and got the French to back them up. Revolution in Diplomacy? 11. Why did the French help America win independence? The French had a deep hate for the British government after the 7 years war. The French wanted to destroy British control on North America because the French feared that the British might retake control of the WestIndies if they had America. Also, many French aristocrats dappled in books relating to freedom and independence so they convinced the king to support this noble cause. The Colonial War Becomes a Wider War Know: Armed Neutrality 12. Why was foreign aid so important to the American cause? The Americans did not have the money or organization to fund a fully functional army. The foreigners like the French supplied the Americans with guns and ammunitions. They also lent the Americans generals and navies to support their cause. Also, the other European countries signed a treaty that united them against Britain in an armed neutrality in which they would not help the British. Blow and Counterblow Know: Nathaniel Greene, Charles Cornwallis 13. Would an American Patriot, reading news of the war in 1780, have been happy about the way the war was going? Explain. An American Patriot might begin to gain more hope after seeing how the war was going compared to before. He would recognize that troops and fleets from other countries would allow the Americans to evenly match the British. An American Patriot would see how Nathaniel Greene won several campaigns against General Cornwallis while not necessarily winning battles. The Land Frontier and the Sea Frontier Know: Iroquois Confederacy, Fort Stanwix, George Rogers Clarke, John Paul Jones, Privateers 14. Was frontier fighting important in the outcome of the war? The British convinced the Native Americans to take side with them during the Revolutionary War. The natives felt the only way to keep the colonists from expanding was to join the British and defeat the rebels.

However, frontiersmen like George Rogers Clarke clashed against the native forces to prevent them from reaching the main battles. John Paul Jones was a privateer that harassed many British ships to keep them from helping their allies. Yorktown and the Final Curtain Know: Charles Cornwallis, Yorktown 15. If the war did not end at Yorktown, then why was it important? Cornwallis was forced to surrender at Yorktown and although this was not the end of the war, it gave the colonists more hope. This victory crippled the British forces and united the French and the Americans. It showed the tenacity of the American Spirit and quelled the negativity that most men began to experience after fighting for so long. Peace at Paris Know: Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, John Jay, Treaty of Paris 16. What did America gain and what did it concede in the Treaty of Paris? Three American peace negotiators had meanwhile gathered at Paris: the aging but astute Benjamin Franklin; the flinty John Adams, vigilant for New England interests; and the impulsive John Jay of New York, deeply suspicious of Old World intrigue. By the Treaty of Paris of 1783, the British formally recognized the independence of the United States; in addition, they granted generous boundaries, stretching majestically to the Mississippi on the west, to the Great Lakes on the north, and to Spanish Florida. A New Nation Legitimized Know: Whigs 17 Did Americans get favorable terms in the Treaty of Paris? Explain. Britains terms were liberal almost beyond belief; the enormous trans-Allegheny area was thrown in as a virtual gift but the key to the riddle could be found in the Old World. After this agreement the ministry of Whigs were determined to reopen trading and amend what had been wrong. From this the Americans also gained independence as a nation and alone gained from the war. Whose Revolution? 18. Which of the interpretations of the Revolution seems most true to you? Least true? Explain. The American interpretation of the revolution is the least true version. It depicts the glorious battles in which the militiamen would defeat the British using cunning tactics and sheer tenacity even though the Americans lost a majority of the battles. The truest version would be that seen through the eyes of soldiers themselves. They experienced the heat of battle, the feeling of being outnumbered and most importantly, the feeling of being American.