What is Biotechnology ?
manipulation of genes is called genetic engineering or recombinant DNA technology genetic engineering involves taking one or more genes from a location in one organism and either
Transferring them to another organism Putting them back into the original organism in different combinations
Cell Biology
Fermentation Industry
Pharmaceutical Industry
Goals of Biotechnology
To understand more about the processes of inheritance and gene expression To provide better understanding & treatment of various diseases, particularly genetic disorders To generate economic benefits, including improved plants and animals for agriculture and efficient production of valuable biological molecules
biotechnology development
Ancient biotechnology- early history as related to food and shelter; Includes domestication Classical biotechnology- built on ancient biotechnology; Fermentation promoted food production, and medicine Modern biotechnology- manipulates genetic information in organism; Genetic engineering
ancient biotech
History of Domestication and Agriculture Paleolithic peoples began to settle and develop agrarian societies about 10,000 years ago Early farmers in the Near East cultivated wheat, barley, and possibly rye 7,000 years ago, pastoralists roamed the Sahara region of Africa with sheep, goats, cattle, and also hunted and used grinding stones in food preparation Early farmers arrived in Egypt 6,000 years ago with cattle, sheep, goats, and crops such as barley, emmer, and chick-pea Archaeologists have found ancient farming sites in the Americas, the Far East, and Europe
Yeast - fruit juice wine Brewing beer - CO2 Baking bread, alcohol Egyptians used yeast in 1500 B.C. 1915-1920 Bakers Yeast
Boyer, Helling Cohen, and Chang joined DNA fragments in a vector, and transformed an E. coli cell Cohen and Chang found they could place bacterial DNA into an unrelated bacterial species In 1980 Boyer and Cohen received a patent for the basic methods of DNA cloning and transformation
Biotechnology in Agriculture
Water was withheld from transgenic tobacco plants that express ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and wildtype control plants (WT) for 18 days then the plants were re-watered for 2 days before the photograph was taken. Wildtype plants showed severe damaged while transgenic plants showed very little damage.
Insect Resistance
Control and transgenic tomato plants that express an oxalate oxidase gene construct two days after inoculation with the phytopathogenic fungus Sclerotinia which causes stem-rot diseases in a wide variety of economically important plants.
Viral Resistance
Coat protein based protection from Papaya Ringspot Virus
Herbicide Resistance
current: soybean, corn, canola, cotton, alfalfa coming: sugarbeet (on hold), lettuce, strawberry, wheat (on hold), Turf grass resistance gene from bacteria is source
Bioteknologi :
Teknologi yang menggunakan sistem hayati (proses-proses biologi) untuk mendapatkan barang dan jasa yang berguna bagi kesejahteraan manusia
Peristiwa Karl Ereky pertama kali menyatakan istilah bioteknologi Antibiotik penisilin diproduksi besar-besaran dalam skala industri Avery, MacLeod dan McCarty membuktikan bahwa DNA merupakan materi genetik. Watson dan Crick menemukan struktur DNA Keseluruhan kode genetik dapat diketahui Isolasi pertama kali enzim endonuklease restriksi Khorana dan rekan-rekannya dapat mensintesis keseluruhan gen yang mengkode tRNA
1973
1975 1976 1976 1978 1980
Bioteknologi merupakan penerapan prinsip ilmiah dan rekayasa pengolahan bahan oleh agen biologi untuk menyediakan barang dan jasa
1) Tinjauan ekologik
a) GMO mengalahkan spesies alami, menggantikan spesias alami, mengurangi keanekargaman hayati.
Kesetabilan gen asing atau dapat berubah dan diekspresikan berbeda oleh organisme yang tertular gen asing mutasi Penarikan gen asing jika masuk dalam organisme non target Terganggunya rantai makanan' Terganggunya organisme non target
2) Tinjauan kesehatan
a) Gangguan kesehatan karena produk gen asing (dalam waktu panjang) b) Bahaya atau tidaknya gen-gen penyerta
2) Perdagangan global
Biological production
Industrial Fermentation
REKAYASA GENETIK
Tindakan memindahkan gen (DNA) dari satu spesies ke spesies lain baik berkerabat dekat atau jauh atau tdk ada kerabat sma sekali dan mengekspresikan pd spesies penerima Gen baru tersebut akan bergabung dgn genom tanaman penerima Proses pemindahan gen TRANSFORMASI
TAHAPAN TRANSFORMASI
Indentifikasi dan isolasi gen yg menjadi target untuk ditransformasi Penempatan gen pd suatu sistem vektor tertentu (misalnya plasmid) agar gen tersebut dapat dimasukkan ke dalam kromosom, protoplas, sel atau jaringan tanaman penerima Integrasi dan ekspresi gen asing yg stabil dalam kromosom inti Regenerasi tanaman transgenik baru dalam kultur aseptik
Langkah pertama di atas sering disebut dengan kloning gen Setelah isolasi gen berhasil, selanjutnya gen tsbt dimanipulasi dan dipasang pada vektor DNA ttt. Vektor yg byk digunakan adal turunan plasmid Ti dari Agrobacterium tumefaciens atau A. rhizogenes. A. tumefaciens byk digunakan utk tnm
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