STOTTLER HENKE (3000 BC 2005)

Markayle Tolliver & Jaime Zermeo

3000 BC

Edwin Smith bought a papyrus in a Luxor antique shop in 1882. This was the first known expert system.

th 13

The Zairja was invented by Ramn Lull. It was the first device that systematically tried to generate ideas by mechanical means.

1651

Thomas Hobbes (15881679) wrote Leviathan. In it he purposes that humans collectively, by virtue of their organization and use of their machines, would create a new

th 17

Mechanical computing devices were invented by Leibnitz and Pascal. In 1642, Pascal was 19 years old, when he invented an eight-digit calculator, called the Pascaline. Gottfried Leibniz invented the Leibniz Computer in 1694.

1726

In Gullivers Travels, Jonathan Swift anticipated an automatic book writer.

1805

The first truly programmable device was invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard. It drove looms with instructions provided by punch cards.

1832

The analytical engine was designed by Charles Babbage. It was a mechanical programmable computer.

1847

A mathematical symbolic logic (later called the Boolean algebra) was developed by George Boole.

Gottlob Frege went beyond Boole in his treatment of logic with his invention of predicate logic, making it possible to prove general theorems from rules.

1879

~1890

Hand-driven mechanical calculators became available.

Late 1800s
Leonardo Torres invented a relay-activated automation that played games in chess.

1898
Behaviorism was expounded by psychologist Edward Lee Thorndike in Animal Intelligence.

1921 Karel Capek, a Czech

writer, invented the term robot to describe intelligent machines that revolted against their human masters and destroyed them.

1928-~1938
- John Von Neumann introduced the minimax theorem, which is still used as a basis for game-playing programs. - Vannevar Bushs mechanical differential analyzer was able to solve differential equations. - Alan Turing conceived of a universal Turing machine that could mimic the operation of any other computing machine. - Alan Turing and Alonzo Church independently arrived at the same thesis. - Claude Shannon showed that calculations could be performed much faster using electromagnetic relays.

1941-1954
- A leading German aeronautical research center deployed the Zuse Z3. - Vacuum tubes replaced electromechanical relays in calculators. - The transistor was invented by William Shockley, Walter Brattain, and John Bardeen. - Donald O. Hebbs suggested a way in which artificial neural networks might learn. - EDVAC, the first von Neumann computer, was built. - Turing suicided in mysterious circumstances by eating a cyanide-laced apple following a conviction for homosexuality in 1953.

1955-1965
- John McCarthy names the new discipline, Artificial Intelligence in a proposal for the Dartmouth conference. - George Miller published The Magic Number Seven on the limits of short-term memory. - John McCarthy and Marvin Minsky founded the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. - The worlds first industrial robots were marketed by a U.S. company. - The Robotics institute was started at Carnegie Mellon University under Raj Reddy.

1966-1970
- National Research Council ended all support for automatic translation research, a field closely related to AI. - A mobile robot called Shakey was assembled at Stanford, that could navigate a block world in eight rooms and follow instructions in a simplified form of English. - William Wood at Bolte, Beranek & Newman in Boston conceived a parsing scheme called the Augmented Transition Network.

1970-1975

Herbert Dreyfus expanded his Alchemy and AI paper into a book What Computers Cant Do

James Lighthill advised British government to stop most Al research in Britain

Specialties in the Al field increased, drastically. They included Roger Schank on language analysis, Marvin Minsky on knowledge, and David Marr on machine vision. Paul Werbos invented the algorithm, that enables multilayer neural networks, that had ability to perform classification beyond the simple Perceptrons. The theory was rediscovered by David Rumelhat & David Parker. Marvin Minsky published a paper A Framework for Representing Knowledge. He proposed that people thought in terms of genetic frames. Frames may be grouped or linked together into systems. Idealized house frames feature doors, windows, and walls.

1975-1980

Roger Schank and others added to the conceptual dependency theory with the use of scripts and the use of knowledge of peoples plans and goals to make sense of stories told by people and answer questions about the stories. This resulted in successful language programs such as Janet Kolodner Cyrus. The First Commercial expert system was developed. It was XCON, developed by John McDermott. He developed it for Digital Equipment Company, to help configure computer systems. Luigi Villa became the first human champion of a board game to be defeated by a computer program, written by Hans Berliner. The program evaluate its moves by evaluating a set of criteria that measures the goodness of a move. It didnt use the alternative process of searching all possible future moves.

1980-1985

Fuzzy Logic was introduced in a fuzzy predictive system used to operate the automated subway trains in Sendai Japan. This system reduced energy consumption by 10% and lowered the error in stopping the trains at specified positions to less than 10 centimeters First Meeting of the American Association for AI held in California AI product were only returning a few million dollars in revenue

AI groups were formed in many large companies to develop expert systems. In 1986 sales of AI-based hardware and software were $425 million. Much of the new business were developing specialized hardware and software to help build better and less expensive expert systems. Low quality, but effective computer vision systems were also commercially launched successfully.
GE built an expert system based on electronic knowledge of one expert, David Smith, who was close to retirement. Called the Diesel Electric Locomotive Troubleshooting Aid, it could diagnose 80% of breakdowns, and provide repair instructions.

1985-1990
Speech systems now able to provide any of the following: a large vocabulary, continuous speech recognition, or speaker independence.

Etienne Wenger published his book, "Artificial Intelligence and Tutoring Systems: Computational and Cognitive Approaches to the Communication of Knowledge," a milestone in the development of intelligent tutoring systems.
Expert systems were increasingly used in industry, and other AI techniques were being implemented jointly with conventional software, often unnoticed but with beneficial effect. Ontology is the study of the kinds of things that exist. In AI, the programs and sentences deal with various kinds of objects, and AI researchers study what these kinds are and what their properties are.

1995-2000
The National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign developed and released released the first widely used web browser, named Mosaic. Sony Corporation introduced the AIBO, a robotic pet dog that understands 100 voice commands, sees the world using computer vision, and learns and matures. AIBO is an acronym for Artificial Intelligence robot, and aibo also means "love" or "attachment" in Japanese. On January 26, 2006, Sony announced that it would discontinue the AIBO An artificial intelligence system, Remote Agent, was given primary control of a spacecraft for the first time. For two days Remote Agent ran on the on-board computer of Deep Space 1, while 60 million miles from earth. The goal of such control systems is to provide less costly, more capable control, that is more independent from ground control.

2000-2005
iRobot, founded by researchers at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab, introduced Roomba, a vacuum cleaning robot. By 2006, two million had been sold. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the central research organization of the United States Department of Defense, sponsored the first DARPA Grand Challenge, a prize competition for autonomous (driverless) vehicles. The first Challenge took place on a desert course between Barstow, California to Primm, Nevada. No vehicles completed the course. Stanley, an autonomous Volkswagen Touareg R5 entered by the Stanford Racing Team, won the DARPA Grand Challenge 2005 and a $2M prize by completing the 212.4 km course in just under 7 hours. 23 vehicles competed, and five completed the course.