-Key Concepts-
I. Revolutionary Ideas
-Ideological Foundation for Political Liberalism-
A. Liberty
The notion of individual
human rights A new type of government in which the people are sovereign The importance of a representative assembly The importance of a written constitution The notion of selfdetermination Freedom to accumulate property
B. Equality
Equality of rights and civil liberties Equality before the law No special privileges for the rich Equality of opportunity Careers Open to Talent Inherent tension between liberty and
equality
European revolution The French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution together transformed the western world This Dual Revolution changed everything politically, socially and economically Triumph of European states and economies globally The Modern Era was inaugurated by the Dual Revolution
A. Origins
Began as a revolt of
the aristocracy Attempt to capitalize on the financial woes of the monarchy Only solution = tax reform and a direct tax on all property Aristocracy refused and forces the issue
B. The Estates-General
An old feudal assembly
that had not met since 1614 Three Estates: Clergy, Nobility, All Others The significance of the voting procedure The miscalculation and lack of social awareness of the aristocracy
13, 1789 Reasons for the attack on the Bastille the next morning The stubbornness of the governor of the fortress Celebrations on the night of July 14th Sparks tremendous popular revolution all over France
K. Growing Radicalism
Reasons:
--Snowball Effect --Unsatisfied Expectations --Outbreak of War Results: --Increasing Violence --Change in Political Leadership
Enemies of the Nation Stress on radical definition of equality Wanted a legal maximum on personal wealth Wanted a regulation of commercial profits End of Robespierres dictatorship on July 28, 1794
1799) Napoleons Rise to Power The Napoleonic Code Establishment of the Bank of France Reconciliation with the Catholic Church --Concordat of 1801 Heavy Censorship Napoleons Art of War