Proses Pembuatan Besi Dan Baja

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,}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dan batu}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {batuan lainnya. Untuk kelancaran pengolahan bongkahan bijih}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tersebut dipecahkan den
gan mesin pemecah, kemudian disortir antara bijih}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b
esi dan beb}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {atuan ikutan dengan tromol magnit. Peker
jaan selanjutnya}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {adal
ah mencuci bijih besi tersebut dan mengelompokkan menurut besarnya,}\par\pard\li
1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {bijih}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{bijih halus dan butir}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{butir yang kecil diaglomir di dalam dapur sinter}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\s
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
atau di rol hingga bola}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100

{bola yang dapat dipakai k}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {embali sebagai isi dapur
.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Setelah bijih besi dipanggang di dalam dapur panggang
agar kering dan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {unsur
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {unsur yang mudah menj
adi gas keluar dari bijih besi kemudian}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\
li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {dibawah ke dapur tinggi untuk diolah menjadi besi kasar.}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
0\f0\charscalex100 {Pengetahuan pembuatan besi kasar mut}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {lak harus dimiliki oleh awak kapal}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dalam beker
ja di atas kapal. disamping itu awak kapal juga diharuskan}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\
sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {mengetahui dan memahami tentang bahan teknik yang sering digunakan}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dalam bidang permesinan di
kapal untuk menghindari kesalahan dalam}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard
0\f0\charscalex100 {pemilihan bahan t}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {eknik yang dig
unakan di kapal. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\s
l-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Modul kompetensi pembuatan besi kasar
ini pada dasarnya merupakan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\s
ex100 {materi kurikulum yang berfungsi untuk mengembangkan kemampuan siswa}\par\
pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {SMK Bidang Keahlian Teknika Perikanan Laut untuk dapat m
engidentifikasi}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri
0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dan memilih bahan }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {teknik yang sesuai untuk digunakan di kapal. Modul ini}\par\pard\sec
t\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\col
w9266\colsr-0\colno2\colw1826\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-2
13\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li161
3\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Kompetensi : }\i0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100\i {Teknologi Bahan dan Teknik Pengukuran}\i0 \par\column\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 1 }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\p
gwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage

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3\margtsxn586\margbsxn106\pard\li6600\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\i {Proses Pembuatan Besi dan Baja}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { }\i0 \p
ar\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213
\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{di dalamnya berisi materi yang disajikan dalam beberapa kegiatan belajar}\par\
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {antara lain yaitu :}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\p
ard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Kegiatan Bel
ajar 1}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {: Pembuatan Be
si kasar dan Baja}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Keg
iatan Belajar 2}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {: Kla
sifikasi Besi dan Baja}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213
{Kegiatan }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Belajar 3}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {: Perlakuan Panas Besi dan Baja}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {Ketiga modul itu di sajikan dalam buku Materi Pokok Pembuatan Besi Kasar.}\
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx
2066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {B}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {.}\b0 \tab
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Prasarat}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { }\b0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Untuk
mempelajari program ini siswa tidak dipersyaratkan memiliki}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-3
33\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pengetahuan atau keterampilan khusus tent
ang pembuatan besi kasar}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Hal}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\

lex100 {ini disebabkan materi program ini dirancang sebagai suatu paket kompeten
si}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {utuh, supaya siswa dapat dengan mudah memahami,
mengidentifikasi dan}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li16
13\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {menerapkan prinsip}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {prinsip tentang pembuatan besi ka
sar sebagai bahan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tek
nik, dalam pekerjaan dan kehidupa}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n sehari}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {hari sebagai calon awak kapal}\
par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {di atas kapal niaga dan kapal perikanan.}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613
\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx2066\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {C}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {.}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100\b {Petunjuk penggunaan modul}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b
{ }\b0 \par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \*\tx2066\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100\b {1}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {.}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100\b {Penjelasan bagi siswa}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { }\b0 \par\pard
0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Modul ini memba
has tentang pembuatan besi kasar dan baja berupa materi}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {keterampilan dasar sebagai salah satu persyaratan yang ha}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {rus dimiliki oleh}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {awak kapal/calon awak
kapal yang bekerja di atas kapal.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613
\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li1613\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Setelah mempelajari mo
dul ini, Anda sebagai siswa SMK Bidang Keahlian}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pel
ayaran diharapkan dapat memahami pentingnya bahan teknik, yang}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 { }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\ma
rgrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw9266\colsr-0\colno2\colw1826\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\s
0\f0\charscalex100\i {Kompetensi : }\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Teknologi
Bahan dan Teknik Pengukuran}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 2 }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkn
one\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
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{secara khusus dapat dirinci dalam bentuk}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {bentu}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k perilaku sebagai beriku
t}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ini : }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li
1573\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \*\tx1933\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pembuatan Besi kasar dan
Baja}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\par\pard\li1586\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx1933\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Klasifikasi Besi dan
Baja}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li1586\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx1933\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Perlakuan Panas Pada B
esi dan Baja}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
\slmult0 \*\tx2066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {a}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\b {.}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {langkah}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\b {-}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {langkah belajar yang harus ditempuh}\
b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { }\b0 \par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-360\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Untuk memberikan kemudahan pada Anda mencapai t
ujuan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tujuan}\par\pard
0\f0\charscalex100 {tersebut, pada masing}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {masin}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {g butir bagian, Anda akan
selalu menjumpai}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {urai
an materi, bahan latihan, rangkuman/inti sari dan tes formatif sebagai}\par\pard

0\f0\charscalex100 {satu kesatuan utuh.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\
\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Oleh karena itu
sebaiknya Anda mengetahui seluruh pembahasan itu.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sedangkan untuk memperkaya pemahaman dan memperluas
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {wawasan}\par\pard\li
0\charscalex100 {Anda mengenai materi, disarankan agar membaca rujukan yang sesu
ai dan}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dicantumkan dibagian akhir Buku Materi pokok
ini.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0 \*\tx2066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {b}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {.}\
b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Perlengkapan yang harus dipersiapkan}\b0 \
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Agar
dapat melaksanakan kegiatan belajar dengan baik pada modul ini,}\par\pard\li1613
\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {maka perlengkapan ke}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {las maupun di work
shop harus disediakan selengkap}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
r\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mungkin antara lain
seperti pada tabel berikut ini.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\sect\se
ctd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw926
6\colsr-0\colno2\colw1826\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li16
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Kompetensi : }\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\i {Teknologi Bahan dan Teknik Pengukuran}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0
\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-426\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 { 3 }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\
margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
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slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Perlengkapan ruang }\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100\b { }\b0 \par\pard\li3026\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3026\
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ex100\b { }\b0 \par\column\pard\li986\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \*\tx3026\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Pe
rlengkapan }\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Bahan}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100\b { }\b0 \par\pard\li200\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\
b {workshop}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { }\b0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone
\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw5133\colsr-0\c
olno2\colw2680\colsr-0\colno3\colw3280\pard\li1800\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \*\tx2160\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {OHP}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1800\ri0\sl-453\slmult
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4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {LCD}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1800\ri0\s
l-440\slmult0 \*\tx2160\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Papan tulis}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\p
f0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Gambar dapur tinggi}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1800\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \*\tx2160\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {5}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {Gambar kerja}\par\pard\li2160\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{mesin/teknik}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-453\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1. Mesin gergaji besi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{ }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2. Rag}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {um }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-440\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3. Peralatan ukur;}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{ }\par\pard\li266\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \*\tx533\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\ta
b \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {jangka sorong}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\p
ard\li266\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \*\tx533\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\tab \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {mikro meter}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li266\ri
0\sl-453\slmult0 \*\tx533\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
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\*\tx533\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dll}\fs2
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ex100 {4. Dapur tempa}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\column\pard\li13\ri0\sl
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lex100 {macam}\par\pard\li280\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bah
an logam}\par\pard\li280\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {seperti
;}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li280\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \*\tx560\fs24
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lex100 {-}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Besi tuang}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{ }\par\pard\li280\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \*\tx560\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\ta
b \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Baja tuang}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard
\li280\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \*\tx560\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\tab \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {Baja cor}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li280\ri0\sl-4

40\slmult0 \*\tx560\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Bahan logam}\par\pard\li560\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lai
nnya}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {2. Kain lap/majun.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\sect\
sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1613\ri0\sl
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s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Perlengkapan tersebut mutlak diperlukan untuk memperag
akan dan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}\fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {engidentifikasi bahan logam dan non logam kepada siswa SMK Bid
ang}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pelayaran, Progra
m Keahlian Teknika Perikanan Laut tersebut sesuai}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {prosedur SOP.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pa
rd\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx2066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {c}
\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {.}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Hasil
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\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {Setelah siswa dapat menyelesaikan modul ini, siswa dapat menjelaskan,}\
ard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mengidentifikasi, memi
l}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ih dan menentukan bahan besi dan baja yang sering}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {diketemukan di atas kapal perikanan, selain itu mod
ul pembuatan besi dan}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1
613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {baja, yang mana merupakan tun
tutan yang diperlukan di dunia kerja untuk}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dapat me
milih dan menentukan bahan teknik. Hasil dari pelaksa}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{naan}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pembelajaran pada modul ini, diharapkan sisw
a mampu untuk memilih}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
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}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\co
ls2\colno1\colw9266\colsr-0\colno2\colw1826\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
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knik Pengukuran}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 4 }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11
893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage

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slmult0 \*\tx2066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {d}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\
b {.}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Prosedur Sertifikasi}\b0 \par\column
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Proses Pembuatan Besi
dan Baja}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { }\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\p
gwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pada pembelajaran sub kompetensi pembuatan b
esi dan baja, menitik}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\
{beratkan pada mengidentifikasi, memilih dan mene}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nt
ukan bahan besi dan}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li161
3\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {baja. Untuk itu pengetahuan}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pengetahuan dasar mengena
i proses}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pembuatan be
si kasar dan baja sebelumnya harus tetap dikuasai. Setelah}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-32
0\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {menempuh ujian atau evaluasi maka secara t
eknis siswa telah mampu}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-21
3\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {untuk memasuki lapngan kerja, namu}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n untuk meleng
kapi program diklat}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {t
eknologi bahan dan teknik pengukuran. Untuk selanjutnya menempuh uji}\par\pard\l
i1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {kompetensi yang dilaksanakan oleh Badan Nasional Sertifikasi

Indonesia}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(BNSI) atau
melalui Panitia Uji Kompetensi dan Sertifikasi (PUKS) untuk}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mendapat}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {kan
sertifikat kompetensi di Sekolah masing}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {masing. Sekolah}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li161
3\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {merekomendasikan siswanya untuk mengikuti uji kompetensi kepada PU
KS}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {atau Lembaga Sertifikasi Profesi yang telah ditu
njuk oleh Badan Nasional}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-2
00 {Sertifikasi Indonesia (BNSI).}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613
ard\li1613\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx2066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {2}\b0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {.}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Peran Guru Ant
ara lain}\b0 \par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\s
l-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \*\tx2106\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{M}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {embantu siswa dalam merencanakan proses belajar.}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx2106\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Membimbing siswa melalui tu
gas}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tugas yang dijelas
kan dalam tahap}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {belaj
ar.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx2106\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Membantu siswa dalam me
mahami konsep dan praktik baru dan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li210
harscalex100 {menjawab pertanyaan siswa mengenai proses belajar siswa.}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1
613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx2106\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Membantu siswa un}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {tuk menentukan dan mengakses sumber tambahan}\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {lain yang diperlukan dalam belajar.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard
\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx210
6\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {Mengorganisasikan kegiatan belajar kelompok jika diperlukan.}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\ma
rglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw9266\colsr-0\colno2\colw1826\pard\li1613\
ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {K
ompetensi : }\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Teknologi Bahan dan Teknik Penguk
uran}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-2
13\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\
ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {I }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 5 }\par\p
ard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect
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\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \*\tx2106\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {f}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Mere
ncanakan seorang ahli/pendamping guru dari tempat kerja untuk}\par\pard\li2106\r
i0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {membantu jikaa diperlukan.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li
1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx2106\f
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\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sub kompetensi}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
0\charscalex100 {: Teknologi Bahan dan Teknik Pengukuran}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 { }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {: TPL}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {P}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rod}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {/H.
01}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {: Proses Pembuatan Besi
dan Baja}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn1189
3\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols5\colno1\colw4933\colsr-0\colno2\colw1
186\colsr-0\colno3\colw1080\colsr-0\colno4\colw1400\colsr-0\colno5\colw2493\pard
0 \*\tx3626\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Jenis kegiatan}\b0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\b { }\b0 \tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Tanggal}\b0 \fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100\b { }\b0 \par\pard\li1680\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1680
ard\li1680\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {.}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pembuatan besi}\par\pard\li1880\ri0\sl373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {kasar}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par
\pard\li1680\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {.}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Proses dapur}\par\pard\li1880\ri0\sl373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tinggi}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\pa
r\pard\li1680\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {.}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pembuatan baja}\par\pard\li1880\ri0\
sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dari besi kasar}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 { }\par\pard\li1680\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Macam}\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {-}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {macam}\par\pard\li1880\ri0\sl-373\slmult
0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {baja karbon}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\par

d\li1680\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {.}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Macam}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {macam}\par\pard\li1880\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {besi tuang}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1680\ri0\sl-38
6\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}{ }\fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {Macam}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {macam}\par\pard\li1880\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {baja
karbon}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Waktu}\
b0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { }\b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Tempa
t}\b0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { }\b0 \par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {belajar}\b0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { }\b0 \par\column\pard\li173\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li173\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li173\ri0\sl-213\s
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li173\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b
{Alasan}\b0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { }\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {perubah
an}\b0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { }\b0 \par\column\pard\li26\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-21
3\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\
b {T}\b0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {anda}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {tangan}\b0 \par\pard\li106\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {guru}\b0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { }\b0 \par\par
d\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno
1\colw9266\colsr-0\colno2\colw1826\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
3\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
alex100\i {Kompetensi : }\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Teknologi Bahan dan T
eknik Pengukuran}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
ard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213
\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
d\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {II }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 1
}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pa
rd\sect\sectd\sbkpage
7;32768}}
7;32768}}
slmult0 \*\tx2066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {B}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\
b {.}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Kegiatan Belajar }\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100\b { }\b0 \par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1
613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \*\tx2066\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {1}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {.}\b0 \tab \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Pembuatan Besi Kasar dan Baja}\b0 \par\pard\li1613\ri0\s
1613\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx2066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {a}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100\b {.}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Tuju}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100\b {an Pembelajaran}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { }\b0 \par\
column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Pr}\i0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100\i {oses Pembuatan Besi dan Baja}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0\i { }\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\marg
rsxn133\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sis
wa dapat memahami, menjelaskan &}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {mengidentifikasi proses pembuatan}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {besi k

asar dan baja. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl346\slmult0 \*\tx2066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {b}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\b {.}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Uraian Materi}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {Didalam perut bumi tempat kita tinggal ternyata banyak sekali}\
ard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mengandung zat}\fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {zat yang berguna untuk keperl
uan hidup kita sehari}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
hari,}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {misalnya minyak
tanah, bensin, solar dan lain}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {lainnya yang disebut minyak}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bumi. Disampin
g itu juga terdapat unsur}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {unsur kimia yang berguna bagi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613
arscalex100 {manusia seperti bijih besi, nikel, tembaga, uranium, titanium, tima
h dan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {masih banyak la
gi, beserta mineral dan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { batu}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {batuan. Salah satu zat yang}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\
sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {terdapat di dalam bumi yang sangat be
rguna bagi manusia ialah air dengan}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx2613\*\tx3920\*\tx4746\*\tx5640\*\tx6
546\*\tx7120\*\tx8333\*\tx9226\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rumus}\tab \fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {kimianya}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O,}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{sebab}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tanpa}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
air}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {manusia}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {su
kar}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sekali}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\p
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mempertahankan kehidupannya.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Mine
ral adalah suatu bahan yang banyak terdapat di dalam bumi,}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 { yang}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mempunya
i bentuk dan ciri}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ciri
khusus serta mempunyai susunan kimia}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li
0\charscalex100 {yang tetap. Sedangkan batu}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {batuan merupakan gabungan antara dua macam}\par\pard\li161
harscalex100 {atau lebih mineral}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {mineral dan tidak mempunyai susunan kimia yang tetap.}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0
alex100 {Bijih ialah mineral atau batu}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {batuan ya}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ng mengandung satu macam
atau}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {beberapa macam l
ogam dalam prosentase yang cukup banyak untuk}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par
\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\c
olno1\colw9266\colsr-0\colno2\colw1826\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
arscalex100\i {Kompetensi : }\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Teknologi Bahan d
an Teknik Pengukuran}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {II }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 2 }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknon
e\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
7;32768}}
7;32768}}
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dijadikan bahan tambang. Banyaknya logam ya
ng terkandung dalam bijih}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {itu berbeda}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {beda.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Logam
dalam keadaan murni jarang sekali terdapat di dalam bumi,}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
0\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {kebanyakan me}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
rupakan senyawa}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {senyaw
a oksida, sulfida, karbonat, dan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\
ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {sulfat yang merupakan bijih logam yang perlu diproses menjadi bahan}
pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {logam yang bermanfaat
bagi manusia.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
46\slmult0 \*\tx2066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {(}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00\b {1}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {).}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\b {Pembuatan Besi Kasar}\b0 \par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Bahan utama untuk membuat besi kasar adalah bijih besi. B
erbagai macam}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\
sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bijih}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { be
si yang terdapat di dalam kulit bumi berupa oksid besi dan karbonat}\par\pard\li
0\charscalex100 {besi, diantaranya yang terpenting adalah sebagai berikut.}\fs24
li1573\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx1933
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {Batu besi coklat (2Fe}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {O}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 { + 3H}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O)
dengan kandungan besi berkisar 40%.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {Batu besi merah yang juga disebut hematit (Fe}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) dengan k}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {andungan}\par
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {besi berkisar 50%.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\p
1933\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {Batu besi magnet (Fe}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {) berwarna hijau tua kehitaman, bersifat magnetis}\par\pard\li1933\ri0
alex100 {dengan mengandung besi berkisar 60%.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par
\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\
tx1933\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {Batu besi kalsit atau spat (FeCO}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) yang juga disebut sferosiderit dengan}\pa
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mengandung besi berkisar 40%.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\s
Bijih besi dari}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { tambang biasanya masih bercampur de
ngan pasir, tanah liat,}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dan batu}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {batuan dalam bongkah}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bongkahan yang tidak sama besar. Untuk}\p
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {kelancaran proses pengolahan bijih besi, bongkah}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bongkah tersebut}\fs24\cf0

13\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dipecahkan dengan mesin pemeca
h, kemudian disortir antara bij}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ih besih dan}\par\pa
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {batu}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {batuan ikutan dengan tromol magnet. Pekerjaan selanjutnya adalah}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsx
n666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw9266\colsr-0\colno2\colw1826\pard\li1613\ri0\s
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Kompet
ensi : }\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Teknologi Bahan dan Teknik Pengukuran}
\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\sl
l-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {II }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 3 }\par\pard\
sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sec
td\sbkpage
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\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mencuci bijih besi tersebut dan mengelompok
kan menurut besarnya, bijih}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\s
ex100 {bijih besi halus dan butir}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {butir yang kecil diaglomir di dalam dapur sinter}\par\pard\li1613\ri
0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {atau rol hingga berupa bol}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bola yang dapat dipakai kembali seb
agai isi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dapur.}\fs24
\f0\charscalex100 {Setelah bijih besi itu dipanggang di dalam dapur panggang aga
r kering dan}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\s
l-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {unsur}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {unsur yang mudah menjadi gas keluar dari bijih kemudia
n dibawa ke}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl
-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dapur tinggi diolah menjadi besi kasar.
Dapur tinggi memp}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {unyai bentuk dua}\par\pard\li1613
arscalex100 {buah kerucut yang berdiri satu di atas yang lain pada alasnya. Pada
bagian}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {atas adalah tungkunya yang melebar ke bawah
, sehingga muatannya dengan}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mudah meluncur kebawah
dan tidak terjadi kemacetan. Bagian bawah}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\par
f0\f0\charscalex100 {melebar ke atas dengan maksu}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d
agar muatannya tetap berada di bagian ini. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\
8\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Dapur tingg
i dibuat dari susunan batu tahan api yang diberi selubung baja}\par\pard\li1613\
rscalex100 {pelat untuk memperkokoh konstruksinya. Dapur diisi dari atas dengan
alat}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pengisi. Berturut}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {turut dimasukkan kokas, bahan tambahan (batu}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { kapur)}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri
calex100 {dan bijih besi. Kokas adalah arang batu bara yaitu batu bara yang suda
h}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {didestilasikan secara kering dan mengandung beler
ang yang sangat rendah}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sekali. Kokas berfungsi seba
gai bahan bakarnya dan membutuhkan zat asam}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {yang ba
nyak sebagai pengembus. A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {gar proses dapat berjalan
dengan cepat}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\s
l-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {udara pengembus itu perlu dipanaskan t
erlebih dahulu di dalam dapur}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0
alex100 {pemanas udara.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { Proses pada dapur tinggi se
perti dalam gambar 1.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone
olno2\colw1826\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-2

\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Kompetensi : }\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {T
eknologi Bahan dan Teknik Pengukuran}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\f0\charscalex100 {II }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{ 4 }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn13
3\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
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i0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
Mulu
t dapur}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li4706\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4706\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
300}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {C}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Proses Pembuatan Besi dan Baja}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100\i { }\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marg
lsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li5426\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5426\ri0
alex100 {
Reduksi tidak langsung}\fs20\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li6866\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {
mengubah oksida tinggi}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li6
866\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
menjadi FeO oleh CO
}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li6866\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {
Fe}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {O}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
+CO
2FeO+CO}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li4706\ri0\sl
s18\cf0\par\pard\li4706\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
800}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {C}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li4706\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs20\cf
1100}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{0}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { C}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li686
6\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
Reduksi tidak lang
sung co}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li3986\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
F
eO+CO
Fe+CO}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li3266\ri
calex100 {CO2}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+C
2CO}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 { }\par\pard\li2546\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
1800}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {0}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { C}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\
par\pard\li6866\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
Reduksi lang
sung}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li6866\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {
FeO+C
Fe+CO }\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\p
ar\pard\li3266\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C+O}{\sub \fs14\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {2 }}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\ul {
CO}\ul0 {\sub \f
s14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li2480\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2480\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ga
mbar 1. Proses dalam dapur tinggi. (Bagyo Sucahyo, 1999)}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\
{Besi cair di dalam dapur tinggi, kemudian dicerat dan dituang menjadi besi}\par
\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {kasar, dalam bentuk
balok}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {balok besi kasar
yang digunakan sebagai b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ahan}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\
sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ancuran untuk pembuatan besi tuang (d
i dalam dapur kubah), atau dalam}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {keadaan cair dipindahkan pada bagian pembuatan baja di dalam ko
nvertor}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {atau dap
ur baja yang lain, misalnya dapur Siemen Martin.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\
par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols
2\colno1\colw9360\colsr-0\colno2\colw1733\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl
f0\f0\charscalex100\i {Teknologi Bahan dan}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { Te
knik Pengukuran}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { }\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\r
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {II
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {5}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\mar
grsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
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24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { }\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn
16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw9266\colsr-0\colno2\colw1826\pard
13\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Kompetensi : }\i0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100\i {Teknologi Bahan dan Teknik Pengukuran}\i0 \par\column\pard\l
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0

0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\sl
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {II }\fs2
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\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Batu kapur sebagai bahan tambahan gunanya u
ntuk mengikat abu kokas}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-21
0 {dan batu}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {batu ikuta
n hingga menjadi terak yang dengan mudah dapat}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\pa
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dipisahkan dari besi kasar. Terak itu sendiri di dalam
proses berfungsi}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {seb
agai pelindung cairan besi kasar dari oksida yang mungkin mengurangi}\par\pard\l
f0\charscalex100 {hasil yang diperoleh karena terbakarnya besi}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {kasar cair itu. Batu kapur}\fs24\cf0\f
\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(CaCO}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) terurai mengikat batu}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {batu ikutan dan unsur}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {unsur lain.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{ }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx2066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100\b {(}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {2}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {
).}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Proses dalam Dapur Tinggi}\b0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100\b { }\b0 \par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Prinsip dari proses dapur tinggi adalah prinsip reduksi. P
ada proses ini zat}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613
\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {karbon monoksida dapat menyerap
zat asam dari ikatan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i

katan be}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {si zat asam}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pg
wsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw8426\colsr-0\coln
o2\colw2666\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pada suhu tinggi. Pada pembakaran suhu tingg
i}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+ }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {1800}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\s
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C d
engan udara}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn118
93\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {panas, maka dihas
ilkan suhu yang dapat menyelenggarakan reduksi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\pa
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tersebut. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1
r\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Agar tidak terjadi
pembuntuan karena proses berlangsung maka diberi batu}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-21
0 {kapur sebagai bahan tambaha}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n. Bahan tambahan ber
sifat asam apabila bijih}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {besinya mempunyai sifat ba
sa dan sebaliknya bahan tambahan diberikan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pa
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {yang bersifat basa apabila bijih besi bersifat asam.}\fs24
\f0\charscalex100 {Gas yang terbentuk dalam dapur tinggi selanjutnya dialirkan k
eluar melalui}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\
sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bagian atas d}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {an ke dalam pemanas udara. Terak yang menetes ke bawah}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
33\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {melindungi besi kasar dari oksida oleh ud
ara panas yang dimasukkan, terak}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ini kemudian dipis
ahkan.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Proses reduksi di dalam dapur tinggi tersebut ber
langsung sebagai berikut: }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl
613\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Zat arang dari kokas terb}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {akar menurut reaksi : C+O}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\ul {
CO}\ul0 {\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {2 }\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgw
sxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw9266\colsr-0\colno
2\colw1826\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\s
\li1613\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Kompetensi : }\i0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Teknologi Bahan dan Teknik Pengukuran}\i0 \par\column\p
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {II }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 { 6 }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\marg
rsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage

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slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sebagian dari CO}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {2}}\par\column\pard\li1640\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\
i {Pr}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {oses Pembuatan Besi dan Baja}\i0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100\i { }\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
f0\charscalex100 {bersama dengan zat arang membentuk zat yang berada}\par\pard\s
ect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\c
olw8200\colsr-0\colno2\colw2893\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
d\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ditempat yang lebih atas
yaitu gas CO}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. }\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
}}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmul
-440\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CO}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+C
2CO}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx6600\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {Di bagian atas dapur tinggi pada suhu 300}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0
}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sampai 800}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}\par\
column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
-466\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C oksid besi yan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {g}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsx
n133\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lebih tinggi diubah menjadi oksid yang lebih rendah
oleh reduksi tidak}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {l
angsung dengan CO tersebut menurut prinsip :}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\
8\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Fe}{\sub \f
s16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+CO
2FeO+CO}{\sub \fs
16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pada waktu proses berlangsung muatan turun ke bawah dan te
rjadi reduksi}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\
sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tidak langsung menurut prinsip }\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {: }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
0\f0\charscalex100 {FeO+CO
FeO+CO}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {2}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
ult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Reduksi ini disebut tidak langsung karena bukan
zat arang murni yang}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\
{mereduksi melainkan persenyawaan zat arang dengan oksigen. sEdangkan}\par\pard\
\f0\charscalex100 {reduksi langsung terjadi pada bagian yang terpanas dari dapur
, yaitu}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {langsung di }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {atas pipa pengembus. Reduksi ini berlangsung sebagai
berikut.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {FeO+C
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Fe+CO}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par

18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CO yang te
rbentuk itulah yang naik ke atas untuk mengadakan reduksi}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tidak langsung tadi.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
{Setiap 4 sampai 6 jam dapur tinggi dicerat, pertama dikeluarkan terakn}\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {ya}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dan baru kemudian besi. Bes
i yang keluar dari dapur tinggi disebut besi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {kasar atau besi mentah yang digunakan untuk membuat baja
pada dapur}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn118
93\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw9266\colsr-0\colno2\colw
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\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pengolahan baja atau dituang menjadi balok}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {balok tuangan yang dik
irimkan}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pada pabrik}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pabrik pembuatan baja sebaga}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {i bahan baku.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmu
ex100 {Besi cair dicerat dan dituang menjadi besi kasar dalam bentuk balok}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {balok}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\
lex100 {besi kasar yang digunakan sebagai bahan ancuran untuk pembuatan besi}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
d\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tuang (di dalam dapur ku
bah) atau masih dalam keadaan cair dipindahkan}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pada
bagian pembuatan baja }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(dapur Siemen Martin).}\fs24
\f0\charscalex100 {Terak yang keluar dari dapur tinggi dapat pula dimanfaatkan m
enjadi bahan}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\s
l-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pembuatan pasir terak atau wol terak s
ebagai bahan isolasi atau sebagai}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613
arscalex100 {bahan campuran semen. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li16
\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Besi cair yang dihas
ilkan dari proses dapur tinggi sebelum ditua}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ng menj
adi}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slm
ult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {balok besin kasar sebagai bahan ancuran di pabr
ik penuangan, perlu}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d
icampur dahulu di dalam bak pencampur agar kualitas dan susunannya}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\r
i0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {seragam. Dalam bak pencampur dikum
pulkan besi kasar cair dari}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\s
ex100 {bermacam}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {macam
dapur tinggi yang ada untuk menda}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {patkan besi kasar
cair}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {yang sama dan merata. Untuk menghasilkan besi
kasar yang sedikit}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {me
ngandung belerang di dalam bak pencampur tersebut dipanaskan lagi}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {menggunakan gas dapur tinggi.}\fs24
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {(}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {3}\b0 \fs24\cf

0\f0\charscalex100\b {).}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Pembuatan Baja d
ari Besi Kasar}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { }\b0 \par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-2
3\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Besi kasar sebagai hasil dari d
apur tin}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ggi masih banyak mengandung unsur}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {-}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li16
13\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {unsur yang tidak cocok untuk b
ahan konstruksi, misalnya zat arang (karbon)}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {yang t
erlalu tinggi, fosfor, belerang, silisium dan sebagainya. Unsur}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {unsur}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ini
harus serendah mungkin dengan berbagai cara.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par
\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\c
olno1\colw9266\colsr-0\colno2\colw1826\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
0\i {Kompetensi : }\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Teknologi Bahan dan Teknik
Pengukuran}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri
d\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {II }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 8 }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\
pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
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i0\sl-466\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {BIJI BESI}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 { }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Pros
es Pembuatan Besi dan Baja}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { }\i0 \par\pard\sec
t\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1760\ri0\
sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
Batu Kapur
}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
Udara}\fs24\cf0\f0
66\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw5186\colsr-0\colno2\colw2346\colsr-0\colno3\colw
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
Kokas}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
0 {KONVERTOR}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmul
t0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {DAPUR TINGGI}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\c
lt0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {DAPUR SIEMEN}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {MA}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {RTIN}\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
grsxn133\pard\li1760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1760\ri0\sl-386\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
Baja
Baja}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
\f0\charscalex100 {Tuangan }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\column\pard\li0\r
\charscalex100 {Batang baja}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\sect\sectd\s
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2133\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2133\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {DAPUR LISTRIK}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1760\ri0\sl-213\slm
i1760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
Baja spesial}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
Ditempa
Digili}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {ng }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li720\ri
0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {
Konstruksi Pipa
Pelat }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\pa
r\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols3\
colno1\colw5360\colsr-0\colno2\colw2160\colsr-0\colno3\colw3573\pard\li1760\ri0\
par\pard\li1760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx3200\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Tuangan
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
Batang baja
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0

fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Tempa berat}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\colu
18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Cetak}\fs24\c
0\par\pard\li2480\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Tempa}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
0\charscalex100 {
Giling}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\sect\sectd\s
bknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\sl
\f0\charscalex100 {Gambar }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {. Diagram Pembuatan Baja (Sumber : Hari Amanto & Daryanto, 1999).}\fs22\cf0
0\i {Teknologi Bahan dan Teknik Pengukuran}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {
}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\s
alex100 {II }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 9 }\par\
pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sec
t\sectd\sbkpage
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24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { }\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn
16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw9266\colsr-0\colno2\colw1826\pard
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-

0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {II }\fs2
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\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Untuk }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {menurunk
an kadar karbon dan unsur tambahan lainnya dari besi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {kasar digunakan dengan cara sebagai berikut.}\fs
f0\f0\charscalex100 {Proses Konvertor :}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {Proses Bessemer untuk besi kasar dengan kadar fosfor yang rendah.}\
ard\li1626\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx2106\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Proses Thomas untuk besi kas
ar dengan kadar fosfor yang tinggi.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li16
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {P}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {roses Oksi, proses LD, Kaldo dan Oberhaus
er.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1586\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Proses
Martin (dapur Siemen Martin)}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1626\ri0\
sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1626\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx2106\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{proses Martin asam untuk besi kasar dengan kadar fosfor rendah.}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx2106\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Proses Martin basa untuk besi kasar denga
n kadar fosfor tinggi.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213
rscalex100 {Dapur Listrik untuk baja Campuran}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par
tx2106\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0

\f0\charscalex100 {Dapur listr}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ik busur nyala api.}\
ard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx2106\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Dapur listrik induksi.}\fs24
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {(}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {a}\b0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100\b {).}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Proses Bessemer}
\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { }\b0 \par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Konvertor Bessemer adalah sebuah bejana baja d
engan lapisan batu tahan}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {api yang bersifat asam. Di
bagian atasnya terbuka sedangkan pada bagian}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bawahnya terdapat sejumlah lubang}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lubang untuk saluran }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {udara. Bejana ini}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dapat diguling}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {gulingkan. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
{Korvertor Bessemer diisi dengan besi kasar kelabu yang banyak}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mengandung silisium. Silisium dan man
gan terbakar pertama kali, setelah}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {itu baru zat ara
ng yang terbakar. Pada saat udara mengalir melalui besi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 { }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn1
33\cols2\colno1\colw9266\colsr-0\colno2\colw1826\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Kompetensi : }\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Teknolo
gi Bahan dan Teknik Pengukuran}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {II
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 10 }\par\pard\sect\s
ectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbk
page
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\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {kasar}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { udara me
mbakar zat arang dan campuran tambahan sehingga isi dapr}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl
-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {masih tetap dalam keadaan encer.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\l
par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Setelah lebih kur
ang 20 menit, semua zat arang telah terbakar dan terak yang}\par\pard\li1613\ri0
alex100 {terjadi dikeluarkan. Mengingat baja membutuhkan karbo sebesar 0,0 sampa
i}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1,7 %,}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {maka pada waktu proses terlalu banyak yang hilang terbakar,}\fs
d\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {kekurangan itu harus dit
ambahy dalam bentuk besi yang banyak}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1
\charscalex100 {mengandung karbon. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li16
\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Dengan jalan ini kad
ar karbon ditingkatkan lagi. dari oksidasi besi yang}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {terbentuk dan mengandung zat asam dapat di}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {kurangi dengan besi yang}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\p
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mengandung mangan.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par
18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Udara masi
h dihembuskan ke dalam bejana tadi dengan maksud untuk}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\sl
mult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mendapatkan campuran yang baik. Kemudian terak
dibuang lagi dan}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sel

anjutnya muatan dituangkan ke dalam panci penuang. Pada proses}\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\s
l-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Bessemer mengguna}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {kan besi kasar dengan kandungan fosfor dan belerang}\par\pard\li1613\ri0
alex100 {yang rendah tetapi kandungan fosfor dan belerang masih tetap agak tingg
i}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {karena dalam prosesnya kedua unsur tersebut tidak
terbakar sama sekali.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213
ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Hasil dari konvertor Bessemer dis
ebut baja Bessemer yang ba}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nyak}\par\pard\li1613\ri0
alex100 {digunakan untuk bahan konstruksi. Proses Bessemer juga disebut proses}\
ard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {asam karena muatannya
bersifat asam dan batu tahan apinya juga bersifat}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a
sam. Apabila digunakan muatan yang bersifat basa lapisan batu itu akan}\par\pard
0\f0\charscalex100 {rusak akibat reaksi penggaraman.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{ }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\
cols2\colno1\colw9266\colsr-0\colno2\colw1826\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Kom
petensi : }\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Teknologi Bahan dan Teknik Pengukur
an}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213
d\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {II }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 11
}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\p
ard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
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slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {(}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {b}\b0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {).}\b0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Pro}\b0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {ses Thomas}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { }\b0 \
par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Pr}\i0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {oses Pembuatan Besi dan Baja}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100\i { }\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\
margrsxn133\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\
{Konvertor Thomas juga disebut konvertor basa dan prosesnya adalah proses}\par\p
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {basa, sebab batu tahan apinya bersifat basa serta digunak
an untuk mengolah}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\
ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {besi kasar yang bersifat basa. Mu
atan konvertor Thomas adalah besi kasar}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {putih yang
banyak mengan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dung fosfor. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
Proses pembakaran sama dengan proses pada konvertor Bessemer, hanya}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\
ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {saja pada proses Thomas fosfor te
rbakar setelah zat arangnya terbakar.}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li
0\charscalex100 {Pengaliran udara tidak terus}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {menerus dilakukan karena besinya sendiri akan}\par\pard\
\f0\charscalex100 {terbakar. Pencegahan pembaka}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ran
itu dilakukan dengan menganggap}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\r
scalex100 {selesai prosesnya walaupun kandungan fosfor masih tetap tinggi.}\fs24
\f0\charscalex100 {Guna mengikat fosfor yang terbentuk pada proses ini maka dibe
ri bahan}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tambahan bat
u kapur agar menjadi terak. Terak yang bersifat basa ini dapat}\par\pard\li1613\

rscalex100 {dimanfaatka}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n menjadi pupuk buatan yang
dikenal dengan nama pupuk}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {fosfat. Hasil proses yang keluar dari konvertor Thomas disebut baja Thomas}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {yang biasa digunakan sebagai bahan konstruksi dan p
elat ketel.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
slmult0 \*\tx2066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {(}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\
b {c}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {).}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b
{Proses Martin}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { }\b0 \par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-2
3\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Proses lain untuk membuat baja
dari bahan besi kas}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ar adalah menggunakan}\par\pard\
\f0\charscalex100 {dapur Siemens Martin yang sering disebut proses Martin. Dapur
ini terdiri}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\s
l-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {atas satu tungku untuk bahan yang dica
irkan dan biasanya menggunakan}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {empat ruangan sebaga
i pemanas gas dan udara. Pada proses ini digunakan}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\s
muatan besi bekas ya}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ng dicampur dengan besi kasar s
ehingga dapat}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn1
1893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw9266\colsr-0\colno2\co
lw1826\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmul
s18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Kompete
nsi : }\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Teknologi Bahan dan Teknik Pengukuran}\
i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slm
0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {II }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 12 }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pgh
sxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
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\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {menghasilkan baja dengan kualitas yang lebi
h baik jika dibandingkan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-2
00 {dengan baja Bessemer maupun Thomas.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\
\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Gas yang akan di
bakar dengan udara untuk pembakaran dialirkan ke dalam}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-2
00 {ruangan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ruangan me
lalui batu tahan }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pi y
ang sudah dipanaskan dengan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\sect\sectd\s
0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {temperatur 600 sampai 900}\fs16\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {0}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C. dengan demikian nyala apin
ya mempunyai}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\ma
rgrsxn133\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\sl
mult0 \*\tx5266\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {suhu yang tinggi, kira}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {kira 1800}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{0}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C. gas pembakaran yang bergerak ke luar}\pa
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {masih memberikan panas kedalam ruang yang kedua, denga
n menggunakan}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\
sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {keran pengatu}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {r maka gas panas dan udara pembakaran masuk ke dalam}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ruangan tersebut secara bergantian dipanask
an dan didinginkan.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\sl
\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Bahan bakar yang digunakan adalah ga
s dapur tinggi, minyak yang}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\s
ex100 {digaskan (stookolie) dan juga gas generator. Pada pembakaran zat arang}\f

rd\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {terja}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {di gas CO dan CO2 yang naik ke atas dan mengakibatkan cairannya}\par\
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bergolak, dengan demikian akan terjadi hubungann yang er
at antara api}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dengan
bahan muatan yang dimasukkan ke dapur tinggi. Bahan tambahan}\par\pard\li1613\ri
calex100 {akan bersenyawa dengan zat asam membentuk terak yang }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {menutup cairan}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
d\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tersebut sehingga melind
ungi cairan itu dari oksida lebih lanjut.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\par
f0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Setelah proses
berjalan selama 6 jam, terak dikeluarkan dengan memiringkan}\par\pard\li1613\ri
calex100 {dapur tersebut dan kemudian baja cair dapat dicerat. Hasil akhir dari
proses}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\
slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Martin disebut baja Mar}\fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {tin. Baja ini bermutu baik karena komposisinya}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
mult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dapat diatur dan ditentukan dengan teliti pada
proses yang berlangsung}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-2
00 {agak lama.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn
11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw9266\colsr-0\colno2\c
olw1826\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmu
\i {Kompetensi : }\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Teknologi Bahan dan Teknik P
engukuran}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0
cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {II }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 13 }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\
pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
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\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Lapisan dapur pada proses Martin dapat bers
ifat asam atau basa tergantung}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dari besi kasarnya m
engandung fosfor sedikit atau ba}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nyak. Proses Martin
\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {asam teradi apabila
mengolah besi kasar yang bersifat asam atau}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\p
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mengandung fosfor rendah dan sebaliknya dikatakan proses
Martin basa}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {apabila m
uatannya bersifat basa dan mengandung fosfor yang tinggi.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
{Keuntungan dari proses Martin disban}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ding proses B
essemer dan Thomas}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613
\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {adalah sebagai berikut :}\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {Proses lebih lama sehingga dapat menghasilkan susunan yang lebih baik
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dengan jalan percobaan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {percobaan. }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx1933\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Unsur}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {unsur yang tidak dikehendaki d
an kotoran}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {kotoran dap
at}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1933\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li1933\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dihindarkan atau d
ibersihkan.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx1933\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
c}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pena}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {mbahan besi bekas dan bahan tambahan lainnya pada akhir proses
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {menyebabkan susunannya dapat diatur sebaik}\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {baiknya.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
00 {Selain keuntungan di atas dan karena udara pembakaran mengalir di atas}\par\
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cairan maka hasil akhir akan sedikit mengandung zat asam
dan zat lemas}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Proses
Martin basa biasanya masih mengandung beberapa kotoran seperti}\par\pard\li1613
arscalex100 {zat asam, belerang, fosfor dan sebagainya. Sedangkan pada proses Ma
rtin}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {asam kadar kotoran}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {kotoran tersebut lebih kecil.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\b {(}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {d}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {)
.}\b0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Proses Oksi}\b0 \par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-2
3\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Proses konvertor yang lebih mod
ern adalah proses ok}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {si, pada proses ini}\fs24\cf0\f
\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {menggunakan bahan besi kasar yan
g mempunyai komposisi kurang baik}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613
arscalex100 {apabila dikerjakan dengan konvertor Bessemer maupun Thomas. Disini
zat}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133
\cols2\colno1\colw9266\colsr-0\colno2\colw1826\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
d\li1613\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Kompetensi : }\i0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Teknologi Bahan dan Teknik Pengukuran}\i0 \par\column\
s18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {II }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 14 }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkn
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {asam murni dihembuskan di atas cairan dan k
adang}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {kadang juga keda
lam}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cairan besi, sehingga karbon,}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {silisium, mangan dan sebagainya terbak
ar.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Hasil pembakaran
unsur}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {unsur tersebut d
itampung oleh bahan tambahan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\
lex100 {batu kapur dan terikat menjadi terak yang mengapung di atas cairan besi.
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Proses pembakaran zat asam dengan zat arang terjadi pad
a panas yang}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\s
l-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tingg}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i se
kali, maka diperlukan pendinginan dengan jalan memberikan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tambahan baja bekas. Hasil akhir dari prose
s ini adalah baja oksi yang}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\s
ex100 {bermutu sangat baik karena pengaruh buruk dari unsur udara tidak ada.}\pa
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Oleh karena itu baja oksi baik sekali digunakan sebag}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ai bahan pembuatan}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {kons
truksi dan komponen}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ko
mponen mesin, seperti : poros, baut, pasak,}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\p
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {batang penggerak dan lain}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lainnya. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1

r\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Keuntungan dari pro
ses oksi adalah sebagai berikut :}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {Waktu proses relatif pendek.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li16
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {Hasilnya mengandung fosfor (P)dan belerang (S) ya}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {ng rendah.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmu
x100 {c}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Hasil yan
g diproduksi relatif lebih banyak dalam tempo yang sama}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dibanding proses lainnya.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl333\slmult0 \*\tx2106\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.
}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Biaya produksi baja tiap ton lebih murah.}\fs2
6\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {(}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {e}\b0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100\b {).}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Proses Hoecsch}
\b0 \par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pr
oses Hoecsch merupakan penyempurnaan dari proses Martin. Caranya}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {adalah setelah muatan di dalam}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { dapur Siemens Martin mencair kemudian}\par\pard\li1613\r
scalex100 {langsung dikeluarkan dan dimasukkan dalam kuali yang terbuka untuk}\f
rd\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {membakar fosfor dan bel
erang. Sementara pembakaran dilakukan dapur}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\p
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Siemens Martin dibersihkan dan kemudian lantai dapur dita
buri dengan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn118
7;32768}}

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\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {serbuk bijih b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
esi (Fe}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}{\sub
\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { atau Fe}{\sub \fs16
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {4}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {). Setelah selesai mengadakan pembakara
n}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-306\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {fosfor, belerang dan besi cair yang berada di dal
am kuali tadi dimasukkan}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {kembali ke dalam dapur Sie
mens Martin untuk menyelesaikan pembakaran}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {unsur}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {unsur lain yang belum hi
lang, }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {terutama zat a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rang.
Setelah proses pembakaran zat arang dianggap selesai,}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-21
0 {terak yang terjadi dikeluarkan selanjutnya baja cair ditampung dalam panci}\p
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {penuangan untuk dituang atau dicetak menjadi balok tu
angan.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
t0 \*\tx2066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {(}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {f}
\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {).}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Pros
es Bertrand Thield}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { }\b0 \par\pard\li1613\ri0\
i1613\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Proses ini menggunakan dua
buah dapur }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Siemens Martin. Pada dapur yang}\par\par

f0\f0\charscalex100 {pertama dilakukan pemijaran dan pembakaran untuk memisahkan
fosfor}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sedangkan dal
am dapur kedua diisi dengan besi cair hasil dari dapur yang}\par\pard\li1613\ri0
alex100 {pertama setelah teraknya dikeluarkan. Proses di dalam dapur yang kedua}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tersebut juga}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { diberi t
ambahan bijih besi yang baru.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0
li1613\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {(}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100\b {g}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {).}\b0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100\b {Proses Dupleks}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { }\b0 \par\pard\li1613\
rd\li1613\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Proses ini dilakukan de
ngan cara mengeluarkan zat arang terlebih dahulu}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ya
ng berada konvertor}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ko
nvertor dan memurnikannya di dalam dapur}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard
0\f0\charscalex100 {Siemens Martin. Proses Dupleks terutama dilakukan oleh pabri
k}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pab}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {rik baja}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li16
13\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {yang berada di dekat perusahaa
n dapur tinggi. Setelah proses di dalam}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\
\f0\charscalex100 {dapur tinggi (setelah teraknya dihilangkan) cairan besi kasar
itu dimasukkan}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri
0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {kedalam konvertor (Bessemer atau Th
omas) dan dicampur dengan batu}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri
calex100 {kapur serta baja bekas dalam jumla}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {h yang
dikehendaki. Pengembusan udara}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {di dalam konvertor d
ilakukan sampai kandungan fosfor menjadi rendah}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\p
ar\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2
\colno1\colw9266\colsr-0\colno2\colw1826\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {II }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 16 }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pg
wsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage

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\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {kira}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {kira 1 sampai 1,5 %, ditambah dengan kokas yang telah digili
ng}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {selanjutnya memind
ahkan isinya ke dalam dapur Siemens Martin.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\p
\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {(}\b0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {h}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {).}\b0 { }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100\b {Proses Thalbot}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { }\b0 \pa
s18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Prose}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s Thalbot dilakukan dengan menggunakan dapur Siemens Ma
rtin yang}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-3
33\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dapat diputar}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{-}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {putar dan dijungkitkan. Setelah pemijaran didalam
dapur}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Martinnnnnn, s
ebagian cairan dituangkan ke dalam panic tuang dan ke}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{ }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dalam dapur tadi sambil ditambahkan besi kasar,
bijih}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { besi dan batu kapur.}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl
x100 {Proses selanjutnya adalah menjaga agar cairan besi di dalam panic tuang ta
di}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tidak terjadi oksidasi, artinya mengusahakan pen
dinginan yang cepat.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\s

Akibat dari cara ini adalah hasil yang diperoleh dalam setiap proses dari}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {satu dapur tid}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {ak sama kualitasnya. Baja yang dihasilkan dari proses Thalbot}\p
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {adalah baja biasa seperti hasil dari proses konvertor
Bessemer maupun}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Thom
as.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
\*\tx2066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {(}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {i}\b0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {).}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Proses
Dapur Listrik}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { }\b0 \par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-21
\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Dapur listrik digunakan untuk pe
mbuatan baja yang tahan terhadap suhu}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tinggi. Dapur
ini mempuny}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ai keuntungan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {keuntungan sebagai berikut,}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \*\tx2106\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {J
umlah panas yang diperlukan dapat dapat diatur sebaik}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {baiknya.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard
6\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {Pengaruh zat asam praktis tidak ada.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
0 \*\tx2106\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Susunan besi tidak dipengaruhi oleh aliran listrik.}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\m
arglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw9266\colsr-0\colno2\colw1826\pard\li1613
3\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Kompetensi : }\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100\i {Teknologi Bahan dan Teknik Pengukuran}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-21
8\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {II }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 17 }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknon
e\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage

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\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sedangkan kekurangannya adalah harga listri
k yang mahal. Dap}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ur listrik}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dibagi menjadi dua kelompok yaitu dapur lis
trik busur cahaya dan dapur}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {listrik induksi.}\fs24\
i1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx1933\
fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {?}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Dapur busur caha
ya}\b0 \par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\
{Dapur ini berdasarkan prinsip panas yang memancar dari busur api, dapur}\par\pa
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ini juga dikenal dengan sebutan dapur busur nyala api. Dap
ur ini}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {merupakan suat
u tungku yang bagian atasnya digantungkan dua batang}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {arang sebagai elektroda pada arus bolak}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {balik atau dengan tiga buah}\f
rd\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {elektroda arang yang di

alirkan arus putar. Misalnya pada dapur Stassano}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bu
sur api terjadi antara tiga ujung elektroda ara}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ng y
ang berada di atas baja}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {yang dilebur melalui ujung
elektroda itu dengan arus putar. Pada dapur}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Girod,
arus bolak balik mengalir melalui satu elektroda yang membentuk}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {busur api di antara kutub dan baja ca
ir selanjutnya dikeluarkan melalui}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li161
harscalex100 {enam buah elek}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {troda baja yang didingi
nkan dengan air ke dasar tungku.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\
rscalex100 {Pada dapur Heroult menggunakan dua elektroda arang dengan arus bolak
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {balik dan dapat juga
menggunakan tiga buah elektroda pada arus putar.}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A
rus listrik membentuk busur nyala dari elektroda kepada cair}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {an dan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {kemba
li dari cairan ke elektroda lainnya.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1
r\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx1933\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {?}\tab \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Dapur induksi}\b0 \par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
60\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Dapur induksi dapat dibedakan atas dapur
induksi frekuensi rendah dan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\
lex100 {dapur induksi frekuensi tinggi. Pada dapur induksi dibangkitkan suatu ar
us}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {induksi dalam cairan baja sehingga menimbulkan p
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {anas dalam cairan baja}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone
8\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Kompetens
i : }\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Teknologi Bahan dan Teknik Pengukuran}\i0
\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmul
sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {II }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 18 }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn168
40\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage

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\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {itu sendirii sedangkan dinding dapurnya han
ya menerima pengaruh listrik}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {yang kecil saja.}\fs24
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {Dapur induksi frekuensi rendah, bekerja menurut prinsip transformat
or.}\par\pard\li1933\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1933\ri0\sl-320\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Dapur ini berupa saluran keliling teras dari ba
ja yang beserta isinya}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1933\ri0\sl-213
{dip}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {andang sebagai gulungan sekunder transformator
yang dihubungkan}\par\pard\li1933\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1933\
ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {singkat, akibat hubungan singkat
tersebut di dalam dapur mengalir suatu}\par\pard\li1933\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li1933\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {aliran listr
ik yang besar dan membangkitkan panas yang tinggi.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Akibatnya isi dapur mencair dan campuran}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {campuran tambaha}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {n}\par\pard\li1933\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1933\ri
0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dioksidasikan.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
13\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx1933\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Da
pur induksi frekuensi tinggi, dapur ini terdiri atas suatu kuali yang}\fs24\cf0\
3\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {diberi kumparan besar di sekeli
lingnya. Apabila dalam kumparan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1933\r
scalex100 {dialirkan arus bolak}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {balik maka terjadilah arus putar didalam isi dapur.}\par\pard\li1933\r
scalex100 {Arus ini merupakan aliran listr}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ik hubung
an singkat dan panas yang}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1933\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1933\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {dibangkitkan sangat tinggi sehingga mencairkan isi dapur dan campuran}\par\
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tambahan yang lain serta mengkoksidasikannya.}\fs24\cf0\
harscalex100 {Hasil akhir dari dapur listrik disebut baja elektro yang bermutu s
angat baik}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {untuk digunakan sebagai alat}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 { perkakas misalnya pahat, alat tumbuk dan}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\
lex100 {lain}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lainnya.}
pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\t
x2066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {(}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {j}\b0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {).}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Proses Dapu
r Aduk}\b0 \par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {Dapur aduk merupakan cara pembuatan baja yang konvensional dengan}\fs24\cf0
13\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cara melebur besi kasar di dal
am dapur nyala api bersama}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {sama dengan}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\r
i0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {terak (FeO) untuk mendapatkan zat
asam. Dengan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { cara mengaduk}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {aduk}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893
\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw9266\colsr-0\colno2\colw18
26\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
rscalex100\i {Kompetensi : }\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Teknologi Bahan da
n Teknik Pengukuran}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {II }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 { 19 }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\marg
rsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
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\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dengan batang besi dan ke bawah permukaan d
imasukkan udara maka}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\s
terjadilah suatu masa lunak dari baja yang banyak mengandung terak. }\fs24\cf0\f
arscalex100 {Apabila gumpalan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca

lex100 {gumpalan yang dibuat dalam dapur telah mencapai kira}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {-}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl
-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {kira 60 kg dikeluarkan, maka lan}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {gkah selajutnya adalah mengeluarkan terak}\par\pard\li1613
arscalex100 {dengan jalan menempanya atau dipres. Dalam proses aduk ini lebih ba
nyak}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {melibatkan pekerjaan tangan serta kapasitas pr
oduksi yang kecil maka cara}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ini dipandang tidak efi
sien dan jarang digunakan pada pabrik}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {pabrik }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {baja.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
scalex100\b {c}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {.}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\b {Rangkuman}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { }\b0 \par\pard\li1613\ri0
li1613\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \*\tx2106\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Bahan utama untuk membuat besi k
asar adalah bijih besi. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-2
arscalex100 {2}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Da
pur tinggi dibuat dari susunan batu tahan api yang diberi selubung}\par\pard\li2
\charscalex100 {baja pelat untuk memperkokoh konstruksinya. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl320\slmult0 \*\tx2106\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.
}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Batu kapur adalah sebagai bahan tambahan gunan
ya untuk mengikat}\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2106\
ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {abu }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
k}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {okas dan batu}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {batu ikutan hingga menjadi terak yang dengan}\fs24\cf0\f0\
i0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mudah dapat dipisahkan dari besi k
asar. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx2106\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Prinsip dari proses
dapur tinggi adalah prinsip reduksi. Pada proses ini}\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213
{zat karbon monoksida dapat menyerap zat asam dari ikatan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ikatan besi}\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {za
t asam pada }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {suhu tinggi. Pada pembakaran suhu tingg
i }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1800}\fs16\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {0}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx3226\*\tx4173\*\tx5186\*
\tx6093\*\tx7520\*\tx8373\*\tx9226\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dengan}\tab \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {udara}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {panas,}\tab \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {maka}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dihasilkan}\tab \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {suhu}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {yang}\tab \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {dapat}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-2
00 {menyelenggarakan reduksi tersebut. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\
arscalex100 {Konvertor Bessemer adalah sebuah bejana baja dengan lapisan batu}\f
rd\li2106\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tahan api yang bersifat
asam. Dibagian atasnya terbu}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ka sedangkan pada}\par

24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bagian bawahnya terdapat sejumlah lubang}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lubang untuk saluran}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {udara.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {II }\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 20 }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone
\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
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\slmult0 \*\tx2106\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\t
ab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Keuntungan dari proses Martin disbanding proses B
essemer dan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Thomas ad
alah sebagai berikut : Proses lebih lama sehingga dapat}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {menghasilkan susunan yang lebih baik dengan}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { jalan percobaan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\par\p
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {percobaan, unsur}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {unsur yang tidak dikehendaki dan kotoran}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {kotoran}\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dapat
dihindarkan atau dibersihkan, penambahan besi bekas dan bahan}\par\pard\li2106\r
scalex100 {tambahan lainnya pada akhir proses menyebabkan susunannya dapat}\par\
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {diatur sebaik}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {baiknya.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-2
lex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Dapur listrik digu}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {nakan untuk pembuatan baja yang tahan terhadap}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {suhu tinggi. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }
0\b {d}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {.}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b
{Tugas}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { }\b0 \par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmu
l-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Setelah anda membaca dan memahami pemb
uatan besi kasar, cobalah anda}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {kerjakan latihan di
bawah ini. Dengan demikian anda akan dapat memahami}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\
{dan menjelaskan lebih jauh dari materi ini.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\
8\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx2106\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sebu}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {tkan macam}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {macam bijih besi untuk membuat besi dan baja.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Jelaskan reaksi utama pada proses dapur tinggi. }\fs24\c
scalex100 {.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Mengapa besi kasar yang dihasilkan
dari dapur tinggi belum dapat}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2106\ri
calex100 {dipakai sebagai barang jadi.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\l
rscalex100 {Jelaskan prinsip kerja konvertor.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par
\f0\charscalex100 {apakah yang dimaksud d}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {engan pros
es asam, proses basa dan proses}\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
r\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {oksi di dalam konve

rtor.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sebutkan keuntungan p
embuatan baja dengan menggunakan dapur}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\l
f0\charscalex100 {Siemens Martin dibandingkan dengan menggunakan konvertor.}\fs2
sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Kompetensi : }\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100\i {Teknologi Bahan dan Teknik Pengukuran}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\
ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
0\charscalex100 {II }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
21 }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133
\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
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\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Untuk memeriksa hasil latihan anda bagian i
ni tidak disediakan kunci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {ja}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {waban. Oleh karena itu hasil latihan anda s
ebaiknya anda bandingkan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-2
00 {dengan hasil latihan siswa/kelompok lain. Diskusikanlah dalam kelompok}\par\
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {untuk hal}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {hal yang berbeda dalam hasil latihan itu. Dalam mengkaji hasil}\par\
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {latihan itu anda sebaiknya selalu melihat t}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {eori proses pembuatan besi kasar}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slm
ng diuraikan sebelumnya. Jika terdapat hal}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {hal yang tidak dapat di atasi}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\s
dalam diskusi kelompok, bawalah persoalan tersebut ke dalam pertemuan}\par\pard\
\f0\charscalex100 {tutorial. Yakinlah dalam pertemuan tersebut anda akan dapat m
emecahkan}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-3
33\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {persoal}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {an it
u.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
*\tx2066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {e}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {.}\b0
\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Tes Formatif}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b
{ (}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {H}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {.}\b0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {01.1)}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { }\b0 \pa
s18\cf0\par\pard\li1586\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pilihlah
salah satu kemungkinan jawaban yang menurut anda paling tepat}\par\pard\li1613\r
scalex100 {dengan memberi tanda silang (X) pada huruf a, b, c, atau d.}\fs24\cf0
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {Bahan utama untuk membuat besi kasar adalah \uc1\u8230X.}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx2333\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Biji atom}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\
\*\tx2333\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Biji besi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1933\r
i0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1933\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx2333\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {c}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {Batu bara}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1933\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
0 {d}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Batuan}\fs24
arscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Bijih besi }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {diolah menjadi besi kasar melalui proses \uc1\u8230X.}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
l-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\fs

24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Dapur tinggi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li
0\charscalex100 {b. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
Dapur kuba}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1933\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li1933\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c. }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Dapur kerucut}\fs24\cf0\f0\
i0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
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\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1
\colw9266\colsr-0\colno2\colw1826\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {II }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 22 }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbk
none\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
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ab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Dapur pembuat besi kasar terbuat dari bahan \uc1\
u8230X.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1933\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li1933\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx2333\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Batu granit}\fs24\c
1933\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx2333\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Batu kapur}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
slmult0 \*\tx2333\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\ta
b \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Batu tahan api}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\
x2333\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {Batu apung}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1546\ri0\
0\charscalex100 {4}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Bahan bakar untuk dapur tinggi untuk mengolah bi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {j
ih besi adalah}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1933\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
0 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Kukas}\fs24\
i1933\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx2333\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Kakus}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
lt0 \*\tx2333\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Kokos}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1933\r
0\f0\charscalex100 {d}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {Kokas}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1546\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li1546\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \*\tx1933\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Prinsip dari pro
ses dapur tinggi adalah\uc1\u8230X.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li19
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {Reduksi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1933\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1933\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx2333\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Reaksi}\fs
d\li1933\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx2333\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Reactor}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
\slmult0 \*\tx2333\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\t
ab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Reaktif }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\
arscalex100 {Untuk menurunkan kadar karbon dan unsur tambahan lainnya dari besi}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {kasar digunakan proses \uc1\u8230X.}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx2333\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Konveyor}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\pa

\tx2333\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {Konvertor}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1933\ri0
\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1933\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx2333\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {c}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {Konduktor}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1933\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
{d}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Konveksi}\fs24
arscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Konvertor B}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {essemer adalah sebuah bejana baja dengan lapisan batu tahan}\par\pard\li
0\charscalex100 {api yang bersifat \uc1\u8230X.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\p
*\tx2333\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {Asam dan Basa}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\sect\
sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw9
266\colsr-0\colno2\colw1826\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
l-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {II }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 23 }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn1684
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slmult0 \*\tx2333\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\ta
b \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Asam sulfat}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\par
d\li1933\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1933\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx23
33\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {Asam laknat}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1933\ri0\sl
-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1933\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx2333\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {d}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
Asam}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Pr}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {oses Pembuatan Bes
i dan Baja}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { }\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\
pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1546\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
{8}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Konvertor Thom
as sering disebut konvertor \uc1\u8230X\uc1\u8230X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
0 \*\tx2333\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Asam}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1933\ri0\
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{Asam dan basa}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1933\ri0\sl-213\slmult
00 {c}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Basa serta
asam}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1933\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li1933\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx2333\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Basa }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
sl-453\slmult0 \*\tx1933\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {9}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Proses Thalbot menggunakan dapur yang dapat
di}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {putar}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {putar dan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1933\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1933\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {dijungkitkan yaitu dapur \uc1\u8230X.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pa
rd\li1933\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1933\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx2
333\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {Siemens Martin.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1933\r
0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {Listrik.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1933\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
{c}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Busur cahaya.
\pard\li1933\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx2333\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Induksi }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
l-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Batu kapur sebagai bahan tambahan berfungsi untuk mengika
t\uc1\u8230X.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1933\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
{a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Biji besi}\fs
d\li1933\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx2333\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Besi kasar}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 { }\par\pard\li1933\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1933\ri0\sl320\slmult0 \*\tx2333\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.
}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Abu kokas}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\p
2333\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {Batu bara}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sb
knone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw9266\cols
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0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {II }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\
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\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Cocokkanlah jawaban anda dengan kunci jawab
an yang terdap}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {at pada}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bagian akhir Buku Materi Pokok ini. Hitunglah juml
ah jawaban anda yang}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li16
13\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {benar, kemudian gunakanlah rum
us di bawah ini untuk mengetahui tingkat}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {penguasaan
anda terhadap materi Kegiatan Belajar ini.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\p
\cf0\par\pard\li2333\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Rumus :}\fs2
0\f0\charscalex100 {Jumlah Jawaban Anda yang benar}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
}\par\pard\li1920\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Tingkat Penguas
aan =
______________________________
X 100 %}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 { }\par\pard\li5520\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
10 }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-21
arscalex100 {Arti tingkatan penguasaan yang anda ca}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
pai :}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {90 %
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 100 %}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {: Baik Sekali}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
3\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {80 % }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 89 %}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {: Baik}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {70 % }\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 79 %}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {: Cukup}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }
\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\col
s2\colno1\colw3053\colsr-0\colno2\colw8040\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\ul {<}\ul0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\ul { 69 %}\ul0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\ul { }\ul0 \pa
r\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {: Kurang}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\sect
\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1613\ri0\s
ar\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-466\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Bila tingkat pengu
asaan anda mencapai 80 % ke atas, anda dapat}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {meneruskan ke kegiatan belajar berikutnya, bila bagus, t
etapi apabila nilai}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li161
3\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {yang anda capai di bawah }\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {80 %, anda harus mengulangi kegiatan belajar ini,}\par\pa
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {terutama pada bagian yang belum anda kuasai.}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 { }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn66
6\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw9266\colsr-0\colno2\colw1826\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-2

\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Komp
etensi : }\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Teknologi Bahan dan Teknik Pengukura
n}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\
cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {II }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 25 }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\
pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
7;32768}}
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slmult0 \*\tx2066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {f}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\
b {.}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Lembar Kerja}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100\b { }\b0 \par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\r
i0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \*\tx2066\*\tx305
3\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {).}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Alat}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }
\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {: }\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx2333\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {?}\tab
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {OHP}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2106\
ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx2333\fs24\c
f0\f2\charscalex100 {?}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Papan tulis}\fs24\cf0\f0
ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx2333\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {?}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {Gambar kerja}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-21
rscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {).}\tab
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Bahan yang digunakan adalah :}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
\slmult0 \*\tx2333\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {?}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Modul}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx2066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {).}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {Langkah kerja :}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\column\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Pr}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\i {oses Pembuatan Besi dan Baja}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { }\i0 \par\pa
rd\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\coln
o1\colw9266\colsr-0\colno2\colw1826\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx2333\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {?}\tab \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Siswa memahami tentang teori proses pembuatan besi kasar
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Siswa dapat menjelaskan proses pembuatan besi kasar}\fs2
\li2106\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx2333\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {?}\tab \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {Siswa dapat mengidentifikasi proses pembuatan besi kasar}\par
\li1613\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Kompetensi : }\i0 \fs24

\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Teknologi Bahan dan Teknik Pengukuran}\i0 \par\column\p
18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {II }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 26 }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkno
ne\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
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slmult0 \*\tx2066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {2}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\
b {.}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Klasifikasi Besi dan Baja}\b0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { }\b0 \par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
x2066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {a}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {.}\b0 \ta
b \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Tujuan Kegiatan Pembelajaran}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100\b { }\b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100\i {Pr}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {oses Pembuatan Besi dan Baja}\i0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { }\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pg
hsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Siswa dapat memahami, mengidentifikasi, memilih dan menen
tukan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {klasifikasi bes
i}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { dan baja. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\par
f0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx2066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {b}\
b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {.}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Uraian
Materi}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { }\b0 \par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmu
l-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Besi atau baja yang dihasilkan dari da
pur}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dapur baja disebut
besi atau baja}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri
0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {karbon, yaitu campuran antara besi
dengan zat arang (karbon). Sedangkan}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {unsur lainnya
seperti fosfor, belerang dan sebagainya juga ada didalamnya,}\par\pard\li1613\ri
calex100 {namun }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {alam
prosentase yang kecil sekali sehingga dianggap tidak}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mempengaruhinya.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Unsur p
aduan itu diberikan dengan maksud memperbaiki atau memberi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
0\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sifat baja yang sesuai dengan sifat yang d
ikenhendaki pada baja.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213
{Berdasarkan banyaknya karbon yang dikandung besi }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tau baja, dapat}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dibedakan menjadi dua bagian, yaitu :}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Besi atau baja tempa yang mengandung berkisar antara 0,01 s/d 1,7 %}\par\pard\l

f0\charscalex100 {karbon.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx1933\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B
esi atau baja tuang yang mengandung berkisar antara 2,3 s/d 3,5 %}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {karbon, baja ini sangat tidak baik
untuk ditempa.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
60\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Besi atau}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { ba
ja yang kadar karbonnya berkisar antara 1,8 s/d 2,2 %, tidak}\par\pard\li1613\ri
calex100 {dibuat karena pada prosentase tersebut sifatnya kurang baik.}\fs24\cf0
\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Kompetensi : }\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100\i {Teknologi Bahan dan Teknik Pengukuran}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {II }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 { 27 }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\ma
rgrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
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b {1}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {).}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b
{Baja Karbon}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { }\b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Pr}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {
oses Pembuatan Besi dan Baja}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { }\i0 \par\pard\s
ect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1613\ri
\li1613\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Baja karbon adalah baja y
ang mengandung karbon sampai 1,7 %. Baja}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard
0\f0\charscalex100 {karbon digolongkan menjadi tiga kelompok berdasarkan}\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 { banyaknya karbon}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {yang terkand
ung dalam baja, yaitu :}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-21
\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Baja karbon rendah.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Baja yang mengandung karbon antara 0,10 s/d 0,3
0 %. Baja karbon}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2160\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2160\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rend
ah dalam perdagangan dibuat dalam bentuk pelat, batangan untuk}\par\pard\li2160\
rscalex100 {keperluan tempa, pekerjaan mesin, dan lain}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lain.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\l
f0\charscalex100 {b. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {Baja karbon sedang.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2160\ri0\sl-213
{Baja ini mengandung karbon antara 0,30 s/d 0,60 %. Baja karbon sedang}\par\par
f0\f0\charscalex100 {dalam perdagangan biasanya digunakan sebagai alat}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {alat perkakas,}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {baut, poros engkol, roda gigi, ragum,
pegas, dan lain}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lain.
\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx2106\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Baja karbon tinggi.}\fs24\
i2106\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Baja yan}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {g mengandung karbon antara 0,70 s/d 1,5 %. Baja karbon ini}\par\pard\l
f0\charscalex100 {banyak digunakan untuk keperluan pembuatan alat}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {alat konstruksi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
20\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {yang berhubungan dengan panas yang tinggi

atau dalam}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {penggunaa
nnya akan menerima dan mengalami panas, misalnya}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {landasan, palu, gerg}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {aj
i, pahat, kikir, mata bor, bantalan peluru, dan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\p
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sebagainya.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\l
par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Berdasarkan pengg
unaan baja dapat diklasifikasikan dalam dua grup yaitu}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-2
00 {baja konstruksi dan baja perkakas. Baja kontruksi termasuk kontruksi}\fs24\c
1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bangunan dan kontruksi mesin
. Baja kontruksi bangunan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { umumnya}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
l-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mengandung karbon sampai 0,3 % dengan
kekuatan tarik dan batas regang}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn1
6840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw9266\colsr-0\colno2\colw1826\pard\
Pengukuran}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\r
\charscalex100 {II }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 2
8 }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\
pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
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\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rendah serta tidak dapat dikeraskan. Sedang
kan baja mesin umumnya}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213
{memiliki kadar karbon berkisar 0,3 s/d 0,6 %, mempunyai kekerasan yang}\par\pa
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lebih besar, kekuatan tarik dan batas re}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {gang agak tinggi serta dapat}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\
\f0\charscalex100 {dikeraskan.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri
\li1613\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Kedua grup baja di atas m
asih digolongkan lagi menjadi baja yang tidak}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dipad
u, baja paduan rendah dan baja paduan tinggi, yaitu :}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
ex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Baja yan
g tidak dipadu mengandung 0,06 s/d 1,5 % karbon, dengan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sedikit mangan (Mn), }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {silisium (Si), fosfor (P), dan belerang (S).}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }
\*\tx2106\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Baja paduan rendah mengandung 0,06 s/d 1,5 % karbon denga
n}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
r\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tambahan 5 % bahan
paduan.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li1653\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx2106\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Baja paduan tinggi
mengandung 0,03 s/d 2,2 % karbon dengan lebih}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dari satu bahan paduan sebanyak 5 % atau lebih.}\fs24\c
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {(}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {2}\b0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100\b {).}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Baja Kontruk}\b0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {si}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { }\b0 \par\par
f0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Baja kontruksi
digunakan untuk keperluan kontruksi bangunan dan}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pembuatan bagian}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bagian mesin. Berdasarkan campuran dan proses}\fs22\cf0\

3\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pembuatannya , baja kontruksi d
ibedakan menjadi :}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slm
sl-360\slmult0 \*\tx2066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {baja karbon biasa.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
lmult0 \*\tx2066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Baja kontruksi kualitas tinggi.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl333\slmult0 \*\tx2066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.
}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Baja spesial.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\p
ar\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2
\colno1\colw9266\colsr-0\colno2\colw1826\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
calex100\i {Kompetensi : }\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Teknologi Bahan dan
Teknik Pengukuran}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
3\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {II }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 { 29 }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\ma
rglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
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\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Adapun b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {aja ko
ntruksi dikelompokakan dalam tiga jenis terdiri dari :}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
lex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Baja ko
ntruksi umum.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Baja ko
ntruksi umum terdiri atas jenis baja karbon dan baja kualitas}\par\pard\li2106\r
scalex100 {tinggi yang dipadu. Penggunaan baja ini didasarkan atas pertimbangan}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tegangan tarik minimumnya yang cuku}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {p tinggi. Baja ini banyak}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\l
f0\charscalex100 {digunakan pada kontruksi bangunan gedung, jembatan, poros mesi
r\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dan roda gigi.}\fs2
\li2106\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Baja kontruksi umum diper
dagangkan dalam dua jenis kualitas yang}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\
\f0\charscalex100 {biasanya dibedakan dengan pemberian nomer kode 2 dan 3.}\fs24
li2106\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Contoh : St. 44 }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8211X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 2 untuk k}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {ualitas tinggi.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li210
harscalex100 {
St. 44 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8211X}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 3 untuk kualitas istimewa (khusus).
}\fs24\cf0\f
3\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx2106\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Baja otomat.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Baja otomat terdiri atas baja kualitas tinggi
yang tidak dipadu dan baja}\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li2106\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {kualitas tinggin paduan
rendah dengan kadar belerang (S) dan fosfor (P)}\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slm
ng tinggi. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Baja ini mengandung 0,07 s/d 0,065 % kar
bon, 0,18 s/d 0,4}\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2106\
ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {% belerang, 0,6 s/d 1,5 % mangan,

dan 0,05 s/d 0,4 % silisium.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2106\ri0
li2106\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Untuk keperluan menghalusk
an permukaan ditambahkan lagi dengan}\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {timbal (Pb) 0,
15 s/d 0,3 %. Karena mengandung belerang (S) dan fosfor}\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {(P}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) yang cukup tinggi, maka baja otomat sangat
tidak baik untuk}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pek
erjaan las.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn118
\f0\charscalex100\i {Kompetensi : }\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Teknologi B
ahan dan Teknik Pengukuran}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
alex100 {II }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 30 }\par
\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\se
ct\sectd\sbkpage
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slmult0 \*\tx2106\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\ta
b \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Baja case hardening.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Pr}\i0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {oses Pembuatan Besi dan Baja}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100\i { }\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn66
6\margrsxn133\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-32
0\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Baja case hardening diperoleh dengan menar
uh baja lunak diantara bahan}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {yang kaya dengan karbo
n dan memanaskannya hingga di atas suhu kritis}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {atas
nya (900 }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8211X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 9
}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {50}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 { C) dalam waktu yang cukup lama untuk mendapatkan}\par\pard\li1613\ri0
alex100 {lapisan permukaan yang banyak mengandung karbon.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
{Baja case hardening ini terdiri atas baja kualitas tinggi yang tidak dipadu da
n}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {baja spesial yang tidak dipadu maupun yang dipadu
. Supaya benda kerja}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li16
13\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {teta}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {p liat, diusahakan kandungan karbon pada bagian permukaan benda}\fs24\cf0\f0\
i0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {keja yang telah dikarbonisasikan t
adi berkisar antara 0,6 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8211X}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 { 0,9 %.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\s
0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx2066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {(}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100\b {3}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {).}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\b {Baja Perkakas}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { }\b0 \par\pard\li1613
ard\li1613\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Baja perkakas banyak d
igunakan untuk bahan membuat perkakas, misalnya}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ste
mpel, kaliber, serta alat}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {alat potong.}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { Baja perkakas dikelompokkan}\fs22\
i1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {berdasarkan :}\fs24\cf0\f0\

0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {Keadaan paduan : tidak dipadu, paduan rendah, dan paduan tinggi.}\fs24\cf0\
lex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Bahan pendingin : air, minyak, dan ud
ara.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Proses pengerasan : pe
ngerjaan panas dan pengerjaan dingin.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li
ar\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sifat}\fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {-}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sifat baja perkakas tanpa paduan y
ang te}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rpenting adalah sebagai}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
0\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {berikut :}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\p
{a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Kandungan karb
on antara 0,35 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8211X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 { 1,6 %.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {T}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {emperatur pengerasan 750 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8211X
850}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { C.}\fs24\cf0\f0\
i0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx1933\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Temperatur tempering 100 }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {\uc1\u8211X 300}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {C.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
{d}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Temperatur ke
rja sampai 200}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { C.}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\
marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw9266\colsr-0\colno2\colw1826\pard\li161
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Kompetensi : }\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\i {Teknologi Bahan dan Teknik Pengukuran}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\sl
l-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {II }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 31 }\par\pard
\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\se
ctd\sbkpage
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\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Penggunaan baja perkakas tanpa paduan diten
tukan oleh kandungan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\s
karbonya, contoh }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {: }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slm
sl-360\slmult0 \*\tx2066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0,5 % karbon untuk pembuatan martil dan lan
dasan tempa. Sifatnya}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2066\ri0\sl-213\
{rapuh.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx2066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0,8 % karbon untuk
pembuatan peniti, gunting, dan pisau. Sifatnya}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\pa
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rapuh.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\
f0\f0\charscalex100 {c}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {0,9 % karbon untuk pembuatan perkakas tukang kayu dan pahat.}\fs24\cf0\f0\
i0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sifatnya rapuh dan keras. setengah
keras.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx2066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1,1 % }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {karbon untuk pembuatan kikir, penggores, dan gunting. Sifatnya}\
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {setengah keras.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\p
2066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {1,3 % karbon untuk pembuatan mata bor, skraper, dan dies. Sifat
nya}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2066\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\

par\pard\li2066\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {keras dan rapuh.}
pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx2066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {f}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Lebih dari 1,3 % karbon unt
uk pembuatan reamer dan matres. Sifatnya}\par\pard\li2066\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li2066\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sangat ker
as.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
\*\tx9640\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Kondisi umu}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m d
ari baja perkakas adalah pada temperatur di atas 200}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{0}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li
0\charscalex100 {kemampuan potongnya hilang, oleh sebab itu baja perkakas tanpa}
pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {paduandigunakan untuk
pembuatan alat}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {alat d
an perkakas yang tidak}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213
{mengalami temperatur kerja yang tinggi. Karena kekuatan tarik dan ba}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {tas}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {regang yang tinggi , baja in
i digunakan pula sebagai bahan untuk alat}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {alat}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ukur. Baja perkakas dapat
disepuh dengan baik dan dikeraskan dengan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pa
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mencelupkannya ke dalam air.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {II }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 { 32 }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\m
argrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
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b {4}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {).}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b
{Baja Paduan}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { }\b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Pr}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {
oses Pembuatan Besi dan Baja}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { }\i0 \par\pard\s
\li1613\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Baja paduan adalah campur
an antara baja karbon dengan unsur}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {unsur l}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ain}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213
{yang akan mempengaruhi sifat}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {sifat baja, misalnya sifat kekerasan, liat,}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {kecepatan membeku, titik cair, dan sebagainya ya
ng bertujuan memperbaiki}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {kualitas dan kemampuannya.
Penambahan unsur}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {unsu
r lain dalam baja}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {kar
bon dapat dilakukan dengan satu atau}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {lebih unsur, tergantung dari}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {karakteristik atau sifat khusus yang dikehendaki. }\fs2
0\f0\charscalex100 {Unsur}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {unsur paduan untuk baja ini dibagi dalam dua golongan yaitu : }\fs24\cf0\f0\

i0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx2066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Unsur yang membuat baja menjadi kuat da
n ulet, dengan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2066\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2066\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mengur
aikannya ke dalam ferrite (misalnya Ni, Mn, s}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {edikit
Cr dan Mo).}\par\pard\li2066\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2066\ri0\s
l-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Unsur ini terutama digunakan untuk pem
buatan baja konstruksi.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-21
rscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Uns
ur yang bereaksi dengan karbon dalam baja dan membentuk karbida}\par\pard\li2066
arscalex100 {yang lebih keras dari sementit (misalnya unsur Cr, W, Mo, dan V). u
nsur}\par\pard\li2066\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2066\ri0\sl-320\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ini terutama digunakan untuk pembuat}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {an baja perkakas.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1
r\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pengaruh unsur padu
an untuk memperbai}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ki sifat}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sifat baja antara lain:}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
{Silisium (Si) dapat menambah sifat elastis dan mengurangi perkembangan}\par\pa
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {gas di dalam cairan baja, sehingga persenyawaannya lebih h
omogen. Makin}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\
sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {besar unsur Si semakin su}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {kar ditempa atau di las. Baja dengan paduan}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {silisium biasanya digunakan untuk membu
at pegas.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Mangan (Mn) merupakan unsur yang harus selalu
ada di dalam baja dengan}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {jumlah yang kecil dan seba
gai pencegah oksidasi, dengan demikian setiap}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {prose
s kimia dan pr}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {oses metalurgi dapat berlangsung deng
an baik.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\
pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw9266\colsr-0\colno2\colw182
6\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
scalex100\i {Kompetensi : }\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Teknologi Bahan dan
Teknik Pengukuran}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {II }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 { 33 }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margr
sxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage

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\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Penambahan unsur mangan di dalam baja padua
n menambah kekuatan dan}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ketahanan panas baja paduan
itu serta penampilan yang lebih bersih dan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\p
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mengkilat.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613
ard\li1613\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Nikel (Ni) dapat mempe
rtinggi kekuatan dan regangannya sehing}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ga baja}\fs2
\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {paduan ini menjadi liat d
an tahan tarikan. Penambahan unsur nikel di dalam}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\sl
aja karbon berpengaruh pula terhadap ketahanan korosi. Oleh karena itu}\par\pard
0\f0\charscalex100 {baja paduan ini biasa digunakan untuk bahan membuat sudu}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sudu turbin,}\par\pard\li
0\charscalex100 {roda gigi, bagian}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {bagian mobil }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dan sebagainya.}\fs24\cf0
charscalex100 {Chromium (Cr) dapat memberikan kekuatan dan kekerasan baja lebih}
pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {meningkat, tahan koro
si dan tahan aus. Dengan sifat}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {sifat itu membuat baja}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
r\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {paduan ini baik un
tuk bahan poros, dan roda gigi. Penambahan unsur}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {chromium biasanya diikuti dengan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 { penambahan nikel.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\s
1613\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Molibdenum (Mo) dengan penam
bahan molibdenum akan memperbaiki}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613
arscalex100 {baja karbon menjadi tahan terhadap suhu yang tinggi, liat, dan kuat
. Baja}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {paduan ini biasa digunakan sebagai bahan unt
uk membuat alat}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {alat p
otong,}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {misalnya pahat.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Wolf
ram (W) }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dengan penambahan unsur ini memberikan peng
aruh yang}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sama sepert
i pada penambahan molibdenum dan biasanya juga dicampur}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dengan unsur nikel (Ni) dan chromium (Cr). Ba
ja paduan ini memiliki sifat}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tahan terhadap suhu ya
ng tinggi, karenanya banyak digunakan un}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tuk bahan}\
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {membuat pahat potong yang lebih dikenal dengan nama
baja potong cepat}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\
ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(HSS /Hight Speed Steel).}\fs24\c
lex100\i {Teknologi Bahan dan Teknik Pengukuran}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0
\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {II }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 34
}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pa
rd\sect\sectd\sbkpage

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\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Vanadium (V) dengan penambahan unsur ini ak
an memperbaiki struktur}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-21
0 {kristal baja menjadi halus dan tahan aus, terlebih bila dicampur dengan}\fs24
li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {chromium. }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {Baja paduan ini digunakan untuk membuat roda gigi, batang}\fs24\cf0
13\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {penggerak, dan sebagainya.}\fs
f0\f0\charscalex100 {Kobalt (Co) dengan penambahan unsur ini akan memperbaiki si
fat}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {kekerasan baja me
ningkat dan tahan aus serta tetap keras pada suhu yang}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-2
00 {tinggi. Baja paduan ini banyak digun}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {akan untuk
konstruksi pesawat terbang}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
d\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {atau konstruksi yang har
us tahan panas dan tahan aus.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0
li1613\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Tembaga (Cu), baja paduan
yang memiliki ketahanan korosi yang besar}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\par
f0\f0\charscalex100 {diperoleh dengan penambahan tembaga berkisar 0,5 }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8211X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 1,5 % tembaga pada}\

\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {99,95 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8211X}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 99,85 % Fe. Baja p}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {aduan ini
disebut baja Armco yang digunakan}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {untuk membuat ko
nstruksi jembatan, menara}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {menara, dan lian}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {l
ain.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\*\tx2066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {(}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {5}\b
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {).}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Besi T
uang}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { }\b0 \par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
60\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pada umumnya besi tuang adalah paduan ant
ara besi dengan zat arang. Zat}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
r\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {arang atau karbon y
ang terikat berkisar antara 2,3 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8211X}\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 { 3,6 %. Bes}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i tuang}\par\pard\l
f0\charscalex100 {digolongkan dalam dua kelompok utama yaitu :}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
\charscalex100 {1}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Besi tuang yang mengandung grafit (besi tuang kelabu).}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
lmult0 \*\tx2066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Besi tuang yang tidak mengandung grafit (besi tuang
putih).}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
ult0 \*\tx2066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {(}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {
a}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {).}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Be
si Tuang Kelabu}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { }\b0 \par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li16
13\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Bahan untuk membuat besi tuang
kelabu adalah besi kasar kelabu. Besi k}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {asar}\par\p
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {kelabu mempunyai kandungan silisium yang tinggi antara 1,
5 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8211X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 5,5 % da
n}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\c
ols2\colno1\colw9266\colsr-0\colno2\colw1826\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
\f0\charscalex100\i {Kompetensi : }\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Teknologi B
ahan dan Teknik Pengukuran}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {II }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 35 }\par\pard\sect\sectd
\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage

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\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {kadar mangan yang rendah. Dengan kandungan
silisium yang tinggi akan}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {meningkatkan terbentuknya
zat arang bebas, sehingga setelah pendingin,}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {besi tuang kelabu mengandung grafit. Gra}\fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {fit muncul dalam besi sebagai}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\p
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pelat}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {pelat tipis yang disebut lamel grafit. Bentuk dan banyaknya lamel}\fs24\c
1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {grafit tergantung dari campu
ran kimiawi dan kecepatan pendinginannya.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\par
f0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Silikon (Silis
ium) dan pendinginan yang lambat akan menaikkan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\p
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pembentukan grafit. Se}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {da
ngkan mangan dengan pendinginan yang cepat}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pa
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {akan mengurangi pembentukan grafit. Lamel grafit mempunyai
sifat lunak,}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\
sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {kekuatan tarik rendah, regangan kecil

, dapat menerima gaya tekan yang}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\
rscalex100 {besar, meredam suara dan getaran. Besi tuang kelabu terdiri atas per
l}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {it dan}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {grafit. Perlit
(pearlit) terdiri atas}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {ferrit}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {dan}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {cementit}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {. }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li16
charscalex100 {Selain besi tuang berlamel grafit, masih ada dua jenis dari besi
tuang kelabu}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\s
l-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {yaitu : besi tuang mekanik atau besi t
uang berlamel grafit halus, dan besi}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tuang speroidi
cal atau besi tuang be}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rgrafit bola.}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {Besi tuang mekanik adalah besi tuang yang sepenuhnya terdiri atas}\fs24\cf0\f
\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {grafit halus. Besi tuang mekanik
mempunyai sifat tahan gesekan,}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2066\r
scalex100 {mempunyai kekuatan kejut yang tinggi dan dapat dikeraskan.}\fs24\cf0\
lex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Besi tuang grafit bola juga sering di
sebut dengan nam}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a besi nodular atau}\par\pard\li206
harscalex100 {besi ductile. Besi tuang ini mengandung grafit yang berbentuk bola
\pard\li2066\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bundar, bagian tepin
ya tidak tajam dan strukturnya lebih bersambung.}\par\pard\li2066\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2066\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De
ngan adanya penambahan sedikit logam magnesium (Mg) pada besi}\par\pard\li2066\r
scalex100 {cair sebelum penuangan, grafit akan }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bera
da dalam bentuk bola.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i
{Kompetensi : }\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Teknologi Bahan dan Teknik Peng
ukuran}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {II }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 36 }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn1
1893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage

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slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {(}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {b}\b0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {).}\b0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Besi Tuang
Putih}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { }\b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Pr}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {oses P
embuatan Besi dan Baja}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { }\i0 \par\pard\sect\se
ctd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-2
3\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Besi tuang putih mempunyai bida
ng patahan berwarna putih, yang}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\r
scalex100 {disebabkan oleh sementit yang putih. Bahan baku untuk pembuatan besi}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tuang putih adalah besi kasar putih. Besi kasar put
ih memiliki kandungan}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1
613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {silisiu}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {m yang rendah kurang dari 0,5 % dan kadar mangan yang rendah.}\fs22\cf0\f
\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Karena kadar silisium yang renda
h menyebabkan hanya terbentuk sementit}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dan pearlit.
Dengan demikian besi tuang putih setelah didinginkan hanya}\par\pard\li1613\ri0
alex100 {terdiri atas pearlit dan sementit.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\p
\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Termasuk did
alam}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { kelompok besi tuang putih adalah sebagai berik
ut :}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1626\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\*\tx2106\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {?}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Besi tu
ang tempa ada dua macam yaitu besi tuang black heart dan besi}\par\pard\li2106\r
scalex100 {tempa white heart.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1626\ri0
li1626\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx2106\fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {?}\tab \fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {Besi tuang tempa black heart dibuat dari besi tuang putih deng
an}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {kandungan silisium
yang rendah, dipanaskan hingga t}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {emperatur }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 900}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {0}\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-320\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C, dalam dapur yang selalu bebas dari oksigen
di sekitarnya. Besi tuang}\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par

d\li2106\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {putih tersebut dimasukka
n perlahan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lahan kedal
am daerah pemanasan}\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li210
6\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {menggunakan rangka bakar yang b
ergerak. Waktu pemanasan selama }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
l-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {48 jam. Pemanasan yang diperpanjang}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ini menyebabkan sement
it}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {hancur menjadi lap
isan grafit yang kasar, karbon akan mengumpul}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {seperti bunga mawar pada temper karbon. Permukaan pecah
an tampak}\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-3
20\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {gelap karena kandungan karbon, sebab itul
ah besi tuang ini disebut}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {black heart. Oleh karena strukturn}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ya terdiri a
tas temper karbon dan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\
{ferrite, maka menjadi lunak dan ulet (ductile). Besi tuang tempa black}\par\par
d\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno
1\colw9266\colsr-0\colno2\colw1826\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
f0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {II }\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 37 }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\p
7;32768}}

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\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {heart sering digunakan dalam industri mobil
karena campuran antara}\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i2106\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sifat tuangan tahan getaran
dan dapat dikerjakan dengan mesin.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li16
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Besi tuang tempa whit}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e hear
t dibuat dari besi tuang putih yang}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li21
charscalex100 {berkadar silisium rendah. Dalam proses pembuatannya besi tuang pu
tih}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133
\cols2\colno1\colw7800\colsr-0\colno2\colw3293\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ini dipan
askan hingga temperatur}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {+}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 100}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}\par\column\
f0\charscalex100 {C selama 100 jam dan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\s
calex100 {dihubungkan pada bahan oksidasi, seperti misalnya bijih besi merah}\fs
d\li2106\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {atau hemetit (Fe}{\sub \
fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {3}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {). Selama proses pemanasan, karbon
pada}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {permukaan tuanga
n dioksidasikan oleh bijih hematite dan akan hilang}\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\
{sebagai gas karbon dioksi (CO}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {). Sesudah prose ini selesai pada bagian}\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl
x100 {yang tipis hanya akan mengandung ferrit dan pada bagian pecahan}\fs22\cf0\
6\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {akan member}\fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {ikan warna besi putih yang disebut white heart. Proses}\fs22\cf0\f0\cha
sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pembuatan besi tuang tempa white hear
t ini cocok untuk mengerjakan}\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
pard\li2106\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bagian}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bagian tipis yang dikehendaki keulet
an tinggi.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1626\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
lmult0 \*\tx2106\fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {?}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B
esi tuang keras dibuat dari besi kasar kelabu yang memiliki kadar}\fs22\cf0\f0\c
0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {silisium yang}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 { tinggi antara 1,5 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8211X}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 { 5,5 % dan kadar mangan yang rendah.}\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\
{Besi tuang keras mempunyai lapisan luar yang tahan aus dan sangat}\fs22\cf0\f0\
i0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {keras, tetapi bagian inti kurang k
eras dan kenyal. Pada proses}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2106\ri0\
lex100 {pembuatannya, benda tuang didinginkan secara cepat pada bagian}\fs22\cf0
06\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {luarnya}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {, sedangkan bagian intinya didinginkan secara perlahan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lahan.}\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Untuk
memperoleh kecepatan pendinginan yang besar pada bagian luar}\par\pard\li2106\r
scalex100 {prose penuangan dilakukan dengan cara menuang ke dalam cetakan}\fs22\
i2106\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {yang terbuat dari logam sel
uruhnya.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\
pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw9266\colsr-0\colno2\colw182
6\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Kompetensi : }\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i
{Teknologi Bahan dan Teknik Pengukuran}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmul

li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {II }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 38 }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\p
ghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
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\slmult0 \*\tx2106\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {?}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Dengan cara pendinginan sep}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {erti ini benda tuang me
mperoleh lapisan}\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2106\r
i0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {luar yang terdiri atas besi tuang
putih dan bagian inti yang terdiri atas}\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {baja tuang
campuran sampai ferrit. Besi tuang keras banyak dipakai}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {untuk pembuatan rol pada mesin cetak, mesin g
ilingan padai, dan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slm
sin pengg}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {iling karet.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {

00\b {(}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {6}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {).
}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Baja Tuang}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0\b { }\b0 \par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {Baja tuang adalah baja yang dituang dalam bentuk tertentu, setelah proses}
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {penungan selesai, benda tuang dipanasi hingga tempe
raturnya antara 800 }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8211X }\par\pard\sect\sec
td\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw3666
\colsr-0\colno2\colw7426\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li161
3\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {900}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{0}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slm
ult0 \*\tx5626\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C kemudian didinginkan secara cepat pa
da temperatur 700}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{C dan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pg
hsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {akhirnya didingi}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nkan perlahan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {lahan hingga diperoleh struktur butiran}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {yang halus. Baja tuang banyak digunakan untuk
pembuatan mesin}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mesin}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {yang besar, seperti rumah turbin, sudu}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sudu turbin, dan sebagai bagian}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bagian motor bakar. }\f
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Kadar karbon dari baja tuang biasanya lebi}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {h rendah dari pada kadar karbon}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dari b
esi tuang dan biasanya kurang dari 1,0 % C. sebagai unsure tambahan}\par\pard\li
0\charscalex100 {selain karbon, baja tuang mengandung 0,20 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {\uc1\u8211X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 0,70 % Si, 0,5 }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {\uc1\u8211X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 1,0 % Mn, fosfor}\par\pard
0\f0\charscalex100 {dibawah 0,06 % dan belerang dibawah 0,06 %. Struktur mikro b
aja tuang}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ya}\fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {ng mempunyai kadar karbon kurang dari 0,8 % terdiri atas fer
rit dan}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {perlit, kadar
karbon yang lebih tinggi akan menambah jumlah perlit. Apabila}\par\pard\li1613\
rscalex100 {kadar karbon lebih besar dari 0,8 %, baja tuang ini akan terdiri ata
s perlit dan}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\s
l-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sementit yang terpisah, kadar }\fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {k}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {arbon yang lebih tinggi akan
menambah}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {jumlah semen
tit.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghs
xn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw9266\colsr-0\colno2\colw1826\pa

ar\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Kompetensi : }\i
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Teknologi Bahan dan Teknik Pengukuran}\i0 \par\c
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {II }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 39 }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\
marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
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\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sifat}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {sifat yang khas dari baja tuang adalah kalu kandungan karbo
r\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bertambah kekuatann

ya bertambah, sedangkan perpanjangannya meningkat}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d
an nilai tahan benturan berkurang, serta sukar di las. Penambah}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {an mangan}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1
613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {akan memberikan kekuatan tari
k yang lebih tinggi. Penormalan akan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1
\charscalex100 {memberikan butir}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {butir halus dan meningkatkan batas regang dan kekuatan}\par\pard\li16
charscalex100 {tariknya. Perbaikan sifat}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {sifat baja tuang akan sangat nyata apabila kadar}\par\pard\li
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {karbonnya lebih tinggi. Apabila }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {aja tuang ditemper pada suhu 650}\fs16\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {0}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {setelah dilunakkan, maka batas mulur dan kekua
tan tariknya akan menurun}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sedangkan perpanjangan da
n pengecilan luasnya lebih baik.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\
rd\li1613\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx2066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {c}\b0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {.}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Rangkuman}\b0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { }\b0 \par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\*\tx2066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Besi atau baja yang dihasilkan dari dapur}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dapur baja disebut besi atau}\par\par
f0\f0\charscalex100 {baja karb}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on.}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
l-333\slmult0 \*\tx2066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Berdasarkan banyaknya karbon yang dikandung
besi atau baja, dapat}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2066\ri0\sl-213\
{dibedakan menjadi dua bagian, yaitu : Besi atau baja tempa, besi atau}\par\pard
0\f0\charscalex100 {baja tuang.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\r
100 {Baja karbon adalah baja yang mengandung karbon sampai 1,7 %. }\fs24\cf0\f0\
i0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx2066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Berdasarkan penggunaan baja dapat diklas
if}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ikasikan dalam dua grup}\par\pard\li2066\ri0\sl-2
00 {yaitu baja konstruksi dan baja perkakas. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par
\f0\charscalex100 {Baja kontruksi digunakan untuk keperluan kontruksi bangunan d
ar\pard\li2066\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pembuatan bagian}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bagian mesin. Berdasark
an campuran dan proses}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2066\ri0\sl-213
{pembuatannya , baja kontruksi dibedakan menjadi :}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {baja karbon b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {iasa,}\par\pard\li2066\ri0\sl-213\s
baja kontruksi kualitas tinggi, dan baja spesial.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }

i0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {II }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 40 }\
\sect\sectd\sbkpage
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ab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Baja otomat terdiri atas baja kualitas tinggi yan
g tidak dipadu dan baja}\par\pard\li2066\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i2066\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {kualitas tinggi paduan rend
ah dengan kadar belerang (S) dan fosfor (P)}\par\pard\li2066\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2066\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {yang ti
nggi.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Baja perkakas banyak
digunakan untuk bahan}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{membuat perkakas,}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2066\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2066\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mi
salnya stempel, kaliber, serta alat}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {alat potong. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\s
{Baja paduan adalah campuran antara baja karbon dengan unsur}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {unsur}\par\pard\li2066\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2066\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lain y
ang akan mempengaruhi sifat}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {sifat baja, misalnya sifat kekerasan,}\par\pard\li2066\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2066\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {liat, k
ecepatan membeku, titik cair, dan sebagai}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nya yang b
ertujuan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2066\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li2066\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {memperbaiki
kualitas dan kemampuannya. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\s
{Mangan (Mn) merupakan unsur yang harus selalu ada di dalam baja}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dengan jumlah yang kecil dan sebagai
pencegah oksidasi, dengan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2066\ri0\sl
x100 {demikian setiap proses kimia dan proses metalurgi dapat berlangsung}\par\p
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ngan baik. }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx2066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Besi tuang putih mempunyai bidang pataha
n berwarna putih, yang}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2066\ri0\sl-213
{disebabkan oleh sementit yang putih. Bahan baku untuk pembuatan besi}\par\pard
0\f0\charscalex100 {tuang putih adalah besi kasar putih. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
scalex100\b {d}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {.}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\b {Tugas}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { }\b0 \par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li16
13\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Setelah anda membaca dan memah
ami klasifikasi macam}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
macam besi dan}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0
\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {aja.,
cobalah anda kerjakan latihan di bawah ini. Dengan demikian anda}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {akan dapat memahami dan menjelaskan
lebih jauh dari materi ini.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\s

scalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Jelaskan pengertian istilah baja t
uang, baja karbon rendah, baja karbon}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li
0\charscalex100 {tinggi dan baja paduan.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard
3\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {Sebutkan unsure}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {unsur pem}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {adu dalam pembuatan baja. }\fs24\c
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Kom
petensi : }\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Teknologi Bahan dan Teknik Pengukur
an}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213
0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {II }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 41 }\par\p
ard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect
\sectd\sbkpage
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ab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Apakah yang dimaksud dengan besi tuang kelabu dan
besi tuang putih.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-213\slm
ex100 {4}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Unsur ap
akah yang sangat berpengaruh terhadap kekerasan dan}\par\pard\li1933\ri0\sl-213\
{kekuatan tarik baja.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-213\
calex100 {5}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Menga
pa baja otomat tidak baik untuk pekerjaan las. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\p
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Untuk me
meriksa hasil latih}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {an anda bagian ini tidak disedia
kan kunci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {jawaban. Ol
eh karena itu hasil latihan anda sebaiknya anda bandingkan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
33\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dengan hasil latihan siswa/kelompok lain.
Diskusikanlah dalam kelompok}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {untuk hal}\fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {-}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {hal yang berbeda dalam hasil lati
han itu. Dalam mengkaji hasil}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0
alex100 {latihan itu anda sebaiknya selalu melihat klasifikasi macam}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {macam besi dan}\par\pard\li1613\r
scalex100 {baja yang diuraikan sebelumnya. Jika terdapat hal}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {hal yang tidak dapat di}\par\pard\li1613\
rscalex100 {atasi dalam diskusi kelompok, bawalah persoalan tersebut ke dalam}\f
rd\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pertemuan tutorial. Yak
inlah dalam perte}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {muan tersebut anda akan dapat}\fs2
\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {memecahkan persoalan itu.
tx2066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {e}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {.}\b0 \t
ab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Lembar Tes Formatif}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\b { (H}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {.01.}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\b {2)}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { }\b0 \par\pard\li1586\ri0\sl-213\slmul
-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pilihlah salah satu kemungkinan jawaban
yang menurut anda paling tepat}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
r\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dengan memberi tand
a silang (X) pada huruf a, b, c, atau d.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Baja karbon adalah ba
ja yang mengandung }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {karbon maksimal.}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch

\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx2266\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1,7 %.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\
x2266\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {1,8 %.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1906\ri0\sl-2
arscalex100 {c}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1,
9 %.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1906\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li1906\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx2266\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1,10 %. }\fs24\cf0\f0\
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {II }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 { 42 }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666
\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
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ab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Baja karbon rendah yaitu baja yang mengandung kar
bon.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1906\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li1906\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx2266\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0,09 \uc1\u8211X}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 0,30 %.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1906\r
0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {0,10 \uc1\u8211X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 0,30 %. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
20\slmult0 \*\tx2266\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}
\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0,11 \uc1\u8211X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 0
,30 %.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1906\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li1906\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx2266\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0,12 \uc1\u8211X}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 0,30 %.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {Baja karbon sedang yaitu baja yang mengandung karbon.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 { }\par\pard\li1906\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1906\ri0\sl333\slmult0 \*\tx2266\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.
}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0,33 \uc1\u8211X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
0,60 %.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1906\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li1906\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx2266\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0,32 \uc1\u8211X}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 0,60 %. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li19
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {0,31 \uc1\u8211X }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0,60 %.}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
l-320\slmult0 \*\tx2266\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0,30 \uc1\u8211X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{ 0,60 %. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \*\tx1973\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Baja karbon ting
gi yaitu baja yang mengandung karbon.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li
scalex100 {0,70 \uc1\u8211X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 1,5 %. }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx2266\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0,71 \uc1\u8211X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 { 1,5 %. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1906\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
c}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0,72 \uc1\u8211
X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 1,6 %.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li

s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {0,73 \uc1\u8211X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 1,7 %.}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
{.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Unsur paduan yang dapat memberikan kekuatan
, kekerasan, dan tahan}\par\pard\li1933\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
1933\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {karat serta tahan aus pada b
aja adalah.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1906\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Nikel (Ni).}\fs
d\li1906\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx2266\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ch}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{romium (Cr). }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1906\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
0 {c}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Mangan (Mn).
\pard\li1906\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx2266\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Silisium (Si).}\fs24\cf0\f
\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \*\tx1933\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Unsur paduan yang dapat memperbaiki st
ruktur kristal baja menjadi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1933\ri0\s
ex100 {halus dan tahan aus adalah.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li190
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {Kobalt (Co).}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\
pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw9266\colsr-0\co
lno2\colw1826\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-21
ard\li1613\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Kompetensi : }\i0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Teknologi Bahan dan Teknik Pengukuran}\i0 \par\colum
n\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {II }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 { 43 }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\
margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
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slmult0 \*\tx2266\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\ta
b \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Tembaga (Cu).}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\p
2266\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {Wolfram (W).}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1906\ri0
f0\charscalex100 {d}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {Vanadium (V).}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Pr}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {oses P
embuatan Besi dan Baja}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { }\i0 \par\pard\sect\se
ctd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-2
arscalex100 {7}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Un
sur paduan yang memiliki ketahanan karat atau korosi pada baja}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
l-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {aduan ad
alah\uc1\u8230X..}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1906\ri0\sl-213\slmu
x100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Kobalt (C
o).}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1906\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
par\pard\li1906\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx2266\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Tembaga (Cu).}\fs24\cf0
06\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx2266\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Wolfram (W).}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
slmult0 \*\tx2266\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\ta
b \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Vanadium (V).}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\p
1933\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {8}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {Unsur paduan yang dapat bekerja pada temperatur tinggi adalah\u
c1\u8230X..}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1906\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Kobalt (Co).}\f

rd\li1906\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx2266\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Tembaga (Cu).}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx2266\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Wolfram (W).}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
0 \*\tx2266\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Vanadium (V).}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {9}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {Besi tuang adalah paduan antara besi dan unsur \uc1\u8230X\uc1\u8230X
\pard\li1906\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx2266\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Silisium (Si)}\fs24\cf0\f0
ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx2266\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pos}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {for (P)
\pard\li1906\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx2266\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Mangan (Mn)}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx2266\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Karbon (C)}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {Besi tuang kelabu mempunyai kandungan Silisium (Si) antara \uc1\u8230X
.. %}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1906\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li1906\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx2266\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1,2 \uc1\u8211X 2,5 }
\*\tx2266\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1,5 \uc1\u8211X 5,5 }\par\pard\li1906\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
{c}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1,8 \uc1\u821
1X 7,5 }\par\pard\li1906\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1906\ri0\sl-320
\slmult0 \*\tx2266\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\t
ab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1,9 \uc1\u8211X 8,5 }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone
pard\li1613\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Kompetensi : }\i0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Teknologi Bahan dan Teknik Pengukuran}\i0 \par\colu
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {II }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 { 44 }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666
\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage

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\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Cocokkanlah jawaban anda dengan kunci jawab
an yang terdapat pada}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\
{bagian akhir Buku Materi Pokok ini. Hitunglah jumlah j}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {awaban anda yang}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li16
13\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {benar, kemudian gunakanlah rum
us di bawah ini untuk mengetahui tingkat}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {penguasaan
anda terhadap materi Kegiatan Belajar ini.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\p
sl-493\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Rumus :}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4720\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Jumla
h Jawaban Anda yang benar}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1920\ri0\sl360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Tingkat Penguasaan =
___________
___________________
X 10}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0 %}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 { }\par\pard\li5520\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
10 }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Arti tingkatan penguasaan yang anda capai :}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
\li1613\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {90 % }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 100 %}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {: Baik Sekali}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\l
f0\charscalex100 {80 % }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{ 89 %}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {: Baik}\fs24\
i1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {70 % }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {79 %}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {: Cukup}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 { }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrs
xn133\cols2\colno1\colw3053\colsr-0\colno2\colw8040\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\ul {<
}\ul0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\ul { 69 %}\ul0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\ul {
}\ul0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {: Kurang}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\
pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1

s18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-466\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Bila ting
kat penguasaan anda mencapai 80 % ke atas, anda dapat}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {meneruskan ke kegiatan belajar berikutnya, bila
bagus, tetapi apabila nilai}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {yang anda capai di baw
ah 80 %, anda harus mengulangi kegiatan belajar ini,}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213
{terutama p}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ada bagian yang belum anda kuasai.}\fs2
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {II }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 { 45 }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn6
66\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
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slmult0 \*\tx2066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {f}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\
b {.}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Lembar Kerja}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100\b { }\b0 \par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2106\r
i0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \*\tx2520\*\tx340
0\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {Alat}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{: }\par\pard\li2693\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2693\ri0\sl-333\sl
mult0 \*\tx3053\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {?}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {OH
P}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2693\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
r\pard\li2693\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx3053\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {?}\tab \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Papan tulis}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2
24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {?}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Penggaris kayu}\fs24
arscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Bahan yang digunakan adalah : }\
ard\li2693\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx3053\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {?}\tab \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Modul}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2693\ri0\s
\charscalex100 {?}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Macam}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {macam besi dan baja}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
mult0 \*\tx2520\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Langkah kerja :}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\c
olumn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Pr}\i0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100\i {oses Pembuatan Besi dan Baja}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\i { }\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margr
sxn133\pard\li2693\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2693\ri0\sl-320\slmul
t0 \*\tx3053\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {?}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Siswa
memahami tentang teori klasifikasi macam}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {macam besi}\par\pard\li3053\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\pard\li3053\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dan baja.}\fs24\cf0\
3\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx3053\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {?}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {Siswa dapat menjelaska}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n klasifikasi ma
cam}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {macam besi dan}\fs
d\li3053\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {baja.}\par\pard\li2693\r
0\f2\charscalex100 {?}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Siswa dapat mengidentifik
asi macam}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {macam besi d
an baja.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrs
xn133\cols2\colno1\colw9266\colsr-0\colno2\colw1826\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmul
f0\f0\charscalex100\i {Kompetensi : }\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Teknologi
Bahan dan Teknik Pengukuran}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
{II }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 46 }\par\pard\se
ct\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd
\sbkpage
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slmult0 \*\tx2066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {3}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\
b {.}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Perlakuan Panas Pada Besi dan Baja}\
b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { }\b0 \par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
ult0 \*\tx2066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {a}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {
.}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Pengertian Perlakuan Panas}\b0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100\b { }\b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100\i {Pr}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {oses Pembuatan Besi dan B
aja}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { }\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn1
1893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Perlakuan panas adalah proses pada saat bahan dipa
naskan hingga suhu}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613
\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tertentu dan selan}\fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {jutnya didinginkan dengan cara tertentu pula. Tujuannya}\par\pard
0\f0\charscalex100 {adalah untuk mendapatkan sifat}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sifat yang lebih baik dan yang diinginkan}\par\pard
0\f0\charscalex100 {sesuai dengan batas}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {batas kemampuannya. Sifat yang berhubungan dengan}\par\pard\li
0\charscalex100 {maksud dan tujuan perlakuan panas tersebut meliputi :}\fs24\cf0
alex100 {Men}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ingkatnya kekuatan dan kekerasannya.}\f
rd\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx2106\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Mengurangi tegangan.}\fs24\cf
613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx2106\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Melunakkan .}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
ab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Mengembalikan pada kondisi normal akibat pengaruh
pengerjaan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sebelumny
a.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
f0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Menghaluskan butir krist
al yang akan berpengaruh terhadap keuletan}\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bahan.}\

\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Menurut jenisnya dari perlakuan panas }\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {digolongkan menjadi tiga macam}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard
0\f0\charscalex100 {yaitu :}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\s
scalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Hardening (mengeraskan) juga serin
g disebut dengan istilah menyepuh}\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {keras atau menger
askan sepuh.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
{2}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Tempering (mem
udakan) yaitu mendinginkan secara cepat bahan yang}\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\s
telah dikeraskan dengan maksud mengurangi kekerasannya}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {. }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\s
lmult0 \*\tx2106\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Annealing (melunakan) yaitu memanaskan bahan yang t
elah dikeraskan}\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2106\ri
0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {agar kekerasanya berkurang tetapi k
ekuatanya meningkat.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\
pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw9266\colsr-0\co
lno2\colw1826\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-21
\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Kompetensi : }\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Teknolo
gi Bahan dan Teknik Pengukuran}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {II }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 { 47 }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\margl
sxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
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\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Menurut proses yang terjadi pada perlakuan
panas dapat dibagi menjadi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl
x100 {empat tingkatan.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213
ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \*\tx3053\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Tingkat I}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 { }\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {: }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\
i0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pemanasan rekristalisasi adalah}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {untuk membebaskan tegan
gan dalam,}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mengurangi
kekerasan dan untuk meningkatkan keuletan dari bahan yang}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\
lex100 {mengalami pengolahan pengerasan. Pada mulanya dengan menaikan suhu}\par\
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pemanasannya, kemudian kerusakan elastisitas dari krista
l bahan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dihilangkan.
Pada suhu}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { yang lebih tinggi akan terbentuk butir}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {butir baru}\fs24\cf0\f0\
i0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(rekristalisasi) akibatnya bahan m
enjadi lunak tetapi tetap memiliki keuletan}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {yang ti
nggi.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pgh
sxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw3773\colsr-0\colno2\colw7320\p
\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Tingkat II}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
f0\f0\charscalex100 {: }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\mar
glsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri
calex100 {Pemanasan penuh (full annealing)adalah rekristalisasi dari fase yang}
pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {merupakan pemanasan c
ampuran }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i atas suhu y
ang diperlukan untuk}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\s

transformasi fase. Selanjutnya diikuti dengan pendinginan perlahan}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lahan.}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\
{Dengan cara ini sifat mekanis akan berubah dan juga dapat menghaluskan}\par\par
f0\f0\charscalex100 {struktur butirnya.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\
\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Tingkat III}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { : }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pemanasan bahan di atas suhu transformasi fa}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {se dan selanjutnya}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li161
harscalex100 {didinginkan dengan cepat sekali pada suhu kamar. Sehingga terbentu
k suatu}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {fase yang stabil pada suhu tinggi, pengeras
an dengan cara ini}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slm
ngakibatkan terbentuknya susunan yang tidak stabil.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\c
ols2\colno1\colw9266\colsr-0\colno2\colw1826\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Kompetensi : }
\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Teknologi Bahan dan Teknik Pengukuran}\i0 \par
\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
3\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
II }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 48 }\par\pard\sec
t\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\
sbkpage
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slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Tingkat IV}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { : }
\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Pr}\i0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {oses Pembuatan Besi dan Baja}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\i { }\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666
\margrsxn133\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213
{Tempering atau pemanasan kembali }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {ari suatu bahan yang sudah}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard
0\f0\charscalex100 {dikeraskan hingga suatu suhu yang diperlukan dibawah perubah
an fase}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dengan maksud
mengembalikan keadaan }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bahan ke dalam fase yang sta
bil.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Untuk keperluan pemanasan bahan dari proses perlaku
an panas tersebut}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\
ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {digunakan dapur}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dapur p}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ema
nas. Satu hal yang penting dari kondisi dapur}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {peman
as ini adalah pengukuran temperatur kerja harus secermat mungkin.}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
\f0\charscalex100\b {(}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {1}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100\b {).}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Dapur Pemanas}\b0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100\b { }\b0 \par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Dapur pemanas benda kerja pada proses perlakuan panas men
ggunakan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sumber panas
dari listrik, minyak atau gas panas dari pe}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mbakara
n kokas.}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-33
3\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Berikut ini ada beberapa jenis dapur peman
as :}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\*\tx2106\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Dapur Pemanas Kamar}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pa
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Dapur ini mempunyai ruangan bentuk kamar yang ditutup deng
ar\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sebuah pintu. Dida
lam ruangan tersebut diletakan benda kerja yang}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\p
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {akan dipanaskan. Sedangkan diluar kamar dile}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {ngkapi dengan beberapa}\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {alat pen
gatur panas dan pengontrol temperatur. Dapur pemanas kamar}\par\pard\li2106\ri0\
lex100 {dapat digunakan untuk segala macam pengolahan panas.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl320\slmult0 \*\tx2106\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.
}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Dapur Sepuhan Garam}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Dapur ini terdiri atas sebuah ruangan berbentuk
bak atau bejana berisi}\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i2106\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cairan garam yang dip}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {anaskan dengan temperatur yang dapat diatur}\fs24\cf0\f0\
i0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dari tombol pengatur. Dalam cairan
garam tersebut dimasukan benda}\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
r\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {kerja yang akan dis
epuh, dengan tercelupnya benda keja langsung ke}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgw
sxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw9266\colsr-0\colno
2\colw1826\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\s
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {II }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 { 49 }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn
666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dalam cairan garam tersebut, memungkinkan p
emanasan benda kerja}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\s
dengan cepat da}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n merata serta terhindar dari oksida
si, sebab tidak}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {berhu
bungan dengan udara luar. Dapur ini dapat digunakan untuk}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {segala macam perlakuan panas.}\fs24\cf0\f0\
i0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx2106\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Dapur Bak}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Dapur ini berbentuk bak yang ditutup pada bagian at
asnya. Didalam}\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2106\ri0
\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bak tersebut dimasukan benda yang }\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {akan dipanaskan dan panas yang}\par\pard\li2106\ri0\s
ex100 {dikenakan pada benda kerja dapat diatur atau diukur dari peralatan}\fs24\
i2106\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pengatur. Dapur pemanas jen
is ini terutama digunakan untuk benda}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li
0\charscalex100 {kerja yang akan dipijarkan dan dimurnikan.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
arscalex100\b {a}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {.}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100\b {Bahan Pendingin}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { }\b0 \par\pard\li
ar\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Bahan pendingin ya
ng digunakan did}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {alam proses perlakuan panas antara}
pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lain air, minyak, uda
ra dan garam.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
6\slmult0 \*\tx2066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\
tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Air}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li21
charscalex100 {Pendinginan dengan menggunakan air akan memberikan daya}\fs24\cf0

06\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pendingin yang cepat. Biasanya
ke dalam air tersebut dilarutkan juga}\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {garam dapur
sebagai usaha mempercepat turunya temperatur}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {benda}\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
pard\li2106\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {kerja dan mengakibatk
an bahan menjadi tambah keras.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri
\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {Minyak}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Minyak yan
g digunakan sebagai fluida pendingin dalam perlakuan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {panas adalah yang dapat memberikan lapisan karbo
n pada permukaan}\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2106\r
i0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {benda kerja yang diolah. Selain mi
nyak yang digunakan sebagai b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ahan}\par\pard\sect\se
6\colsr-0\colno2\colw1826\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li16
calex100\i {Kompetensi : }\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Teknologi Bahan dan
Teknik Pengukuran}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pendingin pada proses perlakuan panas dapat
juga digunakan minyak}\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
2106\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bakar atau solar.}\fs24\cf0\
6\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pendinginan dengan minyak akan
memberikan kecepatan pendinginan}\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {yang sedang dan wa
rna yang mantap dari benda kerja yang diproses.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\p
*\tx2066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {Udara}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl
-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx3760\*\tx4693\*\t
x6066\*\tx7013\*\tx8386\*\tx9306\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pendinginan}\tab \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {udara}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dilakukan}\tab \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {unt}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {uk}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {perlakuan}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {panas}\tab \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {yang}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\
{membutuhkan pendinginan lambat. Untuk keperluan tersebut udara}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {yang disirkulasikan ke dalam ruangan
pendingin dibuat dengan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-21
0 {kecepatan yang rendah. Udara sebagai pendingin akan memberikan}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {kesempatan kepada logam untuk membe
ntuk krist}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {al}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {kristal dan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2106\r
scalex100 {kemungkinan mengikat unsure}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {unsur lain dari udara.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {Garam}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ga
ram dipakai sebagai bahan pendingin disebabkan memiliki sifat}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mendinginkan yang teratur dan cepat. Ba
han yang didinginkan didalam}\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li2106\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cairan garam akan meng
akibatkan ikatanya menjadi leb}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ih keras karena}\par\

4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pada permukaan benda kerja tersebut akan mengikat zat ar
ang.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\*\tx2066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {(}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {3}\b
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {).}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Diagra
m TTT (Time Temperat ure Transformation)}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { }\b0
\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Untuk
mendapatkan sifat}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sif
at bahan yang lebih baik sesuai dengan karakter}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {yan
g diinginkan dapat dilakukan melalui pemanasan dan pen}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {dinginan.}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\s
l-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Tujuannya adalah mengubah struktur mik
ro sehingga bahan dikeraskan,}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0
alex100 {dimudahkan atau dilunakan. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1
r\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pemanasan bahan dil
akukan diatas garis transformasi kira}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {kira pada 770}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {C}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\s
l-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sehingga perlit berubah menjadi austen
it yang homogen karena terdapat}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\sect\sec
td\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw9266
\colsr-0\colno2\colw1826\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li161
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Kompetensi : }\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\i {Teknologi Bahan dan Teknik Pengukuran}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\sl
i0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {II }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 51 }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn
7;32768}}
7;32768}}
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cukup }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {karbon.
Pada suhu yang lebih tinggi ferrit menjadi austenit karena}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
0\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {atom karbon difusi ke dalam ferrit tersebu
t. Untuk pengerasan baja,}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {pendinginan dilakukan dengan cepat melalui pencelupan kedalam air,}\fs24\cf
613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {minyak atau bahan pendingin l
ainnya sehingga atom}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a
tom}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { karbon yang}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {telah larut dalam austenit tidak sempat membentuk sement
it dan ferrit}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {akibatn
ya austenit menjadi sangat keras yang disebut martensit.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
{Pada baja setelah terjadi austenit dan ferrit kadar karbonya akan menjadi}\fs24
li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {makin tinggi sesuai dengan
penuruna}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n suhu dan akan membentuk}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {hipoeutektoid. Pada saat pemanasan ma
upun pendinginan difusi atom}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\
lex100 {karbon memerlukan waktu yang cukup. Laju difusi pada saat pemanasan}\fs2
\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ditentukan oleh unsure}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {unsur paduanya dan pada
saat pendinginan cepat}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {austenit yang berbutir kas}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ar akan mempunyai banyak martensit.}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
ex100 {Fase kristal dan besarnya butir yang terjadi akan membentuk sifat baja.}\

ard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Apabila ferrit dan sem
entit didalam perlit berbutir besar, maka baja tersebut}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {makin lunak sebagai akibat pendinginan lambat. Sebaliknya baja menjadi}\fs2
\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {semakin keras apabila mem
iliki perlit berbutir halus yang diperoleh pada}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\p
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pendinginan cepat. Baja dengan unsure paduan aluminiu
m, vanadium,}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {titanium
dan zirkonim akan cenderung memiliki kristal berbutir halus.}\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Untuk memahami macam}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {macam fase dan struktur k}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {ristal yang terjadi pada}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {saat pending
inan dapat diamati dari diagram TTT }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. }\par\pard\li
ar\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Fasa austenit stab
il berada di atas suhu 770}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 { C. pada suhu yang lebih rendah}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {akan terbentuk
martensit dan mulai suhu tersebut martensit sudah tidak}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\s
ex100 {tergantung pada kecepatan pendin}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ginan. Struk
tur bainit akanterbentuk}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkn
one\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw9266\colsr0\colno2\colw1826\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\s
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Kompetensi : }\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Tek
nologi Bahan dan Teknik Pengukuran}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
60\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {II }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 { 52 }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\m
arglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
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\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {setelah terbentuknya ferrit dan sementit. J
adi campuran antara ferrit dan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri
calex100 {sementit adalah bainit seperti pada perlit. Perbedaan antara bainit de
ngan}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {perlit adalah bentuknya halus sedangkan perlit
kasar.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Diagram TTT dipe}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nga
ruhi oleh kadar karbon dalam baja, makin besar kadar}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213
{karbonya maka diagramnya akan semakin bergeser kekanan, demikian pula}\par\par
f0\f0\charscalex100 {dengan unsure paduan lainya. Apabila baja dipanaskan sampai
\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {terbentuknya austeni
t, pendinginan akan berlangsung terus menerus tida}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {isotermal biarpun dilakukan dengan berbagai media
pendingin.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pengerjaan panas yang terpenting untuk baja,
baja tuang, besi tuang dapat}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {diuraikan sebagai beri
kut ini.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
ult0 \*\tx2066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {(}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {
a}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {).}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Me
mijar (Annealing)}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { }\b0 \par\pard\li1613\ri0\s
1613\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Memijar atau proses anil ad
alah pemanasan bahan hingga suhu tertent}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {u dan}\par\
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mempertahankannya untuk beberapa waktu. Pada suhu terseb
ut selanjutnya}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0
\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {didinginkan perlahan}\fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {-}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lahan. Tujuan dari perlakuan panas in
i pada}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {umumnya untuk
membuat bahan berkurang kekerasanya dan biasanya}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dilakukan untuk pengerjaan lanjut. }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
2\charscalex100 {?}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Proses anil unt}\b0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {uk membebaskan tegangan}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b
{ }\b0 \par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213
{Tujuanya adalah untuk mengurangkan tegangan dalam yang}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {diakibatkan oleh pengerjaan dingin (laku pem
esinan) maupun}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {penger
jaan panas (tempa, rol dan las). Proses ini dilaksanakan untuk}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
l-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bermacam}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {macam baja, baja paduan, baja tuang dan }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {besi tuang. Proses}\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx3640\*\tx4600\*\tx5693\*\tx6533\*\tx8
480\*\tx8866\*\tx9413\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pemanasan}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {bahan}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sampai}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {suhu}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(550}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8211X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 650)}\
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\tab \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}\tab \fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {C,}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lalu}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 { }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsx
n133\cols2\colno1\colw9266\colsr-0\colno2\colw1826\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult
charscalex100\i {Kompetensi : }\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Teknologi Bahan
dan Teknik Pengukuran}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {II }\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 53 }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone
\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
7;32768}}

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7;32768}}
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mempertahankannya selama}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 2}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {jam pada suhu tersebut, se
hingga}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {terbentuk stru
ktur kristal baru, kemudian didinginkan. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\par
f0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx2066\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {?}\ta
b \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Memijar lunak(Soft Annealing)}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
\charscalex100 {Memijar lunak juga dikenal dengan istil}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {ah speroidisasi atau proses anil}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c

f0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {untuk membentu
k sementit yang berbentuk bola (spheroidical).}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\pa
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Penggunaanya adalah untuk baja karbon tinggi, misalnya
bantalan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {peluru. Tuj
uan dari proses ini adalah untuk meningkatkan ketangguhan}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\s
ex100 {baja yang rapuh yaitu dengan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {mengubah bentuk lapisan sementit}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\p
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {didalam perlit dan sementit. Pada beberapa jenis baja
diperlukan adanya}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973
\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {kadar karbida yang tinggi agar d
aya tahan ausnya meningkat. Struktur}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mikro perlit m
empunyai ketangguhan yang rendah sekali sehingga}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dengan pemanasan te}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rseb
ut akan diubah menjadi sementit yang berbutir}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\par
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {butir bulat (berbentuk bola).}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {P
rosedur pemanasan apabila struktur mulanya perlit adalah bahan}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
l-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dipanaskan selama 16 }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {\uc1\u8211X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 24 jam pada suhu dibawah su
hu kritis bawah}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666
\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw5573\colsr-0\colno2\colw5520\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-21
0 {atau kira}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {kira 700}
\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C, lalu didinginkan
perlah}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {an}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {lahan diudara. Jika}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\sect
\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1973\ri0\s
ex100 {struktur mulanya martensit maka diperlukan pemanasan selama 1 }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8211X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 2}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 { }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\marg
rsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw8600\colsr-0\colno2\colw2493\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ja
m pada suhu diatas titik kritis antara 723}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 770}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {0}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C, setelah itu}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\p
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {didinginkan perlahan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lahan didalam dapur dengan laju pendinginan}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {antara 25 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {\uc1\u8211X 30}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { C
perjam.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\p
ghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw9266\colsr-0\colno2\colw1826

}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 54 }\par\pard\sect\
sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sb
kpage
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slmult0 \*\tx2066\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {?}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b
{Memijar}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { normal (Normallizing)}\b0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100\b { }\b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100\i {Pr}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {oses Pembuatan Besi dan Ba
ja}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { }\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11
893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Baja konstruksi, baja canai atau bahan yang mengala
mi penempaan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {biasanya
tidak memiliki struktur yang sama. Hal ini disebabkan jumlah}\par\pard\li1973\r
scalex100 {beban yang tidak sama pada waktu proses dan perubahan bentuk pada}\pa
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {waktu pendinginan yang tidak bers}\fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {amaan dari penampang yang tebal}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\
\f0\charscalex100 {dan tipis. Sehingga akan menghasilkan ukuran}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ukuran yang tidak tetap}\par\pard\li19
charscalex100 {pada waktu laku pemesinan.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\par
f0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Guna memperbai
ki dan menghaluskan struktur butiran dan membentuk}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\s
struktur mikro agar terbentuk butir halus dan seragam, sehingga}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pengaruh dari pengerjaan dingin atau
panas dapat dihilangkan, maka}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1973\ri0
alex100 {dilakukan normalisasi. Prosedur pemanasan dilakukan dengan}\fs24\cf0\f0
66\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw7026\colsr-0\colno2\colw4066\pard\li1973\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx6053\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {memanaskan baja hingga 800 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8211
X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 900}\tab \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}\par\colum
n\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {C terganung dari kadar karbon,}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\
pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {semakin
tinggi kadar karbon akan lebih rendah suhu pemanasanya,}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dengan kadar karbon dalam baja maksimum 0,83
%. Selanjutnya}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {menaha
n pada suhu tersebut selama 1 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8211X}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 { 2 jam lalu didinginkan sampai}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\p
gwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw4893\colsr-0\col
no2\colw6200\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-320
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {suhu }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 { 60}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }{ }\fs16\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {0}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-32
0\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C karena pada suhu tersebut terjadi austen
itisasi dalam}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn1
1893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {daerah austenit
murni. Proses selanjutnya didinginkan perla}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {han}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lahan}\par\pard\li1973\ri
calex100 {dengan pendinginan udara guna mencegah timbulnya segresi}\fs24\cf0\f0\
i0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {praeutektoid yang berlebihan.}\fs2
0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ferrit yang ter
lalu banyak dari baja hipereutektoid masuk ke dalam}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {campuran padar dan tidak akan mengalami rekristal
isasi. Oleh karena itu}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
1973\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cara ini digunakan }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {terutama untuk eutektoid dan baja hipereutektoid.}\fs24\cf0\
3\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pemanasan diatas titik kritis m
enyebabkan rekristalisasi yang seragam.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\
sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\
colw9266\colsr-0\colno2\colw1826\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {K
ompetensi : }\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Teknologi Bahan dan Teknik Penguk
uran}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-2
ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {II }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 55 }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsx
n16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
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\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Adakalanya pemanasan yang terlalu tinggi da
n pendinginan yang}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {re
ndah akan membentuk susunan sementit dalam baja hipereutektoid.}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
2\charscalex100 {?}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Memijar}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100\b { habis (Full Annealing)}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { }\b0
lt0 \*\tx7520\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pemanasan baja hipoeutektoid pada suhu
30 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8211X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 50}\tab
\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C di atas titik kritis}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsx
n11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw6493\colsr-0\colno2\
colw4600\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-333\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {atau austenitisasi 25}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 30}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 { }{ }\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-2
{C di atas stabilitas ferrit terakhir dan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\par
d\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1973
arscalex100 {menahanya pada suhu tersebut untuk beberapa waktu kemudian disusul}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dengan pendinginan di d}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100

{alam dapur 30 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8211X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 { 20}{ }\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { C perjam s
ehingga austenit}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\r
i0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {terurai menjadi perlit kasar. Prod
uk menjadi cukup lunak sehingga dapat}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dikerjakan de
ngan mesin, tetapi keuletanya berkurang. Dengan kondisi}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {tersebut pada saat laku pemesinan akan membentuk geram dengan baik.}\fs24\c
s24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {?}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Homogenisasi }\b0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { }\b0 \par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
t0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Cara ini dilakukan untuk logam tuangan yang besar
dan bentuknya yang}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li197
3\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rumit, untuk menyeragamkan komp
osisi bahan atau menghilangkan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1973\ri
calex100 {ketidak homogenan kimia di dalam kristal}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {kristal yang terpisah. Pada}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pembekuan benda padat pertama yang terben}\f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tuk tidak sama secara}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {menyeluruh.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\
\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Prosedur pemanas
anya dilakukan pada suhu setinggi mungkin asalkan}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {l
ogam tidak mencair dan tidak menimbulkan pertumbuhan butir yang}\fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 { }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\m
argrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw6080\colsr-0\colno2\colw5013\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\
calex100 {berlebihan pada suhu 1500}\tab \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}\par\colu
f0\f0\charscalex100 {C. selanjutnya penahanan suhu pada 800 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {\uc1\u8211X }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\margl
sxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\
sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {850}{ }\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { C selama 6 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8211X
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 8 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {jam dan didinginkan
perlahan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lahan dengan
udara}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-333\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {biasa.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pa
rd\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\coln
o1\colw9266\colsr-0\colno2\colw1826\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par

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slmult0 \*\tx2066\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {?}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b
{Isothermal Annealing}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { }\b0 \par\column\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Pr}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\i {oses Pembuatan Besi dan Baja}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { }\i0 \
0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Cara pemanasan
yang dilakukan untuk perlakuan panas ini, baja}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\pa
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dipanasi seperti pada annealing biasa, selanjutnya did
inginkan dengan}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cepat
sampai suhu }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 80}{ }
\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { C kemudian ditahan pa
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {da suhu tersebut selama}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213
{waktu tertentu. Keuntungan utama dari cara ini adalah pengurangan}\fs22\cf0\f0
ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {waktu dari yang diperlukan untuk
pemanasan baja paduan.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213
ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx2066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {(}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100\b {4}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {).}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100\b {Pengerasan Baja}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { }\b0 \par\pard\li
ar\pard\li1706\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pengerasan baja di
sebut juga penyepuhan (quenching) atau sering}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dikatakan menyepuh baja. Menye}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {puh adalah memanaskan baja sampai}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li
0\charscalex100 {temperatur tertentu, pada perubahan fase yang homogen dan dibia
rkan}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1706\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li1706\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {beberapa waktu p
ada temperatur itu, kemudian didinginkan dengan cepat}\par\pard\li1706\ri0\sl-21
0 {sehingga menimbulkan suatu susunan yang keras sampai terjadi struktur}\par\pa
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {yang disebut m}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {artensit.}\fs24
\f0\charscalex100 {Kadar karbon dari baja yang disepuh minimal 0,2 %, apabila ka
dar}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1706\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
par\pard\li1706\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {karbonnya kurang
dari 0,2 % penyepuhan tidak ada gunanya, sebab tidak}\par\pard\li1706\ri0\sl-213
{terbentuk martensit dan terlalu sedikit karbida besi sehingga baja tetap}\fs22
li1706\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lunak.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx2066\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100\b {(}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {a}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100\b {).}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Pemudaan baja (menemper)}\b0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { }\b0 \par\pard\li2066\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0

\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Penemp}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {eran adalah pros
es pemanasan kembali baja yang telah}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2
\charscalex100 {dikeraskan sampai temperatur tertentu dibawah suhu 721}\fs16\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {0}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C dengan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tujuan mengurangi kekerasan baja. Pada peng
erasan baja didalam}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2066\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2066\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s
truktur martensit yang sangat keras adakalanya tidak dapat dipakai}\fs24\cf0\f0\
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Kompetensi : }\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Teknol
ogi Bahan dan Teknik Pengukuran}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {II }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 57 }\par\pard\sect\sect
d\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpag
e
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\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {karena }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {t}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {erlalu berlebihan kekerasanya dan terlalu getas. uNtuk}\f
rd\li2066\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mengatasi kekerasan baj
a yang berlebihan tersebut dilakukan tempering.}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\p
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {(}\b0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {b}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {).}\b0 { }\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Memurnikan}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { }\b0 \pa
s18\cf0\par\pard\li2066\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Memurnika
n atau memuliakan adalah memanaskan baja yang telah}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
t0 \*\tx6853\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {disepuh hingga mencapai suhu 6000 }\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8211X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 700}\tab \fs16\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {0}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C. pekerjaan ini }\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {dilakukan}\par\pard\li2066\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
d\li2066\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pada jenis}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {jenis baja yang sangat rendah kadar
karbonya untuk}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2066\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2066\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {menam
bah kekuatan dan keliatanya, misalnya pada bagian}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bagian}\par\pard\li2066\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li2066\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mesin yang menga
lami muatan berubah}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ub
ah. Namun dengan benda}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2066\ri0\sl-213
{kerja yang telah dimurnikan dan dikerjakan lagi dengan jalan}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
l-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {penempaan atau pemijaran akanmerusakan
proses pemurnianya, oleh}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2066\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2066\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex

100 {karena itu permunian dilakukan apabila benda kerja telah dikerjakan}\fs24\c
2066\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {terlebih dahulu.}\fs24\cf0\f
cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {(}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {c}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100\b {).}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Mengadikan }\b0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { }\b0 \par\pard\li2066\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Mengadikan adalah menyepuh keras baja paduan. Prosedur i
ni lebih}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2066\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li2066\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sulit dari p
ada baja zat arang}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { biasa. Pada umumnya perlakuan pa
nas ini}\par\pard\li2066\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2066\ri0\sl-320
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tidak dapat menggunakan air sebagai media p
endingin, karena}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2066\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2066\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pend
ingin dengan air berlangsung sangat cepat, sehingga baja paduan}\par\pard\li2066
arscalex100 {tersebut akan menjadi pecah. Untuk mengatasi hal ini pendingin yang
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {digunakan adalah mi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ny
ak yang sudah dipanaskan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {+}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 100}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8211X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 150}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 { }{ }\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C.}\pa
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dengan demikian baja paduan yang diproses akan menjadi
sangat keras}\par\pard\li2066\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2066\ri0\
sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dan sangat liat. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 { }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\marg
rsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw9266\colsr-0\colno2\colw1826\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slm
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {II }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 { 58 }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margr
sxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage

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slmult0 \*\tx2066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {c}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\
b {.}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Rangkuman}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100\b { }\b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\i {Pr}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {oses Pembuatan Besi dan Baja}\i0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { }\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn168
40\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {Perlakuan panas adalah proses pada saat bahan dipanaskan hingga}\par\p
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {suhu tertentu dan selanjutnya didinginkan dengan cara}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { tertentu.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li19
alex100 {Tujuan perlakuan panas adalah untuk mendapatkan sifat}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sifat yang}\par\pard\li2320\ri0\sl-213\
{lebih baik dan yang diinginkan sesuai dengan batas}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {batas}\par\pard\li2320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\par\pard\li2320\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {kemampuan logam
. sebelumnya.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
{3}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Menurut jenis
nya dari perlakuan panas digolongkan menjadi tiga}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {macam yaitu : Hardening (menger}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {askan), tempering (memudakan),}\par\pard\li2320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1

8\cf0\par\pard\li2320\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dan anneali
ng (melunakan) baja. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\
calex100 {4}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Untuk
keperluan pemanasan bahan logam dari proses perlakuan}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
mult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {panas tersebut digunakan dapur}\fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {-}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dapur pemanas. Satu hal yang}\fs22\cf
333\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {penting dari kondisi dapur pe
manas ini adalah pengukuran}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2333\ri0\s
ex100 {temperatur kerj}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a harus secermat mungkin.}\fs
d\li1973\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx2333\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5}\fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Dapur pemanas benda kerja pada
proses perlakuan panas}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2333\ri0\sl-21
0 {menggunakan sumber panas dari listrik, minyak atau gas panas dari}\par\pard\l
f0\charscalex100 {pembakaran kokas.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li19
alex100 {Bahan pendingin yang digunakan didalam proses perlakuan panas}\par\pard
0\f0\charscalex100 {antara lain air, minyak, udara}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
dan garam.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx2333\*\tx4013\*\tx5133\*\tx6253\*
\tx7093\*\tx8760\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pendinginan}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dengan
}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {minyak}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {akan}\
tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {memberikan}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {kece
patan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2333\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\par\pard\li2333\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pendinginan yan
g sedang dan warna yang mantap dari benda kerja}\par\pard\li2333\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2333\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {yan
g diproses.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
8}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Untuk mendapatk
an sifat}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sifat bahan y
ang lebih baik sesuai dengan}\par\pard\li2333\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li2333\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {karakter yang diingink
an, dapat dilakukan melalu}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i pemanasan dan}\fs24\cf0
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\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pendinginan. Tujuannya adalah mengubah stru
ktur mikro sehingga}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2333\ri0\sl-213\sl
ahan dikeraskan, dimudahkan atau dilunakan. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\
x2333\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {9}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {Untuk memahami macam}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {macam fase dan struktur kristal yang}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {terjadi pada saat pendinginan besi/baja dapat d
iamati dari diagram}\par\pard\li2320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li232
0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {TTT .}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}{ }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {Pengerasan baja disebut juga penyepuhan (quenching) atau serin
g}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa

r\pard\li2320\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dikatakan menyepuh
baja. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
t0 \*\tx2066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {d}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {.}
\b0 \tab \fs28\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Lembar Tugas}\b0 \fs28\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00\b { }\b0 \par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl
x100 {Setelah anda membaca dan memahami proses perlakuan panas baja, cobalah}\pa
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {anda kerjakan latihan di bawah ini. Dengan demikian an
da akan dapat}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {memaham
i dan m}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {enjelaskan lebih jauh dari materi ini.}\fs24
arscalex100 {Jelaskan maksud dan tujuan perlakuan panas untuk baja.}\fs24\cf0\f0
ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx2066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Menurut jenisnya perlakuan panas itu ad
a beberapa macam, sebutkan.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\s
{Sebutkan macam}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {macam
media pendingin untuk proses perlakuan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\l
f0\charscalex100 {panas.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-2
arscalex100 {4}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Je
laskan cara proses anil un}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tuk membebaskan tegangan.
\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx2066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Apakah yang dimaksud denga
n full annealing dan apa tujuanya.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li161
lex100 {Dengan tujuan apa diperlukan penyepuhan baja dan apa yang harus}\par\par
f0\f0\charscalex100 {diperhatikan dalam perlakuan panas.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
slmult0 \*\tx2066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\ta
b \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Apa yang harus dilakukan setelah disepuh ternyata
baja tersebut}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2066\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2066\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {terla}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mpau keras.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\l
rscalex100 {Jelaskan prosedur pengerasan baja untuk menghindari terjadinya retak
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {yang biasa terjadi pada baja dengan kadar karbon y
ang tinggi.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn118
harscalex100\i {Kompetensi : }\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Teknologi Bahan
dan Teknik Pengukuran}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\

s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {II }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 { 60 }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\ma
rgrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
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ab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Jelaskan apa yang dimaksud pengerasan baja dan se
butkan cara yang}\par\pard\li2066\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2066\r
i0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sering digunakan.}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
0 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pengerasan Besi/Baja dipengar}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {uhi oleh beberapa faktor, jelaskan.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Untu
k memeriksa hasil latihan anda bagian ini tidak disediakan kunci}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch

\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {jawaban. Oleh karena itu hasil latih
an anda sebaiknya anda bandingkan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li161
harscalex100 {dengan hasil latihan siswa/kelompok lain. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
{Diskusikanlah dalam kelompok untuk ha}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {l}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {hal yang berbeda dalam hasil}\fs2
\li1613\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {latihan itu. Dalam mengka
ji hasil latihan itu anda sebaiknya selalu melihat}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\s
proses perlakuan panas pada baja yang diuraikan sebelumnya. Jika terdapat}\par\p
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {hal}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {hal yang tidak dapat di atasi dalam diskusi kelompok, bawalah}\fs24\cf0\f0\
i0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {persoalan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 { tersebut ke dalam pertemuan tutorial. Yakinlah dalam pertemuan}\par\pard\li
0\charscalex100 {tersebut anda akan dapat memecahkan persoalan itu.}\fs24\cf0\f0
f0\f0\charscalex100\b {e}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {.}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100\b {Lembar Tes Formatif}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { (}\b0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {H}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {.0}\b0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {1.3)}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { }\b0 \par\pard\l
f0\charscalex100 {Pilihlah salah satu kemungkinan jawaban yang menurut anda pali
ng tepat}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-33
3\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dengan memberi tanda silang (X) pada huru}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {f a, b, c, atau d.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\pa
\tx2106\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {Tujuan perlakuan panas pada baja adalah \uc1\u8230X.}\fs24\c
2106\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \*\tx2426\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sifat}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sifat baja yang lebih baik. }\par\pard\li2106\ri0
f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {Sifat}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sifat baja ya
ng tahan cair.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
0 {c}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sifat baja y
ang tahan rusak.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx2426\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {d}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sifat baja
yang tahan panas.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pg
wsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw9266\colsr-0\coln
o2\colw1826\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\
x100\i {Kompetensi : }\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Teknologi Bahan dan Tekn
ik Pengukuran}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0

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ab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Dalam proses perlakuan panas menggunakan suatu te
mpat yang}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {di}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {sebut \uc1\u8230X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li

scalex100 {Dapur tinggi.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-2
arscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Da
pur tempa.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx2426\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Dapur pemanas.}\
ard\li2106\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx2426\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Dapur besi.}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Media pendingin yang digunakan dalam proses perlakuan
panas...}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2066\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li2066\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {.}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {Air, minyak, udara dan pasir.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2066\
rscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Air, minyak, udara dan garam. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}{ }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Air, minyak, udara dan batu. }
pard\li2066\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx2426\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Air, minyak, garam dan pasi
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\r
100 {Proses anil untuk membebaskan tegangan memanaskan bahan sampai}\par\pard\li
0\charscalex100 {suhu \uc1\u8230X\uc1\u8230X.}{ }\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { C.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2106\ri
\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {520 \uc1\u8211X 600 }\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li2106\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx2586\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {530 \uc1\u8211X 610 }\par\pard\l
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {540 \uc1\u8211X 620 }\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx2586\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d}\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {550 \uc1\u8211X 650 .
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Normallizing memanaskan baja sampai suhu \uc1\u8230X\uc1
\u8230X dan tergantung dari}\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li2106\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {kadar karbon.}\fs24\cf0
66\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
.}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 800 \uc1\u8211X 900}{ }\fs16\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {0}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { C}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\l
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {700 \uc1\u8211X 950}{ }\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 { C}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmult
00 {c}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {570 \uc1\u8
211X 820}{ }\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { C}\fs24\c
2106\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx2586\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d}\fs24\cf0\f0\char

scalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {590 \uc1\u8211X 750}{ }\fs16\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {0}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { C}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }
ar\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Kompetensi : }\i
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Teknologi Bahan dan Teknik Pengukuran}\i0 \par\c
kpage
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ab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Penemperan baja dilakukan pada suhu \uc1\u8230X.}
\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
20\slmult0 \*\tx2560\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}
\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {100}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {500 }\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li210
lex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {150}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {600 }\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
pard\li2106\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx2560\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {200}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {700 }\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx2560\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {300}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {850 }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-213\sl
lex100 {7}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Memurni
kan baja adalah memanaskan baja sampai mencapai suhu \uc1\u8230X}\fs16\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {0}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\
x2560\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {350}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
450 }\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-320\sl
mult0 \*\tx2560\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {400}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {500 }\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2106\ri0
\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx2560\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {500}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {600 }\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li2106\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx2560\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {600}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {700 }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Mengkarbonkan(Carburiz
ing) adalah memanaskan bahan sampai suhu}\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8230
X\uc1\u8230X.}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { C}\fs24
li2106\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx2560\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {700}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {800 }\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx2560\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {900}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {950 }\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
0 {c}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {600}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {750 }\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-2
arscalex100 {d}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {75
0}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {900 }\par\pard\li157
lex100 {Proses perlakuan panas menggunakan sumber panas dari \uc1\u8230X.}\fs24\
i2146\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \*\tx2586\fs28\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs28\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {.}\tab \fs28\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Minyak bakar}\fs28\cf0\f0\charsca

lex100 { }\par\pard\li2146\ri0\sl-506\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Listrik, minyak, dan gas
panas dari pembakaran kokas}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2146\ri0\
0\charscalex100 {c}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Matahari dan gas bumi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2146\ri0\sl-21
rscalex100 {d}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ara
ng dan listrik}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn
rscalex100\i {Kompetensi : }\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Teknologi Bahan da
n Teknik Pengukuran}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
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7;32768}}
7;32768}}
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ut Sain dan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2466\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Teknologi Nasianal, Jakarta. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 { }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \*\tx4360\*\tx5786\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
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or}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2466\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
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3\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Hari Amanto dan Daryanto, 1999,
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fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a. }\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
lex100\i {Teknologi Bahan dan Teknik Pengukuran}\i0}

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