DESCRIPTIVE TEXT The Definition and Purpose of Descriptive Text Descriptive text is a text which say what a person

or a thing is like. Its purpose is to describe and reveal a particular person, place, or thing. The Generic Structure of Descriptive Text 1. Identification; identifying the phenomenon to be described. 2. Description; describing the phenomenon in parts, qualities, or/and characteristics. The Language Feature of Descriptive Text - Using attributive and identifying process. - Using adjective and classifiers in nominal group. - Using simple present tense Example of Descriptive text Singapore Singapore is an island city of about 4 million people. Its a beautiful city with lots of parks and open spaces. Its also a clean city. Most of the people live in high-rise flats in different parts of the island. The business district is very modern, with lots of tall new office buildings. Singapore also has some nice older sections. In Chinatown there are rows of old shop houses. The government buildings in Singapore are very beautiful and date from the colonial days. Singapore is famous for its shops and restaurants. There are many good shopping centres. Most of the goods are duty free. Singapores restaurants sell Chinese, Indian, Malay and European food, and the prices are quite reasonable.

ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION Definition of Analytical Exposition Exposition is a text that elaborates the writers idea about the phenomenon surrounding. Its social function is to persuade the reader that the idea is important matter. Generic Structure of Analytical Exposition 1. Thesis: Introducing the topic and indicating the writers position 2. Arguments: Explaining the arguments to support the writers position 3. Reiteration: Restating the writers position Language Features of Analytical Exposition - Using relational process - Using internal conjunction - Using causal conjunction - Using Simple Present Tense Example of Analytical Exposition text The Problem of Being Too Fat Being too fat is commonly known as overweight or obesity. It is simply defined as too much body fat inside. Overweight potentially leads high risk of health problem. Being too fat is recognized as a major factor for heart disease. Due to the overweight, the heart will work harder. It can lead to the heart attack. Furthermore, obesity potentially rises blood cholesterol and blood pressure. In addition, being too fat can change the amount of sugar in the blood. This will cause diabetes and other serous disease. Beside all of that, being too fat is often avoided by many young women. They said that becoming too fat will bother their physical beauty appearance. More serious studies are necessary to see the effect of obesity. However it is clear enough that overweight is not good enough for healthy life.

NARRATIVE Definition of Narrative Narrative is a text focusing specific participants. Its social function is to tell stories or past events and entertain the readers. Generic Structure of Narrative 1. Orientation: Introducing the participants and informing the time and the place 2. Complication: Describing the rising crises which the participants have to do with 3. Resolution: Showing the way of participant to solve the crises, better or worse Language Features of Narrative - Using processes verbs - Using temporal conjunction - Using Simple Past Tense Example of Narrative Text The Story of Smart Monkey and Dull Crocodile One day there was a monkey. He wanted to cross a river. There he saw a crocodile so he asked the crocodile to take him across the other side of the river. The crocodile agree and told the monkey to jump on its back. Then the crocodile swam down the river with the monkey on his top. Unluckily, the crocodile was very hungry, he stopped in the middle of the river and said to the monkey, My father is very sick. He has to eat the heart of the monkey. So he will be healthy again. At the time, the monkey was in dangerous situation and he had to think hard. Then he had a good idea. He told the crocodile to swim back to the river bank. Whats for? asked the crocodile. Because I dont bring my heart, said the monkey. I left it under a tree, near some coconuts in the river bank. The crocodile agreed and turned around. He swam back to the bank of the river. As soon as they reached the river bank, the monkey jumped off the crocodiles back. Then he climbed up to the top of a tree. Where is your heart? asked the crocodile. You are foolish, said the monkey to the crocodile. Now I am free and I have my heart.

RECOUNT Definition of Recount Recount is a text which retells events or experiences in the past. Its purpose is either to inform or to entertain the audience. There is no complication among the participants and that differentiates from narrative Generic Structure of Recount 1. Orientation: Introducing the participants, place and time 2. Events: Describing series of event that happened in the past 3. Reorientation: It is optional. Stating personal comment of the writer to the story Language Feature of Recount - Introducing personal participant; I, my group, etc - Using chronological connection; then, first, etc - Using linking verb; was, were, saw, heard, etc - Using action verb; look, go, change, etc - Using simple past tense Example of Recount Text Visiting bali There were so many places to see in Bali that my friend decided to join the tours to see as much as possible. My friend stayed in Kuta on arrival. He spent the first three days swimming and surfing on Kuta beach. He visited some tour agents and selected two tours. The first one was to Singaraja, the second was to Ubud. On the day of the tour, he was ready. My friend and his group drove on through mountains. Singaraja is a city of about 90 thousands people. It is a busy but quiet town. The street are lined with trees and there are many old Dutch houses. Then they returned very late in the evening to Kuta. The second tour to Ubud was a very different tour. It was not to see the scenery but to see the art and the craft of the island. The first stop was at Batubulan, a center of stone sculpture. There my friend watched young boys were carving away at big blocks of stone. The next stop was Celuk, a center for silversmiths and goldensmiths. After that he stopped a little while for lunch at Sukawati and on to mass. Mass is a tourist center My friend ten-day-stay ended very quickly beside his two tour, all his day was spent on the beach. He went sailing or surfboarding every day. He was quiet satisfied.

EXPLANATION Definition and purposes of Explanation Explanation is a text which tells processes relating to forming of natural, social, scientific and cultural phenomena. Explanation text is to say 'why' and 'how' about the forming of the phenomena. It is often found in science, geography and history text books. Generic structure of Explanation 1. General statement; stating the phenomenon issues which are to be explained. 2. Sequenced explanation; stating a series of steps which explain the phenomena. Language Feature of Explanation - Featuring generic participant; sun, rain, etc - Using chronological connection; to begin with, next, etc - Using passive voice pattern - Using simple present tense Example of Explanation Text Why is Bali Famous for Tourism Object? One of the famous tourism spots in Indonesia is Bali island. Bali lays at the part east of Java. Thousand domestic and foreign tourists visit Bali each month. Do you know why Bali island is so famous? A lot of tourists like fresh natural environment. If that what they want, Bali is the best choice to visit. Bali has beautiful landscape dominated with green luxurious terrace fields. Moreover Bali give fantastic view; beautiful sunrise in Sanur and fascinating sunset in Kuta beach. Beside the beautiful beach and panorama, domestic and foreign tourists also enjoy the balinese local genius arts such as; dances, puras, and temples. Most of these objects are amazing. Like many other tourism objects, Bali also provide souvenir center which they can take home. Most balinese people are artists. They spend their time to apply skill and imagination through painting, carving dancing. What make them more exposed is that most of them are English speaking people. That is why Bali is well-known all over the wold.

ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION Definition of Analytical Exposition Exposition is a text that elaborates the writers idea about the phenomenon surrounding. Its social function is to persuade the reader that the idea is important matter. Generic Structure of Analytical Exposition 1. Thesis: Introducing the topic and indicating the writers position 2. Arguments: Explaining the arguments to support the writers position 3. Reiteration: Restating the writers position Language Features of Analytical Exposition - Using relational process - Using internal conjunction - Using causal conjunction - Using Simple Present Tense Example of Analytical Exposition Text The Power of Music in our life Do you agree that music is important in our life? Yes I do, music has certain role completing our day to day activities. Here are some reasons why music is heard everywhere and anywhere. Music is a way to express feelings. When we fall in love, the kind of music wed listen to would be all about love. When were sad, we would go for music that is melancholic in nature and immerse ourselves in the sadness. When were happy, wed choose songs with happy tunes too. Song can help to memorize the last experiences. A favourite song is a powerful documentary. People with Alzheimer which are impaired the brain would remember details about songs they were familiar with. For example, an elderly woman who couldnt even remember her husbands name would remember the details of her favorite song; when it was played, how it made her feel and things about the song that made it especially memorable for her. Further, music can unite people for a cause and changes the world. A song with good lyric and striking deep chord can stimulate the universal feeling of all people. We can see it in the case of the famous and legendary Michael Jacson's Heal the World. It can arouse humanism of a lot people in this world. So what would the world be like without music? It would be lonely.

HORTATORY EXPOSITION Definition of Hortatory Exposition Hortatory exposition is a text which represent the attempt of the writer to have the addressee do something or act in certain way. Generic Structure of Hortatory Exposition 1. Thesis 2. Arguments 3. Recommendation Language Feature of Hortatory Exposition - Focusing on the writer - Using abstract noun; policy, advantage, etc - Using action verb - Using thinking verb - Using modal adverb; certainly, surely, etc - Using temporal connective; firstly, secondly, etc - Using evaluative words; important, valuable, trustworthy, etc - Using passive voice - Using simple present tense Example of Hortatory Exposition Text Watch your Kids While Watching TV Television becomes one of the most important devices which takes place in almost houses. It can unite all members of the family as well as separate them. However, is it important to know what your kids are watching? The answer is, of course, absolutely "Yes" and that should be done by all parents. Television can expose things you have tried to protect the children from, especially violence, pornography, consumerism and so on. Recently, a study demonstrated that spending too much time on watching TV during the day or at bedtime often cause bed-time disruption, stress, and short sleep duration. Another research found that there is a significant relationship between the amount of time spent for watching television during adolescence and early adulthood, and the possibility of being aggressive. Meanwhile, many studies have identified a relationship between kids who watch TV a lot and being inactive and overweight. Considering some facts mentioning above, protect your children with the following tips: Limit television viewing to one-two hours each day Do not allow your children to have a TV set in their own bedrooms Review the rating of TV shows which your children watch Watch television with your children and discuss what is happening in the show

PROCEDURE

Definition of Procedure Procedure is a text that show a process in order. Its social function is to describe how something is completely done through a sequence of series Generic Structure of Procedure 1. Goal: showing the purpose 2. Material: Telling the needed materials 3. Step 1-end: Describing the steps to achieve the purpose Language Feature of Procedure - Using temporal conjunction - Using action verb - Using imperative sentence - Using Simple Present Tense Example of Procedure Text The Procedure of Making Meatballs What you need for the ingredients 1 kilo of very fine minced meat (preferably beef) 2 eggs 300 grams of tapioca-flour 4-8 cloves of garlic 1 red onion 1 teaspoon of white pepper 2 teaspoons of salt The steps to make meatballs These steps are instruction on how to make meatballs, just meatball, the soup is made separately. First of all,mix garlic, red onion, salt, and white pepper in a mortar or mixer. Second step, mix the spice-mixture with the eggs, the tapioca-flour and the minced meat. After that, use your fingers, add a cup of water, and keep on working until the mixture feels soft and smooth. Then, boil some water in a rather large pot, at least about 2 liters. Next step, start rolling the mixture into small meatballs. Finally, lower the meatballs into the boiling water. When they float up to the surface the meatball are ready to serve.

DISCUSSION

Definition of Discussion Discussion is a text which present a problematic discourse. This problem will be discussed from different viewpoints. Discussion is commonly found in philosophical, historic, and social text. Generic Structure of Discussion 1. Statement of issue; stating the issue which is to discussed 2. List of supporting points; presenting the point in supporting the presented issue 3. List of contrastive point; presenting other points which disagree to the supporting point 4. Recommendation; stating the writer' recommendation of the discourse Language Feature of Discussion - Introducing category or generic participant - Using thinking verb; feel, hope, believe, etc - Using additive, contrastive, and causal connection; similarly, on the hand, however, etc - Using modalities; must, should, could, may, etc - Using adverbial of manner; deliberately, hopefully, etc Example of Discussion Text The Advantages and Disadvantages of Home Office Everybody like home sweet home however making office at home is possible and recommend. Of course home office will has both advantage and disadvantage. Therefore it is wise to consider the strengths and weaknesses to have a home office. Some people will agree that having office at home will make benefit. It saves time. We need no commuting which occasionally takes a long time. Besides we are free to set the work schedule. Having home office will save money as we need not to purchase or lease of office space from rent companies. What make it more flexible is that we can set part or all parts of our home just as a real office. What we need is only a wireless router to cover all parts of our house with Internet. We can run our business wherever part of house we want, from living room, bed room, veranda, etc even we can make sell or purchase by online shopping for things we need. Furthermore Working at home might reduce stress, effort and time and divert it to other more productive things because while working, we are close to our families. However making home as office also has some disadvantages. For some people, keeping the schedule is hard in flexible time. Such people type will harder if they are working just from home. There will no clear border between working and breaking. Working just from home also reduces the possibility to meet new people. It is true that computer and Internet connection possibly relate people every time and everywhere but we will interact with them in a dimension which is not real face. So considering carefully what we actually need in running our business is very recommended before choosing to have office at home or not. REVIEW

Definition of Review Review is a text which presents critical analysis on events or works for readers or public audiences. Generic Structure of Review 1. Introduction 2. Evaluation 3. Interpretation 4. Summary Language Feature of Review - Focusing on certain participants - Using adjectives; bad, good, etc - Using complex clauses - Using metaphor Example of Review Text Opera Mini Opera has officially launched the best phone web browser world widely. I've been using it since last summer. Here are the things that separate Opera Mini out from other applications. Opera Mini is small and easy to download and install. Beside that Opera has made the process simple by providing direct access to download, no registration or multiple page view needed. Opera Mini's speed of downloading is incredible. It makes GPRS seem a lot faster. It compresses and down-sizes of picture on the server but not every web page will looks perfect. The header image on my blog doesn't show up. I think Opera has done an amazing job. I expect huge things from this. I bet you could easily base a new web-based business around this browser. Opera Mini is jus about the best browser I've ever seen on mobile phone.

ANECDOTE

Definition and Social Function of Anecdote Anecdote is a text which retells funny and unusual incidents in fact or imagination. Its purpose is to entertain the readers. Generic Structure of Anecdote 1. Abstract 2. Orientation 3. Crisis 4. Reaction 5. Coda Language Feature of Anecdote - Using exclamation words; it's awful!, it's wonderful!, etc - Using imperative; listen to this - Using rhetoric question; do you know what? - Using action verb; go, write, etc - Using conjunction of time; then, afterward - Using simple past tense Example of Anecdote text Snake in the Bathroom How would you like to find a snake in you bath? We had just moved into a new house, which had been empty for so long that everything was in a terrible mess. Anna and I decided that we would clean the bath first, so we set to, and turned on the tap. Suddenly to my horror, a snake's head appeared in the plug hole. Then out slithered the rest of his long thin body. He twisted and turned on the slippery bottom of the bath, spitting and hissing at us. For an instant I stood there quite paralyzed. Then I yelled for my husband, who luckily came running and killed the snake with the handle of a broom. Anna, who was only three at the time, was quite interested in the whole business. Indeed I had to pull her out of the way or she'd probably have lean over the bath to get a better look. We found out later that it was a black mamba, a poisonous kind of snake. It had obviously been fast asleep, curled up at the bottom of the nice warm water-pipe. It must have had an awful shock when the cold water came trickling down! But nothing to the shock I got! Ever since then I've always put the plug in firmly before running the bath water

SPOOF

Definition and Social Function of Spoof Spoof is a text which tells factual story, happened in the past time with unpredictable and funny ending. Its social function is to entertain and share the story. Generic Structure of Spoof 1. Orientation 2. Events 3. Twist Language Feature of Spoof - Focusing on people, animals or certain things - Using action verb; ate, ran, etc - Using adverb of time and place - Told in chronological order Example of Spoof Text Goat Jumping into Deep Hole Two men were walking through the woods and come across a very big deep hole. "Wow...that looks deep." One replied,"Sure does... toss a few pebbles in there and we will see how deep this hole is." Then they pick up a few pebbles and throw them in and wait... no noise "Geeez. That is really deep... here.. throw one of these great big rocks down there. Those should make a noise." After that, they pick up a couple football-sized rocks and toss them into the hole and wait... and wait. but no noise they heard. Wow.. They were really impressed with how deep hole it was. They look at each other in amazement. One gets a determined look on his face and says, "Hey...over here in the weeds, there's a railroad tie. Help me carry it over here. When we toss that sucker in this hole, it's must make some noise." The two men drag the heavy tie over to the hole and heave it in. But, not a sound comes from the hole. Suddenly, out of the nearby woods, a goat appears, running like the wind. It rushes toward the two men, then right past them, running as fast as its legs will carry it. Suddenly it leaps in the air and into the hole. The goat disappeared into the deep hole. The two men are astonished with what they've just seen. How could a goat jump into the hole? Then, not long after that, out of the woods comes a farmer. He seemed to seek something and asked to the two men, "Hey two guys... have you seen my goat out here?" Feeling amazing with what they saw of a goat jumping to the hole, they answer straightly,"You bet we did! Craziest thing I've ever seen! A goat came running like crazy and just jumped into this hole!" The farmer thought a moment and said, "That could not have been my goat. Because my goat was chained to a railroad tie." Then he left the two men. NEWS ITEM

Definition of News Item News item is a text which informs readers about events of the day. The events are considered newsworthy or important. Generic Structure of News Item 1. Main event 2. Elaboration (background, participant, time, place) 3. Resource of information Language Feature of News Item - Focusing on circumstances - Using material process - Using adverbs : time, place and manner. Example of News Item Text Three Die after Attending Marriage Ceremony Three residents were killed, while dozens of others were wounded after a pickup truck they were taking to attend a marriage ceremony overturned in Jingkang village, Banyumas Regency, on Sunday. The pickup was carrying 30 passengers, mostly women, when it failed to ascend a steep road on its way back from the ceremony. As a result, the passengers were squeezed. The wounded passengers were later rushed to the Ajibarang regional public hospital. Local police are investigating the cause of the accident.

REPORT

Definition of Report Report is a text which presents information about something, as it is. It is as a result of systematic observation and analysis Generic Structure of Report 1. General classification: Stating classification of general aspect of thing; animal, public place, plant, etc which will be discussed in general 2. Description: Describing the thing which will be discussed in detail; part per part , customs or deed for living creature and usage for materials Language Feature of Report - Introducing group or general aspect - Using conditional logical connection; when, so, etc - Using simple present tense Example of Report Text What is a tornado? Tornadoes are known as one of the most damaging disasters. What is the description of tornadoes? A tornado is a very powerful column of winds which spirals around a center of low atmospheric pressure. A tornado will look like a large black funnel which hangs down from a storm cloud. The name "tornado" derives from the Latin "tonare". It means "to thunder." While the Spanish developed the word into "tornear" which means "to turn or twist". This is why a tornado is sometimes called twister or cyclone. The winds inside a twister can spin around at speeds up to 500 miles an hour, but it usually travels at roughly 300 miles an hour. This speed twisting makes a tornado the most dangerous storm. The average tornado has a diameter of about 200 to 300 yards. The smaller tornadoes are known as satellite tornadoes. These small offspring, about 50 yards across, can be very fierce and do lots of damage. The forming of a tornado can be very quick. Sometimes it can form in a minute or less. A tornado can travel across the ground at high speeds, then it can suddenly vanish. Most tornadoes last less than twenty minutes and travel less than 15 miles. However, the super storms sometimes travel over 100 miles before they are exhausted.