MARA 2 iat wes DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF SILOS AND BUNKERS Sargis S.Safarian ‘atone Cotte Ernest C. Harris, Ph.D. ‘Universtyer Colorado Go. ebPreface Storage silos and bunkers for bull materials ae in ever increasing demand, withthe newer ones often surpassing any but previously in both capacity and complexity. Industry salso developing aew uss for ios, beyond mete orage. These tends point to the ne for an uptodate, comprehensive presentation of sruetural analysand desi information to aid the design fr, builders, and users of modern storage silos and bunkers for industry ‘and agricuture. This book Is written to meet that ned ‘The euthors have drawn heavily on thelr own design and construction ‘experince plus that of ethers inthe United Sates and other countries TRe ‘book bring together technical information from many sources: echnical rs design standards, and design aod constuction vides, In Chapter 2, “Stored Material Treasures the cansial methods for ‘compating stati preceures ae presented frst Then a meer iterpretaion ‘of material flow characteristics is presented, followed Uy metus. by Reimbert, Waker, Jenike, nd others for computing total pressures, tht i Sate pressures plus overpressure. Requirements of yarions codes and Sandards are also discord. Mathos of including the posture anomalies Ave to eccentric discharge are shown, Following Chapter 3. “Silo and Bunker Loads." thre are cheptors devoted tothe design of silos and bunkers of rinforod concrete, pont tensioned and precast concrete, ee, nd less commen materiale sus 23 wood and masonry In most ofthese, design examples ne evened to show methods thatthe author have used sucessfully Silo failures have been quite common, andthe engineer can learn much by studying them. The authors have been called to investigate many auch cases, Chapter 10 deserbes failures and findings of various investigators and tells ofthe repair methods used. Since poor detail has been a frequent ‘cause of distress, this chapter and the chapters on design tive considerable attention to details. leis our hope tht this compilation of up to-date design and construction information vill help designers and builders of modern silos and bunkers Droduce structures that are reliably sie, yt reasonably economical. Sasots 8. Satanuan TEaNEsT C. Haas,Acknowledgments ‘abe Aphanian Comins Exc De Mees, owe Fal Copan, Bebe, Banyan Incrnstn Si Acton, fe et Oe Ms, ows The Peo Co Ine Caren Cay, Now York De J tent nal En, any, Spa Dr 0-F Thre, Concig Eng, Minh Germany Wit Er & Soho, ei, Wet Germany Widen Aad, Wart Pond Sel a dee rong 0 Me, Gre aha, a bat Nana Wes‘ Ane Uanslned the French slo ode, al gritty schnowledped.Notations aes nto dimension Fig 4°19) ("= otal enforcement area per unit width o pee eons ea of ate ces section 4. re of prestessing sel pe wit with 4A'Sare of rng beam cos ston 4 te tee, se ete ree pr wt |5= hopper opin dimension fastor or Walkers eo = Reinbers characteristic abs; so capaci coat GGG Cy C= ovepesuE cece (Geman $b fata for seine foe computation (C= mltyingactr for alt oaton dein Gc) factor fring beam anal. = darter; end oad onion 2, pfesure incense fistrs for eset. dibare (hein) forse; datbtion Icio for Walker eto 1, ~ ton fre poi wih om petals £ wallowabi tense sess; tangential fore per wit with FR tngenl fore per unit with on ses and, = ate (actor) shea Toc pe nit with = sear modus asic = torsion fcr fat for rack thin walt bending AK, Ky. Ky= overpresure factors for Reimbert method for total presures Sect! for wal tempest edn {Efe or ng ae aa 1k, Ky ~eomtant or Cae’ math for eal fat {Length ie ad sibs meaning “ive steve eth 11 moment epplod ong bum by col ‘ial bende meat peru wih: orzo loading rmomeat in ing-beam iM, =beris load ending moment for earl crack nid cempution 1M,= tangent (excumleental) Bening moment per un = nmber bos, for exam) sonia (heretiaD ukimste avength of wal pr anit ve = tree (0, = proximate ction models of rack ation (1, sop ection mols = bya ais; temperature change aio (or ste) = dome ridin $= eon mods strip or sesonay= empeatne of sored materia 1, = oma shear eng once alone er wit with =Total downs da force mr mtota weight of sored material; weight of designated srthaake zone ator = opening with: with of wal of tanger or polos! Un cee forge mote 6 ~Ttious eat forse of retaneula slo «aance from oer ai or cent to extome Shae Substige meine “on "cont Romper ime sion Fi 4-37) cents for daring btlom load to ates Ay nd, “dea pene diameter Ainance fom compression fs of coer to centroid of ompresonrnforing bas 11 = dati, exteme fier on ten fe of conte to ealto of ene reiforcng bare Ses sete ning “Suen ve ’ sey iin vie ‘ce = script meaning “seen” or “eccentricity ‘teu indeting “elle suo omg re beg ing “ig” = taton los j= alee ses in pests se a design oad ‘f= himate nit strength of pretense {= eompte tense res In enfeting te {f= compe compressive seein renorne ee average intial presen to, ‘iat tense tenth corte Fo sei yk stent of el 1 metry: a eae cte ‘hal hin: veal depth of amo las tetive ‘cknet fave walt sehr 1, lectve head 4, eta eal opening tuserpt meaning “inaginary” ~ fener for cars equtons = ato of bra sic ath; dane longa enon: suberp meaning “Ive due te ani erpecie ined = subst meaning ean nin = se canna ute (ots oF we, For exam: etio of nit eit ere deo a ver reste mo alo r= fon forage and tapas plate anal uti neat “nal” ts bol clad 1 sbserpt meaning “slg,” “ati” or te ses erck Spang = subsp meaning “tangent” total” top” “thermal ‘el pe ei volumes rail placement; load per ait sen kt weld eg dimension; soaenpt meaning walsci = With of enck det varius aang = ubsrpt meaning “eeton” of tana ‘2 eauidents for crt ats wall ana Tin = brskta term on amsenquatonahisa for Reimbers 2p sm of lfncing aprile wth fw 1 for for eval rack dh computation {'Sange of hopper slope fst for crcl sab analysis ‘scrip for forces or presto sloping src apc ri, depth of compresion block to depth = Hig pera vole fisive angle of 8'~ angle o soe or rotation: angle round priter 6, = tor or compuing shear det fenton esse i —ceticen ef fiion(ansd = roan fensContents PREFACE Jy ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. J ih NOTATIONS | ix 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1. Recent Trends 1 sues | 3 Codes and Standarés | 3 oA. Storage Felten 3 8. Chasistions nd Definitions 4 8. Stored Marais | 5 isiogapty 2. STORED MATERIAL PRESSURES | 10 Metnods of Computing Sate resus Due to ‘Granule Materia? 10 2-2, ‘The Jaen Met fo Conspating Sate ewure | 10 2.3, The Aly Method for Computing Stati Preset 2-4. The Reimbert Method (or Computing Stati Preere | 12 Presse Normal o Inclined Surfaces /_ 14 Compariton of Mathoe or Computing State Prowse | 1d 2.7. Flow Pattorae 18 MasePlow Soe [18 Panne Flow Soe 19 Faponded Flow | 20 Ectentric Flow an Che 2-8, Flow Ireeaulrities {20 Pulstion 21 Shocks | 2 Effect of Very Cohesive Solids 24 2-9, Total Pressures — Stati Pls Overprestre [24 (Caqut’s Method for Computing Tote Pressures | 24 ‘Total Presses by the Piper Wenzel Method. | 25 ects {20 Geno's Ansytcl Solution 25 Patanovs and Kovtir'sSlition 28 ‘hime’ Apprnach | 26 Walkers Method far Computing Total Presures 27 Design Pressures by M.and A, Reimbert 28 Safaran’s Approach. 28 Jeike’s Approach for Computing Tost Pressure | 29 German Silo Code / 39 Soviet Slo Code | 48 (ualty of Materia (Uniformity Factors) 48 Load Factor 49 Serve Condition | 49 Silo Code, CH302-68, US.SioStandad | 52 French Silo Regulations | 4 Etec of Becenti Discharge and Noneymmetricd Flow (57 ACLSI5-83 Approach 58 Sutran'sMetod | 39 ‘Themes approach (60 AMore Neatly Rina Procedure 60 Pm in Bankers 1 62 ° References | 63 SILO AND BUNKER LOADS 65 ination (65 3. Lie Loate / 65 Exguipment Lande) 67 Thal facts 67 Retnforcement for Temperature Grit Dus to Hot Stored Materia!) 67 Loads fiom External Restant J 70 Loads at Hopper Feeders or Gates {71 Seismic Loading | 74 Other Loading Considerations | 76 References 77