UNIT 2: The Chemistry of Life Daysheet 26: Understanding Waters Structure & Behavior Paper Lab

Biology I

Name: _______________________________ Bellringer:

Date: ____________________

Directions: Understanding waters structure and behavior can help to explain much of what we can see in the natural world. Carefully read over the blurbs of information below using your reading strategies (underline, highlight and/or circle). Use this information to answer the questions that follow.

Water is Special!!!!
Now, everyone is special, and were not trying to belittle any other chemical compounds by singling water out, but water really is amazing and ber-important to life on Earth. We have already exposed you to 4 very special properties of water through our video lecture and Cornell notes. Today is an opportunity to commit waters awesomeness to memory! Heres a quick checklist of the awesome: Water has high cohesion. So what? We'll tell you what. Hydrogen bonds between water molecules make them stick together. But, you already knew that. The reason this is nifty is that it results in high surface tension, or the tendency for water molecules to stick together when at the boundary of a gas and a liquid (or a liquid and a solid, or even a liquid and a liquid...you get the idea), which means that its actually pretty hard to break the surface of water compared to other liquids. Surface tension is what allows some things to float on water even if theyre denser than water. Bugs, for instance. 1. What type of bond allows water to stick to another water molecule? _____________________________ 2. What vocabulary term can be used to describe waters ability to stick to itself? ____________________ 3. What is surface tension? _______________________________________________________________ Water is cohesive (cohesion) Water is adhesive (adhesion) Water is a Universal Solvent Water is less dense as a solid (ice floats!)

Water is adhesive. The amazing thing about water is that it can stick to other things as well! Thats right. Water can stick to anything that allows it to form a hydrogen bond. This explains why water can stick to a window, or glass, or even your hair. Lots of times students confuse adhesion with cohesion. To help you remember the difference, you can tell yourself when water is ADDED to something other than water, its ADD-hesion.

4. What type of bond allows water to stick to substances that are not water? _______________________ 5. How is adhesion different from cohesion? _________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ 6. List 2 things that water can stick to that was not mentioned in the reading: ________________________ Water is a great solvent! Water is dangerously good at dissolving things. A master dissolver, if you will. Since water is a polar molecule, its positive end is attracted to negatively charged ions or the negative sides of other polar molecules, and its negative side is attracted to positively charged ions or the positive sides of other polar molecules. If you drop a salt crystal into water, the sodium ion (Na+) will quickly be surrounded by eager water molecules with the negative sides facing the positive sodium ion; the chlorine ion (Cl-) will be similarly surrounded by other water molecules with positive sides facing the negative chlorine ion. Its reminds me of the way paparazzi descend on celebrities, or the way vultures hone in on a dead carcass.

7. Water has a positive end (hydrogens) and a negative end (oxygen). What term can we used to describe
the opposite charges on a water molecule? _______________________________________

8. What charge is the oxygen-side of water attracted to? _____________________________________ 9. What charge is the hydrogen-side of water attracted to? ___________________________________ 10. In your own words, why is water so good at being a universal solvent?
___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________

Objective: I can use my knowledge about waters shape to help me explain waters unique properties.

Homework: Complete HW#26. Complete and submit your missing work. The last day to turn in missing work is October 21st!

Activity 1: Creating a Water Molecule Stop-and-Jot: 1. Label the oxygen and hydrogen atoms 2. Label the atom(s) that have positive charge with + 3. Label the atom(s) that have a negative charge with and negative charges

Procedure to create your water molecule: 1. Ask your teacher for a water molecule template 2. Cut out the three circles 3. Label the 2 small circles as hydrogen 4. Label the 1 big circle as oxygen 5. Color the 2 hydrogen atoms red, and leave your one oxygen atom white. 6. Label the atom(s) that have a positive charge with a (+) sign 7. Label the atom(s) that have a negative charge with a (-) sign 8. Use a glue stick to attach the small circles to the larger circle as in the picture above

Directions: In your group, examine the water molecules on your table and answer the questions below 1. How many atoms are there in a water molecule? _______ 2. Why does water have positive and negative sides? ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Because water has positive and negative sides we say that it is ______________________________. 3. When your two water molecules are together, which parts can stick to each other? ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ 4. When molecules come together, positive charges are attracted to negative charges. How does your model show this? ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Water also sticks really well to some other molecules, such as salt. A picture of a salt molecule is shown below. Explain why water would stick well to salt. ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________

HW26: Waters Unique Properties

Name: _____________________________________ Directions: Read

________Biology I
Date: __________________

Water resists temperature changes.

Water is stubborn. Why is water like this, and who decided being stubborn makes you special? First, water has a high specific heat capacity, which is the amount of energy that it takes to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 C. In other words, it takes a lot of energy to heat water. Second, water has a high heat of vaporization (the amount of heat required to convert liquid water into gaseous water, aka steam). The high heat of vaporization of water is due to those pesky hydrogen bonds. Water molecules at the surface need to be moving really fast to break free into the air. Heating increases the movement of the molecules, but we already know it takes a lot of energy to heat water because water has a high specific heat. If we put these two concepts together, we find that it takes a lot of energy to heat a water molecule, and we need to heat it a lot to give it the kinetic energy it needs to break the hydrogen bonds holding it to the rest of the water molecules. A double whammy if youre trying to get water to boil. Lastly, water has a high heat of fusion, or the heat you need to take out of water to get it to solidify (freeze). What all this means is that water can hold a lot of heat energy before it changes temperatures and states (solid to liquid to gas). This property of water is great if you are an organism that lives in the water. Why, you might ask? A high heat of fusion means that, even if the temperature of the air changes a lot, water will shelter you from those changes and provide a pretty stable environment. Thanks, water. 1. What is specific heat? ________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Describe waters specific heat: _________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. What is heat of vaporization? __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Describe waters heat of vaporization: ___________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________

Ice floats.
We know; you knew that. For most compounds, the solid is denser than the liquid, meaning that the solid will sink to the bottom of the container holding the liquid. Not for ice! Tricked ya. Ice is cool like that. Get it? Cool? Sorry. The point is that water actually becomes less dense when it freezes, which allows the solid form, or ice, to float on the liquid form, or water. This is important for organisms that live underwater. If frozen water sunk, small bodies of water would be more likely to freeze completely in the winter, which would be bad for all the organisms living there. And by bad, we mean certain death. Instead, a layer of ice effectively insulates the underlying water, allowing many aquatic organisms to survive through the winter. 5. Liquid water is ___________________ dense than ice. 6. Describe how a body of water freezes because of the density of ice versus liquid water: ____________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 7. Why is it beneficial to aquatic organisms for water to freeze from the top down? ___________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________