Large
Large Atmospheric
Atmospheric Storage
Storage Tank
Tank Fires
Fires
Summary/Update
November
November 2001
Independent
0
Desert Tropical
LASTFIRE
Large
Large Atmospheric
Atmospheric Storage
Storage Tank
Tank Fires
Fires
LASTFIRE
PROJECT SPONSORS
Agip Petroli OMV
BP PetroFina
Conoco Repsol
DEA Saudi Aramco
Elf Shell
Exxon Total
MOL Veba
Mobil WRG
LASTFIRE PROJECT STRUCTURE
Sponsors’
Steering Group
CONSEQUENCES
Life Safety
Environment FIRE ENGINEERING
Business Interruption FIRE MODELLING
Asset Value COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS
Other Issues
BRAINSTORMING MEETINGS
Escalation
Mechanism Risk Workbook
Analysis
LASTFIRE MAIN PROJECT CONCLUSIONS
Slide 3 of 4
LASTFIRE MAIN PROJECT CONCLUSIONS
Detailed design of detection & protection
systems is often incorrect due to lack of
operational experience in design houses
Incident response strategies must be developed
prior to incident with regular exercises &
training
FHM policies should be developed from site
specific analysis, but risk reduction options most
likely to be cost effective are:-
Secondary seals
Fire retardant rimseal material
Independent high-high alarm
Linear heat detection
Extended discharge rimseal foam system
Walkways allowing foam application by handlines Slide 4 of 4
FLOATING ROOF TANK FIRE SCENARIOS
Number
of 55 37 96 55 3 2 1 1
Incidents
Frequency
-3
( x 10
1.6 1.1 2.8 1.6 0.09 0.06 0.03 0.03
/tank year )
RIMSEAL FIRE IGNITION
LASTFIRE
SOURCES
Lightning
52
Total = 55
RIMSEAL FIRE FREQUENCY
LASTFIRE
BY AREA
Country/ Nigeria
Southern Northern North Saudi
Europe Europe America Venezuela Thailand Singapore Arabia
Region
Number
of
fires
7 13 15 9 2 3 2 1
Tank 333 6247 15264 4611 159 224 1035 3392
years
Frequency
( x 10-3/tank year ) 21 2 1 2 13 13 2 0.3
Thunderstorm
days per year 160 30 20 40 60 70 120 10
FULL SURFACE FIRE
LASTFIRE
ANALYSIS
Total of 6 full surface fires during 4 incidents
☺ 1 escalation in 55 rim seal fires
(Roof pontoons contained vapours and/or liquid)
Options addressed:-
Tank & Bund Design & Operation
Incident Detection
Fire Protection Systems
Portable/Mobile Fire Fighting
Equipment
Fire Response Strategies
Tank Roof
1 2 3 4 5 6
FIRE
FAULT
End-of-line
device
LASTFIRE
RISK REDUCTION OPTIONS
Linear Heat Detector - specification considerations
Foam applied
to
rimseal area
Rimseal Protection Systems
Maintenance issues
Rimseal Protection Systems
Preplanning
Formalise
Operator actions
Firefighter actions
Training
Exercises
Systems/Equipment maintenance
Update
Full Surface Fire Response
Options
•Burn Down
•System Application
•Monitor Attack
Full Surface Fire Response
Example
Full
Full Surface
Surface Foam
Foam System
System
Full Surface Foam System
Example
•OMV, Austria
Full Surface Foam System
Considerations
•Manning Exposure Minimised
•Response Time Minimised
•Cost
•System Maintenance / Testing
•Reduced Flow Rates
•Foam Flow Issues if Tank > 60m
Full Surface Fire Response
Monitor
Monitor Application
Application
Monitor Attack
Examples
•Sunoco, Sarnia
Sarnia,, Canada
•Orion, USA
Monitor attack started
Norco Fire, June 2001
83m diameter
Gasoline Fire
Monitor Attack
Considerations
• Manning
Manning Requirements
Requirements
••Numbers
Numbers
••Competencies
Competencies
• Personnel
Personnel Safety
Safety
•• Radiant
Radiant heat
heat
•• Boilover
Boilover
•• Bund
Bund access
access // footing
footing
• Logistics
Logistics
•• Foam
Foam supply
supply
•• Water
Water supply
supply
• Allowance
Allowance for
for Foam
Foam Losses
Losses (60%)
(60%)
• Drainage
Drainage Issues
Issues
Full Surface Fire Response
Options
Whatever one you choose
PREPLAN
&
EXERCISE THE
PREPLAN!!
LASTFIRE
Large
Large Atmospheric
Atmospheric Storage
Storage Tank
Tank Fires
Fires
Follow-Up Work
Lightning Protection
of Floating Roof
Storage Tanks
Main Issues
• Proprietary equipment no guarantee!
• Sparking at seals very likely
• Shunts not usually effective
• Ensure earth lead effectiveness
Poor Shunt
Contact
Good Shunt
Contact
Earth leads are important!
Lightning
Lightning
Protection
Protection
System
System
LASTFIRE
Large Atmospheric Storage Tank Fires
Risk Workbook
Risk Workbook
Consequences
X
Frequency Risk 1
Add FEHM measure
Consequences
X
Frequency Risk 2
If ( Risk 1 - Risk 2 ) > Cost of measure,
then cost benefit achieved
RISK WORKBOOK
LASTFIRE Cost Benefit Analysis
A Risk Reduction Option is cost beneficial if :-
{(C without × γ without ) - (C with × γ with )} × Pr control > Cost of implementa tion
where:
Cwithout = Expected cost of incident without option in place
Tank Identification
and Size
Risk Mitigation
Option Selection
Fighting Floating Roof Tank
Rimseal Fires
• Made by Fire-fighters for Fire-fighters
Realistic
Application
Methods
‘System’
‘System’
Application
Application
Rapid
Rapid Knockdown
Knockdown butbut Poor
Poor
Sealing
Sealing Capability
Capability
Excellent
Excellent Burnback
Burnback
Resistance
Resistance
Tank Firefighting
Workshop
Tank Firefighting Workshop
Objectives
To provide general site familiarisation
To increase knowledge of tank fire scenarios
To review tank fire response strategy/tactics
Options
Strategies
To practice response tactics
Fire Training Ground
Tank Farm
To review plans for tank Fire Hazard Management
Tank Firefighting Workshop
Programme - Day 1
Tank types and fire scenarios
Tank incident videos
Firefighting foam and foam systems
Tank Fire hazard management (FHM)
Protection/detection systems
Fire modelling
Preplanning
TankFire Response Tactics
Future Tank FHM
Tank Firefighting Workshop
Programme - Day 2
Terminal Familiarisation
Exercise Overview and Safety Features
Training Ground – rimseal fire simulator
Tank Farm – response Exercise
Debrief
On
On the
the Training
Training
Ground
Ground
Rimseal
Rimseal FireFighting
FireFighting
Tactics
Tactics
Partial
Circumference
Rimseal Fire
Full
Circumference
Rimseal Fire
22 Man
Man Attack
Attack At
At All
All Times
Times
Using
Using Foam
Foam Extinguishers
Extinguishers
Rimseal
Rimseal Fire
Fire
Response
Response
Simulator
Simulator
Briefing
Briefing Session
Session
Dry
Dry Chemical
Chemical Attack
Attack
Note Flashback!
Handheld
Handheld Foam
Foam Extinguishers
Extinguishers
Foam
Foam Handline
Handline
Tank Farm –
Response Exercise
Exercise
Exercise
Briefing
Briefing
Exercise
Briefing
Water spray/cone will
allow team to access wind
girder/walkway.
e-mail: ramsden@resprotint.co.uk
website: www.resprotint.co.uk