Lesson 4.

2
Division with Exponents
1
2
Objectives:
Within the learning period, I will be able to

*Apply the definition for negative exponents.
*Use Properties 4 and 5 for exponents.
*Simplify expressions involving exponents of 0 and 1.
*Simplify expressions using combinations of the
properties of exponents.
*Write numbers in scientific notation and expanded
form.


3
Definition:
If r is a positive integer, then a
-r
= 1 = 1 (a 0)
a
r
a
r


Review:
Multiplication with the same base,
add the exponents
Division with the same base,
subtract the exponents
3
3
1
x
x =

Example:
**Any fraction raised to negative one is the
reciprocal of that fraction.
4
z y x
3 2 1
3

d c b a
4 3 2
4

Rewrite using positive exponents:
Look at EACH factor and decide if the factor belongs in the
numerator or denominator.

Factors with positive exponents will remain as numerator,
while factors with negative exponents will be placed in the
denominator

3 2
3 y x
z
=
4 2
3
4
c a
d b
=


Property 4 for Exponents
Quotient of Powers Property
If a is any real number and r and s are integers, then
a
r
= a
r - s
(a 0)
a
s


**To divide with the same base, subtract the exponents
(numerator minus denominator)

Examples:
5
6
3 9
3
9
1
a
a
a
a
= =

y y y
y 1 1
3 4 4
3
= =

Practice: Property 4
Quotient of Powers Property
6
3 3 3
12 9 3
3
2
n m
n m
27
8
3 12 3 9
=
n m
27
8
9 6
n m
=
7


Property 5 for Exponents
Power of a Quotient Property
If a and b are any two real
numbers (b 0) and r is an
integer, then
a
r
= a
r
b b
r


Example:
**A quotient raised to a
power is the quotient of
the powers.
3
3
3
b
a
b
a
=
|
.
|

\
|
Use the Power of a Quotient Property
along with the Power of a Power Property

3 3 3
12 9 3
3 3 3
3 4 3 3 3
3
4 3
3
2
3
2
3
2
n m
n m
n m
n m
mn
n m
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|

27
8
27
8
9 6
3 3
12 9
n m
n m
n m
= =
Practice: Property 5
Power of a Quotient Property
8
3
2 4
2 4 3
3
3
2


|
|
.
|

\
|
z y x
z y x
3 3 3 2 3 4 3
3 2 3 4 3 3 3
3
2


=
z y x
z y x
9 6 12 3
6 12 9 3
3
2


=
z y x
z y x
12 3
9 6 12 6 9 3
2
3
y
z y x z x
=
12
15 6 21
12
9 6 6 12 9
8
27
8
27
y
z y x
y
z y x
= =
+ +
6
15 21 15 12 6 21
8
27
8
27
y
z x z y x
= =

Zero and One as Exponents
1
0
= a
9
Any number, raised to zero is one.
Example:

1 4
0
=
Any number, raised to one is itself.
Example:

9 9
1
=
xy xy 2 ) 2 (
1
=
More on Scientific Notation
n x 10
r
where 1 n 10 and r is an integer

Since negative exponents give us reciprocals, we can use
negative exponents to write very small numbers in
scientific notation.


10
Examples:
Scientific Notation uses powers of ten to express decimal numbers.
00036 . 0 10 6 . 3
4
=

3.6 x 1 = 3.6 x 1 = 0.00036
10
4
10,000


Practice: Problem Set 4.2, TB pp. 245-248
11
3. 6
-2


9. 2x
-3


11. (2x)
-3


17. Complete the table.
Number
x
Square
x
2

Power of 2
2
x

-3 (-3)
2
= 9 2
-3
= 1/8
-2 (-2)
2
= 4 2
-2
= 1/4
-1
0
1 = 1
6
2
36
2
x
3

1 = 1
(2x)
3
8x
3

Practice: Problem Set 4.2, TB pp. 245-248
12
Use Property 4 to simplify the ff expressions. Write all
answers that contain exponents with positive exponents only.

21. x
10
33. 2
5

x
4
2
-3


25. (2x)
7

(2x)
4


Simplify. Answers that contain exponents should contain positive
exponents only.

55. y
7 8
63. (a
-2
)
3
(a
4
)
2

y
2
(a
-3
)
-2


x
10 4
= x
6

2
7
x
7
= 2
7 4
x
7-4
= 2
3
x
3
=

8x
3
2
4
x
4


y
56
= y
56 16
= y
40
y
16




a
-6
a
8
= a
2 6
= a
-4
= 1

a
6
a
4


2
5 (-3)
= 2
8

Practice: Problem Set 4.2, TB pp. 245-248
13
71. Write 0.0048 in scientific notation.

79. Write 4.23 x 10
-3
in expanded form.
*Suppose you have two squares, one of which is larger than the other.
Suppose further that the side of the larger square is twice as long as the
side of the smaller square.

95. If the length of the side of the smaller square is 10 inches, give the
area of each square. Then find the number of smaller squares it will take
to cover the larger square
4.8 x 10
3

0.00423
*smaller square = 10 x 10 = 100 square inches
*larger square = 20 x 20 = 400 square inches
Individual Practice - HOMEWORK
Problem Set 4.2, TB pp. 245-248
Multiples of 4 (4, 8, , 100)

14