ANTIOKSIDAN

Hidajah Rachmawati,S.Si,Apt,SpFRS

Antioksidan

Antioksidan adalah substansi yang diperlukan tubuh menetralisir radikal bebas dan mencegah kerusakan yang ditimbulkan o/ radikal bebas dengan melengkapi kekurangan elektrolit yg dimiliki radikal bebas dan menghambat terjadinya reaksi berantai dari pembentukan radikal bebas yg dpt menimbulkan stres oksidatif

RADIKAL BEBAS

Radikal bebas merupakan jenis oksigen yg memiliki tingkat reaktif yg tinggi dan scr alami ada didlm tubuh sebagai hasil dari reaksi biokimia tubuh Radikal bebas juga terdapat di lingkungan sekitar kita yg berasal dari polusi udara, asap tembakau, penguapan alkohol yg berlebihan, bahan pengawet dan pupuk, sinar ultr violet, xrays dan ozon

Oxidant : RO, O2-

Antioxidants

HO, HOO, H2O2 ROO , 1O2

RO, O2HO HOO H2O2, ROO, 1O2,

Effect of Reactive Oxygen Species on Degenerative Diseases

Gastro intestinal
Hepatitis Liver injury

Eye
Cataractogenesis Retinal damage

Skin
Dermatitis Age pigment

Heart
Heart attack

Teeth
Periodontis

Joints

Reactive Oxygen Species

Multiorgan failure
Cancer

Arthritis

Vessels
Atherosclerosis Vasospasms

Brain
Trauma Stroke

Lung
Asthma Hyperoxia

RADIKAL BEBAS

Radikal bebas dpt merusak sel tubuh apabila tubuh kekurangan zat anti oksidan atau saat tubuh kelebihan radikal bebas. Hal ini menyebabkan berkembangnya sel kanker,penyakit hati, arthritis, katarak, dan penyakit degeneratif lainnya, bahkan mempercepat proses penuaan. Radikal bebas dpt merusak membran sel serta merusak dan merubah DNA . Merubah zat kimia dlm tubuh dpt meningkatkan resiko terkena kanker serta merusak dan menonaktifkan protein

Antioksidan

Vit A Vit C Vit E Karotenoid selenium

Vitamins

Alpha tocopherol

Breaks lipid peroxidation Lipid peroxide and O2 and OH scavenger

Fat soluble vitamin

Beta carotene Scavenges OH, O2 and peroxy radicals Prevents oxidation of vitamin A Binds to transition metals Ascorbic acid Directly scavenges O2, OH, and H2O2 Neutralizes oxidants from stimulated neutrophils Contributes to regeneration of vitamin E

Fat soluble vitamin

Water soluble vitamin

Vitamin E

Family of related compounds tocopherols & tocotrienols tocotrienols less widely distributed than tocopherols - considered of less nutritional importance 4 major forms based on # & position of methyl groups on ring - , , , all-rac -tocopherol

CH 3 HO

2
H 3C CH 3 O CH 3

H 3C

H 3C

CH 3 CH 3

-Tocopherol

4'

8'

Activity roughly corresponds to number of methyl groups

Carotenoids

About 600 identified so far Most familiar is yellow-orange pigments of carrots, -carotene Two major groups: carotenes and xanthophylls

Carotene Groups
Caroteniods

carotenes
-carotene -carotene

xanthophylls
cryptoxanthin lutein zeaxanthin

Ascorbic acid (vitamin C)

Biochemical function: cofactor for at least eight enzymes At the tissue level, a major function collagen synthesis ( vit C deficiency can lead scurvy) The antioxidant properties protect NO, protect against agerelated cataract

Fruits
Grapes Berry fruits Prunes Citrus fruits Apples

Vegetables

Tomato Broccoli Mushroom White cabbage Cauliflower Garlic

Beans Beet Corn Kale Spinach Onion

Soybean

R2

R1

OH

Isoflavone
Genistein Genistin

R1
OH OH

R2
OH O-glucose

Daidzein
Daidzin

H
H

OH
O-glucose

Herb and Spice

OH
HO HOOC

CH3 HO CH3 O C O

OH

CH3 CH3

H3C

CH3

H3C

CH3

Carnosoic Acid
HOOC O OH

Carnosol

OH

O HO
OH

Rosemarinic Acid

Tea

OH OH OH

HO

O OH

HO

OH

OH OH OH

OH

Epicatechin

Epigallocatechin

Wine

Red wine decreases coronary heart disease mortality in some part of France. Please drink up to two glasses !!! The coumaric, cinnamic, caffeic, and ferulic acids catechin, epicatechin and quercetin in are good antioxidants.

Biological Activities of Phytochemicals

Antioxidants

Carotenoids tocopherol catechins quercetin kaempferol genistein daidzein

Isoflavones lignans Vanillin cinnamaldehyde coumarin anisaldehyde

Anticancer Agent s DNA repair Agents

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