8.2.3.

AGREEMENT OF FAULTY SYSTEMS Nhiu h thng phn tn yu cu cc qu trnh phi thng nht v mt tha thun no , l cn thit trong nhiu trng hp. V d nh l: bu mt iu phi vin, quyt nh thc hin mt giao dch hay khng, phn chia nhim v, v ng b ha. Mi vic s n gin hn khi cc qu trnh truyn thng u t c nhng tha thun nh vy, nhng khi h khng, cc vn pht sinh. Mc tiu chung ca cc thut ton tha thun phn tn l tt c cc qu trnh khng b li s thng nht v mt s vn , v thit lp s thng nht trong mt s bc. Vn phc tp y l thc t cc gi nh khc nhau v h thng c bn i hi cc gii php khc nhau, cc gii php gi nh tn ti. Turek v Shasha (1992) phn bit cc trng hp sau: 1. H thng ng b v khng ng b. Mt h thng ng b khi v ch khi cc qu trnh c bit l hot ng trong mt ch kha bc. Chnh thc, iu ny c ngha l cn c mt s hng s c, nh vy nu c b vi x l thc hin c + 1 bc, mi tin trnh khc thc hin t nht 1 bc. Mt h thng khng ng b c cho l khng ng b. 2. tr truyn thng b chn hay khng. tr b chn khi v ch khi chng ta bit rng tt c cc tin nhn c gi vi thi gian ti a c xc nh v ton cu ha. 3. Phn phi message c lnh hay khng. Ni cch khc, chng ta phn bit cc tnh hung m cc tin nhn t cng mt ngi gi l c sn Vered trong th t m chng c gi, t cc tnh hung trong chng ti khng c m bo nh vy. 4. Truyn thng ip c thc hin thng qua unicasting hoc multicasting Khi n tp hp, thng nht c tha thun ch c th l cc trng hp th hin trong hnh 8-4. Trong cc trng hp khc, n c th c hin th m khng c gii php no tn ti. lu rng hu ht cc h thng phn tn trong thc t gi nh cc tin trnh x l khng ng b, truyn thng ip l unicast, v tr truyn thng khng b chn.kt qu l ta phi s dng cc lnh (ng tin cy) phn pht thng ip, v d nh TCP.
Hnh 8-4 cho thy bn cht khng tm thng tha thun phn tn khi cc tin trnh c th tht bi(fail) Lamport v cng s nghim cu cc vn (1982) v c gi l vn tha thun Byzantine (Byzantine agrrement problem), cp n s qun cn thit t c tha thun trn trong mt s trn chin. v d, sc mnh ca qun khi phi i mt vi vic cc tng phn bi, cc trung y thng ng, xem xt cc gii php sau c Lamport v cng s m t (1982). Trong trng hp ny ta gi s cc tin trnh ng b, thng ip unicast trong khi v gi trt t, v tr truyn thng b chn. Ta gi s tn ti N tin trnh. Trong , ta s cp mt gi tr Vi cho mi tin trnh mc ch l mi tin trnh s xy dng m vect V c di N. nh vy nu tin trnh khng b li V i =Vi , Vi khng xc nh, ta cho rng nhiu nht k tin trnh b li.

Hnh 8-4: Trng hp c th t c tha thun phn tn Hnh. 8-5 minh ha hot ng ca cc thut ton cho trng hp ca N = 4 v k = 1. i vi cc thng s, cc thut ton hot ng theo bn bc. Bc 1, tt c cc qu trnh khng b li i gi Vi n cc qu trnh khc s dng unicasting ng tin cy. Qu trnh b li c th gi bt c iu g. Hn na, bi v chng ti ang s dng multicasting, cc qu trnh c th gi cc gi tr khc nhau qu trnh khc nhau. Cho Vi = i. Trong hnh. 8-5 (a) chng ta thy rng qu trnh 1 reports 1, qu trnh 2 reports 2, qu trnh 3 nm tt c mi ngi, cho x, y, z, tng ng, v qu trnh 4 reports mt gi tr ca tin trnh 4. Trong bc 2, kt qu ca cc thng bo ca bc 1 c thu thp li vi nhau to thnh cc vector nh trong hnh. 8-5 (b).

Hnh 8-5: Cc vn tha thun Byzantine cho ba qu trnh khng li v mt qu trnh b li. (a) Mi qu trnh gi cc gi tr ca n n cc tin trnh khc. (b) Cc vect mi qu trnh tp hp c da trn (a). (c) Cc vect mi qu trnh nhn c bc 3. Bc 3 bao gm tt c cc qu trnh i qua vector t hnh. 8-5 (b) n tt c cc qu trnh khc. Bng cch ny, mi tin trnh c ba vect, mt vecto t qu trnh khc. y, qu trnh 3 vn cn, to ra 12 gi tr mi, thng qua 1. Kt qu bc 3 c th hin trong hnh. 8-5 (c). Cui cng, trong bc 4, mi qu trnh xem xt cc yu t th i ca mi vector mi nhn c. Nu c gi tr a s, gi tr c a vo vector kt qu. Nu khng c gi tr a s, cc phn t tng ng ca vect kt qu c nh du UNKNOWN. T hnh. 8-5

(c), chng ta thy rng 1, 2, v 4 tt c i n tha thun trn cc gi tr cho v1, v 2, v 4, l kt qu chnh xc. Nhng g cc qu trnh ny kt lun lin quan n v 3 khng th quyt nh, nhng cng khng thch hp. Mc tiu ca tha thun Byzantine l tha thun t c v gi tr cc qu trnh khng b li. By gi chng ta hy xem xt li vn ny cho N = 3 v k = 1, c ngha l, ch c hai qu trnh khng b li v mt b li, nh minh ha trong hnh. 8-6. y chng ta thy rng trong hnh. 8-6 (c) khng phi ca qu trnh x l ng nhn thy phn ln cc phn t 1, phn 2, hoc 3 , c nh du Unknown. Cc thut ton tht bi trong vic a ra tha thun.

Hnh 8-6 : v d v 2 tin trnh ng v 1 tin trnh b li Trong bi bo ca h, Lamport v cng s (1982) chng minh rng trong mt h thng vi k qu trnh b li, tha thun ch c th t c nu 2k + 1 qu trnh hot ng chnh xc thi im hin ti trn tng s 3k + 1 qu trnh. a vo cc iu khon hi khc nhau, tha thun ch c th t c nu c nhiu hn hai phn ba cc qu trnh lm vic ng cch.
Mt cch khc xem xt vn ny, nh sau. V c bn, nhng g chng ta cn phi t c l a s phiu trong mt nhm qu trnh khng b li cho d cng c nhng sai lm trong midsts ca h. Nu c k qu trnh b li, chng ta cn phi m bo rng cng vi bt k qu trnh chch xc m ta b la bi nhng qu trnh b li rng cc l phiu ca chng vn cn tng ng vi a s phiu ca cc qu trnh khng b li. Vi 2k + 1 qu trnh khng b li, iu ny c th t c bng. yu cu tha thun ch t c nu c nhiu hn hai phn ba s phiu u ging nhau. Ni cch khc, nu c nhiu hn hai phn ba ca qu trnh thng nht quyt nh , quyt nh ny tng ng vi a s phiu bu nh nhau theo nhm ca cc qu trnh khng b li.

Tuy nhin, tho thun c th cn ti t hn. Fischer v cng s (1985) chng minh rng trong mt h thng phn phi trong cc tin nhn m khng th bo m c gi trong mt khong thi gian nht nh, khng th tha thun c ch cn mt qu trnh b li (mc d nu l mt qu trnh khng m thm). Vn vi cc h thng nh vy l qu trnh ty chm khng th phn bit t nhng qu trnh hng (tc l, bn khng th ni ci cht t s sng). Nhiu kt qu l thuyt khc c bit n khi tha thun c v khi n khng tha thun c. Cuc kho st ca cc kt qu ny c a ra bi Barborak v cng s (1993) v Turek v Shasha (1992).

Cng cn lu rng cc n m t cho n nay cho rng cc nt hoc l Byzantine, hoc hp tc. Sau ny khng th ch n gin l gi nh l cc qu trnh l t cc min qun tr khc nhau. Trong trng hp , cc qu trnh s c kh nng x l hp l, v d, bng cch bo co thi gian ch khi lm gim gi tr hn so vi thc hin mt thao tc cp nht. Lm th no x l nhng trng hp ny l khng h d. Bc u tin hng ti mt gii php c th hin trong cng thc ca kh nng chu li BAR, vit tt ca Byzantine, lng v tha(Altruism) v tnh hp l (Rationality). 'Kh nng chu li BAR c Aiyer v cng s m t (2005).