Julia Kang Per.

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Chapter #13: The Rise of a Mass Democracy Big Picture Themes 1. Andrew Jackson felt hed been robbed the presidency in 1824. This motivated the regular folks to political action. He vowed to win for the peoples sake, and did so. 2. A conflict started to brew between the north and the south. The issue was the tariff (import tax) and whether the south had the right to nullify or wipe it out. The trouble was worked out, but it foreshadowed bigger trouble to come, over slavery. 3. Jackson distrusted bankshe thought they were tools for the rich to milk money off the poor. He killed the National Bank and threw the whole banking system into chaos. 4. By the time William Henry Harrison ran for president in 1840, popular, mass politics had grown into the circus-like monster that its known as today. IDENTIFICATIONS: American System System created by Henry Clay. Consisted of three parts: a strong banking system, protective tariff, and a network of roads and canals. Corrupt Bargain A possible deal made between Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams, where Clay would become Adams secretary of state, while Clay would help Adams into presidency. Many of the secretaries of state became president in the term. This infuriated many Jacksonians. Tariff of Abominations An incredibly high tariff unexpected to pass but was passed. The manufacturers and middle colonies supported this tariff, while the South gave it the name Tariff of Abominations. Nullification The Tariff of Abomination was deemed unconstitutional and unjust in a pamphlet written by Calhoun called the South Carolina Exposition. It encouraged the states to ignore the tariff and refuse to abide by it in their states. Force Bill An authorization that allowed the president to use militia to collect federal tariff duties. The Columbia convention nullified this bill. Five Civilized Tribes The Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Seminoles. They were deemed this for they tried their best to live like a white man would, such as developing an alphabet, a constitution, schools, and farms. Trail of Tears The removal of the Indians east of the Mississippi to lands that were supposed to be their own and only theirs with no white man influence. Over 100,000 Indians were uprooted. Nicholas Biddle

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The president of the Bank of America. Held a large amount of power among the nations financial affairs. Democrats vs. Whigs Democrats were the Jacksonians. Whigs were those opposed to Jacksons abuse of presidential power. Whigs consisted of Clay, Webster, and Calhoun, with the only force to connect them was their dislike of Jackson. Gathered much supporters that were against some of Jacksons actions/beliefs. Became more appealing to the common man than the Democrats, for they supported internal improvement and market economy, which gained them support from North, South, and merchants/bankers. South Carolina Exposition and Protest A pamphlet written by Calhoun stating that the Tariff of Abomination was corrupt and unconstitutional, and goes into detail to how the states should nullify this tariff within their state. Martin Van Buren The aristocrat vice president of Andrew Jackson, ultimately his yes man, and his successor. Jackson did much to make Van Buren the number one choice among his followers and among delegates. Specie Circular Issued all public lands to be bought with metallic/hard money. No paper money. This halted the speculative boom. And led to a financial panic an crash in 1837. Hayne-Webster Debate Debate between Daniel Webster and Robert Hayne over the protective tariffs in the American Industry. The Alamo When Santa Anna led about 6000 men into Texas and wiped out about 200 Texans. Then, 400 hundred more poured in and killed American volunteers. Heroes, such as Jim Bowie and David Crockett, were slain during the battle. Ended when Houston wiped out the army of Santa Anna and forced him into proposing to sign treaties. He withdrew Mexican troops and to acknowledge Rio Grande as Texas boundary. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The "Corrupt Bargain or 1824 Know: Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, John Quincy Adams, King Caucus, Corrupt Bargain 1. What was unusual about John Quincy Adams's victory in the presidential election of 1824? Although Andrew Jackson had by far the most popular votes, he did not get the most electoral votes. So, the decision laid with the House of Representatives. Clay had to drop out of the run for presidency, but still was an important figure in the election as he was the Speaker of the House, which played a great part in choosing the president. Because he disliked Jackson, and Crawford has a paralytic attack, he decided to join forces with Quincy Adams. This ultimately led Adams into becoming president, which many believe was a corrupt bargain between them. A Yankee Misfit in the White House Know: John Quincy Adams 2. Was John Quincy Adams well suited to be president? Explain. No. He was not a sociable man, as he was irritable, sarcastic, and tactless. For it was an era of appealing to the public, he could not rise to the occasion for he was more reserved. And although it was highly recommended for him to drop those who were not in his party from the cabinet and replace them with those who were, he refused to rid of the people who did their job well. This made him lose some followers.

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Also, the decisions he made, such as funding astronomy and transportation, were unpopular among the public, especially to the South. His decision to deal with the Cherokee Indians fairly was also unpopular (among the westerners/Georgia). Going "Whole Hog" for Jackson in 1828 Know: Old Hickory, Mudslinging, Rachel Robards 3. Describe the tone and tactics used in the 1828 election. The election of 1828 was very dirty. Many of the supporters of Adams and Jackson fervently mudslinged, and spread around much trash talk about their opponents. Though many of these rumors were false, some were true, such as Jacksons wife being somewhat of an adulteress. The West and South supported Jackson, while Adams was supported by New England. Jackson won by 178 to 83. Old Hickory as President Know: Inaugural Brawl, King Mob 4. What was there about Andrew Jackson which made him a man of the people? He was not born into a rich environment. He was orphaned as a boy, and had just enough education to get by. Although he was part of the people, he also differed for he was a plantation owner when he grew older, with many slaves on his farm. Also, he was more of a westerner then a easterner. The Spoils System Know: Spoils System, Rotation in Office 5. Defend Andrew Jackson's use of the Spoils System. There was a desperate need of party change within the government. It had not been changed since the 1800s with the Federalist party. Many of those in office were quite old, which enabled them useless for their positions. And of course, Jackson would need as many of his supporters to be near him for it would help him politically make decisions. It also helped develop the two party system of America. The Tricky Tariff of Abominations Know: Tariff of Abominations (of 1828), Denmark Vesey 6. What circumstances led to the passage of the Tariff of Abominations? The middle states and New England were in favor of it. As they were manufacturers, they saw a future in a business led by factories. The tariff would protect the industry. The Jacksonians actually disliked the tariff, and so made the tariff much higher, in thinking that this would not be passed. Surprisingly, it was passed, which made the South furious. They felt they were dealt the lower hand and were neglected while the manufacturers were favored. "Nullies" in South Carolina Know: Nullies, Henry Clay, Tariff of 1833, Force Bill 7. Describe the nullification crisis. There were nullies in favor of nullifying the tariff. South Carolina threatened to separate from the Union if they were to persist in collecting the tariff. This infuriated Jackson, though he was not a fan of the tariff himself. He was just a strong advocate of the Union. And so he gathered an army to crush them, and hang some of the nullies. So, Henry Clay, unwilling to let Jackson gain respect as he wouldve if he crushed this slight rebellion, issued a compromise which lowered the tariff. The Trail of Tears Know: Cherokees, Five Civilized Tribes, Indian Removal Act, Trail of Tears, Indian Territory, The Bureau of Indian Affairs, Seminoles 8. What was particularly unfair about the treatment of the Cherokee Tribe?

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The Cherokee clearly had treaties with the white men, but the white men kept violating them. And when they were declared illegal and tried to be taken over by Georgia, the Supreme Court denied this, not once, but three times. But Jackson ignored these decrees of the Court, for he desperately wanted to expand westward, and these Indians were preventing this. So he issued Indian removal, primarily towards the Five Civilized Tribes. They were supposed to emigrate voluntarily. This uprooted more than 100,000 Indians. Their new permanent Indian Territory barely lasted up to 15 years.

The Bank War Know: Bank of the United States, Nicholas Biddle 9. Do you agree or disagree with Nicholas Biddles nickname, Czar Nicholas I? Explain. Yes. Money runs the world, unfortunately, and since he much say in the finances of America, he controlled much of America. He had too much power over the nations money. The bank closed many western farms and took tribute to give to the treasury of the east. Instead of being for the people, the bank was only interested in profit. "Old Hickory" Wallops Clay in 1832 Know: Anti-Masonic Party 10. What two things were unique about the election of 1832? One unique thing was that another third party entered the presidential race- the Anti-Masonic party. It gained its popularity in New York, middle Atlantic and New England states. They were also anti-Jackson, for he was a Mason himself. They gained much support from the evangelical Protestants. Another unique thing was the calling of three national nominating conventions to name candidates. Jackson yet again won against Clay and the Anti-Masons. Burying Biddles Bank Know: Mandate, Pet Banks, Specie Circular 11. "Andrew Jackson's killing of the BUS forced him to issue the Specie Circular." Assess. When Andrew Jackson stopped the BUS, he transferred the federal money from BUS to pet banks or the smaller wildcat banks with paper money. Because these banks were so unreliable, especially in the west, he had to issue the Specie Circular in order to ensure land purchases were final and fully paid for. This would stop speculation and would lead to a financial panic and crash. The Birth of the Whigs Know: Democrats, Whigs 12. What is so alluring about being associated with the common man? Instead of commonly only benefitting the aristocrats, a government or an authority figure that was for the common man was a nice turn that would help out the common class. Instead of putting these people, who were a majority of the nation, as disadvantage compared to the aristocrats, they believed that putting a party/authority that seemed to be more associated to the common man would ensure their rights and demands to be voiced. The Election of 1836 Know: Favorite Son, William Henry Harrison, Martin Van Buren 13. Describe the development of the second party system from 1828-1836. The Democratic-Republicans eventually split up into the Democrats, who were the supporters of Jackson, and the Whigs, who were against Jackson. The Whigs consisted of Calhoun, Clay, and Webster, and the only thing that brought them together was their opposition to Jackson. This alone brought supporters who disagreed with his actions/beliefs. The Whigs continued to gain support as they began to become more appealing to the common man, supporting a market economy and

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internal development instead of westward expansion. But when running for president, they were unable to choose a single candidate, so they sent many of the favorite sons of their party, such as William Henry Harrison, who was the hero of the Battle of Tippecanoe. Big Woes for the "Little Magician" Know: Martin Van Buren 14. Why was Martin Van Buren unpopular? He had much to live up to, and the Jacksonians could not believe that he would follow in the shoes of Jackson well. He was a very mild mannered, plain man. Although he was a very capable man, this was overshadowed by the myth that he was mediocre, which derived from a series of misfortunes he had no control over. Along with the disappointment of Jacksons followers, he also gained much of Jacksons enemies. Depression Doldrums and the Independent Treasury Know: Panic of 1837, Speculation, Divorce Bill, Independent Treasury 15. What caused the Panic of 1837, and what was done by the president to try and end it? The Panic of 1837 was caused by Jacksons Specie Circulation and Bank war, which would screech speculative boom to a stop and ultimately benefit much to the Panic. The main cause, though, was the speculation itself. There was also failure in producing wheat crops, making gain prices rise, creating havoc among the people. There were also hardships in Europe, which America was affected by as well. This occurred during Jacksons presidency, but was left to Van Buren to fix it. Although the Whigs did offer solutions to the Panic, Van Buren turned them down , for he believed that the government was not to interfere with the economy. So then he issued the Divorce Bill, which would separate the government from banking, and establish an independent treasury. This way, government funds would be safe, but would be denied as reserves to the bank, which would greatly minimize available credit resources. The Whigs disapproved of this, for it stopped any hope of reviving the B.U.S. And the Democrats, who enjoyed pet banks, barely supported it. Gone to Texas Know: Stephen Austin, Davy Crockett 16. What made Texas so appealing to Americans? Texas was a new expanse of land for the land-greedy Americans. So, they immigrated to the place with fervor, while also ignoring much of the policies of the place, such as the immigrants must be Roman Catholic, and were to be Mexicanized. Many adventurers traveled to Texas, such as Davy Crockett, Jim Bowie, and Sam Houston. Another popularly ignored policies was that slavery was not allowed within Texas. Violating so many policies, Santa Anna, the dictator of the Mexican Government, began to raise an army. Stephen Austin was jailed for eight months when he came to negotiate differences. The Lone Star Rebellion Know: Sam Houston, Santa Anna, Alamo, W. B. Travis, Goliad, Lone Star Republic, San Jacinto 17. How did Texas, a part of Mexico settled by Americans, become independent of both? It declared independency in 1836, with Sam Houston commander in chief. In reply, Santa Anna led 6000 men into Texas and wiped out 200 Texans. (For more info, look to ID of Alamo). Eventually, Santa Anna proposed treaties when he was captured, where Mexican troops were to be withdrawn, and Rio Grande was to be Texas border. This removed most of the Mexican influence in the state, making Texas independent of the foreign power as well. Makers of America: Mexican or Texan? Know: Moses Austin, Stephen Austin, Anglos

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18. Did Texans ever really intend to become Mexican citizens, or did they feign allegiance to get land? Stephen had genuinely tried to make him and his followers Mexican, but only up until the point when the Mexican government became too imposing. And a majority of the immigrants were Scots-Irish, who naturally had a rebellious attitude towards any type of authority. They ignored many of the Mexican laws and became violent when it was imposed on them. The Log Cabins and Hard Cider of 1840 Know: Log Cabin, Hard Cider, "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too" 19. What does the election of 1840 tell you about politics and voters in America at that time? In politics, a nominee must be a vote-getter, an appealing person to the public. Despite not being the best candidate for the job, as long as they were able to get votes, they were the most capable. Another thing was, the more common you were made out to be and the more victories you have won, the more appeal you had to the voters. This is how Harrison was able to win, for he was a veteran hero, and he was made out to be a poor farmer who lived in log cabins and drank hard cider. The Two-Party System 20. Who were the Democrats and what did they believe? The Whigs? The democrats were followers of Jackson that firmly believed in defending the liberties of an individual. The advocated state rights, and believed in federal restraint in social/economic affairs. The Whigs were opposers of Jackson, who believed more in community and the togetherness of society. They disliked those who created conflict among the people for their own self interests. The Whigs favored a national bank, protective tariffs, internal improvements, and moral reforms.