Trainee Report

Name: Hamilton Setende Department: Care / BCS Transmission Mentor: Mnotho Mkhwanazi / Cliff Aylward Technology: Microwave Equipment: Flexipacket Microwave Radio / SRAL XD Mentor: Howard Mahlangu Equipment: Hit 7070 Microwave concepts Low band and High band site By law, a radio with low frequency can only be assigned to an area with low frequency radios (low band site) , and a Radio with high frequency can only be assigned to an area with high frequency radios (high band site). To determine if a radio is high band or low band, you have to check its TX and Rx frequencies: If the TX frequency is lower than Rx frequency it is a low band radio, if the TX frequency is higher than the Rx frequency it is a high band radio. So when implementing this concept a radio link would be as follows: A low band B high band C low band D high band

TX = 14 234 MHz RX = 15 111 MHZ

TX = 15 111 MHz RX = 14 234 MHZ

TX = 14 234 MHz RX = 15 111 MHZ

TX = 15 111 MHz RX = 14 234 MHZ

Figure 1 Low band and high band sites

The TX frequency on radio A becomes the frequency or the RX on radio B and the Rx on A becomes the TX on radio B. To avoid the frequencies from clashing, polarization diversity is used. Adaptive code modulation: An automatic modulation adjustment that can be performed by the equipment to prevent weather related fading. Depending on how severe the weather is the radio system can automatically, change the modulation being used, in the case of the Flexipacket from 256QAM down to 4QAM. Egress scheduling: certain application of types of traffic can be scheduled according to their priority; there are three types of queues: Strict priority (SPQ): queuing is done in decreasing order, the traffic with the most priority has to get finished then only it can move to the next until the least priority traffic. Weighted fair queuing: all the traffics share the bandwidth, but higher priority traffic has a greater percentage of bandwidth. 1 SP 3 Wfq: strict priority for the first queue and weighted for the other 3. 2sp -2wfq: two queues are strict and the other two are wfq Automatic power control (ATPC): It adjusts transmit power depending on the signal level at the receiver, it configures the radio to transmit at low power and in case of fading then it increases the power gradually until maximum power is reached. Microwave Configuration Standard configuration A standard microwave radio configuration consists of the entire microwave and digital modem part being placed indoors, and then a waveguide connects the transceiver to the antenna mounted outside on a tower, eg (SRT1F) Split Microwave radio configuration Consists of an Outdoor unit (ODU) containing RF modules, and an Indoor Unit (IDU) that contains baseband circuitry,

Figure 2 Standard microwave configuration

modulator, and demodulator, it connects to the outdoor unit using a single coaxial intermediate frequency (IF) cable. The indoor unit is the interface to the customers equipment, where the customer can then have their signals inserted, these incoming signals are sent into the IDU where it is multiplexed then modulated and converted to IF, it goes through the IF cable to the ODU which then converts from IF to RF and the Antenna sends it out to the other transceiver, on the other end, the same process is carried out in the reverse way, with the RF signal being received by the antenna, it is then converted to IF by the ODU, goes down through the IF cable and it is demodulated then demultiplexed
Indoor Unit Outdoor Unit

BB MUX BB DEMUX

Modulator IF/RF DeMod RF/IF Amplifier

Figure 3 Microwave radio, block diagram

Protection schemes

1 + 0 No redundancy or no protection This configuration consists of one IDU and one ODU connected to a single IF cable, if one the radio fails then the entire microwave hop would fail.

1 + 1 hot standby or Protected One transmitter is working, while the other one is on standby, and both receivers are on, if the active transmitter fails then the standby takes over and becomes the active, performing exactly the same functions of the other transmitter when it was active. 1 +1 Frequency diversity This configuration is used as protection against multipath fading or temporary link quality fading.

This method uses two antennas that transmit at two different frequencies and at the receive end the same strategy is used whereby two receivers are used and the signal is measured and the best signal of the two is selected. The concept behind this is that fading may be different at two frequencies and so if the signal fades at one frequency, there is a chance it wont fade on the other frequency, hence the reason for the two antennas transmitting at different frequencies. (1+1) Polarization Diversity Uses the same concept as FD, but in this case the same RF signal is transmitted on two different polarizations (Horizontal and vertical. Flexipacket Microwave Radio NSNs Flexipacket, is a fully Ethernet Microwave radio, designed to target the evolution of mobile infrastructure to a full IP architecture, its frequency Range is from 7Ghz to 38 GHz and modulation from 4 QAM to 256 QAM. It combines two different elements, of what is called split mount architecture, composed of: Flexipacket hub (IDU) and the Flexipacket Radio (ODU).

Flexipacket Radio The Flexipacket Radio is the Outdoor unit of the Flexipacket MWR, it can be a complete unit on its own, meaning it can function without being connected to its indoor unit. It contains a standard Gigabit Ethernet interface that connects it to other equipments supporting the same interface, such as Node B (BTS), the Flexipacket hub and any other devices such as routers switches and hubs. A single Ethernet cable with 8 pins and data interface of 10/100Base-X (GBE) is used to carry power to the radio and data from the hub or Bts; this is referred to as P+E (power + Ethernet). This solution is capable of carrying both the Ethernet payload and the power supply, using the same cable.

Alternatively, power can be sent through a separated (PS) power supply cable with two power pins and shielded by a Lemo connecter and is solely dedicated to supplying power to the Radio. It advisable to use the latter solution, being that it is easier to maintain, while the single cable solution is cheaper to implement. Types of configuration The Currently the Flexipacket Radio can be configuring using two configuration types: 1 + 0 No redundancy and 1 + 1 hot standby. 1 + 0 (redundancy) In this configuration only one Radio is used, the disadvantage is that if the radio fails then the entire microwave hop would fail. This solution does not necessarily require a Flexipacket hub to function, the radio can be connected to a Node B (BTS), this is most useful in tail sites, and it cannot be used on a very busy link that is carrying other links.

The 1 + 1 Standby (protected) This configuration is used as a protection scheme, it is implemented using a flexi packet hub and not a BTS, because it is not capable of understanding microwave and plus it does not have the intelligence to configure the Radios to run this configuration, so the hub would be the preferable device to use in this instance since its function is to control the operations of the radio and it is the one used to do the configurations to enable the radio to use this type of configuration. Hot standby configuration, contains two radios, Main or active and standby Radio, connected to the Flexipacket hub, on port 1 and port 2 of module 1.Both radios are fully functional, Tx and Rx

on, and they are both setup the same way, same software etc, but only the Main radio is transmitting, the other one is squelched (eg: Muted) and incase of failure from the active radio then the standby takes over.

Flexipacket Hub The Flexipacket Hub is responsible for controlling the operations of the Flexipacket radio and contains the interface where the customers equipment can be connected. There are three types of Flexipacket hub: Flexipacket hub 1200 Flexipacket hub first mile Flexipacket hub 2200 The choice of which one to use depends on customer needs, the Flexipacket hub 2200 is the preferred choice being that it has a bigger capacity, meaning it can have more radios connected to it, the Flexipacket hub 1200 is smaller and is preferred for tail sites.

Flexipacket hub 2200 Supports up to 15 radios connected to it, contains interfaces for fast and gigabit Ethernet and TDM connections. Its main module referred to as module 0, contains 4 network ports 1000base-x,a dry contact connector for alarm indication, a console port and an out of band management port(10-100base-tx) where you can connect a computer when doing first time installation. On the top right side it contains a CES access module, where if needed it can contain, TDM interface cards, a 8 port tic for E1 traffic and a 32 port Tic, that allows the hub to connect patch panels with 16 E1 ports and 32 E1 ports when connected to two patch panels. On the bottom right side it contains two access module bays and on the left a power supply bays. The left most access module bay is referred to as module 1; and it can hold an 8 port Ethernet card, you can connect Rj-45 10/100/1000 Base T cables. Port 8 on module is always used for management while the other ports are used for connecting the radios, depending on the protection scheme you can connect up to 7 radios on this module when using (1 + 0) no protection configuration or 3 when (1 + 1) hot standby is used.

On the right Access module bay (module 2), you can have either TDM or Ethernet cards. When using the two access modules, the Flexipacket hub is capable of connecting up to 15 Radios on a 1 + 0 configuration, and 7 radios on a 1 + 1 configuration. The power supply bay contains two power supplies, and both can function at the same time, when both power supplies are working together, they work at half power and if one stops working, then the other one works on full power. Maintenance When performing maintenance of the Flexipacket MWR, the user should use LCT (local craft terminal, and change the computers IP address in a range between 192.168.255.3 (IP address of the Flexipacket MWR) and 192.168.255.100 (IP address of the Flexipacket hub), the subnet mask is:255.255.255.0. You can choose an IP address with the last number being anything between 3 and 100, except 3 and 100, because as mentioned before, they are part of the IP address of the hub and of the radio, you should also not set the IP address as 192.168.255. 1 as it is the IP address of the default gateway of the hub once installed.

SRAL XD The SRAL XD is a radio PDH MRW radio designed for urban and regional networks. It transmits in the frequency range of 7 38 GHz RF and has a traffic capacity of 2xE1, 4xE1, 8xE1, 16xE1 and 32xE1
starting from version 3.7.

Just like the Flexipacket, the SRAL XD, is made of Split mount architecture, with an indoor unit (IDU) that connects to one or two outdoor units (ODU).

Indoor Units The SRL XD contains 3 types of indoor units: Plug in IDU Single board2 Outdoor access unit Plug in IDU It consists of four cards, a controller, an access card, Base-band card and a base-band card 2 (optional)which is similar to the first base-band card, this second base-band card is used when implementing a add/drop repeater configuration. This indoor unit for addition of extra cards as protection against failure, eg an extra base band card can be added in the same shelf and in case of failure by the main card, and then the other card can switch in without interrupting the traffic. Access card: contains the a memory key, containing the configuration parameters of the equipment, all alarms and service channel interfaces, and interfaces for connection to other equipments. Controller: contains interfaces used for control and supervisory functions, also contains a EEFROM for inventory and user data alarm history. Base-band card: Used for base band processing, IDU and ODU channel management. Types of configuration 1 + 0 no redundancy

1 + 1 space diversity 2x (1+0) Add-Drop/Repeater Ring 1 + 1 frequency diversity

1 + 0 No redundancy or no protection In this configuration utilizes only one ODU, IDU, one antenna and a coaxial cable that connects the IDU to the ODU. It contains a one controller card, one base band card, and an access card. It has no protection and if the radio fails the whole microwave hop fails. 2x (1+0) Add-Drop/Repeater This configuration consists of one Indoor unit, connected to two different ODU, each with an antenna transmitting to different directions. This system allows partially dropping and/or adding tributaries to the radio payload(ADD/DROP mode) or to redirect the whole payload from one radio direction to another one without any access tributary management (Repeater mode) This configuration is used in the sites where local traffic is collected Single Board2 IDU Unlike the plug in unit, that has a modular architecture, this contains o single replacement unit and if the unit fails then it has to be replaced entirely with a new one. It has three hardware versions: 8xE1 (1 +0), 16xE1 (1+ 0) and 16xE1 (1 + 1) hot standby.

Surpass Hit 7070

The Surpass Hit 7070 is an SDH ADM (add and drop multiplexer), it operates at the following STM levels: STM-1 155 Mbit/s STM-4 622 Mbit/s STM-16 2.5Gb STM-64- 10Gb

It is optimized for both packet and traditional TDM traffic, its features are: Supports concatenated services (VC-4- 4c, VC-4-16c, VC-4-64c). Supports Generic Framing Procedure ( a multiplexing technique that allows the mapping of variable length, higher-layer client signals over a circuit switched transport network like OTN, SDH and PDH.) Can be integrated into Siemens TMNS as network management system. Full cross connect connectivity between all interfaces.

Subracks The Hit 7070 is made of two core Subracks: Single row Subrack (SC) or single core. Double row sub rack (DC) or Dual core. The dual core does not contain E1 slots, so in case there is a need for E1 traffic using a dual core system then an extension shelf called a Microshelf is added. Extension shelves Metro WDM OADM (Lamba shelf) Booster / Preamplifier shelf PDH Microshelf

Single core Subrack It contains 9 traffic card slots: The type of cards on those slots would be: IF2M (2Mbit PDH interface): Its functions it is to process the 2Mbit/s PDH signal, provides 63 port 2Mbit/s interfaces. It is configured as 1:N protection with (Nmax = 4) , a total of 4 cards for each protection group, with one card set as protection and the others set as working, if one of them fails then, the protection card takes over, the protection operation is revertive, meaning that, it can either be done automatically or manually. The IF2M can only be used with the LSU (Line switch Unit). Line switch Unit: Contains 32 ports and its and function is to supports the IF2M card, and 1: N configuration for those cards. Together with the IF2M card, the LSU performs line termination and protection switching. In case of failure of the IF2M card, the relays on the LSU will close and traffic will be forwarded through the protection bus to the protection card, IF2M (P). Because the LSU only has 32 ports, 2 LSU cards are then required to support every IF2M cards; there are 8 LSU in total on a Hit 7070 Single core shelf.

SDH cards IFO155M (STM-1 Optical Interface): Contains 8 Bi directional STM-1 optical ports. Depending on the distance where you are transmitting, you can use a combination of different types of SFP (small form pluggable module).

Figure 4 SFP description

IFO155M-E (Electrical Interface): This card is an STM-1 card, similar to the IFO155M card, but with electrical connections (micro coax connector) instead of optical. IFQ622M (Optical interface): This is an STM 4 optical interface card; it contains 4 Bidirectional STM-4 ports. IFS2G5 (Optical interface): Provides bi-directional STM-16 optical signal. IFS2G5-WDM (Optical interface for WDM) : STM-16 Interface is equipped with a transponder optical module supporting dense WDM Long Haul transmission in the C band (40 wavelengths) using the 100 GHz grid. This card provides inter-working with the hiT7500 DWDM system and MTS1c. IFQGBE: Gigabit Ethernet over optical interface, it contains four Ethernet ports, which are mapped into SDH base signals, each port contains 2 Pos signals (packet over SDH) providing a total capacity of 32 x VC-4 shared by the 4 ports.

IFQGBE-E: Electrical Ethernet interface, similar to the IFQGBE, maps up to 4 electrical GbE signals of 1000 Base T into a SDH based signal, uses Rj-45 connectors. Switching fabric cards SF10G: Lower order switch fabric card, contains the cross connections configuration, for the 2Mbit cards, it is responsible for collecting the traffic from the PDH traffic cards and mapping them to the STM cards. SF160G: Higher order switch fabric card, there are two high order switch fabric cards, available on the 7070, and they function o a 1+1 configuration, with a non-revertive configuration, this means that, if the card fails, then a fast switch over is done, and when the faulty card is replaced, it has to be manually switched to main.

Figure 5 Hit 7070 SC

Power supply
The surpass Hit 7070, is powerd by by 4 power supplies, UBAT1 to UBAT4, the first two power supplies, UBAT1 and UBAT2 are on working state and the last two are protection. Dual core Subrack Basically the Dual core hit 7070 system is made up of two single core rack, with STM card slots. It contains the same cards as the Single core, and is used in case of capacity expansion. The Dual core Subrack does not contain an E1 cards, and incase the customer requires PDH traffic, then an extension shelf, (micro shelf) is used for PDH traffic needs. The Microshelf contains an ESM-core card that enables it to connect to the Main shelf, via a 100BaseT Ethernet connection through the LNQ622M (extension link cards) on the Main shelf. Just like the PDH shelf on the single core, the Microshelf, supports 4 IF2M (2Mbit PDH interface) working and 1 protection card.
Figure 6 Hit 7070

Alternatively a cross-connection can be created using a script.

Script configuration
A script is very useful if certain configuration processes have to be repeated. <File> <Script Configuration>, the dialog box Script Configuration 1. In the top section of the window configuration commands can be entered: 2. Manually as Script Statements by clicking on the Record button in the tool bar, configuration commands which are entered via the menu are recorded automatically. 3. Recording of commands can be stooped by clicking on the <Stop> button. 4. These can then be stored in a file. A stored file can be copied to the bottom section of 5. The window (Open a script configuration file button). 6. Clicking on the <Execute> Button of the tool bar starts the configuration process.
Figure 7 script configuration

Casketed Method (testing method for E1) This method is useful, when you would want to test all your E1 at the same time. The first E1 on the transmitting side (TX) it is connected to the E1 tester, and the last E1 of the tested group on the receiving side (Rx) it is connected to the E1 tester. The second E1 from the transmitting side it is connected to the first E1 on the receiving side and so on. Although, very useful, when testing all your E1 at the same time, by saving you time that could be used on other tasks, there could be some disadvantages, the main being that it is difficult to pin point where exactly the error is, or the faulty E1,there could Testing of STM traffic cards. For the STM testing we use an STM tester. The optical cable is connected to the tester via a square SC round FC and Small LC connectors. Before doing the connections it is necessary to test the receive and transmit levels of the ports, if they are within the recommended one and save the present information in the other card and upload it when taking it back. When testing STM1 and STM4, the loop is made on the STM4 and the STM1 it has to be connected to the STM tester (the loop is always on the card with a higher bit rate, and the lower bit rate card is connected to the tester). After this you make you cross-connections on the port of the STM-1 card and that on the STM-4 card. The cross-connections should be on the same level.

Creating cross-connections
Types of cross-connections Unidirectional cross-connection Bidirectional cross-connection Loop back cross-connection. How to create a cross-connection on the Hit 7070 1. The first step would be to log into TNMS.

2. Enter the specific NE you want to work in (Start Element manager). 3. On the menu bar, go to the Cross-connection drop-down menu, and click on list (cross connection list).
Figure 8 selecting cross-connection (Menu)

4. On the filter menu, you choose the card you want to cross-connect and the port on that card. 5. Next you choose VC-level eg: Vc-4, Vc-12, Vc-4-4c (concatenation), etc. 6. After that you choose your cross-connection type, set the filter and click add, and you have created a cross connection. To undo the cross-connection, you just click on disconnects

Multiplexing: It is the process of combining various signals of the same bit rate into one signal transmit on a shared medium. De-multiplexing: On the receiving side, the sum signal is separated into the different signals, and distributed to their corresponding outputs.
Transmission Medium Medium MuX/ DemuX

MuX/ DemuX