Sumit Kumar
SPN - EL2007461/10
Govt. Polytechnic College, Kota (Raj.)
2
BSNL TRAINING REPORT 2009
Sumit Kumar
SPN - EL2007461/10
Govt. Polytechnic College, Kota (Raj.)
Since time immemorial, a man has tried hard to bring the world as close
to himself as possible. His thirst for information is hard to quench so he has
continuously tried to develop new technologies, which have helped to reach
the objective.
The world we see today is a result of the continuous research in the field
of communication, which started with the invention of telephone by Graham
Bell to the current avatar as we see in the form INTERNET and mobile
phones. All these technologies have come to existence because man
continued its endeavor towards the objective.
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BSNL TRAINING REPORT 2009
Sumit Kumar
SPN - EL2007461/10
Govt. Polytechnic College, Kota (Raj.)
Acknowledgement:-
Last but not least I would like to thanks to training incharge Mr.
R.P.Manthwal (SDE SDOP1, KOTA), BSNL, Kota for arranging the training
programmer for my practical training.
CONTENTS: -
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BSNL TRAINING REPORT 2009
Sumit Kumar
SPN - EL2007461/10
Govt. Polytechnic College, Kota (Raj.)
1) INTRODUCTION
2) COMPANY PROFILE
3) PROFILE OF THE COMPANY’S BUSINESS
A. GLIMPES OF MAIN SERVICE OFFERED
i. BASIC AND LIMITED MOBILE TELEPHONE SERVICES
ii. CELLULAR MOBILE TELEPHONE SERVICES
iii. INTERNET SERVICES
iv. INTELLIGENT NETWORK
v. IP TV SERVICES
vi. THIRD GENERATION 3G WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY
5) CONNECTING SYSTEM
6) EWSD EXCHANGE
1. GENERAL OVERVIEW
2. INTRODUCTION OF EWSD
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BSNL TRAINING REPORT 2009
Sumit Kumar
SPN - EL2007461/10
Govt. Polytechnic College, Kota (Raj.)
Introduction:-
Today, BSNL is the No. 1 telecommunication company and the largest
public sector undertaking of India and its responsibilities includes
improvement of the already impeccable quality of telecom services,
expansion of telecom services in all villages and instilling confidence among
its customers.
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BSNL TRAINING REPORT 2009
Sumit Kumar
SPN - EL2007461/10
Govt. Polytechnic College, Kota (Raj.)
Apart from vast network expansions, especial emphasis has given for
introducing latest technologies and new services like I-NET, INTERNET, ISDN
(INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK), IN (INTELLIGENT NETWORK),
CDMA, GSM and WLL (WIRELESS IN LOCAL LOOP), BROADBAND, 3G services
etc. Now BSNL has also entered in mobile communication. BSNL has all the
new services send technological advantages, which are available with any
well, developed Telecom network anywhere else in the country.
Full credit for all above achievement goes to the officers and staff of
the BSNL. The administration is fully aware of the challenges lying ahead and
quite committed to provide the latest and best telecom services by their
continued support and active co-operation.
COMPANY PROFILE
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BSNL TRAINING REPORT 2009
Sumit Kumar
SPN - EL2007461/10
Govt. Polytechnic College, Kota (Raj.)
HIGHLIGHTS
➢ Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited has a vast reservoir of highly skilled and
➢ We believe that our staff, which is one of the best trained manpower in the
➢ To apex training centers of BSNL i.e. Advance level Telecom Training Center
Finance and Management have been running for several years now.
Program etc.
DOT: -
Till 31st December, 1984, the postal, telegraph and
telephone services were managed by the Posts and Telegraphs Department. In
January 1985, two separate Departments for the Posts and the
Telecommunications were created. The accounts of the department, initially,
were maintained by the Accountant General of the P&T. However, by April
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BSNL TRAINING REPORT 2009
Sumit Kumar
SPN - EL2007461/10
Govt. Polytechnic College, Kota (Raj.)
9
BSNL TRAINING REPORT 2009
Sumit Kumar
SPN - EL2007461/10
Govt. Polytechnic College, Kota (Raj.)
10
BSNL TRAINING REPORT 2009
Sumit Kumar
SPN - EL2007461/10
Govt. Polytechnic College, Kota (Raj.)
VISION
To become the largest telecom Service Provider in South East Asia.
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BSNL TRAINING REPORT 2009
Sumit Kumar
SPN - EL2007461/10
Govt. Polytechnic College, Kota (Raj.)
MISSION
- To provide world class State-of-art technology telecom services on demand
at
Affordable price.
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BSNL TRAINING REPORT 2009
Sumit Kumar
SPN - EL2007461/10
Govt. Polytechnic College, Kota (Raj.)
3. INTERNET SERVICES
BSNL offers Dialup and Broad Band Internet services to the customers by
Post-paid service with the brand name ‘Net one’, and pre-paid service with the
brand name ‘Sancharnet’. The post-paid service is a CLI based access service,
currently operational in 100 cities. Sancharnet is available on local call basis
throughout India to ISDN and PSTN subscribers. The Internet Dhaba scheme of the
Company aims to further promote Internet usage in rural and semi urban areas.
To keep pace with the latest and varied value added services to its
customers, BSNL uses IP/MPLS based core to offer world class IP VPN services. MPLS
based VPNs is a very useful service for Corporate, as it reduces the cost involved as
well as the complexity in setting up VPNs for customers networking. As on
31.03.2005, your Company’s total Internet customer base was 17,98,089 and total
Internet Dhabas were 4143. A total of 708594 dial up Internet connections have
been given during 2004-2005, against a target of 7 Lakhs. BSNL plans to give
1215980 more dial up connections during the year 2005-06. As on 31.1.2006, there
were 2367404 internet subscribers working in BSNL net work.
BSNL has launched its Broadband Services under the brand name
‘DataOne’ on 14/1/2005. This offers services like High Speed Internet Access with
speed ranging from 256 Kbps to 8 Mbps. Other services like streaming video, Video
on Demand, Bandwidth on demand etc., have also been planned. As on
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BSNL TRAINING REPORT 2009
Sumit Kumar
SPN - EL2007461/10
Govt. Polytechnic College, Kota (Raj.)
31.12.2005,there were more than 356000 broad band connection provided by the
BSNL. There are plans to give 2 million and 3 million connections in 2006 and 2007
respectively.
4. INTELLIGENT NETWORK
Intelligent Network Services is a service that incorporates several value
added facilities, thoroughly designed to save time and money, and enhance
productivity. At present, your company offers Free Phone (FPH), Premium Rate
Service (PRM), India Telephone Card (ITC), Account Card Calling (ACC), Virtual
Private Network (VPN), Universal Access Number (UAN) and Tele voting IN services.
With the commissioning of five numbers of new technology IN Platforms (Four
General purpose and One Mass Calling) at Kolkata, Bangalore, Ahmadabad and
Hyderabad, the India Telephone Card facility and new value added services are
being provided throughout the country. Activation of these new IN platforms had
increased the sale of ITC Cards taking the figure to Rs.265 crores in 2004-05 alone.
5. IP TV Service
First started in Japan in 2002. Popular in France, South Korea, Germany,
Hongkong etc., France is leading in IPTV having more than 1.7 million IPTV viewers,
Global IPTV subscribers base will reach 14.5 million in 2007 and will be
approximately 63 million by 2010.
Bandwidth on demand
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BSNL TRAINING REPORT 2009
Sumit Kumar
SPN - EL2007461/10
Govt. Polytechnic College, Kota (Raj.)
1. Rural DELs
As on 31.03.2005, in BSNL’s network, a total of 1.356 Crorerural telephone
connections were working. As on 31.1.2006, there are 1.425 Crore rural telephones
working in BSNL network.
2 (b)Public Telephones:-
There are more than 2 million PCOs working in the BSNL Network out of which
around 1 million PCOs are having STD/ISD.
C. NETWORK MANAGEMENT
BSNL is committed to provide a robust state of the art infrastructure that will
provide stable and superior services to its customers. Accordingly, the MLLN network
covering more than 200 cities was made operational in May 2004. Since then, about
22000 circuits have been provided on this network. This has provided high level of
stability to the leased circuits and capability to offer N X 64 Kbps circuits. Keeping in
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BSNL TRAINING REPORT 2009
Sumit Kumar
SPN - EL2007461/10
Govt. Polytechnic College, Kota (Raj.)
view the growing demand of leased circuits, the network is being expanded to cover
about 50 more locations and additional capacity at many existing locations is also
being provided.
What is V-SAT?
It can be defined as a class of very small aperture Intelligent Satellite Earth Station
suitable for easy on-premise installation, usually operating in conjugation with a large
size HUB earth station. Capable of supporting a wide range of two ways integrated
Telecom Services.
It has the following components:
Micro Earth Station
Mini Earth Station
Personal Earth Station
Roof Top Terminal
Customer Premises Terminal
ADVANTAGES OF V-SAT
Can be located in the user premises on roof top or backyard and hence eliminate last
mile problem.
Superior quality satellite based data services.
Quick implementation time.
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BSNL TRAINING REPORT 2009
Sumit Kumar
SPN - EL2007461/10
Govt. Polytechnic College, Kota (Raj.)
Reliable communication.
Broadcast feature on satellite communication.
Communication to different areas.
Flexibility for network and changes.
Service in distance insensitive.
Low cost.
G.COMPUTERISATION
Implementation of Inter Operator Billing and Accounting system (IOBAS) has
been completed. Your Company plans to provide CDR based Customer Care and
Convergent Billing system. This will help Company in providing effective and
efficient billing & customer care solutions for its fixed line subscribers. It envisages
building of country wide intranet to reduce the cost of operation, increase
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BSNL TRAINING REPORT 2009
Sumit Kumar
SPN - EL2007461/10
Govt. Polytechnic College, Kota (Raj.)
realization, stop leakage of revenue and minimize frauds, besides providing round
the clock best customer care services to the Company’s subscribers.
Call center facility has been introduced for 71 SSAs, which is a single point
approach for addressing all customer needs cum grievances. Web based Public
grievance Management System has been implemented for speedy disposal and
monitoring of public grievances. Web based Inventory Management package has
also been introduced, through which, material management functions are being
computerized gradually in different circles. Online Mobile Bill viewing facility has
been made available to all Cell One Mobile Customers (all States) through
Company’s Portal (http://bsnl.in). Duplicate Telephone bill viewing facility for
landline telephone has also been made available at many places through Websites
of respective telecom circles.
H. OBLIGATIONS
2. Towards employees
✔ Develop their capability and advancement through appropriate training
and career planning
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BSNL TRAINING REPORT 2009
Sumit Kumar
SPN - EL2007461/10
Govt. Polytechnic College, Kota (Raj.)
that the main objectives of the new Telecom Policy 1999 (salient points indicated
below) are achieved:
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BSNL TRAINING REPORT 2009
Sumit Kumar
SPN - EL2007461/10
Govt. Polytechnic College, Kota (Raj.)
complete the call or routes it a higher level switch for further processing. Today’s
automatic exchanges uses a pair of computers, one running the program that
provides services and the second monitoring the operation of the first, ready to take
over in a few seconds in the event of equipment failure.
All exchange has some purposes and some basic structural units, which are:
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BSNL TRAINING REPORT 2009
Sumit Kumar
SPN - EL2007461/10
Govt. Polytechnic College, Kota (Raj.)
1. Computer unit: -
as the name specified it is the main part of the exchange that deals with the
all services provided by the exchange to the customers with the help of computer. It
also provides the updated data to all other part of the exchange.
The customers are using the services of the exchange by using the internet
also gets connected to the main server present this room via an internet room.
It mainly consists of the servers that are providing the different services. The
main servers of this room are:-
IVRS is used for the change number services provided by the exchange.
CERS are provided by the exchange to avoid the problems that the users are
facing the repairing of telephone. In this system when the user enters its
complained it gets directly entered to the server and user is allotted with an id
number.
2. POWERPLANT: -
As we know that, the power is the main source or any organization. It is
the case of E-10B exchange. That is the first requirement of any organization is
the input.
The main source of this exchange is AC supply. However, as soon as the power
supply is gone off, then what is source? No one think on this that the telephone
is always plays its role in the human life. Even if the power supply gone off. Thus
there must be adjustment source of power.
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BSNL TRAINING REPORT 2009
Sumit Kumar
SPN - EL2007461/10
Govt. Polytechnic College, Kota (Raj.)
iii. Inverter and Converter Unit: - the main use of this system is to
change AC mains to DC and vice versa as required by the parts of
exchange.
iv. Engine Room:-we know that the batteries are the instant source of
supply but we cannot use it for much larger time, thus for this, we
have an engine to generate the power supply. They are of 885 KVA.
Thus, this room controls the supply of the engine.
1. Normal mode
2. Emergency mode
3. Recovery mode
I. NORMAL MODE:
The rectifier charger draws power from the ac mains & convert it into DC.
This DC power is supplied to the inverter which converts it back into AC power to
feed the critical load connected to the output of the inverter. A small amount of DC
owner is also supplied to the battery which is connected to the output of the
rectifier charger. The battery is thus kept in a fully charged condition by the rectifier
charge. In this condition the battery is said to be on float across the rectifier
charger.
In this mode the battery does not supply any power to the inverter.
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BSNL TRAINING REPORT 2009
Sumit Kumar
SPN - EL2007461/10
Govt. Polytechnic College, Kota (Raj.)
The recovery mode commences when the AC mains resumes after the
interruption. When the generated voltage of the rectifier exceed the battery
voltage. The input current of the inverter gets instantaneously transferred from the
battery to the rectifier charger. During this mode the rectifier charger not only
supplies power to the inverter but also supplies charging current to the battery to
restore the charge lost by the battery during the emergency mode. When the
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BSNL TRAINING REPORT 2009
Sumit Kumar
SPN - EL2007461/10
Govt. Polytechnic College, Kota (Raj.)
battery gets fully charged, the charging current decreases progressively and the
battery reverts to the float mode and the UPS to the normal mode.
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BSNL TRAINING REPORT 2009
Sumit Kumar
SPN - EL2007461/10
Govt. Polytechnic College, Kota (Raj.)
Horizontal side
Vertical side
a. HORIZONTAL SIDE:
It is again subdivided in to two parts
Exchange side
Line side
RACK: - On the rack, the tags are situated. One rack is having eight
tags. The courting is done from up (0) to down (7).
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BSNL TRAINING REPORT 2009
Sumit Kumar
SPN - EL2007461/10
Govt. Polytechnic College, Kota (Raj.)
a. VERTICAL SIDE:
One part is connected with the horizontal side and another with the
subscriber line by using 100 pair underground cable.
FUNCTION OF MDF: -
• A fixed means of terminating the external cables.
• A means for mounting the protective devices for incoming circuits.
• A convenient point of interception for locating of faults.
• A means for cross connecting the external circuits to the appropriate
Internal circuits.
The MDF is properly earthed for the protection of the equipment. The external
pairs are area wise terminated on the line side of the frame, while connection from
the equipment is done on the exchange side in a numerical order. By
interconnections at this frame with the help of jumper wires, any subscriber in any
area can be given any exchange number. This MDF mounts Delay Fuses only.
PROTECTIVE DEVICES : -
Comprehensive protection against effects of lightning
and power line contacts, is achieved in practice by fuses, arresters and heat coils.
They are not affected by normal speech and signaling voltage and current but
operates when the foreign voltage or current on the line is excessive. The line is
then disconnected automatically from the equipment or a connection to earth is
For safety precautions fuses are used. Every subscriber line has individual fuse.
These fuses are made of GD (gas discharge) tube, which are connected in parallel.
These fuses have two sides, one is exchange side and other is subscriber side.
Connections between the different tag blocks are made using the jumper wires of
red and white colors.
In electrical fuse, when high voltage appears across it, then it will break up the
Connection and thus safeguard the system. If GD tube is connected in series, then
due to high voltage across any line, the whole exchange will be disconnected.
Thus when GD tubes are connected in parallel, it will provide the required
facility.
If the potential difference across the electrodes rises to a certain critical value
(the
Striking value) the gas is ionized and becomes conducting. This condition will
Continue till the potential difference across the electrodes falls to the extinction
voltage value. For voltages less than striking value it will not conduct. For normal
operating voltages on the lines, it offers extremely high impedance and thus does
not introduce any transmission loss.
For equipment side:
MDF has many tag blocks of 100 and that numbered from 1 to 100.
In a tag block, there are 128 pair wire theoretically. Therefore, total number of
Connecting wires are 1024 theoretically. But in practical, there are only 1000 pairs.
For equipment side:
Colored tag block is used on equipment side. These tag blocks has 0 to 47
pairs.
In order to know the centre load point.:
Cabinet and pillar are provided with capacity as per requirement. The D.P. box is
Provided with 10 or 20 or 5 pairs. Now a days, a D.P. box of 5 pairs is used which
is wall mount instead of being mounted on pole.
1. Exchange/line address
2. Equipment address
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BSNL TRAINING REPORT 2009
Sumit Kumar
SPN - EL2007461/10
Govt. Polytechnic College, Kota (Raj.)
the Cabinets
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BSNL TRAINING REPORT 2009
Sumit Kumar
SPN - EL2007461/10
Govt. Polytechnic College, Kota (Raj.)
When a fault like Phone dead is reported then first check is made at the MDF
(i) a Phone Set is inserted on the Line Side, some number is dialed
and it is checked if the conversation takes place properly
(ii) if the conversation takes place properly then the fault is said to
be on the Line Side (Outdoors)
(iii) But if there is no Dial Tone then the fault is said to be on the
Exchange side (Indoors)
Otherwise at the Pillar If there is dial tone at the Pillar but not at
the DP then the fault is in between the DP and the Pillar
Otherwise the phone is checked at the Cabinet If there is dial
tone at the Cabinet but not at the Pillar then the fault is in between
the Cabinet and the Pillar
Otherwise the only option left is that the fault is in between the
MDF and the Cabinet
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BSNL TRAINING REPORT 2009
Sumit Kumar
SPN - EL2007461/10
Govt. Polytechnic College, Kota (Raj.)
EWSD
Contents
• 1 Hardware
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BSNL TRAINING REPORT 2009
Sumit Kumar
SPN - EL2007461/10
Govt. Polytechnic College, Kota (Raj.)
• 2 Software
• 3 Technical data
Hardware
Main subsystems are:
• CP (Central Processor)
• MB (Message Buffer)
• CCNC (Common Channel Network Control)
• LINE (Analog Line Group)
• LTG (Line Trunk Group)
• DLU (Digital Line Unit)
• SN (Switching Network)
All system units are redundant so the inactive side can take over immediately
in case of an error.
DLU handles analog and ISDN lines and includes codec’s for analog lines, one
of the BORSCHT functions for subscriber lines. Digital signals are assigned a time
slot. DLU concentrates traffic onto a Line B unit, as well as Primary ISDN and V5.2
connections. Supervision and address signaling (dial pulse, DTMF) are also
integrated in the DLU. For PCM-30 (E-1) connections to other exchanges, Line C
Units are used, which also handle signaling including SS7, MFC R2 signaling, IKZ
(dial pulse), and E&M.
he Switching Network consists of 4 space division stages of 16x16 switches,
and a time division section with 16 stages of 4x4 switches. Control is provided by
the CP Co-ordination Processor.
There are the following kinds of Co-ordination Processors:
• CP103 with max 22,000 call attempts in the busy hour
• CP112 with max 60,000 call attempts in the busy hour
• CP113D with max one million call attempts in the busy hour
• CP113C with max six million call attempts in the busy hour
• CP113E with max ten million call attempts in the busy hour
Software
The software of EWSD is called APS (Automatic Program System). The APS is
on a hard drive and includes the operating system, developed by Siemens in
cooperation with Bosch. It is predominantly written in the CHILL language.
Application software is switch specific and serves among other things traffic
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BSNL TRAINING REPORT 2009
Sumit Kumar
SPN - EL2007461/10
Govt. Polytechnic College, Kota (Raj.)
management, path search, and call charging. Support software serves translating
programs, binding modules as well as administration of libraries for generating
data. Operating and data communication software serve for co-operation of
maintenance centers and switching centers.
Technical data
• Number of access lines: to 250,000
• Number of feeder lines: 240,000
• Traffic connection: 25,200
• Call attempts in busy hour: 10 million
• Operating voltages: -48V -60V -90V
• Rate zones: 127, for each zone of 6 tariffs
• Tariff change-over at 15 minute intervals
• Space requirement with 10,000 access lines: 35 square meters
• 15-25 *C Temperature
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BSNL TRAINING REPORT 2009
Sumit Kumar
SPN - EL2007461/10
Govt. Polytechnic College, Kota (Raj.)
RSUANP - 1K 20.10.98
EQUIPMENT DETAILS
DLU - 11
RSU DLU - 65
LTG B - 132
LTG C - 57
CP 113A - 1
CCNP - 1
SNB - 2
MBICCG - 1
DEVO - 1
OOF - 1
PBX LN 328
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BSNL TRAINING REPORT 2009
Sumit Kumar
SPN - EL2007461/10
Govt. Polytechnic College, Kota (Raj.)
ISDNBRA 197
2332, 180,,190,
2333, 200,210,
2340, 220,230
2341,
2342,
2450,2451
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BSNL TRAINING REPORT 2009
Sumit Kumar
SPN - EL2007461/10
Govt. Polytechnic College, Kota (Raj.)
90-130,
(New Grain
Mandi)
650
260
3 JN 5000 2460,2464
(Junction) 270-290,
440-460.
(Railway
Colony)
380-420
800-820
730
750-770
700
620-640
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BSNL TRAINING REPORT 2009
Sumit Kumar
SPN - EL2007461/10
Govt. Polytechnic College, Kota (Raj.)
930-940
780,710.
(Bhama Shah
Mandi)
470-490
(Shrinath 500-510
Puram)
1050-1070
1000-1020
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BSNL TRAINING REPORT 2009
Sumit Kumar
SPN - EL2007461/10
Govt. Polytechnic College, Kota (Raj.)
6001/00-356
27. Arandkheda
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BSNL TRAINING REPORT 2009
Sumit Kumar
SPN - EL2007461/10
Govt. Polytechnic College, Kota (Raj.)
6011/0/0,1,2
28126-28127 6012/0,1,2
28 Mandana
28128-28129 6015/0,1,2
28150-28151 6009/0,1,2,3
29 Dara
28152-28153 6004/0,1,2,3
CLOSED
2.INTROCDUCTION OF EWSD
Switching network (SN) performs the switching function for speech as well as
for messages in an EWSD exchange. For this purpose it is connected to LTGs and
CCNC for speech/data and to CP (through MB) for exchange of control information.
Switching network with ultimate capacity up to 63 LTGs is called SN DE4. For larger
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BSNL TRAINING REPORT 2009
Sumit Kumar
SPN - EL2007461/10
Govt. Polytechnic College, Kota (Raj.)
exchanges SN DE5.1 is used which can connect up to 126 LTGs. Similarly SN DE5.2
can connect up to 252 and SN DE5.4 up to 504 LTGs.
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BSNL TRAINING REPORT 2009
Sumit Kumar
SPN - EL2007461/10
Govt. Polytechnic College, Kota (Raj.)
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BSNL TRAINING REPORT 2009
Sumit Kumar
SPN - EL2007461/10
Govt. Polytechnic College, Kota (Raj.)
SN Switching network
MB Message buffer
CP Coordinating processor
• BAP - base
processor
• CAP - call processor
• CMY - common
memory
• IOC- I/O controller
• AMP - ATM bridge
processor
• B:CMY0(1) -
common memory
access bus
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BSNL TRAINING REPORT 2009
Sumit Kumar
SPN - EL2007461/10
Govt. Polytechnic College, Kota (Raj.)
4.GENERAL FEATURES
Switching network is provided in capacity stages SN: 63LTG to SN: 504LTG,
i.e. up to 63 LTGs can be connected or, via other intermediate capacity stages, up to
504 LTGs can be connected. The modularly expandable SN has negligibly small
internal blocking andcan be used in EWSD exchanges of all types and sizes.
All of the switching network’s internal highways have a bit rate of 8192 bits/s
(Secondary Digital Carriers, SDCs). 128 time slots with a transmission capacity of 64
Kbits/s each (128x64 = 8192 Kbits/s) are available on each 8192 Kbits/s highway.
Separate cables each containing several (eight or sixteen) such internal highways,
are used for each transmission direction. All externally connected highways also
have the same uniform bit rate.
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BSNL TRAINING REPORT 2009
Sumit Kumar
SPN - EL2007461/10
Govt. Polytechnic College, Kota (Raj.)
For security reasons, entire SN is duplicated. The two sides of SN (SN0 and
SN1) are called planes. The external highways for both transmission directions i.e.
between the switching network and one LTG or between the switching network and
one Message Buffer Unit (MBU) are identified as follows as shown in figure 2.
* SDC: CCNC interface between the SN and the common channel signaling
network (CCNC): for common channel signaling.
* SDC: SGC between the SN and an MBU: SGC of the CP for setting up and
clearing connections.
Switching network in EWSD exchanges uses time and space switching and
therefore it is functionally divided into Time Stage Group (TSG) and Space Stage
Group (SSG). SN DE4 with capacity stage SN: 63LTG has a TST structure and
TSG/SSG division is not applicable in this case.
TSGs and SSGs are interconnected through internal 8 Mb/s interfaces called
SDC:SSG. TSGs of both planes are connected to SSGs of both planes, and thus these
provide further security.
Each TSG and SSG have its own Switch Group Control(SGC) that is connected
to CP via MB through interfaces SDC:SGC.
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BSNL TRAINING REPORT 2009
Sumit Kumar
SPN - EL2007461/10
Govt. Polytechnic College, Kota (Raj.)
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BSNL TRAINING REPORT 2009
Sumit Kumar
SPN - EL2007461/10
Govt. Polytechnic College, Kota (Raj.)
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BSNL TRAINING REPORT 2009
Sumit Kumar
SPN - EL2007461/10
Govt. Polytechnic College, Kota (Raj.)
6.Capacity Stages
7.Functional Units of SN
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BSNL TRAINING REPORT 2009
Sumit Kumar
SPN - EL2007461/10
Govt. Polytechnic College, Kota (Raj.)
7.1Switching path
The switching network is subdivided into time stage groups (TSG) and space
stage groups (SSG). Due to its modular structure, the EWSD switching network can
be partially equipped as needed and expanded step by step. The switching network
uses the following switching stages:
These time and space stages (functional units), shown in figure 3, are located
in the following module types:
The switching network capacity stage SN:63LTG, however has a TST structure
with only one space stage as shown in figure 4. Module types LIS and SSM 8|15 are
not there in SN:63 LTG. Further, the modules and the TSGs/SSGs are interconnected
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BSNL TRAINING REPORT 2009
Sumit Kumar
SPN - EL2007461/10
Govt. Polytechnic College, Kota (Raj.)
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BSNL TRAINING REPORT 2009
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SPN - EL2007461/10
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7.1.2. TSM:
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The SSM 8|15 contains two space stages as shown in figure 6. One space
stage is used for transmission direction LIS SSM 8|15 SSM 16|16 and has 8
inlets and 15 outlets while a second space stage is used for transmission direction
SSM 16|16 SSM 8|15 LIS and has 15 inlets and 8 outlets. Via space stages,
octets can change their highways between input and output, but they retain the
same time slot. Space stages 8|15, 16|16 and 15|8 switch the received octets
synchronously with the time slots and the 125-microsecond periods. The
connections to be switched change in consecutive time slots. In this process, the
octets arriving on incoming highways are “spatially” distributed to outgoing
highways . In capacity stages with a TST structure, the SSM 16|16 Switches the
octets received from the TSIs directly to the TSOs.
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7.2Control section:
Each TSG, each SSG, and with SN: 63LTG, each switching network side has its
own control. These controls each consist of two modules viz. switch group control
(SGC) and link interface module between SGC and MBU: SGC (LIM)
7.3Firmware
The firmware for the switching network is permanently stored in the program
memory of each SGC. For this reason, it does not have to be loaded or initialized by
the coordination processor (CP). SN firmware is organized in the following manner:
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Functionally SN(B) is entirely similar to SN. However, only the following five
types of modules are used in SN(B) as shown in table 3.
TSMB: Two LILs and two time stage modules TSMs are combined to
form one TSMB.
SSM8B: Two LIS and two SSM8|15 functional units in a SSG are combined
SGCB: Functional units LIM and SGC are combined to form one SGCB.
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2 X LIL
LIS - 4 - 2 X LIS of TSG
2 X SSM8|15
SSM16B 1 - 2 8 X SSM16|16
SGCB 1 1 1 LIM +
SGC
DCCMS 1 1 1 Provided in same shelf
containing SN/TSG/SSG
9.Rack
Assignment
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10.1SN:63LTG
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One TSG or one SSG of SN: 126LTG or above occupies one frame consisting of
two shelves. The arrangement of modules in module frame for SN: 126LTG or above
is shown in figure 10 (a) and (b).
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All the TSGs of SN are connected to all the SSGs in such a manner as to
ensure nearly full availability. The interconnection of TSGs with SSGs in case
of SN:504 LTG is shown in figure 15, and that for SN:252 LTG and SN:126 LTG
are shown in figure 16.
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12. Functions
The coordination processor (CP) searches for free paths through the
switching network according to the busy status of connection paths stored at
that moment in the switching network’s memory. The path selection
procedure is always the same and is independent of the capacity stage of
the switching network. During path selection, the two connection paths of a
call are always chosen so that they will be switched via the same space
stage section. A space stage section is a quarter of the space stage
arrangement; with an SN: 252 LTG, for example, this corresponds to half a
space stage group SSG.
An SGC receives the setting instruction from the CP via the message
buffer unit MBU: SGC, the secondary digital carrier SDC: SGC, n an SGC and
the CP are exchanged via an LIM. The SGC calculates the setting data using
the call processing programs and service routines. The SGC loads the data
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into registers in the hardware controller (HWC) of the LIM and, via the HWC,
controls the setting of desired connection paths in
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12.3Changeover to standby
All connection paths are duplicated, i.e. switched through in SN0 and SN1.
This provides an alternative route for each connection in case of failure.
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duplication principle, all operational measures are easily carried out without
impairing traffic (e.g. adding new modules or replacing defective modules).
13.O&M Aspects
The following MML commands are used during operation and maintenance of
switching network.
DIAG SN TEST SN
13.1Safeguarding Concept
The switching network (SN) is duplicated. Normally one SN side is active (the
SSG and both TSGs in ACT), and the other SN side is standby (the SSG and the TSGs
in STB).
In the event of a malfunction in a switch group (SSG or TSG) in the active SN,
the affected switch group is configured to UNA and the other switch groups in the
previously standby SN are configured to ACT.
N the event of a malfunction in a switch group in the standby SN, only the
affected switch group is configured to UNA.
13.2Fault Printouts
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An SN fault printout is the result report of the fault analysis program for the
SN or for a switch group (SSG or TSG). It complements the more general alarm
signaling with SYP etc. i.e. whenever the safeguarding system detects a malfunction
in the SN, an appropriate fault printout is formulated, typically as follows:
SGC DEFECT
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION :
Faults affecting the SN can be divided into two groups which are clearly
distinguishable in terms of the system response: -
* Unconditional fault
These are serious faults. The switch group in which such a fault occurs is
always reconfigured to UNA. With unconditional faults, the following codeword’s
may be output :
- SGC/SGC FAILURE
- SGC/HWC FAILURE
- PATH SET/HWC-FAILURE
- CYCLE DEFEKT
- NO CYCLE
* Conditional faults
These are not serious. If such a fault occurs in a switch group with no
redundancy (i.e. where the partner switch group is in NAC, UNA or MBL), then the
affected switch group is not configured to UNA. If the switch group is duplicated,
then it is configured to UNA, even for a conditional fault. Codeword’s for conditional
faults are :
- SGC/PLLU-FAILURE
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- SN-PLL FAILURE
- PATH SET/TSM-FAILURE
- PATH SET/SSM8-FAILURE
- PATH SET/SSM16-FAILURE
- SGC-DEFECT
- All COC-FAILURE
- All MCH-FAILURE
- All MUX-FAILURE
13.3Diagnostics
Explanation: -
* DIAG TSG
This command starts a test program, to be specified under parameter TA, for
a time stage group (TSG).
* DIAG SSG
This command starts a test program, to be specified under parameter TA, for
a space stage group (SSG).
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* Area
The identifier entered for the parameter TA specifies the test program to be
called up. The following test programs are possible: CHALL, ALL, HWC, TSM, SSM,
CSM, PLL
In test program TSM, SSM and CSM, in the diagnostic command, a subunit
must also be specified.
hardware controller
hardware controller
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is also checked.
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* SUBUNT
For diagnostic identifiers TSM, CSM & SSM, the subunit must be
specified.
CSM = SSM16|16
13.4Test
The SN speech path test makes a cross-office check per SN side, switch group
or subunit, depending on the command.
This involves setting up connections via SN, which are then tested with a test
pattern. If the SN speech path detects a COC error in such a connection path, the
test is repeated with a new path setup attempt (with the same parameters). If the
test again detects a COC error, it is terminated with FAILURE DETECTED. The MML
command used is as follows, where symbols/parameters are same as in DIAG SN.
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14.Exercises
2. Find out the number of LTGs and TSMs in your exchange and correlate.
How many additional LTGs can be provided with the existing SN
configuration?
3. Change status of both planes of SNs, one by one, using all possible
combinations of OST and tabulate the results.
4. A fault in SN plane 0 has affected the third LTG connected to TSG1. What
functional unit in SN could be faulty? Write MML commands to configure
and diagnose the faulty unit.
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SWITCHING TECHNIQUES
• TWO-DIMENSIONAL SWITCHING
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INTERNET
Introduction:
The Internet is not a program, not software, not hardware or a big system. It is a
group of various co-operating computers worldwide interconnected by computer
based on TCP\IP communication protocols. People use it to get information over a
standard communication link. The hundreds or thousands or millions of computer
network are connected to each other for exchanging the information which is based
on the unique identity and set of procedures. Internet is a series of interconnected
networks providing global link to information.
GIAS: BSNL launched the Gateway Internet Access Service (GAIS) through dial
up/leased/ISDN network. Users can access GAIS from 99 cities in India by this
means.
INTERNET CONNECTIVITY
INTERNET TECHNOLOGY
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A single module cannot handle the entire process. One that adopted as a standard
is an open system interconnection (OSI) model.
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WWW:
World Wide Web (WWW) is a wide area hypermedia information retrieval
aiming to give universal access to a large universe of documents.
HTTP:
Hyper text transmission Protocol (HTTP) is the communication protocol used
to transfer documents from the server to client over the WWW (http:// www).
HTML:
Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) is a system of marking or tagging the
various parts of web documents to tell the browser software how to display
the document text, link graphics and link media.
ISDN:
Integrated Service Digital Network (ISDN) is a digital phone connection
technology that provides both voice and data services over the same
connection.
ISP:
Internet Service Provider (ISP) is an agency that provides Internet access and
other net related services.
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TECHNICAL ASPECTS:
BSC (Base Switching Centre):- It provides links between BTS & BSM; it
consists of different processors, in BSNL it is of SUN Polaris of LG Company. In
LG 1 BSC can have 48 BTS? In BSNL we have two types of BSC:-
ii. CCS-7 / R2:- These types of BSC are totally automatic it doesn’t
depend on local exchange for its functions, it is complete in itself. BSNL uses
this type of BSC for urban areas.
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ADVANTAGES OF WLL:
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WHAT IS CDMA?
We now have CDMA2000 and its variant like 1X EV, 1XEV-DO and MC 3X. The
refer of variant of usage of a 1.25 MHz channel. 3X uses a 5 MHz channel.
Wide band CDMA forms that the basis of UMTS 3G networks, developed
originally by Qualcomm, high capacity and small cell radius, employing
spread-spectrum technology and special coding scheme characterized by
CDMA.
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Data Speed
The data speed of 3G is determined based on a combination of factors
including the chip rate, channel structure, power control, and
synchronization.
An example of calculating the theoretical 3G data speed is as follows:
• W-CDMA assigned code 400-500 Kbps/code. 6 codes X 400 > 2Mbps
(UMTS target for 3G data speed in fixed location)
Actual data speeds will vary in accordance with several factors including:
• Number of users in cell/sector
• Distance of user from cell
• User is moving or stationary
• Network operator capacity and network optimization requirements
1xEV-DO is a data-only solution, supporting a theoretical data speed of
up to 2.457 Mbps
1xEV-DV is a data and voice solution, supporting a theoretical data
speed of up to 3.072 Mbps
FOMA has two operational modes, supporting a dedicated 64 Kbps
connection or a 384 Kbps downlink/64 Kbps uplink best-effort connection.
TD-SCDMA can operate in 1.6 MHz or 5 MHz mode for 2 Mbps or 6
Mbps respectively
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both voice data such as calls and non-voice data such as instant messaging, email
and video telephony at the same time. Japan was the first country to introduce 3G
on a wide scale commercially. In 2005, almost 40 per cent of the subscribers in
Japan used 3G services. On the technical front, 3G services are wide area cellular
telephone networks unlike IEEE 802.11 networks, which are short range networks
meant for Internet access. Now, 3G is being used to provide various services.
You have to plug in 3G Data Card into your laptop and can get the fastest
available connection, with mobile broadband speeds of up to 1.8 Mbps. It’s neat,
compact design makes it easy to use; you can easily swap it between laptops for
use at work, home or on the move. Laptops have a PC Card slot (also known as a
PCMCIA slot), or an Express Card slot. There is PCMCIA to Express Card Converter
for using 3G broadband; you need 3G Data card, network SIM card, software, user
guide.
BSNL’s IPTV
• France is leading in IPTV having more than 1.7 million IPTV viewers
Global IPTV subscriber’s base will reach 14.5 million in 2007 and will be
approximately 63 million by 2010.
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CONCLUSION: -
Hence in the last I can say that taking training in such an organization
proved to be very beneficial for me. I learnt quite a lot about electronic
exchange, Internet, Land line, WLL, Mobile GSM & 3G, and the basis of
processing Exchange. I also got firsthand knowledge of how a Telephone
Exchange works.
The architecture of company has various units. They are linked and
working of whole plant is controlled make the student realized that
engineering is not just learning the structure description and working of
various machines. But the greater part is planning proper management.
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Network
PST Progressive Stock Taking
PSTN Public Switched Telephone
Network
PVC Polyvinyl chloride
PW Private Wires
RLU Remote Line Unit
RSU Remote Switching Unit
SACFA Standing Advisory Committee
on Radio Frequency Allocation
SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
SMPS Switch Mode Power Supply
SRCs Subscriber Record Cards
SSAs Secondary Switching Areas
STD Subscriber trunk dialing
STM Synchronous Transport Module
TAX Trunk automatic exchange
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access –
A transmission technique used
in digital radio transmission in
which the use of a frequency is
divided into time slots that are
shared amongst several users.
TELEX TelePrompTer exchange
TTH Triangular Tubular Hybrid
UHF Ultra high frequency (300 to
3000 MHz)
VHF Very high frequency
VPT Village Public Telephones
VSAT Very small aperture terminal
WLL Wireless-in-Local Loop
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