TR 1
DIFFERENTIAL RELAY
SHOULD TRIP INSTANTANEOUSLY FOR AN INTERNAL FAULT SHOULD NOT TRIP FOR AN EXTERNAL FAULT NORMAL SETTINGS FOR DIFFERENTIAL PICK UP = 15%
Differential Protection
Ip TA Protected Equipment
Ip TA
50
Ip - Iel
Differential Protection
T.A
IL IL
IR IR
G1
I1
100 500 500 100
I2
100 500 300 80
Id
0 0 200 20 NORMAL LOAD THROUGH FAULT INTERNAL FAULT INTERNAL FAULT (500%) (200%) (20%)
NOTE : 1. THROUGH FAULT CONDITION HAS TO BE DETECTED BY NORMAL O/C RELAY (SINCE FAULT CURRENT IS HIGHER THAN 100%) 2. INTERNAL FAULT HAS TO BE CLEARED BY DIFFERENTIAL RELAY - SINCE FAULT CURRENT IS LESS THAN FULL LOAD, NORMAL O/C RELAY WILL NOT PICK UP
I1 - I2
TRIP SETTING
RELAY WILL TRIP IF I1-I2 IS GREATER THAN 20% 0F In (In = RATING OF CT PRIMARY)
Id
Is =20%
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
DISADVANTAGES :
DUE TO CT CHARACTERISTICS MISMATCH, RELAY CAN DETECT A CONDITION WHERE I1-I2 EXCEEDS SET VALUE A) B) C) UNDER NORMAL OPERATRING CONDITIONS UNDER THROUGH FAULT CONDITIONS WHENEVER THE TAPS ARE CHANGED IN TRANSFORMERS
THIS IS MAINLY DUE TO : DC OFFSET EFFECT AND ASSYMMETRIC CT RESPONSE UNDER LARGE THROUGH FAULT CURRENTS.
STABILISING RESISTOR
WILL IMPROVE PERFORMANCE OF RELAY FOR CT CHARACTERISTICS MISMATCH - TO CERTAIN LIMITS BUT RELAY HAS BECOME INSENSITIVE DUE TO ADDITION OF RESISTOR. RELAY MAY NOT TRIP FOR A REAL INTERNAL FAULT.
BIASED DIFFERENTIAL
I1 - I2
(I1+I2)/2
RELAY WILL TRIP WHEN (2*(I1 - I2)/(I1+I2))*100 VALUE EXCEEDS TRIP SETTING
( I1-I2)
DIFFERENCE CURRENT
RELAY OPERATES
%Id
I1+I2 2
SUM CURRENT
DUAL SLOPE ?
DIFFERENTIAL RELAYS
INTERPOSING CTs
IN TRANSFORMER DIFFERENTIAL RELAYS FOLOWING COMPENSATIONS WILL BE REQUIRED FOR: A) B) PROVIDING MAGNITUDE COMPENSATION PHASE ANGLE COMPENSATION DUE TO VECTOR GROUP SHIFT BETWEEN Py & Sy
DIFFERENTIAL RELAYS
INTERPOSING CTs
INELECTROMECHANICAL / SOLIDSTATE RELAYS INTERPOSING CTs ARE USED FOR PROVIDING THE MAGNITUDE AND VECTOR COMPENSATION IN NUMERICAL RELAYS THE SOFTWARE INSIDE INSIDE THE RELAY TAKES CARE OF THESE COMPENSATION
1. YY0
B Y B Y B
2. YY6
B Y R
3. YD1
4. YD11
WHY REF ?
2ND HARMONIC RESTRAINT WHEN A TRANSFORMER IS SWITCHED ON, THE DIFFERENTIAL RELAY MAY SENSE A DIFFERENTIAL CURRENT AND INITIATE TRIP. THIS IS DUE TO THE MAGNETISING CURRENT INRUSH ON ONE SIDE OF THE TRANSFORMER. THIS WILL RESULT IN A LARGE VALUE OF I1-I2 FOR ABOUT 4 OR 5 CYCLES. RELAY IS RESTRAINED FROM OPERATION AT THE TIME OF SWTICH ON BY THE 2ND HARMONIC RESTRAINT FEATURE.
5TH HARMONIC RESTRAINT WHEN OVER FLUXING OCCURS IN A TRANSFORMER THE DIFFERENTIAL RELAY MAY SENSE A DIFFERENTIAL CURRENT AND INITIATE TRIP. THIS IS DUE TO THE HIGH LEVEL OF FLUX PRESENT IN THE CORE CAUSING AN ARTIFICIAL I1-I2 FOR A SHORT TIME. RELAY IS RESTRAINED FROM OPERATION AT THE TIME OF OVER FLUXING BY THE 5TH HARMONIC RESTRAINT FEATURE.
1. 2. 3. 4.
5. 6. 7. 8.
PERCENTAGE BIASED DUAL SLOPE DISPLAYS OF Id VECTOR/AMPLITUDE COMPENSATION (W/O ICTs) 2ND HARMONIC RESTRAINT 5TH HARMONIC RESTRAINT WAVE FORM CAPTURE INBUILT REF