11 Fundamental of Protection

Fundamentals of Protection
Penyusun : Supriyanto, ST., MT.

Ilustrasi
Fundamental of Protection System
supriyanto_suhono@yahoo.com.sg
Obyective :
Memahami alasan kebutuhan sistem proteksi.
Memahami prinsip-prinsip dan elemen dalam
sistem proteksi.
Memahami skim dasar sistem proteksi.
Memahami sistem dan keuntungan dari
pengembangan relay digital.
Proteksi Sistem Tenaga
System element protection
System protection
Automatic reclosing
Automatic transfer to alternate power supplies
Automatic synchronization
Gangguan Ekstenal dalam Sistem Tenaga
Damage to Main Equipment
Protection System
A series of devices whose main purpose is to
protect persons and primary electric power
equipment from the effects of faults
The Sentinels
Dampak Arus Tinggi Hubung Singkat
Gangguan Hubung Singkat.wmv
Fault Video.wmv
Fault
Substation
a
b
c
I
I
Wire
Three-Phase Line
Thousands of Amps
Electrical Equipment Thermal Damage
I
t
I
n
I
md
Damage Curve
Short-Circuit
Current
Damage
Time
Rated Value
Capability / Damage Curves
t
I
I
2
2
t
Gen
I
2
t
Motor
Xfmr
I
2
t
Cable
I
2
t
Kerusakan Mekanikal Hubung Singkat
Very destructive in busbars, isolators, supports, transformers,
and machines
Damage is instantaneous
i
1

i
2

f
1

f
2

Rigid Conductors
f
1
(t)

= k i
1
(t) i
2
(t)
Mechanical
Forces
Fuse Cut Out
Fuse
Transformer
Elemen Sistem Proteksi
Fundamental Of Protection.wmv
Protective relays
Circuit breakers
Current and voltage transducers
Communications channels
DC supply system
Control cables
Diagram Sistem Proteksi
CTs
VTs
Relay
CB
Control
Protected
Equipment
WIRING DIAGRAM OVER CURRENT RELAY & GROUND FAULT RELAY
PMT
NGR
TRAFO
6,3/20 KV
OCR OCR OCR
GFR
CT
PMT
ON
TRAFO 6,3/20 KV
NGR
CT
OCR/GFR
Jaringan distribusi
RELAY
PMT
ON
OCR OCR OCR
GFR
CT
CARA KERJA OCR
PADA SAAT HUBUNG SINGKAT 3 FASA
TRAFO 6,3/20 KV
NGR
OFF
HUBUNG
SINGKAT
3 FASA
Gangguan terjadi pada fase R,S dan T
Arus gangguan hubung singkat mengalir di jaringan,
Karena arus tersebut > dari ratio CT pada sekunder CT mengalir arus
Masuk ke OCR -- OCR memasok arus ke PMT-- PMT trip.
PMT
ON
OCR OCR OCR
GFR
CT
CARA KERJA GFR
PADA SAAT HUBUNG SINGKAT 1 FASA - KETANAH
TRAFO 6,3/20 KV
NGR
OFF
HUBUNG
SINGKAT
1 FASA
R
S
T
Gangguan HS terjadi pada fasa T, arus mengalir masuk ke GFR - PMT trip
3Io
DC Tripping Circuit
SI
52
TC
DC Station
Battery
SI
Relay
Contact
Relay
Circuit
Breaker
52a
+
Red
Lamp
Circuit Breakers
Current Transformers
Very High Voltage CT
Medium-Voltage CT
Voltage Transformers
Medium Voltage
High Voltage
Note: Voltage transformers
are also known as potential
transformers
Protective Relays
Examples of Relay Panels
Old Electromechanical
Microprocessor-
Based Relay
Bagaimana Rele Mendeteksi Gangguan?
Ketika terjadi gangguan; arus, tegangan, frekuensi, dan
parameter elektrik lainnya akan mengalami perubahan.
Contoh :
Arus tiba tiba naik
Tegangan tiba-tiba turun.
Relays mengukur arus dan tegangan dan mendeteksi arus
lebih dan tegangan turun, atau kombinasi dari keduanya.
Prinsip pendeteksian menentukan design dari relay
proteksi.
Persyaratan Utama Sistem Proteksi
Reliability
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Speed
System stability
Equipment damage
Power quality
Sensitivity
High-impedance faults
Dispersed generation
Proteksi Primer
Overlapping Zona Proteksi
Protection
Zone B
Protection
Zone A
To Zone B
Relays
To Zone A
Relays
52
Protection
Zone B
Protection
Zone A
To Zone B
Relays
To Zone A
Relays
52
Backup Protection
A
C D
E
Breaker 5
Fails
1 2 5 6 11 12
T
3 4 7 8 9 10
B F
Typical Short-Circuit Type Distribution
Single-Phase-Ground: 7080%
Phase-Phase-Ground: 1710%
Phase-Phase: 108%
Three-Phase: 32%
Balanced vs.
Unbalanced Conditions
Balanced System Unbalanced System
c
I
a
I
b
I
a
I
c
I
b
I
Decomposition of an Unbalanced System
Positive-Sequence
Balanced Balanced
Negative-Sequence
1 b
I
1 c
I
1 a
I
2 b
I
2 a
I
2 c
I
0 a
I
0 b
I
0 c
I
a
I
c
I
b
I
Zero-Sequence
Single-Phase
Power Line Protection Principles
Overcurrent (50, 51, 50N, 51N)
Directional Overcurrent (67, 67N)
Distance (21, 21N)
Differential (87)
Application of Inverse-Type Relays
t
Relay
Operation
Time
I
Fault
Load
Radial Line
Distance
Distance
t
I
}
}
}
T A
Inverse-Time Relay Coordination
T A
T A
Addition of Instantaneous OC Element
t Relay
Operation
Time
I
Fault
Load
Radial Line
50/51 Relay Coordination
Distance
Distance
t
I
}
}
} T A T A
T A
Directional Overcurrent Protection
Basic Applications
K
L
Directional Overcurrent Protection
Basic Principle
F2

Relay
F1

Forward Fault (F1) Reverse Fault (F2)
V
I
V
I
I
V
Overcurrent Relay Problem
1 1
) 8 . 0 (
L S
SETTING
Z Z
E
I
+
~
1 1
) (
) 8 . 0 (
L S
LIMIT FAULT
Z Z
E
I
+
'
=
Relay operates when the following condition
holds:
SETTING a FAULT
I I I > =
As changes, the relays reach will change,
since setting is fixed
1 s
Z
Distance Relay Principle
Three-Phase
Solid Fault
d
L
Radial
Line
21
Suppose Relay Is Designed to Operate
When:
| || | ) 8 . 0 ( | |
1 a L a
I Z V s
c b a
I I I , ,
c b a
V V V , ,
The Impedance Relay Characteristic
2
1
2 2
r
Z X R s +
R
X
Plain Impedance Relay
Operation Zone
Z
r1
Radius Z
r1
1 r
Z Z s
Need for Directionality
1 2 3 4 5 6
F1
F2
R
X RELAY 3
Operation Zone
F1
F2
Nonselective
Relay Operation
Directionality Improvement
1 2 3 4 5 6
F1
F2
R
X RELAY 3
Operation Zone

F1
F2
The Relay Will
Not Operate for
This Fault
Directional Impedance
Relay Characteristic
Mho Element Characteristic (Directional
Impedance Relay)
( )
MT M
Z Z s cos
Z
M
Z
R
X
MT
( )
MT M
Z I V s cos Operates when:
Three-Zone Distance Protection
1 2 3 4 5 6
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
Time
Time
Zone 1 Is Instantaneous
Line Protection With Mho Elements
E
X
R
A
B
C
D
Circular Distance Relay Characteristics
MHO
OFFSET
MHO (1)
PLAIN
IMPEDANCE
R
X
R
X
R
X
OFFSET
MHO (2)
R
X
LENS
(RESTRICTED MHO 1)
TOMATO
(RESTRICTED MHO 2)
R
X
R
X
Semi-Plane Type Characteristics
REACTANCE
OHM
DIRECTIONAL
R
X
R
X
R
X
RESTRICTED
DIRECTIONAL
R
X
RESTRICTED
REACTANCE
QUADRILATERAL
R
X
R
X
Distance Protection

Input rele : arus dan tegangan
Elemen Phasa : lebih sensitif dari pada
elemen 67
Elemen ground: kalah/kurang sensitif dari
pada elemen 67N
Applikasi : jaringan loop, dan parallel es
Directional Comparison
Pilot Protection Systems
Communications
Channel
Exchange of logic information
on relay status
R L
Relays Relays
T
R
R
T
L
I
R
I
Permissive Overreaching
Transfer Trip
1 2 3 4 5 6
FWD
FWD
Bus A Bus B
Basic POTT Logic
Zone 2 Elements
RCVR
Key XMTR
Trip AND
Directional Comparison
Blocking Scheme
1 2
3 4 5 6
FWD
FWD
RVS
RVS
Bus A Bus B
Basic DCB Logic
Zone 2
RCVR
Trip
CC
0
Carrier Coordination
Time Delay
Key XMTR Zone 3
Prinsip Proteksi Difrensial
External
Fault
I
DIF
= 0

CT CT
50
Balanced CT Ratio
Protected
Equipment
Internal
Fault
I
DIF
> I
SETTING
CTR CTR
50
Relay Operates
Protected
Equipment
Prinsip Proteksi Difrensial
Problem Kinerja CT
CT Jenuh
Sensitifitas pada arus tinggi
External
Fault
Protected
Equipment
I
DIF
=0

CT CT
50
Skim Percentage Differential Protection
Protected
Equipment
S
CTR
CTR
Compares:
Relay
(87)
OP S R
I I I = +
| | | |
2
S R
RT
I I
k I k
+
=
RP
SP
Aplikasi Rele Difrensial
Bus protection
Transformer protection
Generator protection
Line protection
Large motor protection
Reactor protection
Capacitor bank protection
Compound equipment protection
Proteksi Difrensial
Skim difrensial arus lebih sederhana dan ekonomis,
tetapi memiliki kendala yang tergantung kinerja CT.
Skim percentage differential memiliki respon yang
lebih baih terkait gangguan kejenuhan CT.
Skim percentage differential dapat dianalisis pada
rele dan alpha plane
Skim differential protection adalah alternatif terbaik
terkait dengan selectivity/speed dengan hadirnya
teknologi masa kini.
Multiple Input Differential Schemes
Examples
Differential Protection Zone
Bus Differential: Several Inputs
RP
SP
OP
T
I
1
I
2
I
3
I
4
Three-Winding Transformer
Differential: Three Inputs
Keuntungan Rele Digital
Multifunctional
Compatibility with
digital integrated
systems
Low maintenance
(self-supervision)
Highly sensitive,
secure, and
selective
Adaptive
Highly reliable
(self-supervision)
Reduced burden
on
CTs and VTs
Programmable
Versatile
Low Cost
Synchrophasors Provide a Snapshot
of the Power System
State of The Art
Pengembangan sistem proteksi berbasis komputer.
Keandalan semakin tinggi dengan implementasi sistem
komunikasi (satellite, optical fiber, etc.)
Integrasi dalam pengendalian , command, protection, and
communication
Pengembangan HMI (Improvements To Human-machine
Interface)
Lain-lain.

11 Fundamental of Protection

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Fundamentals of Protection

Penyusun : Supriyanto, ST., MT.

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