Tank

XI

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Contents
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T-44 T-43 tank Panzer 61 Vickers MBT Chonma-ho M-84 Arjun (tank) M-95 Degman Altay (tank) BPM-97 BTR-T BMD-3 BMD-2 BMD-1 Main Battle Tank 3000 Kanonenjagdpanzer M55 Self Propelled Howitzer Flakpanzer Gepard M247 Sergeant York Marksman anti-aircraft system 9K22 Tunguska PZA Loara Type 95 SPAAA Type 87 self-propelled anti-aircraft gun ZSU-23-4 M3 Half-track Assault Amphibious Vehicle Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle Warrior tracked armoured vehicle Marder (IFV) Ratel IFV AMX-10P ERC 90 Sagaie Vhicule de l'Avant Blind 1 11 14 16 19 25 32 45 48 52 55 57 60 64 74 76 78 80 84 92 94 103 105 108 110 121 128 134 141 145 150 156 158 163

Humvee replacement process Vhicule blind de combat d'infanterie M1128 Mobile Gun System

170 172 175

References
Article Sources and Contributors Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 178 181

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T-44

T-44
T-44

T-44A in Brest, Belarus Type Placeoforigin Medium tank

Soviet Union

Service history
Inservice Usedby 1944 end of 1970s Soviet Union
[1]

Production history
Designer Designed Manufacturer Produced Numberbuilt A.A. Morozov 19431944 Factory No. 75, Kharkiv 19441947 1,823

Specifications (T-44A)
Weight Length Width Height Crew Armour Main armament Secondary armament Engine Power/weight Transmission Suspension 32t (35short tons; 31long tons) 6.07m (19ft11in) 7.65m (25.1ft) over gun 3.25m (10ft8in) 2.455m (8ft0.7in) 4 120mm (4.7in) 85-mm ZiS-S-53 tank gun (58 rds.) 2 x 7.62-mm DTM machine gun Model V-44 12-cyl. 38.88 L diesel 520 hp (388 kW) 16.3 hp/tonn planetary 5-speed manual Torsion bar

Groundclearance 510mm (20in)

T-44

2
Fuelcapacity Operational range Speed 500 litres (110impgal; 130USgal) 150 litres (33impgal; 40USgal) external 350km (220mi) 53km/h (33mph)

The T-44 was a medium tank first produced towards the end of the Second World War by the Soviet Union. It was the successor to the famous T-34. Fewer than two thousand T-44s were built, but the design became the basis for the T-54/55 series of main battle tanks, the most-produced tank of all time.

Development history
Genesis
By the end of 1940, when production of the T-34 started,[2][3] there were already plans to improve the vehicle's reliability and operational capabilities by adopting more modern technology.[4] This design project was designated T-34M.[4] It had enhanced armour protection,[2] a three-man hexagonal turret, torsion bar suspension instead of Christie suspension, road wheels with internal shock absorption,[2] increased fuel capacity,[2] and more main gun ammunition (100 rounds instead of 77 in standard T-34).[2][2][5] The bow machine gun and driver's hatch switched positions on the glacis plate. In addition to six smaller wheels,[5] the suspension of the T-34M had four return rollers. The original model V-2 12-cylinder diesel engine developing 500hp (373kW) was replaced by a new 12-cylinder diesel engine which produced 600 horsepower (450kW).[5][6] It had a new 8-speed transmission system.[5] It was the first tank design to feature transverse engine placement, which made it smaller than a standard T-34 and gave the crew more space.[5] The Zhdanov Metallurgical Factory manufactured five sets of armour plates for the hull of the T-34M[2] and delivered them to Factory No. 183.[2] However, early in 1941 work on the T-34M ceased[2] as the production facilities were extremely busy with the mass production of the T-34.[2] When the war with Nazi Germany broke out the only sensible solution was to gradually improve the existing design.[3] During the battles on the Eastern Front it became apparent that the Red Army needed a new medium tank.[5] They requested that it should have better protection at a minimal increase of weight.[5][6] In 1942 the T-43 tank design project began. It featured a new turret and shorter suspension which reduced the clearance between the roadwheels.[5] However, it concentrated on increasing armour at a time when maintaining production and increasing firepower were more important. The T-43 was cancelled, but its new turret design was adapted to carry a larger 85mm D-5T and later ZiS-S-53 gun in a new variant called the T-34-85. It marked the end of T-34 improvements as fitting 100mm guns in T-34-100[5] prototypes proved unfeasible. (See T-34 variants article for details).[1][3]

T-34-85

T-44

Prototypes
First generation In the autumn of 1943 the design bureau of the Stalin Ural Tank Factory No. 183, located in Nizhny Tagil (in the Ural Mountains, where most of the Soviet tank industry had been evacuated after Operation Barbarossa in 1941), started working on a vehicle that would have improvement opportunities in the future, under a direct order from Joseph Stalin.[7] The intention was to retain the high mobility of the T-34 and provide it with heavier armour protection against modern tank guns. In November 1943, the chief designer, A. A. Morozov, presented the overall design of the vehicle and a model of the tank, which received the designation T-44 (Ob'yekt 136). The first prototype was completed by January 1944 and two more were completed in February. The first two prototypes were armed with 85mm D-5T guns and received the designation T-44-85, while the third prototype was armed with the 122mm D-25-44T tank gun and received the designation T-44-122. The D-25-44T tank gun was very similar to the basic D-25 field gun, but differed in some minor details including fixed single-piece ammunition to increase the rate of fire and a double-baffle muzzle brake.[1][8] What allowed fitting such powerful armament in a medium tank weighing 30 tonnes was the construction of the hull with an innovative placement of the engine. Unlike most tanks, in the T-44 the engine was placed perpendicular to the axis of the tank. The hull was designed without sponsons. It was also much wider which made the crew compartment bigger and allowed the turret to be placed over the center part of the vehicle.[1] This reduced the overall length of the vehicle. The thickness of the armour was 75mm on the front of the hull and 90mm on the front of the turret. The side armour was 45mm thick and could be reinforced by 30mm thick additional armour plate. All three prototypes were powered by the V-2IS diesel engine which developed 500hp (373kW). This first generation of prototypes featured a raised cast driver's hatch with an opening vision flap as well as mounting bolts in a ring around the base of the gun tube.[1][3][8] Morozov's new medium tank design received a sceptical response.[9] It was believed that putting a high-speed 12-cylinder engine with a working displacement of almost 40 liters perpendicular to the direction of travel would cause problems, including breaking the connecting rods.[9] It was believed that decreasing the displacement of the engine compartment for the purpose of enlarging the fighting compartment was unnecessary and that moving the turret rearwards would limit the elevation angle of the main gun. However, it turned out that even though rotating the engine complicated the transmission by introducing an additional reduction gear - gear-train and fan drive, it also solved many problems. The cover of the engine and transmission compartment turned along with the radiator; this allowed easier access to the engine, transmission and batteries. The significant decrease in the length of the engine compartment allowed the turret to be moved rearwards, which in turn moved its rotation axis and the center of mass[10] to the center of the hull, increased the accuracy of the main gun[1] and decreased a chance that the turret could get stuck after getting hit in the turret ring with a projectile that ricocheted.[10] The thickness of the frontal armor protection more than doubled without disturbing the center of mass or drastically increasing the weight of the tank. At the beginning of World War II the thickness of T-34 armor was considered enough. Improvements made to the T-34 during World War II included increasing the caliber of the gun (from 76.2mm to 85mm) and thickening the armor of the turret. No significant improvements were made to the hull. Increasing the size of the fighting compartment allowed the removal of floor ammunition stowage. The height of the tank was decreased by 300mm, even though the turret remained almost the same. Removal of the conical pair in the transmission permitted fitting a more compact gear box and improved the control of the brakes and the steering clutch. Visibility from the driver's position was improved. The driver was protected from being splashed by water while the vehicle was fording.[9] The new torsion bar suspension allowed easier crossing of rough ground.[9]

T-44 Second generation The first trials of the T-44-122 prototype took place in February and March 1944, but were unsuccessful due to gun failure, and the gun was returned to the No. 9 factory for repair. In April and May 1944 the trials were resumed. Aside from standard trials, the T-44-122 was put in competitive trials against the captured German Panzerkampfwagen V Panther medium tank[1] and the second of two first generation T-44-85 prototypes.[1] The practical rate of fire was two to three rounds per minute due to the cramped turret and long, heavy ammunition.[1] The vehicle had a very limited storage of only 24 rounds and this was considered insufficient for a medium tank. As a result all further development of the T-44-122 prototype was cancelled.[1][3][8] Like the T-44-122 prototype, one of the two first-generation T-44-85 prototypes went through competitive trials against the captured German Panzerkampfwagen V Panther medium tank.[1] The second of the two first-generation T-44-85 prototypes was put in competitive trials against the T-44-122 prototype.[1] The second prototype uncovered additional faults in the design. By May 1944 two second-generation prototypes were being built. These featured the driver's position moved rearwards so that his hatch was partially on the hull roof. The driver's vision flap was reduced to a plain square flap with rounded lower corners, in line with the glacis plate. These prototypes had prominent collars at the base of the gun tube, without the mounting bolts which were present in the first generation prototypes. The two prototypes also have differences between each other.[8] One prototype had a splashboard on the glacis plate[8] while the other had a smooth uncluttered glacis plate.[8] One of these prototypes passed trials at the NIBT proving grounds near Kubinka in June and July 1944. This prototype weighed 31.3 tonnes and was armed with an 85mm ZiS-S-53 gun. The turret front armour thickness was increased to 115mm. Hulls side armour thickness was increased to 75mm.[3][8]

T-44-122 prototype during comparative trials against captured German Panther

Second of the two first generation T-44-85 prototypes and T-44-122 prototype during comparative trials

Second generation T-44-85 prototype during trials. Notice that this one does not have the splashboard.

T-44A
The third generation prototype, which received the designation T-44A, was completed after the Morozov Design Bureau had moved back to Second generation T-44-85 prototype during trials at NIBT proving grounds near Kubinka, Kharkiv in Ukraine. The hull upper front armour (glacis plate) summer 1944. Notice driver's vision flap was thickness was increased to 90mm and the turret front armour thickness reduced to a plain square flap with rounded lower was increased to 120mm. Even though it was more heavily armoured, corners, in line with the glacis plate, a prominent the weight went down to 30.7 tonnes. This vehicle had a new V-44 collar at the base of the gun tube and the splashboard on the glacis plate. 12-cylinder 4-stroke diesel engine of 520hp (388kW) at 1,800 rpm, which allowed the tank to travel at a speed of 60.5km/h. This prototype had the splashboard on the glacis plate like one of the second generation T-44-85 prototypes.[8] This prototype featured some other differences from the earlier prototypes, including the fact that drivers hatch was moved entirely to the roof of the hull[8] and the vision flap was deleted from the design[8] and replaced by a vision

T-44 slot in the glacis plate.[8] After trials conducted in August and September 1944 and after it received several upgrades[3] (which increased the weight of the vehicle to 32 tonnes), the T-44A officially entered service with the Red Army on the 23 November 1944.[3][8]

T-44-100 and T-54

Even with its innovative technology and better armor protection, the T-44A still used an 85mm ZiS-S-53 tank gun, the same as the one fitted on the T-34-85 medium tank. The army needed a new tank armed with a more powerful 100mm gun.[3] At the end of 1944 the designers had three types of 100mm guns at their disposal which could considerably increase the firepower of the tank. These included the One of the two T-44-100 prototypes. Notice the D-10 (which already proved itself in combat as it was used in SU-100 100 mm gun, 12.7 mm DShK anti-aircraft heavy tank destroyer) as well as prototype ZiS-100 and LB-1 (LB stands for machine gun mounted on the loader's hatch and 6 Lavrenty Beria).[3][8] The T-44 tank armed with the 100mm tank gun mm thick anti-HEAT sideskirts protecting the originally received the designation T-44B. Two projects were started, sides. This example does not have a splashboard on the glacis plate. both based on the T-44A. The development of the first one started in October 1944 at the design bureau of the Stalin Ural Tank Factory No. 183, located in Nizhny Tagil. The designing stage was completed in December. The prototype was ready in February 1945. The trials conducted between March and April gave positive results and the vehicle entered service with the Red Army as T-54. The tank had almost the same hull and drive train as the T-44A. Differences included thickened front armour (120mm on the upper section and 90mm on the lower section) and a different hatch and vision slot for the driver. The turret had increased diameter to 1800mm. There was thicker armour (180mm on the front, between 90mm and 150mm on the sides and 30mm on the roof). The armament included the 100mm D-10TK tank gun as well as two 7.62mm GWT machine guns. The tank was powered by a new V-54 12-cylinder 38.88 liter water-cooled diesel engine developing 520hp (388kW) at 2,000 rpm. The fuel capacity was increased (530 liters in the internal fuel tank and 165 liters in the external fuel tank). The external fuel tanks were connected to the fuel system. The rubber rollers on the roadwheels were widened. The weight was increased to 35.5 tonnes, which reduced the maximal road speed to 43.5km/h. The maximal road operational range increased to 360km. Because of positive results seen in trials, it was decided to modernize the tank before starting production (for more details about it see the T-54/55 article) as well as to put the new tank's turret onto two modified serial T-44A tanks. This was done in 1945 and the two prototype tanks received the designation T-44-100. One of the prototypes was armed with a D-10TK tank gun while the other one was armed with a LB-1 tank gun.[3][8] Like the second generation T-44-85 prototypes, the two T-44-100 prototypes had differences between each other. One prototype had a splashboard on the glacis plate while the other did not. They both had the 12.7mm DShK anti-aircraft heavy machine gun fitted to the loader's hatch, 6mm thick anti-HEAT sideskirts protecting the sides and two cylindrical fuel tanks in the back[1] which increased the fuel capacity to 1035 liters.[11] These cylindrical fuel tanks were later used on Soviet main battle tanks as additional fuel tanks. Further development of the T-44 was canceled and all the attention was directed towards the development of a new T-54 main battle tank.[1][8]

Description
The T-44 had a typical tank layout: the driving compartment at the front, the fighting compartment in the middle and the engine compartment in the rear. The original intention was to retain the high mobility and speed of a T-34 and to provide the T-44 with heavier armour protection against large-caliber tank guns. This was accomplished by adding thicker armour but reducing the internal volume of the hull. The T-44 had a lower profile than the T-34, and was potentially simpler to manufacture. Although the T-44 used many components of the T-34, it had a new hull, and a

T-44 modified model V-2 diesel engine, suspension and transmission.[1][8] Reflecting trends in other designs in this period, the T-44 was designed without the hull radio operator/machine gunner position present in many older designs. This was done for a number of reasons.[12] The extensive machine gun firing port in the glacis plate (which was present in the T-34 medium tank) was a weak spot in the armour.[13] In the T-34, this firing port and the driver's hatch were exploited during World War II by the Germans fighting the T-34s.[13] Shooting the machine gun was ineffective as it was inaccurate due to obscured vision.[12] It was considered inefficient to transfer reports through an additional member of the crew and therefore these duties were transferred to the commander.[12] The space saved was used for a fuel tank[12] and to increase the ammunition load.[8] The driver's hatch was on the left side of the hull roof. The tank had an improved hull design, longer and wider than the T-34 but slightly lower thanks to the relocation of the air filter, with thicker armour, and was simpler to construct. The hull had a sloped glacis plate, vertical sides, and a slightly beveled rear. Most tanks had a splashboard on the glacis plate although there are pictures of T-44A tanks without them. It protected the upper part of the vehicle from splashes of mud or water. There were three mounts for rectangular stowage bins on the fenders (two on the right fender and one on the left fender). There were four mountings for cylindrical fuel tanks on the fenders (two per side). This was changed in the T-44M which used rectangular fuel cells.[1][8] During its service the tank proved to be not entirely adapted to winter conditions, due to an incomplete draining of the cooling system, caused by a water pump system that had been modified to reduce engine height. A small shaft would break after the impeller pump froze. The repair of the shaft, considering the field conditions, proved very impractical and required three people. Two people had to hold a third person by the legs and lower him into the engine bay, where he had to loosen the fastening and remove the broken shaft. Then, he was pulled out and lowered back down to install the new shaft. He was repeatedly lowered until the new part was secured. Another serious problem discovered during the winter conditions was that the crews of the T-44A suffered from frostbite because of the complete lack of a heating system. The driver was supposed to be protected from rain and snow by a removable Tarpaulin cover with a small glass window. However, this was not successful and its use was deemed impractical.[9] The T-44 had a compact torsion-bar suspension instead of the T-34's Christie coil springs, although it retained the Christie method of engagement between the slotted drive wheel and track lugs. The suspension had five large spoked road wheels and 'dead' 500mm wide track from the T-34.[7] The hull and wheels were virtually identical to the early T-54 main battle tanks although the original T-44 had the T-34's 'spider' road wheels and a narrow, inset drive wheel at the rear. The T-44 was the last Soviet medium tank with paddle-type tracks. The mechanism for tensioning them was significantly better on the T-44 than it was on the T-34. On the T-34, first two lug-nuts on the crank had to be loosened and then the crank pounded with a sledge hammer in order to separate it from the hull. After the track was tensioned, the crank had to be set back in place with a sledge hammer. The whole process required up to three people. On the T-44, the same task could be carried out by one person, without the help of a sledge-hammer. The roadwheels were spaced evenly from each other except for a prominent gap between two of the roadwheels. The T-44-85 and T-44-122 prototypes had a gap between the second and third roadwheels like in the T-34[5] but the T-44A had a gap between the first and second roadwheels.[5] This arrangement of wheels was continued in the T-54 and T-55 main battle tanks. The roadwheels sometimes started to 'fall home' after 2,500km. To increase the service life of the road wheel, a slight camber of the paired road wheels was tried. However, this resulted in greater stress on the outer rollers. When the tank crosses 20km of rough ground it can pick up about a ton of dirt along the way.[1][8][9] The new V-44 12-cylinder 4-stroke diesel engine, developing 520hp (388kW) at 1,800 rpm, was a more powerful version of the T-34's model V-2 with a new planetary manual 5-speed transmission system, filtration system, improved cooling system, horizontally placed water and oil pumps[6][14] and an improved fuel system which increased its power output,[6] although the tank retained the side clutches from the T-34.[1] The new engine gave the T-44 a maximal road speed of 53km/h and maximal cross country speed of 20km/h to 25km/h as well as maximal road range of 350km. The engine could become worn out after the tank traveled 3,000km. When that happened, the

T-44 oil pressure would drop to 2-3 atmospheres and under heavy loads, the engine would start smoking, spewing out black smog out of the side of the tank. The engine deck had two transverse ventilation grilles at the rear. The exhaust port was on the rear left hand side of the hull. The tank could cross 1 m high vertical obstacles, 2.5 m wide trenches, 32[5][15] side slopes and 60 gradients and ford 1.3 m deep water obstacles without preparation.[1][9][11] Because driver's hatch was moved from the glacis plate and positioned so that he exited the vehicle perpendicularly instead of crawling out of the hatch, his seat received an elevating mechanism. While in a relatively safe area the driver could elevate his seat to look outside of the tank, providing greater visibility and easier access to the controls. While in combat the driver lowered his seat back into the tank and had to rely on the vision slot protected by triplex (three-layer glass).[14] While in this position the pedals of the main clutch, the fuel supply, and incline brake were positioned much higher and the levers of the steering clutch and gear shifting became inconvenient to operate. Early examples had transmission problems. While the driver was switching gears, two gears could engage simultaneously, which caused a broken gear pinion. This and other gearbox related problems were solved in a 1961 T-44M modernization with the introduction of a gearbox from the T-54 main battle tank.[1][8][9] T-44A was armed with an 85mm ZiS-S-53 tank gun as well as two 7.62mm DTM light machine guns. One of these machine guns was mounted to fire through a tiny hole in the center of the glacis plate. Because the tank's crew did not include a radio operator/machine gunner, the driver operated this light machine gun. The gun was mounted in a fixed position and could only be aimed by turning the tank.[12] The main gun was placed in a centrally placed turret along with a coaxially mounted 7.62mm DTM light machine gun. The ZiS-S-53 tank gun could penetrate around 100mm of armour at range of 1000 m. The gun could be elevated or depressed between -5 and +25.[5] It wasn't stabilized.[11] Like in the T-34 and SU-76 SPG, hot cartridge-cases were rolling under the feet of the crew. The crew was also subjected to gases from the main gun every time after it was fired.[9] The tank carried 58 rounds for the 85mm ZiS-S-53 tank gun and 1890 rounds for 7.62mm DTM light machine guns.[1] The turret was cast, with a prominent horizontal casting seam, shaped like an elongated hexagon, with sloped sides and overhang all around. It resembled a longer, better armoured T-34-85 turret. It had a cast gun mantlet with a small but prominent ring/collar around the base of the tank gun tube. The turret roof had a raised commander's cupola on the left and loader's hatch on the right with a low dome-shaped ventilator behind it. The turret was moved with an electric motor. The front armour of the turret was 120mm thick while the side armour was 75mm thick.[3][7][8] The hull was made of rolled welded steel. The glacis plate was 90mm thick while the side armour was 75mm and the bottom armour was 20mm thick. T-44 tanks could be fitted with additional 30mm thick armour plates on the sides of the hull and the turret. Additional spaced armour panels could be fitted to the sides of the hull.[3][11] The T-44A could be fitted with the PT-3 mine clearing device. It had a radio in the back of the turret with an antenna at the center of the left side of the turret. The vehicle was equipped with a submachine gun.[14] The vehicle lacked an NBC (nuclear, biological and chemical) protection system and a night vision device.[8][11]

Production history
The T-44A officially entered service with the Red Army on 23 November 1944 but the production started in October.[12] Production took place at the new Factory No. 75 (Zavod 75) in Kharkiv which used the buildings of the old KhPZ Factory No. 183 which were recaptured from Germans on 23 August 1943.[12] To restore the factories to working order, engineers, workers, machines and tools were sent from Stalin Ural Tank Factory No. 183, located in Nizhny Tagil.[12] The original plans were that the factory would produce 300 T-44As a month. However, only 25 were built by the end of 1944. In 1945, 940 were built, making a total of 965 (190[12] tanks built in 1944 and 1945 were completed by the end of the war). An additional 858 T-44As were made in 1946-1947. The T-34 continued to account for 85% of medium tank production through 1950,[16] and development of a more advanced medium tank with a more powerful 100mm gun proceeded. The relatively brief production run ended in 1947 with a total of 1,823 T-44A tanks built. The reasons for such a brief production run included mechanical teething problems,[17] the end of the war which reduced the Red Army's need for a new tank,[17] and the design's inability to successfully fit a 100mm

T-44 tank gun.[17] It was replaced on the production lines by the T-54-1 main battle tank, which was more mechanically reliable and could mount a 100mm gun. The superior T-54-2 would replace T-34 production at the Omsk Factory No. 183 in 1950, and the T-54/55 main battle tank series would remain in production until 1981.[3][8]

Service history
The T-44 was issued to three tank brigades mustered on 15 September 1944 for training purposes, but these formations (6th Guards, 33rd Guards, and 63rd Guards Tank Brigades[18]) were re-equipped with T-34-85 tanks prior to entering the Battle of Berlin and Prague Offensive. The T-44A was not used operationally during World War II in Europe for several reasons, including the fact that the Red Army was not ready to accept a new tank[1] because of lack of sufficient spares[1] and technical specialists who could repair and maintain the new tanks[1] as well as the fact that many of the tank crews would have to be retrained.[1] However, three tanks were sent to the 100th Special Tank Company which tested them on the Eastern Front.[1] Many T-44As were immediately sent after they were produced in the Far East regions of the Soviet Union. The first tanks arrived there before the end of the war and were used operationally during the last three days of fighting. They continued to arrive after the war and eventually around 600 T-44As were stationed there.[19] Due to the Cold War, the USSR decided to keep the tank secret.[1][13] It was never shown publicly during military parades[13] and pictures were never shown publicly until the secrecy was dropped. There is almost no photographic evidence of T-44s stationed in East Germany[13] or during the Soviet invasion of Hungary in 1956[13] although it is known that T-44s were sent there (there are only a small number of photos of T-44As in Hungary in existence).[13] In 1961, a number of T-44As were modernized with parts from the T-54 main battle tank and other upgrades and received the designation T-44M. In 1963, some T-44Ms were converted into T-44MK command tanks. In 1965 some T-44Ms were converted into BTS-4A armoured recovery vehicles.[12] In 1966, a number of T-44As and T-44Ms received the "Cyclone" gun stabilizer and the designations T-44S and T-44MS, respectively.[12] According to most sources T-44S, T-44M and T-44MS tanks remained in service with the Soviet Army until the end of the 1970s, when their usefulness as tanks had ended. It is possible that they remained in storage until the beginning of 1990s.[19] Many T-44Ms were converted into artillery tractors, tank tractors and engineer tanks. A number of T-44A, T-44S, T-44M, T-44MK and T-44MS tanks were converted into fixed defensive positions; some of which are known to have been positioned on the border with the People's Republic of China.[13] Unlike most Soviet made weapons the T-44 wasn't exported.[1][8] After the cloak of secrecy was lifted in 1960s, when the tank was already becoming obsolete, it was used in the war movies:[1] Father of a Soldier,[1] Liberation, Battle of Moscow, Red Cherry,[20] The Star,[21] and Downfall.[1][22] In the first, it was used to portray a T-34.[1] In Liberation, Red Cherry, The Star, and Downfall it was visually modified with additional plates[1] to resemble the Tiger I heavy tank.[1] Some T-44 and T-34 tanks were visually modified to represent German Panzerkampfwagen IVs. They were made for Soviet era film studios and were used in a number of movies about battles on the Eastern Front. They were also used during a 2004 re-enactment of the Battle of Moscow.[23] Some T-44As were given to military museums including one in Brest in today's Belarus. One of two T-44-100 prototypes is in the Kubinka Tank Museum.

T-44

Combat history
World War II briefly fielded in 194445, but kept out of combat Hungarian Revolution not known to have seen combat

Variants
T-44-85 (1944) Designation for two first generation prototypes armed with 85mm D-5T tank gun and two second generation prototypes armed with 85mm ZiS-S-53 tank gun.[1][8] T-44A (1944) Designation for the third generation prototype and the production model.[1][3][8] T-44S (1966) T-44A fitted with "Cyclone" two-plane gun stabilization system.[8][12] T-44M (1961) T-44A modernization incorporating a drive train upgraded to match the one used in T-54 including the V-54 12-cylinder 38.88 liter water-cooled diesel engine developing 523hp (390kW), gearbox, tracks, 'starfish' road wheels and a conventional toothed drive sprocket, flush with the outer track edge. It had an increased ammunition stowage (from 58 rounds to 61 rounds), new R-113 and R-120 radio sets, a heater and infra-red night sight, TVN-2 night vision device for the driver as well as another fuel tank which increased the fuel capacity by 150 liters to 650 liters and 800 liters with additional fuel tanks.[12] The maximal road operational range of the tank increased to 420km - 440km.[12] The original fenders were replaced with T-54-style ones. The catwalk stowage was changed to the flat T-54 rectangular external fuel tanks with embossed circle and cross. Hence the T-44M had a different arrangement of additional fuel tanks and stowage boxes. There were four rectangular external fuel tanks as well as two smaller ones on the right fender and fastenings for four spare track chain links, one rectangular external fuel tank as well as two smaller ones and one stowage box. The tank received a mount for an antiaircraft machine gun.[12] A T-54-style headlight cluster with two headlights was added to right hand side of the glacis plate and the T-34-style headlight on the left hand side of the hull was removed.[8] T-44MK (1963) T-44M converted into a command tank. Apart from standard T-44M equipment, it is equipped with R-112 radio set. The ammunition stowage was reduced by 15 rounds to 46 rounds.[8][12] T-44MS (1966) - T-44M fitted with "Cyclone" two-plane gun stabilization system. It also has increased maximal operational range.[12] BTS-4A (1965) T-44M converted into an armoured recovery vehicle. The turret has been removed. The vehicle was fitted with a stowage basket, a hoist and a small folding crane with a capacity of 3 tonnes and a snorkel. It was also known as BTS-4-44M.[8][12] T-44 tanks converted into fixed fortifications. This process usually involved the removal of the engine and the gearbox while burying the tank up to the top of the hull and covering the turret in concrete to break up the outline and to give it a rock-like appearance.[8] T-44-122 (1944) First generation prototype armed with D-25-44T 122mm tank gun. It carried 24 rounds.[1][3][8] T-44-100 (1945) Prototype fitted with a new modified turret which would allow fitting the 100mm D-10T gun or 100mm LB-1 gun. The tank carries 36 rounds for the 100mm tank gun.[12] This prototype had the 12.7mm DShK anti-aircraft heavy machine gun fitted to the loader's hatch, 6mm thick sideskirts protecting the sides and two cylindrical fuel tanks in the back giving it a fuel capacity of 1035L. The longer tank gun barrel increased the overall length of the vehicle to 8.04 m. The new turret, new armament and the sideskirts made the vehicle heavier as it weighed 34.55 tonnes.[1][8][11] SU-122-44 (1944) - Self-propelled gun prototype armed with an 122 mm gun. Uralmash-1 (1944) - Self-propelled gun prototype armed with either 100 mm gun or 122 mm gun. Also known as SU-101 and SU-102.

T-44

10

Notes
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] "The Russian Battlefield" (http:/ / www. battlefield. ru/ content/ view/ 95/ 50/ lang,en/ ) "KMDB T-34" (http:/ / www. morozov. com. ua/ eng/ body/ history4-6. php) "Czogi wiata" (World's Tanks or Tanks Of The World) magazine issue 25 "KMDB T-34M" (http:/ / www. morozov. com. ua/ eng/ body/ tanks/ t-34m. php) "Centrum Symulacji Taktyczno-Opearcyjnych" (http:/ / www. csto. cal. pl/ forum/ viewtopic. php?t=982) "armor.kiev.ua" (http:/ / armor. kiev. ua/ Tanks/ WWII/ T44/ t44. html) "Czogiem" (http:/ / www. czolgiem. com/ rosja/ t44. htm) "JED The Military Equipment Directory" (http:/ / www. jedsite. info/ tanks-tango/ tango-numbers-su/ t-44_series/ t44-series. html)(subscription required) [9] "Rem Ulanov's memories" (http:/ / armor. kiev. ua/ Tanks/ WWII/ T44/ t44_1. html) [10] "historycy.pl" (http:/ / www. historycy. pl/ Strony/ Artykuly/ 2007_02/ 01. html) [11] "Modern Tanks" (http:/ / mainbattletanks. czweb. org/ Tanky/ t44. htm) [12] "armoured.vif2.ru" (http:/ / armoured. vif2. ru/ t-44. htm) [13] "Czogi Info" (http:/ / www. czolgi. husky-anana. net/ galeria. php?sortuj=rok_powstania& szukaj=& ile=1& nr=20& ile=10& s=20& rec=31) [14] "mkmagazin" (http:/ / mkmagazin. almanacwhf. ru/ armor/ t_44. htm) [15] Technika Wojskowa LWP. XXX lat rozwoju 1943 - 1973, page 57 [16] Zaloga & Johnson 2004:6 [17] "Military Equipment Photo Gallery" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20091027032622/ http:/ / us. geocities. com/ pmj6/ gallery. htm) [18] Zaloga et al. 1997:61 [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] "Inne Oblicza Histori" (http:/ / www. ioh. pl/ forum/ viewtopic. php?t=5817) (http:/ / www. geocities. jp/ jipang_t1/ OTHER/ 1995-RED-CHERRY/ index. html) (http:/ / www. geocities. jp/ jipang_t1/ RED/ 2002-star/ index. html) (http:/ / www. geocities. jp/ jipang_t1/ EUR/ 2004-DER-UNTERGANG/ index. html) "Film Panzer" (http:/ / filmpanzer. squarespace. com/ )

References
Zaloga, Steven J.; James Grandsen (1984). Soviet Tanks and Combat Vehicles of World War Two. London: Arms and Armour Press. ISBN0-85368-606-8. Zaloga, Steven J.; Hugh Johnson (2004). T-54 and T-55 Main Battle Tanks 19442004. Botley, Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN1-84176-792-1. Zaloga, Steven J., Jim Kinnear, Andrey Aksenov & Aleksandr Koshchavtsev (1997). Soviet Tanks in Combat 1941-45: The T-28, T-34, T-34-85, and T-44 Medium Tanks, Hong Kong: Concord Publication. ISBN 962-361-615-5.

External links
T-44 Medium Tank (http://english.battlefield.ru/t-44.html) at battlefield.ru T-44 Medium Tank (http://www.wwiivehicles.com/ussr/tanks-medium/t-44.asp) at wwiivehicles.com Rem Ulanov: The Transitional Variant (http://www.battlefield.ru/en/articles/375-transition-version.html), memoir of a T-44 test driver, at battlefield.ru

T-43 tank

11

T-43 tank
T-43 Tank

T-43 tank prototype Type Placeoforigin Medium tank

Soviet Union

Specifications
Weight Length Width Height Crew Armor Main armament Secondary armament Engine Power/weight Suspension Operational range Speed 34 tonnes 8.1m (26ft7in) 3m (9ft10in) 2.58m (8ft6in) 4 1690 mm 76.2mm F-34 tank gun 2 7.62mm DT machine gun V-2-34 diesel 500 hp (373 kW) 15 hp/tonne torsion beam suspension 300km (190mi) 50km/h (31mph)

The Soviet T-43 medium tank was a prototype medium tank developed during the Second World War as a possible replacement for both the T-34 medium tank and KV-1 heavy tank. The project's aim was to build a medium tank with heavier armour, but it turned out that what was needed to counter German advances in tank technology was better armament, and the T-43 was cancelled in favour of a more heavily-armed T-34-85.

T-43 tank

12

Development history
The T-34 medium tank was the mainstay of Soviet mechanized forces in World War II, produced in huge numbers. In May 1942, Soviet forces started encountering German tanks armed with the new long 75mm KwK 40 gun which could easily penetrate a T-34 at long range. In June 1942, the Soviet Main Directorate of Armoured Forces (GABTU) issued a requirement to two tank-design bureaus to compete in designing a "universal tank", which would combine the heavy armour of heavy tanks with the mobility of the T-34 medium tank. The SKB-2 heavy tank design bureau in Chelyabinsk started the KV-13 program, which two years later resulted in a line of successful Iosif Stalin heavy tanks. The Uralvagonzavod complex in Nizhny Tagil developed the T-43 medium tank. Uralvagonzavod included the Morozov Design Bureau, the designers of T-34, who were able to draw on its previous work on the advanced T-34M project. T-34M had been cancelled in 1941, when Germany invaded the USSR. As the new T-43 project was given a low prioritythe focus was on increasing production of the T-34the first prototype T-43 was finally completed in March 1943. The T-43 was generally similar to the T-34, but it had a new armour layout and turret design. It had a space-efficient torsion beam suspension instead of the T-34's Christie type and a new five-speed gearbox. It also had a three-man turret, with commander's cupola for all-round vision, a major improvement on the T-34's two-man turret in which the tank commander was being constantly distracted with aiming the main gun. Compared to the T-34 Model 1943 with hexagonal turret, the T-43's turret armour was increased from 70 mm to 90 mm, hull from 47 mm front and 60 mm sides to 75 mm. It retained the same 76.2 mm F-34 tank gun and, for ease of production, shared at least seventy percent of its parts interchangeably with the T-34. But testing at Kubinka showed that the heavier T-43 couldn't match the T-34's mobility, while its armour was still not heavy enough to stop the German 88mm gun. After the Battle of Kursk, Soviet planners realized that the T-34's biggest drawback was the ineffectiveness of its 76.2mm gun against the frontal armour of the new German Tiger and Panther tanks. What was needed was a more effective gun rather than heavier armour. The T-43 turret was adapted to mount a more effective 85mm gun, and to fit on the T-34 tank hull. The T-43 project was cancelled, and the new T-34-85 was put into production instead. The decision to improve on an existing design rather than commit to a major retooling of the factories was characteristic of Soviet philosophy which held enormous production level as paramount. While Germanyhaving double the industrial resources of the Soviet Unionsuffered a string of production and logistical difficulties while introducing new, technically superior tank models, the Sovietsmaximizing productivityaccepted a compromise by significantly improving their main tank, even though it did not match the new German Panther. The result was that while in May 1944 the Wehrmacht only had 304 Panthers operating on the Eastern Front, the Soviets were producing T-34-85 tanks at a rate of 1,200 per month. When the T-34-85 first appeared in combat, German intelligence initially misidentified it as the "T-43", based on reports about Soviet tank research.

References
Chamberlain, Peter and Chris Ellis (1972). Tanks of the World: 1915-1945. Cassell & Co. ISBN 0-304-36141-0. Kharkiv Morozov Machine Building Design Bureau (2006). "T-43 Medium Tank" [1], at morozov.com.ua. URL accessed on October 5, 2006. Russian Battlefield (1998). "T-34-85: Development History" [2], at The Russian Battlefield. URL accessed on October 5, 2006. Zaloga, Steven J. and James Grandsen (1984). Soviet Tanks and Combat Vehicles of World War Two, pp 165, 169. London: Arms and Armour Press. ISBN 0-85368-606-8. Zaloga, Steven J. and Jim Kinnear (1996). T-34-85 Medium Tank 194494, pp 34, 7, 8. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-85532-535-7.

T-43 tank Zaloga, Steven J., Jim Kinnear, Andrey Aksenov, and Aleksandr Koshchavtsev (1997). Soviet Tanks in Combat 19411945: The T-28, T-34, T-34-85 and T-44 Medium Tanks, pp 5, 29. Hong Kong: Concord Publications. ISBN 962-361-615-5. Zaloga, Steven J. and Peter Sarson (1994). T-34 Medium Tank 194145, pp 24, 33, 389. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-85532-382-6.

13

External links
T-43 Medium Tank [3] at Battlefield.ru [4] "T-43 Medium Tanks" [5] at WWIIVehicles.com [6]

References
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] http:/ / www. morozov. com. ua/ eng/ body/ tanks/ t-43. php?menu=history5. php http:/ / english. battlefield. ru/ t-34-85. html http:/ / english. battlefield. ru/ t-43. html http:/ / english. battlefield. ru http:/ / www. wwiivehicles. com/ ussr/ tanks-medium/ t-43. asp http:/ / www. wwiivehicles. com/ index. htm

Panzer 61

14

Panzer 61
Panzer 61

Type Placeoforigin

Medium Tank
Switzerland

Service history
Inservice Usedby 1965 - 1994 Switzerland

Production history
Designed Manufacturer Produced Numberbuilt 1950s Eidgenssische Konstruktionswerksttte Thun 1965 - 1967 150

Specifications
Weight Length Width Height Crew Armour Main armament Secondary armament Engine Suspension 39 tonnes 9.45m (31ft0in) 3.06m (10ft0in) 2.72m (8ft11in) 4 up to 120mm RHA 1 x 105 mm Royal Ordnance L7 with 56 rounds 2 x 7.5mm Swiss Machine Gun with 3200 rounds Mercedes-Benz 8 cylinder V diesel engine 630 hp torsion bar

Groundclearance 400 mm Operational range Speed 250km (160mi) 55 km/h (31 mph)

Panzer 61

15

The Panzer 61 was a Swiss Cold War era medium tank. The tank had a weight of 36.5 tons and was powered by a 630 hp diesel engine which gave it a top road speed of 31 mph.[1] The primary armament of the Panzer 61 was a 105 mm main gun.

History
During the early 1950s the Swiss Army tried to buy modern tanks to reinforce the armoured forces which, due to the war in Korea, proved to be impossible. As a stop-gap solution, the army bought AMX-13 light tanks from France and decided to start the development of a Swiss-built main battle tank. This led to a vehicle called Panzer 58. This tank had most of the characteristics of the later Panzer 61 with the exception of its main gun. The Panzer 58 was fitted with a British Ordnance QF 20 pounder.[2] The Swiss Army took delivery of 10 preproduction models. In 1961 the parliament decided to buy 150 of the improved Panzer 61 which were delivered between 1965 and 1967, produced at the RUAG Land Systems facility at Thun.[3] In the years from 1967 to 1994 (when the last Panzer 61 battalion was reequipped with more modern tanks) the tank underwent a series of changes and improvements which brought it very close to the standard of the Panzer 68 (its successor). Among many other changes, the original and characteristic 20 mm secondary gun was replaced by an additional machine gun in a coaxial turret mount. This last development step was called Panzer 61 AA9. The chassis was used as the basis of the Entpannungspanzer 65 armoured recovery vehicle[1] and for the initial prototype of the

Panzer 61 at the Tank Museum in Thun, Switzerland

Swiss Panzer 61 MBT in Yad La-Shiryon Museum, Israel.

Brckenlegepanzer 68.[4]

In popular culture
Two Panzer 61 tanks were mocked up as Panzer III tanks in the film, Enemy at the Gates. These replicas would be re-used in All the Queen's Men and Defiance.

References
[1] [2] [3] [4] Chant, Christopher (1987). A Compendium of Armaments and Military Hardware. Routledge. pp.p.10. ISBN0-7102-0720-4. Ford, Roger (1997). The World's Great Tanks from 1916 to the present day. Brown Packaging Books Ltd. p.121. ISBN1-897884-29-X. http:/ / www. janes. com/ extracts/ extract/ jaa/ jaa_0067. html http:/ / www. janes. com/ extracts/ extract/ jmvl/ jmvl0200. html

External links
http://www.armeemuseum.ch/uploads/media/Dok_Panzer_68.pdf.pdf (document not available in English) Action shots from privatly owned Panzer 68 and 61 (http://www.zimmerliweb.ch/events/content/view/15/9/ )

Vickers MBT

16

Vickers MBT
Vickers MBT Mk 3

Vijayanta MBT, a variant of the Vickers MBT. Type Placeoforigin Main battle tank
United Kingdom

Service history
Inservice Usedby Wars 1965today See users Iraq-Kuwait War

Production history
Manufacturer Vickers Defence Systems Produced 1963-1994

Specifications
Weight Length Width Height Crew Armour Main armament Secondary armament 40 long tons (41t) 9.79m (32ft1in) overall gun forward 3.17m (10ft5in) 3.1m (10ft2in) 4 Glacis: 80 mm Hull sides: 40 mm 1 x 105 mm L7A1 gun with 50 rounds 1 x 12.7 mm ranging MG with 700 rounds 1 x 7.62 mm MG (pintle mount) with 1,300 rounds 1 x 7.62 mm MG (coax) with 1,300 rounds Detroit Diesel 12V-71T turbo-charged diesel 720 hp 18 bhp/t TN12 semi-automatic Torsion bar suspension 530km (330 miles) on roads

Engine Power/weight Transmission Suspension Operational range

Vickers MBT

17
Speed Road: 50km/h (31mph) Off road: 30km/h (19mph)

The Vickers MBT was a series of main battle tanks (MBTs) developed as a private venture by Vickers-Armstrongs for export. The design makes use of proven components such as the L7 gun of the Centurion, and the Leyland L60 multi-fuel engine, transmission and fire control system of the Chieftain. A large number of tanks were also built by India under licence.

Design and development

The Vickers MBT followed on from a 34-tonne 20-pdr gunned tank design intended for export. This would be as well equipped as Centurion but substantially cheaper and with Vickers Vigilant missiles as effective. However with the appreance of the 105 mm L7 gun into the British, US and German tank designs, this light tank would have been less powerful while too large for the reconnaisance role and so a new design was required. With armour twice that of the light tank design it would still be 12 tonnes lighter than Centurion and hence more mobile. The design would use the new engine and transmission of the Chieftain tank then being developed. The development conincided with an agreement with India in 1961 to produce a tank design and help set up a factory there to produce it. The Vickers MBT Mk 1 was designed to be a simple, low cost, but effective tank.[1] The first prototype was completed in 1963.[1] In 1964 one of the prototypes was sent to India. The Vickers was made of welded rolled homogeneous armour plates. It weighed 38,600kg, carried a 105mm gun with 44 rounds and had a top speed of 48km/h.[1] 70 tanks were sold to Kuwait and a large number of a modified version were made in India where the tank was called Vijayanta.[1]

Variants
The prototype of the Vickers MBT Mk 3 was completed in 1975 and the tank was designed to meet the same requirements as the Mk 1 while offering better performance.[2] Improvements over the Mk 1 include better armour, a new diesel engine Detroit Diesel 12V-71T and a more modern fire control system EFCS 600 from Marconi with a Pilkington PE Condor commander's dag/night sight, NANOQUEST L23 gunner's sight and Simrad LV352 laser rangefinder.[3] Production started in 1978 and a number of tanks were sold to Kenya and Nigeria. The tank is armed with the same 105mm main gun L7A1 with 50 APFSDS, APDS, HEAT, HESH, HE, Smoke and Canister rounds. Sub-variants were the Vickers MBT Mk 3(I) with newly developed power train and suspension system, and the Vickers MBT Mk 3(M). The latter one was developed for Malaysia and had a number of improvements, for example ERA and an enhanced fire control system.[3] The Vickers Armoured Repair and Recovery Vehicle is based on the Mk 3 and is equipped with a main winch, pulleys, cables and towbars. Some vehicles have a crane capable of lifting 4,000kg.[3] The Vickers Armoured Bridgelayer or Vickers AVLB is also based on the Mk 3 and is equipped with a hydraulically-operated launch and recovery system for an MLC 60/70 scissors bridge with a length of 13.41 m.[3]

Prototypes
A Vickers MBT Mk 2 version was planned, to be equipped with four Swingfire anti-tank missiles in addition to the main gun, but this did not enter production.[4] Other changes included a new turret design and tracks that could sustain running at 56 kilometres per hour (35mph).[5] Only one prototype was build.[3] The Vickers MBT Mk 4 Valiant was designed in 1977. It mounted a "Universal Turret" which was offered with different gun options such as the rifled 120mm Royal Ordnance L11A5 from the Challenger, the 44-calibre smoothbore 120mm Rheinmetall L44 or the smoothbore GIAT CN-120 F1. The fire control system was Marconi's "Centaur". The hull was made of aluminium which proved to be too weak for the turret. This was only a prototype.

Vickers MBT The Vickers MBT Mk 7, developed in the 1980s, was a further development of the Mk 4 and was offered to the British Army and to a number of potential export costumers. In the end, only one prototype was built. The Mk 7 had the same "Universal Turret" but the hull and chassis came from the Leopard 2.[6] The tank was fitted with Chobham armour and had a fire control system with a Marconi digital computer, a SFIM day sight and a Philips 2nd Gen thermal imager.[7] There was also a Vickers Anti-aircraft Tank, equipped with the Marksman turret,[3] as well as a self-propelled 155mm howitzer with the GBT 155 turret.[8] The GBT 155 was unveiled in 1982 and was armed with the same 155mm ordnance as the AS-90. It was designed primarily for existing tank chassis'.[9]

18

Operators
Kenya - 76 MBT Mk 3 and 7 ARV delivered in 1979-1982[3] Kuwait - 70 MBT Mk 1 delivered in 1970-1972, probably no longer operational[3] Nigeria - 136 MBT Mk 3, 12 ARV and 26 AVLB delivered in 1983-1995[3] Tanzania - 4 ARV delivered in 1989[3]

References
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] Gelbart, Marsh (1996). Tanks main battle and light tanks. Brasseys UK Ltd. p.108. ISBN1-85753-168-X. Gelbart, Marsh (1996). Tanks main battle and light tanks. Brasseys UK Ltd. pp.109110. ISBN1-85753-168-X. Jane's Armour and Artillery 2003-2004 Ogorkiewicz, R M (1973). Vickers Battle Tank, Profile Publications, August 1973. Foss, Christopher F; McKenzie, Peter (1988). The Vickers tanks From landships to Challenger. Patrick Stephens Limited. pp.185186. ISBN1-85360-141-8 . http:/ / www. military-today. com/ tanks/ vickers_mk7. htm International Defence Equipment Catalogue 1988-1989 Volume II Tanks of the World (1990) ISBN 3-7637-5871-2 Jane's Armour and Artillery 1993-1994

Orgorkiewcz, R M AFV Profile No. 45 Vickers Battle Tank, Profile Publishing

Chonma-ho

19

Chonma-ho
Ch'nma-ho
Ch'nma-ho V (Ma) during the Workers' Party of Korea 60th Anniversary Military Parade Type Placeoforigin Main battle tank
North Korea

Production history
Designer Designed Second Machine Industry Bureau Before 1980
[2] [1]

Manufacturer Second Machine Industry Bureau[3] Produced Numberbuilt 1980

[2]

- Present
[4][5]

More than 1,200

Specifications
Weight Length Width Height Crew Armor Main armament Secondary armament Engine Power/weight Suspension Operational range Speed 40 tons Hull length: 6.63 m (21.8 ft) 3.52 m (11.5 ft) 2.4 m (7.9 ft) 4 Cast turret, Spaced Armor, explosive reactive armour 115 mm 2A20 Smoothbore Gun/125mm 2A46 Smoothbore Gun KPV 14.5 mm heavy machine gun, 7.62 mm machine gun in coaxial mount Diesel 750hp (560kW) 18.75 hp/ton torsion-bar 450 km 50 km/h

The Ch'nma-ho or spelled as Chonma-ho (Chosn'gl: ; Hanja: ), which means "Sky Horse" or Pegasus, is one of North Korea's secretive indigenous main battle tank designs. The tank is also known by the name of or the "Chollima Tank"). The original Ch'nma-ho is based on the Soviet T-62. There are at least five different operational versions of the Ch'nma-ho. Since its inception, the Ch'nma-ho has been upgraded various times. Not much is known about it, and its most recent public appearance was the 65th Anniversary Parade held in Pyongyang, North Korea, on 10 October 2010, celebrating the 65th anniversary of North Korea's ruling party.

Chonma-ho

20

A history of North Korea's armour

After the Armistice Agreement of the Korean War in 1953, North Korea found itself in need of much more modern equipment. During the war, North Korea had been sold T-34s by the Soviet Union to combat American M4 Shermans and M26 Pershings. According to a report to the United States Congress in 2000, the North Korean military had more or less 2,000 tanks garrisoned along the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) alone.[6] This means that between the years 1954 and 2000 the North Koreans were able to stockpile over 2,000 tanks, including Soviet T-55s and T-62s and Chinese Type 59s and Type 62s. A North Korean general who defected to South Korea also said that due to a lack of fuel military exercises are limited.[7] It is also possible that many of the older vehicles used by the North Korean People's Army are not well maintained and have suffered from years of use. This still remains true even assuming good maintenance, and the North Korean army would not be the only military experiencing this. Although not much is known about the North Korean military after the Korean War, it is known that they have many different types of tanks. These include the Type 59 and Type 62, as well as the T-54, T-62 and possibly the T-72. The T-54 was probably sold to North Korea between 1960 and 1970, while the T-62 was reportedly sold in the mid 1980s. Unconfirmed reports indicate a few T-72s may have been provided to North Korea in the early 1990s. It is known that the North Koreans still make limited use of vintage World War II T-34s as well as well as the Soviet-era PT-76/85 amphibious tanks. Up to 5,400 tanks are coupled with at least 12,000 self-propelled artillery pieces and thousands of other towed artillery pieces of unknown type and number.[8] The North Koreans also have at least nine different types of armoured personnel carriers, including the BMP-1.

Ch'onma-ho
The Ch'nma-ho has been issued to North Korea's premier armored formations, and would lead the initial attempts to break through South Korean defences. Other armour is relegated to a secondary role in this corps or to North Korea's four mechanized corps. To underscore North Korea's concept of combined arms and the importance of armour, and A conceptual drawing of the Ch'nma-ho, with several upgrades, including the light explosive therefore the importance of the Ch'nma-ho, North Korea's sole armour reactive armour. corps is directly grouped with two mechanized corps and a single artillery corps.[9] However, this forms the second echelon of North Korea's deployment to the DMZ, with the first echelon composed of four infantry corps,[9] and the rest in strategic reserve. This may also play a part in a defensive strategy, as the North Korean army is arrayed in depth, and the armour might be strategically placed to both provide offensive power and a second echelon composed of mobile defences to plug a South Korean breakthrough along the DMZ.[10] The Ch'nma-ho is a product of North Korea's approach of Juche, or self-reliance, which also includes several indigenous self-propelled artillery pieces. The idea of juche comes from a North Korean sentiment of abandonment by their allies, China and Soviet Union/Russia.[11] This accounts for their drive towards overproduction and for recent North Korean nuclear developments, as well as the production of long-range missiles which provide North Korea with its longer range striking power. This all manifests itself within the 'triangle' of North Korean military development - armour, artillery and missiles. In fact, this seems reminiscent from Soviet military theory, including the application of overwhelming artillery support and the use of large amounts of armour to create a breakthrough after the initial

Soviet T-62. The Ch'nma-ho is a direct copy of the T-62 with several upgrades.

Chonma-ho artillery disruption. In that sense, North Korean military strategy is very mobile, and the large amounts of tanks underscores this. The Ch'nma-ho is an attempt to partially address the technology gap between its current dated tank forces and South Korean K1A1 and the US M1 Abrams tank.

21

Production history
There might be two versions of the Ch'nma-ho 1: the copy of the Syrian T-62 in the late 1970s, and an original copy exported by the Soviet Union which may be the T-62D.[12] The Ch'nma-ho is not related to the Chinese Type 62. Despite its relation to the T-62, the original version of the Ch'nma-ho had thinner armour and was consequently lighter.[13] This version of the tank has two distinctive bolts on the bottom portion of the upper glacis plate. The Ch'nma-ho I name was also given (at least by the West and South Korean white papers) to the imported T-62, which was later slightly upgraded to the IM version. Although no dates are available, the Ch'nma-ho I was later upgraded to the II version with a laser rangefinder above the mantlet.[14] According to online sources this Ch'nma-ho was upgraded once again, probably in the mid-1980s, with a 'boom shield'. The Ch'nma-ho III might have also seen an armour upgrade with the addition of full-hull skirting and a new thermal shroud for the original 115mm main gun.[15] The most modern Ch'nma-ho tanks seem to be the IV and V versions. The Ch'nma-ho IV is fitted with what resemble EDZ light explosive reactive armour bricks. Judging by photographs, these are mounted specifically on the turret side, with at least eight bricks per side. The Ch'nma-ho IV is reported to be upgraded with new side-mounted smoke launchers.[14] North Korea is rumored to have received a few examples of the T-72s after 1992, and possibly a single T-90S main battle tank in August 2001.[15] Any conclusion regarding whether the Ch'nma-ho has been upgraded to the standards of either the T-72 or the T-90S would be highly speculative at this point. Around 90% of the Ch'nma-ho is indigenously produced.[16] There is evidence, however, that North Korea has purchased entire engines, or engine components, from Slovakia.[17] Furthermore, it is thought that ceramic components, possibly for an upgraded armour scheme, are from foreign sources, as well as fire control components.[16] It is not clear how much is indigenously produced in regards to the different variants of the Ch'nma-ho. The figure of 90% could have changed considerably between the original Ch'nma-ho I and the Ch'nma-ho V, although it should be kept into consideration that many of the major features are probably purchased from abroad - especially for the upgrades of the tanks. It is not clear how much North Korea can afford on producing on its own, or how much it can afford to import for that matter. It is thought that North Korea is considerably low on resources, especially money, and this belief has been perpetuated after North Korea's nuclear test incidents in 2006.[18] It is possible that Russia is supplying North Korea with several components for North Korea's tank projects which include the Ch'nma-ho and quite possibly the M-2002, although no hard evidence can support this claim. In August 2010 North Korean media revealed images of its new main battle tank the Pokpung-ho (also known as the M-2002), which had been rumoured to have been under development since the early 1990s and to have undergone performance trials in 2002. While precise details of its capabilities remain unclear, the Pokpung-ho appears to be simply a further improvement of the Ch'nma-ho.[19] The news concerning North Korea's future main battle tank has certainly driven South Korea to look for outlets for their own national tank programs, including the future South Korean Main Battle Tank, the K2.

Deployment history
It is unknown which units of the Korean People's Army might be outfitted with the Ch'nma-ho. It is clear that the Ch'nma-ho is a general replacement for previously employed tanks, including the T-62, T-34 and Type 59 medium tanks.[20] It is very possible that the Ch'nma-ho will equip the spearhead and elite of North Korea's armoured forces. They are apparently deployed in sufficient numbers to be strategically significant. There might be as many as 800 T-62s in addition to the over 1000 Ch'nma-ho's in the North Korean army,[21] of which any number could be one of the five Ch'nma-ho variants.

Chonma-ho

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Models
Ch'nma-ho I (Ga) - Lightened copy of the T-62 with thinner armour[3] Ch'nma-ho II (Na) - Similar to a stock T-62, but has several differences, has a laser rangefinder housed in a blister above the main gun atop the turret (though the original T-62 doers have a laser rangefinder, the Chonma-ho 1 do not and the laser rangefinder of the T-62 is an integral part of the fire control system, rather than an add-on part like on the Chonma-ho 2). Fitted with spaced appliqu armor on the turret in a ring around the turret ("boom shield") thin plates of steel welded onto the turret atop bars provide a space between the shields and the turret armor to provide the equivalent of spaced armor, as well as doubling as turret baskets for crew equipment and vehicle equipment.[3] Ch'nma-ho III (Da) - A simple progressive upgrade of the Chonma-ho 2, with a thermal sleeve for the main gun and armored track skirts added. It is possible, but considered unlikely, that lugs for ERA have been added since its introduction; if they are present, they would be most likely found on the glacis and turret sides. A night vision upgrade.[3] Ch'nma-ho IV (Ra) - Greatly upgraded armor protection, including composite armor on the glacis and turret front, and appliqu or thickened armor elsewhere. Even the appliqu and/or thickened armor appears to be more advanced than earlier models, does not appear to have gained a huge amount of weight. A ballistic computer was added to the fire control suite, and the fire control suite has been integrated into a complete system rather than being a patchwork of upgrades. Gun stabilization has been improved. Radios are improved, and the suspension beefed up. The new engine is a 750-horsepower model which can lay a thick, oily smoke screen by injecting diesel fuel into its exhaust. Lugs for ERA (similar to the Russian Kontakt-3 ERA) added to turret sides, and lugs on the armored track skirts and on the glacis. Lugs for a relatively small amount of ERA bricks on the turret front; the ERA on the turret front would only protect 40% of hits to the turret front. On side of turret, clusters of four smoke grenade launchers; at the rear of the turret another cluster of four smoke grenade launchers, firing backwards instead of forwards.[3] Ch'nma-ho V (Ma) - Armor upgrades derived partially from the T-90S and T-72S, as well as a better ballistic computer and the addition of the aforementioned thermal imagers. Upgraded main gun a copy of the 125mm 2A46 gun, complete with an autoloader. The fire control system replaced with one matching the new main gun, and the spent shell ejection system dispensed . Use wider tracks.[3] Ch'nma-ho VI (Ba) - Newly improved armor. fitted with rubber plates to defend shape charged warheads. The chassis has been stretched, and six roadwheels per side instead of five. [3] Ch'nma-ho II - Designation for imported T-62 Ch'nma-ho IM - Improved imported T-62[3]

Variants
Ch'nma-ho ARV - Armoured recovery vehicle with a casemate superstructure Ch'nma-ho Command - Command variant of the tank with a fake main gun Juche-Po - Self-propelled artillery gun on a modified Ch'nma-ho chassis. The Juche-Po is an improvement over the Tok-Ch'n artillery piece, which was mounted on an ATS-59 chassis. There are at least four M1991 versions of the Juche-Po, each mounting a different gun; the D-30 122mm, D-74 122mm, the M-46 130mm and the ML-20 152mm howitzer. A fifth M1992 version is armed with the SM-4-1 130mm howitzer. These artillery pieces can be identified by their six road wheels, as compared to the Tok-Ch'n's five, and a prominent recoil cylinder which protrudes from the turret. Another major difference is the fact that the Juche-Po has a fully encased rounded turret, as opposed to the older open-topped self-propelled artillery pieces used previously.

Chonma-ho

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Operators
Iran - 150 ordered in 1981 from North Korea and delivered between 1982 and 1985.[2][4][5] North Korea - 470 were produced between 1980 and 1989 (the original order was placed in 1976).[2] Overall more than 1,200 were produced.[4][5] as many as 1,000 are currently in service in addition to roughly 800 T-62's (Which are capable of receiving the same upgrades)

Notes
[1] Bermudez Jr., p 50. [2] SIPRI Arms Transfers Database (http:/ / armstrade. sipri. org/ arms_trade/ trade_register. php) [3] CHONMA-HO. (http:/ / www. jedsite. info/ tanks-charlie/ charlie/ chonma-ho_series/ chonmaho-series. html) Retrieved on December 11, 2007.(registration required) [4] "softland" (http:/ / www. softland. com. pl/ aerojac/ aaa/ t62/ t62. htm) [5] Igor Witkowski. Czogi wiata. W-wa. [6] 2000 Report to Congress: Military Situation on the Korean Peninsula (http:/ / www. defenselink. mil/ news/ Sep2000/ korea09122000. html) [7] About:Military History (http:/ / militaryhistory. about. com/ od/ currentconflicts/ a/ koreanmilitary_2. htm) [8] 2000 Report to Congress (http:/ / www. defenselink. mil/ news/ Sep2000/ korea09122000. html) [9] Hodge, pg. 6 [10] Hetherington, pg. 9 [11] Hetherington, pg. 3 [12] Warford (2005), p.2 [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] www.jedsite.info, Ch'nma-ho.(registration required) Jedsite. Warford (2005), p 3. Geibel (http:/ / www. strategypage. com/ htmw/ htarm/ articles/ 20020708. aspx) Bermudez (2001), p 51. Macintyre, Time Asia "S. Korea Studies North's New Battle Tank" (http:/ / www. defensenews. com/ story. php?i=4748528). DefenseNews. 17 August 2010. . Bermudez (2001), p 50. Isenberg

References
Bermudez Jr., Joseph S. (2001-03-14). The Armed Forces of North Korea. I.B. Tauris. ISBN1-86064-486-4. Geibel, Adam (2002) Armor - July 8, 2002 (http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htarm/articles/20020708. aspx) strategypage.com Hetherington, Jay A. (2004), North Korea: Through the Looking Glass (http://www.strom.clemson.edu/ publications/northkorea.pdf), Strom Thurmond Institute (http://www.strom.clemson.edu/publications/). Hodge, Homer T. (2003) North Korea's Military Strategy (http://www.carlisle.army.mil/USAWC/Parameters/ 03spring/hodge.pdf), Parameters (http://www.carlisle.army.mil/USAWC/Parameters/), US Army War College Isenberg, David, "North Korea rolls out new tank" (http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Korea/DG06Dg01.html), Asian Times. Macintyre, Donald "Kim's War Machine" (http://www.time.com/time/asia/covers/501030224/army.html), TIME Asia. Warford, James (1998). "The Ch'nma-ho Main Battle Tank: A Look at the Present and Future of North Korea's 'Flying Horse'" in Armor, September 1, 2005. Fort Knox, KY: US Army Armor Center. ISSN 0004-2420. 2000 Report to Congress: Military Situation on the Korean Peninsula (http://www.defenselink.mil/news/ Sep2000/korea09122000.html) defenselink.mil Kharkiv Modernization of T-62 tank (http://www.morozov.com.ua/eng/body/t62.php?menu=def2.php) Kharkiv Morozov website.

Chonma-ho North Korean Military Capabilities (http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/currentconflicts/a/koreanmilitary_2. htm) about.com

24

External links
North Korea errors report (http://forum.shrapnelgames.com/showthread.php?t=43303)

M-84

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M-84
M-84

Serbian M-84 Type Placeoforigin Main battle tank

Yugoslavia

Service history
Inservice Usedby Wars 1985 present Kuwait, Serbia, Slovenia Gulf War Yugoslav wars

Production history
Designed Produced Numberbuilt 1979 - 1983 1984 - 1991 652

Specifications
Weight Length Width Height Crew Armor Main armament Secondary armament Engine Power/weight Suspension Fuelcapacity 41.5 tonnes 9.53 m 3.57 m 2.19 m 3 (commander, gunner, driver) 5 lance grenades fumigating, composite alloy; including high-hardness steel, tungsten and plastic filler with ceramic component. 125 mm 2A46 smoothbore gun 7.62 mm coaxial machine gun, 12.7mm anti-aircraft gun diesel V-46TK 1,000 hp (750 kW) 24.10 hp/tonne torsion bar 1200 + 400l

M-84

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700 km 68 km/h

Operational range Speed

The M-84 is a Yugoslav 2nd generation main battle tank. The M-84 is in service in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kuwait, Slovenia & Serbia.

Development and production

The M-84 is based on the Soviet T-72 but with several modifications, including: a domestic fire-control system, improved composite armor, and a 1000-hp engine. The M-84 entered service with the Yugoslav People's Army in 1984. The improved M-84A version entered service a few years later. There were about 240 Yugoslav factories which directly participated in the production of the M-84 and about 1,000 others which participated indirectly. The main factories were:
uro akovi, Slavonski Brod, final tank production FAMOS, Pale, engine Iskra Fotona, Ljubljana, lasers and electronics Zrak Sarajevo, Sarajevo, optics Slovenske elezarne, Ravne, steel and armour Prvi Partizan, Uice, ammunition Pretis, Vogosca, ammunition Prva Petoletka, Trstenik, hydraulics 21 Maj, Rakovica, manual turret traverse Bratstvo, Travnik, main gun Metalski zavodi Tito, Skopje, multiplicator 11 oktomvri, Prilep Ruen, Koani Rudi Cajevec, Banja Luka, electronics Sever, Subotica, autoloader Jugoturbina, Karlovac Radoje Dakic, Podgorica Industrija lezajeva Kotor, Kotor

In the late 1980s, a project for a replacement tank called the M-91 Vihor (Whirlwind) was started. Unlike the M-84, the Vihor was not a copy of a Soviet tank, but a new design from scratch. Two prototypes were created by 1991. One was completely finished, but the factory refused to deliver it to the Yugoslav People's Army. The second prototype only had its body completed. Due to the disintegration of Yugoslavia, the M-91 project was paused until the end of the civil war in Croatia. After 1994, the second tank body was fitted with a new turret and the entire project was renamed Croatian main battle tank M-95 Degman. The M-95 Degman is still in prototype/experimental/technological-testbed phase. Croatia also created an M-84D Degman upgrade package for the M-84. The Croatian army planned to upgrade its 75 M-84 tanks to the M-84D revision, but due to the economical crisis, the upgrade was postponed. The latest Serbian version of the M-84 is the M-84AS, unveiled in 2004. It features a new fire control system, Kontakt-5 ERA armor, AT-11 Sniper anti-tank missiles, Agava-2 thermal sight, and the Shtora defensive suite. It is very similar to the Russian T-90S, both in appearance and in capability. About 150 M-84 tanks were exported to Kuwait. The disintegration of Yugoslavia in the 1990s prevented further exports of the M-84.

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Design
Armament
The M-84A is armed with a 2A46 125mm smooth bore cannon. The gas cylinder positioned in the middle of the barrel is shielded with a thermal coating that minimizes deformation of the barrel from high temperatures and ensures it is cooled at the same rate during rapid firing. The M84 uses an automatic loader, which enables it to sustain a firing rate of 8 rounds per minute. The cannon's ammunition is stowed underneath the turret (40 rounds) within the hull of the tank. This concept was inherited from the original Soviet design for T-72 and is both a strength and weakness of the tank. While the lower hull beneath the turret is one of the least likely place to be hit and penetrated by antitank rounds or mines, it also means, that in the event of penetration and secondary detonation of the ammunition, the crew and tank are unlikely to survive the resulting catastrophic explosion. This weakness was exploited by Croatian soldiers in the Croatian War of Independence to the detriment of the YPA's tank crews. In later stages of the conflict, losses were reduced by adjusting and improving tactics. Along with its primary armament, the M-84 is also armed with one 7.62mm coaxial machine gun, and one 12.7mm anti-aircraft gun mounted on the commander's turret. All versions of the M-84 have a crew of three. The commander sits on the right side of the turret, the gunner on the left, and the driver sits centrally at the front end of the vehicle. Like most Soviet derived vehicles, the M-84 series of tanks do not have a manual loader, due to the tank's autoloader system.

Protection
The armour of the M-84AS tank consists of cylindrical pad, high-hardness steel, titanium, tungsten, aluminium as well as modular Kontakt-5 reactive armour plates. Croatian M-95 Degman versions use improved armor protection with four layers of titanium, two layers of tungsten and three layers of ceramic armor giving protection of 592mm against HEAT and kinetic attacks. In addition to this, the Degman is extensively covered with explosive reactive armour plating. Twelve smoke grenades are positioned in front of the turret in banks of five and seven grenades. Thermal imaging and infrared guidance are positioned on the top-right side of the turret. The M-84 has a search light used in short-range combat situations. The M-84 tank has nuclear, biological and chemical (NBC) protection capabilities.

Mobility
The base M-84 engine is a 12-cylinder water-cooled V46-6 diesel engine, rated at 574 kW. The improved M-84A has a more powerful, V46-TK 735kW (1,000 hp) engine. With maximum fuel capacity (1,200 litres) the tank's range is 450km, and with external fuel tanks, this range can be extended to 650km. The Croatian-made variants have enhanced power plants. The M-84A4 Sniper model has a German-built 820kW (1,100hp) engine, while the M-84D has a 895kW (1,200hp) engine, the most powerful of all M-84 variants. The M-84D also has greater fuel capacity (1,450 litres). The tank can ford 1.2 meters of water at any time, or up to 5 meters with a snorkel.

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Variants
M-84A (Yugoslavia) - An upgraded original M-84 with a new engine and sights. M-84AB (Yugoslavia) - The M-84AB comes with the new SUV-M-84 computerized fire-control system, including the DNNS-2 gunner's day/night sight, with independent stabilization in two planes and integral laser rangefinder. It also comes with the TNP-160 periscope, TNPA-65 auxiliary periscope, and DNKS-2 day/night commander's periscopes, as well as the TNPO-168V driver's periscope. Furthermore, the M-84AB is fitted with new gyrocompass, communication and intercom systems. This variant is in service in Kuwait. The Kuwaiti 35th ash-shahid (Martyr's) Armoured Brigade, armed with several dozen M-84AB's, took part in Operation Desert Storm. During the fighting, only two M-84ABs were lost, but both were later recovered. M-84ABN (Yugoslavia) - This variant is simply a M-84AB, fitted with land navigation equipment. M-84ABK command tank (Yugoslavia) - This is a M-84AB fitted with extensive communication equipment, land navigation equipment, and a generator for the command role. M-84A4 Sniper (Croatia) - This version includes the all-new SCS-84 day/night sight, DBR-84 ballistic computer and improved elevation and traverse sensors. Croatia purchased around 40 of these models from 1996 till 2003 from its domestic factory. As rumoured, these tanks have a different engine of German origin, rated at 1,100hp instead of the 1,000hp powerplant originally installed, but this information has never been officially confirmed. A Racal communication suite also replaced the older communication set. As of 2008, the entire Croatian M-84 tank fleet was upgraded to M-84A4 standard. M-84AI armoured recovery vehicle (Yugoslavia and Poland) - During the mid-1990s Kuwait requested an armoured recovery vehicle variant of the M-84A tank as part of the deal to buy a large batch of M-84A tanks. The vehicle had to be developed in very short time so it was decided that it should be based on an already working foreign vehicle rather than designed and built independently. The Polish WTZ-3 license was bought and Polish parts were used in the M-84AI project completed in the factory "14 October" in Kruevac. There was also a plan for a M-84ABI for Kuwait, but this idea failed. It is armed only with a 12.7mm machine-gun fitted to the commander's hatch and 12 smoke grenade mortars (8 right and 4 left). Standard equipment includes: A TD-50 crane, front-mounted stabilizing dozer blade, main and secondary winches. M-84AS (Serbia) - This is the latest upgrade package of the M-84A in the Serbian Army. Adding a new fire control system, new armour consisting of cylindrical pad, high-hardness steel, titanium, aluminum, and NERA as well as modular Kontakt-5 armour, new AT-11 Sniper and Agava-2 thermal sights, and the Shtora defense suite. The first public appearance of the M-84AS was in July 2004 at the Nikinci military base. It appeared to be very similar to the Russian T-90S, both in appearance and in capability. The differences reportedly consist of better armour on the T-90S, whereas the M-84AS has superior maneuverability. The M-84AS was also tested by Kuwaiti Army as part of an international tender, but a bid by a Turkish company was selected instead. It can also survive multiple hits at relatively close ranges from ATGMs or other hits from tanks. New thermal imaging cameras were mounted for the commander and driver so that the tank can operate at night. It is fitted with the 125mm 2A46M smooth bore gun and a 1,200hp diesel engine giving a maximum speed of 72km/h. In addition, there were a number of undisclosed Arab countries that are interested in the purchase of the M-84AS. M-84D (Croatia) - This variant brings existing M-84 variants to the M-84D standard, equipped with a new 1,200hp (895 Kw) engine and new RRAK ERA armour. The M-84D is equipped with a Rafael - Samson Remote Controlled Weapon Station, and a new Omega ballistic computer (Slovenian Fotona-made digital ballistic computer). The M-84D has an electric cupola, which means it can fire at two targets at once. It has a new SDZ defence system, which has the capability to protect the crew from biological, chemical and nuclear strikes. The M-84D is also equipped with new thermal imaging that is able to see at night, through fog, in shade, and during a storm. A new Racal communication system was also installed, which now comes as standard on all new M84D and M84A4 tanks. Diehl, the German firm which supplies track for the Leopard 2 is also supplying tracks for the

M-84 Croatian M-84D and M-84A4 tanks. The M-84A4 and M-84D have an operational range of 700km and a maximum speed of 65km/h.The M-84D has also a 15% faster auto loader, meaning 9 shells per minute instead of 8 shells per minute.[1] The M-84D is a second version of the upgraded tanks.It has also chains on the back of the tank to protect the engine and has SLAT armour around the ammunition to prevent an ATG or a shell from hitting it. M-84D received few additional upgrades, Turret basket was added to provide extra space for extra ammunition and to provide increased armour protection. Turret basket has additional slat armour, which adds additional armour to the exterior of the tank. M84D and M84A4 are to receive 12.7mm Kongsberg Protector Remote Weapon Stations which are to be integrated on to all M84D and M84A4 tanks. M-84D will also feature LIRD-4B - Laser irradiation detector and warner and LAHAT anti tank missiles. There is a potential for integration of Swiss 120mm compact gun developed by RUAG. This option is being now seriously considered as this would allow Croatia to use NATO 120m standard ammunition. 120mm RUAG compact gun is a preferred option over German Rheinmetall L44 120mm cannon which is more expensive and would require German support, whereas RUAG will provide technical know how and technology transfer to uro akovi specijalna vozila d.d.. The final version is due to be presented to the public by late 2009 or early 2010 and conversion of existing tanks is to start by 2011.

29

Operational history
Desert Storm
Prior to the Gulf War, Kuwait ordered 170 M-84ABs, 15 M-84ABI ARVs and 15 M-84ABK command tanks, from Yugoslavia. Four M-84A tanks were delivered, however the Iraqi Army soon captured them after the occupation. Further deliveries were stopped for the duration of the war. The Kuwaiti 35th Al-Shaheed Armoured Brigade was equipped with 70 M-84s. During the retaking of the country, the 35th Brigade did not directly take part in battles with Iraqi tanks because of the M-84s resemblance to Iraqi T-72s. The M-84 was however very effective against T-62s and T-55s but some unconfirmed reports claim that a few of them were damaged, but recovered and repaired.

Kuwaiti M-84s taking part in Operation Desert Storm.

Yugoslav wars
Slovenia During the Ten-Day War, the Yugoslav People's Army (YPA) attempted to regain control over border crossings, airports and other strategic positions in Slovenia. The Slovenian Territorial Defence had no armoured units of its own, as such YPA M-84s were commonly used to break through barricades. The YPA lost some 20 M-84s to insurgent tactics. Slovenia inherited all the M-84s within its territory, once the ceasefire and Slovenia's independence was accepted. Croatia The M-84 saw action in the Battle of Vukovar, where the YPA deployed large columns of main battle tanks without the support of the infantry. Tanks and APC's found themselves extremely exposed and suffered significant losses. The Croatian Army captured about 50 M-84 MBTs from Yugoslav Peoples Army during the Battle of the Barracks.

A Kuwaiti M-84 during Operation Desert Shield, demonstrates its ability to lay a smoke screen.

M-84 Bosnia During the Bosnian War, M-84s saw little action; the mainstay of all 3 warring parties was the T-55. At the beginning of war, YPA units located in Bosnia and Herzegovina had passed their equipment to the Army of Republika Srpska (VRS). The VRS had several dozen M-84s with the Army of Bosnia and Herzegovina managing to capture only three M-84s. A number of M-84 tanks were used during the Siege of Sarajevo, as well during smaller localized conflicts. The number of M-84 tanks destroyed during the Bosnian war is unknown.

30

Operators
Current operators
KuwaitKuwaitKuwaiti M-84 Kuwaiti Army is equipped with 149 M-84AB MBTs in M-84AB, M-84ABK and M-84ABN versions bought prior to Operation Desert Storm from Yugoslavia. 35th Shahid (Martyr's) Armoured Brigade equipped with 70 M-84s. Serbia The Serbian Army operates 212 M-84s and M-84A's.[2] 15th Tank Battalion 26th Tank Battalion 36th Tank Battalion 46th Tank Battalion

SloveniaSloveniaSlovenian M-84 The Slovenian Army operates 54 M-84 tanks. Most of them are in active service, modernized to the M-84A4 Sniper standard. 45th Armoured Battalion of 72nd Brigade equipped with 54 M-84s (13 active, rest in operational reserve).

Former operators
Yugoslavia The Yugoslav Peoples Army operated about 450 M-84s in M-84 and M-84A versions. The M-84 was intended to replace the T-34, T-55, M4 Sherman, and M47 Patton tanks. Most JNA tanks were passed to successor state, FR Yugoslavia, while a number of them was also captured by Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Slovenia in the war. 1st Armoured Brigade of 14th Corps at Vrhnika. 4th Armoured Brigade of 10th Corps at Jastrebarsko. 211th Armoured Brigade of 21st Corps at Ni. 252nd Armoured Brigade of 37st Corps at Kraljevo 329th Armoured Brigade of 5th Corps at Banja Luka 51st Armoured Brigade of 24th Corps at Panevo. 243rd Armoured Brigade of 41st Corps from Skopje. 265th Armoured Brigade of 32nd Corps at Varadin.

Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslav Army: 252nd Armoured Brigade of Kragujevac Corps. 211th Armoured Brigade of Ni Corps. Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina

M-84 First M-84 tanks operated by Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina were captured in 1992 near Doboj. 1st Tesanjska Brigade, operated 3 M-84s. Republika Srpska The Army of Republika Srpska (VRS) operated about 65 M-84s. Since the VRS was integrated into the Armed Forces of Bosnia-Herzegovina the fate the remaining M-84s is unknown. 101st Armoured Brigade at Banja Luka operated about 65 M-84s.[3] Republic of Serbian Krajina Military of Serbian Krajina was equipped with some 31 M-84s. 2nd Armoured Brigade operated 31 M-84s.

31

References
[1] Holistic Approach to MBT development (http:/ / www. hrbi. hr/ _images/ files/ izdavastvo_52. pdf) [2] 84 (http:/ / www. vs. rs/ index. php?content=01add3a2-0329-102c-8859-e480d5acdc4a) (in Serbian) [3] Centre for Southeast European Studies (http:/ / www. csees. net/ ?page=country_section& country_id=2& sec=8)

External links
Article on the M84-AB1 (http://www.odbrana.mod.gov.rs/odbrana001/64-65.pdf) (.pdf, in Serbian) M-84 (http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/row/m-84.htm) at the FAS. Eduard otari (17 April 2007). "300 Million Dollar Deal for Djuro Djakovic" (http://www.nacional.hr/en/ articles/view/33530/18/). Nacional (weekly). Archived (http://www.webcitation.org/69QKscTrH) from the original on 25 July 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2012.Kuwait deal with Croatia to update M-84 to M-84D.

Arjun (tank)

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Arjun (tank)
Arjun MBT

Arjun MBT conducting driving test on sand berms Type Placeoforigin Main battle tank
India

Production history
Designer Designed Manufacturer Unitcost Produced Numberbuilt Variants CVRDE, DRDO March 1974present Heavy Vehicles Factory, Avadi 17.2 crore (US$3.1 million) 2004present 124 (124 Mk-I and 124 Mk-II ordered) Tank EX
[2][3][4][5][6] [1]

Specifications
Weight Length Width Height Crew Armor Main armament 58.5tonnes (57.6 long tons; 64.5 short tons) 10.638 metres (34ft10.8in) 3.864 metres (12ft8.1in) 2.32 metres (7ft7in) 4 (commander, gunner, loader and driver) steel/composite Kanchan armour. 120 mm rifled tank gun LAHAT anti-tank missile [7] HEAT, APFSDS, HESH Rounds HCB 12.7 mm AA MG [7] Mag 7.62 mm Tk715 coaxial MG MTU 838 Ka 501 diesel 1,400 hp (1,040 kW) 23.9hp/tonne,
[8]

Secondary armament Engine Power/weight

Arjun (tank)

33
Transmission Suspension Renk epicyclic train gearbox, 4 fwd + 2 rev gears hydropneumatic

Groundclearance 0.45 metres (1ft6in) Fuelcapacity Operational range Speed 1,610 litres (350impgal; 430USgal) 450 kilometres (280mi) 72km/h (45mph) Road
[7]

[7]

40km/h (25mph) Cross country

[7]

The Arjun (Sanskrit: ) is a third generation main battle tank developed by India's Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), for the Indian Army. The tank is named for Arjun, a character in the Indian epic, Mahabharata. The Arjun features a 120mm main rifled gun with indigenously developed APFSDS ammunition, one 7.62mm coaxial machine gun, and a 12.7mm machine gun. It is powered by a single MTU multi-fuel diesel engine rated at 1,400hp, and can achieve a maximum speed of 70km/h (43mph) and a cross-country speed of 40km/h (25mph). It has a four-man crew: commander, gunner, loader and driver. Automatic fire detection and suppression, and NBC protection systems are included. All-round anti-tank warhead protection by the newly developed Kanchan armour is claimed to be much higher than available in comparable third generation tanks.[9] In March 2010, the Arjun was pitted against the T-90 in comparative trials and performed well. Subsequently delays and other problems in its development from the 1990s to the 2000s prompted the Indian Army to order vast numbers of T-90S tanks from Russia to meet requirements that the Arjun had been expected to fulfill.[9][10] Army placed an order for an additional 124 Arjun Mk-I tanks on 17 May 2010 and 124 Arjun Mk-II Tanks on 9 August 2010.[2][11][12][13] The Arjun entered service with the Indian Army in 2004.[14] The tanks were first inducted into the 43rd Armoured Regiment, Indian Army Armoured Corps, which was later built up to regiment strength in 2009,[14] while the latest induction has been into the 75th Armoured Regiment on 12 March 2011.[15]

History
Planning and development
The DRDO, with its Combat Vehicles Research and Development Establishment (CVRDE) as the main laboratory, was tasked to develop the hull, armour, turret, running gear and gun for the tank, with the powerpack being imported.[16] Although the development of the tank began in 1972 by the CVRDE, it was only in 1996 that the Indian government decided to mass produce the tank at Indian Ordnance Factory's production facility in Avadi.[9][17] When first accepted for service in the army, the Arjun relied heavily on foreign components and technology. Initially close to 50% of the tank's components were imported, which included the engine, transmission, gun barrel, tracks, and fire control system.[18] However, several of these have since been replaced by indigenous systems or are being supplied by Indian companies.[19][20] Recent comments from Army sources indicate that the Russian T-90S will form the mainstay of its future force, despite that tanks performance issues in hot weather. The Arjun project experienced serious budget overruns and repeated delays that resulted in a development time of over 37 years. A complicating factor was that advances in technology and the threat environment in the intervening years led to multiple revision of requirements by the Army. While the government sanctioned 15.5 crore (US$2.8 million) for the initial design in May 1974,[16] by 1995, DRDO had spent Rs.300 crore (US$54.6 million) on development due to changing requirements and inflationary cost increases.[21]

Arjun (tank)

34

Production and deployment

The Indian Army ordered 124 Arjuns in 2000,[22] expected to cost US$471.2 million.[1] Early development versions of the Arjun were held by 43 Armoured Regiment which were shown in display in the Republic Day Parade of 2001.[23] The first batch of 16 production version Arjun tanks were received in 2004[14][24] and they were provided as a squadron to the 43rd Armoured Regiment. The regiment was later made up to 45 tanks on 25 May 2009 making it the first Arjun regiment of the Indian Army.[14][25] More than 100 tanks have been delivered to the Indian Army by June 2011.[26] The latest regiment to be completely equipped by the Arjun tank is 75 Armoured Regiment which was the last regiment in the Indian Army to hold the T-55 tank.[15]

Upgrades
As part of improving the Arjun to the Mark-II variant, DRDO is continuing to develop new technology systems for MBT Arjun, in order to improve performance in areas like automatic target locating, tracking and destruction.[27] The Arjun MK-II variant is being developed in coordination with and with the involvement of the Indian Army and will feature several modifications that are being sought by it.[6] DRDO is developing the Tank Urban Survival Kit which is a series of improvements to the Arjun intended to improve fighting ability in urban environments which includes defensive aids like laser warning, IR jammer, and aerosol smoke grenade system.[28][29] CVRDE is in the process of developing tank simulators.[27] DRDO is developing a Laser Warning Control System (LWCS) in cooperation with Elbit Limited of Israel to be equipped on the Arjun at regimental level trials with T-90s. The MCS is being developed by DRDO to help the tank reduce the threat of interference from all types of sensors and smart munitions of the enemy in the tank's systems. LWCS includes the defensive aids mentioned, and will help reduce the signatures of the tank in the battle field and improve its survivability. DRDO is also co-developing the and Mobile Camouflaging System (MCS) technology along with a Gurgaon-based private sector defence manufacturer Barracuda Camouflaging Limited. The upgrade also includes a new improved 1500hp engine.[30][31] An anti-helicopter round is under development as well.[9]

Arjun Tank model

Arjun (tank)

35

Specifications
Weighing in at 58.5 tons, the Arjun tank is significantly heavier than the Soviet-legacy tanks used presently by the Indian Army, and required changes to the army's logistics establishment, including new railroad cars to transport the bigger and heavier Arjuns. The required logistical changes have been made but the cost of the whole project has increased.

Armament
Armed with a 120mm rifled gun, the Arjun is believed to be capable of firing APFSDS (Kinetic Energy) rounds, HE, HEAT, High Explosive Squash Head (HESH) rounds at the rate of 6-8 rounds per minute and the Israeli developed semi-active laser guided LAHAT missile. The LAHAT is a gun-launched missile and is designed to defeat both enemy armour and enemy combat helicopters. In addition, the Arjun is armed with a 12.7mm AA machine gun and a 7.62mm coaxial machine gun.[32] The Arjun can carry 39 rounds in special blast-proof canisters. The Arjun uses a manual loader and has a crewman to reload the gun.

LAHAT missile

Fire control and navigation

The computerised fire control system aboard Arjun has been jointly developed by DRDO with the Elbit,Israel.[33] The Fire Control System is stabilised on two axes, and with an extremely high hit probability (design criteria call for a greater than 0.9 Pk) replaces an earlier analogue one, which had problems due to its inability to function under the harsh desert conditions.[17] The combined day sight from Bharat Electronics Ltd. and the thermal imager (formerly from Sagem, now reported to be from El-Op) constitute the gunner's primary sight. The first batch of tanks of the 124 ordered by the Army will have an Arjun gunnery simulator. all-digital Sagem FCS, whereas the second block will have the BEL unit, which will be used for all units thereafter. The commander's own stabilised panoramic sight allows him to engage targets and/or hand them over to the gunner.[34] The Arjun has an auxiliary power unit to operate weapon systems in silent watch mode as well.[9][35][36] The tank incorporates GPS-based navigation systems and sophisticated frequency hopping radios. The state-of-the-art Battlefield Management System, co-developed by DRDO and Ebit Israel, allows it to network with other fighting units.[37] The Arjun has the capability to network with other tanks, thanks to its Battle Management System. In a search and engage operation, several Arjun tanks can monitor an opponent and his moves, and try to eliminate him in a chase or ambush.[9][35][36]

Arjun (tank)

36

Protection
The turret and glacis are heavily armoured and use "Kanchan" ("gold") modular composite armour. The Kanchan armour got its name from Kanchan Bagh, Hyderabad, where the Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory (DMRL) is located.[38] The armour is made by sandwiching composite panels between Rolled Homogenous Armor (RHA) to defeat APFDS or HEAT rounds. During the trials in 2000, the Kanchan was able to withstand a hit from a T-72 at point blank range, and was able to defeat all available HESH and APFSDS rounds, which included the Israeli APFSDS rounds.[38] A new honeycomb design non-explosive and non-energetic reactive armour (NERA) armour is reportedly being tested on the Arjun. Nuclear, biological and chemical (NBC) protection equipment mine sweeps and an automatic fire fighting system. Electromagnetic-counter mine system can also be installed an electromagnetic pulse to disable magnetic mines and disrupt electronics before the tank reaches them signature reduction suite is also available for the is designed to reduce the probabilities of an object to be detected by Infrared, Thermal, Radar-Thermal, and Radar bands.[39]electro-optical/IR "dazzlers" Laser warning receivers,aerosol grenade discharging systems and a computerised control system.the tank has been 'painted' by a weapon-guidance laser and allows the crew to slew the turret to face the threat. The infrared jammer, laser rangefinders and designators navigation (Inertia/GPS), observation systems and sensors, real-time command and beyond-vision-range target engaging.advanced Fire Control System (FCS) linked to a millimetre band radar system laser range-finder and crosswind sensoronboard millimetre band radar, IR and radiometer sensors. The millimetre band radar system mounted on the turret is capable of operating as a Missile Approach Warning System (MAWS) Visual and Infrared Screening Smoke also has a Radar Warning Receiver (RWR) and radar jammer. Four all-bearing Laser warning receivers (LWR)The new fire-control system enables the Merkava to shoot down helicopters and find and destroy armoured attack helicopters Battle Management System Battle Management System panoramic sight The commander's station is equipped with eight periscopes for 360 vision.ommander's independent thermal viewer, weapon station, position navigation equipment, and a full set of controls and displays linked by a digital data bus.improved fire control system.[18] The System Enhancement Package (SEP) added digital maps,improved cooling system to compensate for heat generated by the additional computer systems.FBCB2 capabilities,FBCB2 capabilities,New radars,EW Systems,C4ISR Systems,gun control system (GCS).[9]Integrated Battlefield Management System" (IBMS) and Active protection System.[39] A Mobile Camouflage System has been developed and integrated into the Arjun as part of the 'Development of Defensive Aids System' project.[40] in collaboration with Barracuda Camouflage Limited,to reduce the vehicle signature against all known sensors and smart munitions. An Advanced Laser Warning Countermeasure System (ALWCS) for the fire control system has been developed. This consists of a laser warning system, Infra-Red (IR) jammer and aerosol smoke grenade system. This is being developed jointly with Elbit Systems Limited of Israel. The ALWCS has been integrated on Arjun MBT and trials have been carried out.[40][41]

Mobility
The engine and transmission are provided by German companies MTU and Renk respectively.[42] The water-cooled engine generates 1,400hp and is integrated with an Indian turbocharger and epicyclic train gearbox with four forward and 2 reverse gears.[43] A local transmission is under trials and it is envisioned to ultimately replace the Renk-supplied unit.[42] The tracks which were being supplied by German company Diehl are now being manufactured by L&T.[42] The cooling pack has been designed for desert operations. The Arjun has a lower ground pressure than the lighter T-72, due to its design.[42] The Arjun features a hydro-pneumatic suspension.[44] This coupled with the Arjun's stabilisation and fire control system allows the tank excellent first-hit probability against moving targets while on the move.[44] Its ride comfort is highly praised.[44] Though on the negative side, it is a more maintenance-intensive and expensive system, even if more capable than the simpler and cheaper torsion bar system utilised on many older tanks worldwide.[45] During

Arjun (tank) trials, the Arjun showcased its fording capability, by driving under six feet of water for 20 minutes.[46] A new 1500hp engine is being developed that will eventually replace the present engine. An allocation of 40 crore (US$7.3 million) has been allocated for the project which is expected to be completed within five years.[47]

37

Trials and exercise

In 1988-1989 two prototypes underwent automotive trials, which revealed major deficiencies in mobility, engine, and transmission.[48] Several prototypes underwent extensive mobility and armament trials, in 1996 and 1997. The Army found the performance of the prototypes below the acceptable standards and listed deficiencies in the following areas:[48] Accuracy of gun at battle ranges Mission reliability Ammunition lethality Containerisation of ammunition bin Emergency traverse Fire control system unable to function in temperatures above 42 degrees Celsius (108 degrees Fahrenheit).[49]

During summer trials in 2005, it was reported that the Arjun suffered major problems with its main gun sight, suspension system, and fire control system. Moreover, engine failures occurred commonly in temperatures averaging 55-60 degrees Celsius.[50] There are conflicting accounts of Arjun's trial results in 2006. In 2007, Major General H.M. Singh, a director in charge of trial and evaluation, said that the last year's user field trial report had certified that the accuracy and consistency of the weapon system was proved beyond doubt."[51][52] However, the 2006 army trial results showed that "the decade-old problems of overheating persist" and that "tanks main subsystems, the fire control system (FCS) and integrated gunners main sight, which includes a thermal imager and laser range-finder, are rendered erratic and useless by the Arjuns abnormally high peak internal temperature, which moves well beyond 55 degrees Celsius. This is in testimony to the Parliamentary committee."[53] In 2007 the Arjun tank was fielded during the Ashwamedha exercise in the deserts of Rajasthan.[54] The army was extremely unhappy with the tank, citing 14 defects that included "deficient fire control system", "inaccuracy of its guns", "low speeds in tactical areas" and "inability to operate over 50 degrees Celsius".[55] "The Army is now faced with a troubling prospect: inducting a lumbering, misfiring, vintage design tank like the Arjun, and that, too, in large numbers".[53] This, after DRDO over-shot Arjuns project deadline by 16 years from 1984 to 1995, finally closing the project only in 2000 and the cost overrun is almost 20 times the original estimate. This is the highest percentage overrun for any DRDO project.[53] With the September 2007 winter trials, the Indian army deemed Arjun's performance unsatisfactory, including at least four engine failures.[56] DRDO, on the other hand, insisted the tank was a viable choice for adoption and suggested the unsatisfactory performance of the engine during the winter trials was due to sabotage.[10]

Arjun (tank)

38

The Auxiliary User Cum Reliability Trials (AUCRT) of the Arjun MBT were conducted from September 2007 to summer of 2008. In a report to the Parliamentary standing committee the Indian army deemed Arjun's performance unsatisfactory, including four engine failures within only 1000 kilometres.[57] The defence minister presented this report before the parliament, later published by Press Information Bureau Government of India (PIB).[58] The Army wrote in the report that during the "accelerated user-cum-reliability trials" in 2008, the Arjun "was found to have Arjun MBT bump track test failure of power packs, low accuracy and consistency, failure of hydropneumatic suspension units, shearing of top rollers and chipping of gun barrels".[21] Sabotage was suspected, but the Army rejected that any sabotage happened during the trials.[10][59] A later report published by the Government of India during the induction ceremony of the Arjun tank, confirms the success of the trial. "An independent evaluation of the tank by a reputed tank manufacturer found that the MBT Arjun is an excellent tank with very good mobility and fire power characteristics."[60] DRDO installed an instrument to function as a black box in the Arjun, following attempts to "sabotage" its engine.[61] Subsequently in September 2008, the Indian Army signed a deal with Russia to import 347 T-90 tanks and license build a further 1000.[62][63][64] Transfer of key T-90 technologies has also been agreed upon as a part of the deal.[65][66] In 2008, the Indian Army announced plans to acquire an entirely new main battle tank unrelated to the Arjun, to be inducted after 2020.[67] The Indian Army has held an "international seminar on future MBTs", during which the parameters and requirements of this future MBT were identified.[67] As a result, Russia has offered to team with India on developing this future tank.[68][69] According to Jane's, the Indian Army had confirmed that the Arjun's production will be capped at 124 units. According to the testimony to the Indian Parliament in the winter of 2008 by the Defense Minister, the Arjun's defects have been rectified "periodically", and the army has "categorically" indicated Arjun's performance as satisfactory. 124 Arjun tanks will be inducted into the army, one regiment by the end of 2008 and the next regiment by the summer of 2009. The tanks will enter service with 140 Armoured Brigade at Jaisalmer. The Arjun was to undergo comparative trials against the Indian Army's Russian-built T-90 tanks in June 2009.[70] Retired Lt. Col. Anil Bhat, a strategic analyst, pointed out that the Arjun tank is cumbersome for strategic movement, i.e. to be taken from one sector to another. It is too wide and too heavy to be moved in the railway carriages that we have in India. The comparative trials are just an eyewash as Arjun is incomparable to T-90" owing to the different weight class of both tanks.[70] This comment by Lt. Col. Anil Bhat was made without realising that Arjun-specific rail wagons have already been inducted.[71] A comparative trial was conducted by the Indian Army in March 2010, in which the Arjun was pitted against the Indian T-90. The trial pitted one squadron of Arjuns against an equal number of T-90s. Each squadron was given three tactical tasks; each involved driving across 50 kilometres of desert terrain and then shooting at a set of targets. Each tank had to fire at least ten rounds, stationary and on the move, with each hit being carefully logged. In total, each tank drove 150km and fired between 30-50 rounds. The trials also checked the tanks ability to drive through water channels 56 feet deep.[72] Regarding the trial, a Ministry of Defence press release reported: After many years of trial and tribulation it has now proved its worth by its superb performance under various circumstances, such as driving cross-country over rugged sand dunes, detecting, observing and quickly engaging targets, accurately hitting targets both stationary and moving, with pin pointed accuracy. Its superior fire-power is based on accurate and quick target acquisition capability during day and night in all

Arjun (tank) types of weather and shortest possible reaction time during combat engagements.[72][73]

39

Variants
A 155mm self-propelled howitzer variant of the Arjun (labelled 'Bhima') has been prototyped by fitting the South African Denel T6 turret, which comes with the G5 howitzer to the Arjun chassis. This project has been delayed as Denel has become embroiled in a corruption scandal in India, and hence the Indian Ministry of Defence has suspended the Bhim. A bridge layer tank (BLT) based on the Arjun chassis has also been displayed by the DRDO.[74] Developed in cooperation with Indian industry, this bridge layer is deemed superior to the T-72 based units, as it can handle a larger load and uses a "scissors type" bridgelaying method, which does not raise the bridge high up into the air, and hence make it visible from afar. Indias main battle tank, Arjun, has taken the avatar of a bridge laying tank (BLT). The R&DE(E) did this by replacing the tanks gun and turret with the bridge launcher. The bridge is cantilevered over chasms or across rivers to cover a distance of 26 m with a width of 4 m. The BLT-Arjun carries two halves of a bridge. At a wet or dry gap, the launcher slides the two parts and docks them to each other in such a way that the far end of the second half touches the other bank. The BLT then crosses the bridge, turns around, retrieves the bridge after undocking its two halves, folds it and is ready to move with the armoured column.[75] Armoured engineering vehicles based on the Arjun are also assumed to be in development, as the Arjun induction will require units of a similar power-to-weight ratio or powerful enough to tow it, or recover it on the battlefield. Tank EX: A new tank obtained by coupling a T-72 chassis and an Arjun turret. Only prototypes have been built so far. An MBT Arjun Simulator comprising a driving simulator and turret simulator are being developed for troop level training.[40]

Arjun Mk-II
DRDO chief V.K. Saraswat, also the scientific adviser to the defence minister, told HT at Aero India-2011: "The new variant will have several modifications including superior missile firing capabilities."[76] On June-2011 the Mk-II begun to undergo trials at Pokhran ranges in Rajasthan. The Mk-II is also expected to go through its winter trials later the same year.[77] According to CVRDE the Director P. Sivakumar, the Arjun Mark II will have a total of 93 upgrades, including 13 major improvements. The major upgrades would be missile-firing capability against long-range targets, panoramic sight with night vision to engage targets effectively at night, containerisation of the ammunition, enhanced main weapon penetration; additional ammunition types, explosive reactive armour, an advanced air-defence gun to engage helicopters; a mine plough, an advanced land navigation system and a warning system which can fire smoke grenades to confuse laser guidance.[78] Other upgrades are an enhanced Auxiliary power unit providing 8.5 KW (from 4.5 KW) and an improved gun barrel,[79] changes in the commander's panoramic sight with eye safe LRF, night vision capability including for driver, digital control harness, new final drive, track and sprocket.[80]

Arjun Mk II graphics

Arjun Mk II

Arjun (tank) Arjun tank hull and turret has been modified to achieve the target weight of about 55 tons from 59-64 tons. Elbit is helping to enhance its firepower and battlefield survivability and IMI is helping to augment Arjun Mk IIs mobility, redesign its turret and hull and improve its production-line processes.[81] The development trials of the Mark II tanks started on June 22, 2012, at Rajasthan's Pokhran field firing range which will continue for the next two months and will mainly focus on 19 parametres, according to DRDO spokesperson Ravi Gupta. DRDO will start production of 124 Arjun Mark II tanks for the Indian Army after the success of these trials. The tank commander's thermal imaging (TI) night sight, the tank's operation in "hunter-killer" mode, the tank's missile firing capability from its main gun, and a laser missile warning and counter measure system are among the crucial upgrades that will be tested.[82] The Mark-II version completed most user trials except missile testing, which is slated to take place in summer (April-May) of 2013. Since May 2012, user trials had been done in Avadi and Pokhran. So far, the response to the new features of Arjun Mark II was favourable. According to Director, CVRDE P. Sivakumar the Arjun Mk II could fire missiles accurately up to a range of 2 km. Owing to the experience while designing and building the first version work on Arjun Mk-II was completed in 2 years.[83]

40

FMBT
The Arjun MKII variant is to be followed by the Futuristic Main Battle Tank (FMBT), which started development in 2010. The Indian Army plans to induct the FMBT from 2020 onwards.[84] The FMBT will be a lighter tank of 50 tons.[85] Subsequently, reports have indicated that the Indian Army has shelved the plan of FMBT, as there is no significant development in this field in the last few years which makes the development of an entirely new design unrealistic. Rather, they will plan the development of subsequent upgraded versions like Mk-III, Mk-IV etc like most international tank manufacturers.[86]

Operators
India Indian Army 124 Tanks in service, total 248 (124 Mk-I, 124 Mk-II) tanks ordered.

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Arjun (tank)
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India Defence. . Retrieved 2011-09-28. [35] "Arjun Main Battle Tank" (http:/ / www. army-technology. com/ projects/ arjun-mbt/ ). Army Technology. . Retrieved 2011-09-28. [36] "Land Forces Site - Arjun" (http:/ / www. bharat-rakshak. com/ LAND-FORCES/ Equipment/ Armour/ 42-Arjun. html). Bharat Rakshak. 7 March 2001. . Retrieved 2011-09-28. [37] (http:/ / defense-update. com/ wp/ 20101003_tank_upgrade_elbit. html) [38] "Frontier India, The Kanchan armour" (http:/ / frontierindia. net/ the-kanchan-armor/ ). Frontierindia.net. 24 September 2007. Archived (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20110725073043/ http:/ / frontierindia. net/ the-kanchan-armor/ ) from the original on 25 July 2011. .

41

Arjun (tank)
Retrieved 2011-06-10. [39] "Indian Army to Acquire 124 Arjun MBTs By 2009: Defence Ministry" (http:/ / www. india-defence. com/ reports-3162). India-defence.com. . Retrieved 2011-06-10. [40] Ministry of Defence, Annual Report 20092001 (http:/ / mod. nic. in/ reports/ AR-eng-2010. pdf), Government of India, [41] "Arjun Tanks Defensive Systems To Undergo Trials" (http:/ / indiadefenceonline. com/ 551/ arjun-tanks-defensive-systems-to-undergo-trials/ ). India Defence Online. . Retrieved 2011-06-10. [42] India Defence Arjun MBT (http:/ / www. india-defence. com/ specifications/ tanks/ 2) [43] "Arjun" (http:/ / www. fas. org/ man/ dod-101/ sys/ land/ row/ arjun. htm). Fas.org. . Retrieved 2010-02-07. 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Archived (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20110607132933/ http:/ / www. business-standard. com/ india/ storypage. php?autono=320574) from the original on 7 June 2011. . Retrieved 2011-06-10. [53] "Arjun, Main Battle Tanked" (http:/ / www. indianexpress. com/ news/ arjun-main-battle-tanked/ 16589/ 1). Indianexpress.com. . Retrieved 2011-06-10. [54] "Arjun MBT to Participate in Indian Army Desert War Games" (http:/ / www. india-defence. com/ reports/ 3097). India-defence.com. Archived (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20110526111042/ http:/ / www. india-defence. com/ reports/ 3097) from the original on 26 May 2011. . Retrieved 2011-06-10. [55] Indian Army unsure about Arjun tank's role (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ India/ File_Indian_Army_unsure_about_Arjun_tanks_role/ articleshow/ 1994156. cms) [56] Indian Army sounds indigenous battle tank's death knell (http:/ / www. deccanherald. com/ Content/ Jul52008/ national2008070577076. asp?section=updatenews), deccanherald.com [57] "Arjun tank fails winter trials, Army Chief writes to Antony" (http:/ / www. indianexpress. com/ story/ 297768. html). The Indian Express. 17 April 2008. . Retrieved 2008-10-02. [58] "Arjun Battle Tank" (http:/ / pib. nic. in/ release/ release. asp?relid=38445& kwd=) (Press release). Government of India, Ministry of Defence. 5 May 2008. . Retrieved 2008-10-02. [59] "Thaindian News, Sabotage suspected in Arjun tank engine; black box installed" (http:/ / www. thaindian. com/ newsportal/ uncategorized/ sabotage-suspected-in-arjun-tank-engine-black-box-installed_10070965. html). Thaindian.com. 13 July 2008. Archived (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20110524090124/ http:/ / www. thaindian. com/ newsportal/ uncategorized/ sabotage-suspected-in-arjun-tank-engine-black-box-installed_10070965. html) from the original on 24 May 2011. . Retrieved 2011-06-10. [60] "Army gets its first armoured regiment of MBT Arjun" (http:/ / pib. nic. in/ release/ release. asp?relid=48844). Pib.nic.in. Archived (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20110605191616/ http:/ / pib. nic. in/ release/ release. asp?relid=48844) from the original on 5 June 2011. . Retrieved 2011-06-10. [61] "Sabotage suspected in Arjun tank engine - India - DNA" (http:/ / www. dnaindia. com/ india/ report_sabotage-suspected-in-arjun-tank-engine_1177317). Dnaindia.com. 13 July 2008. . Retrieved 2011-09-28. [62] "Defence ties with Russia extended by another 10 yrs" (http:/ / economictimes. indiatimes. com/ News/ PoliticsNation/ Defence_ties_with_Russia_extended_by_another_10_yrs/ articleshow/ 3542420. cms). Economictimes.indiatimes.com. 30 September 2008. . Retrieved 2011-06-10. [63] Sandeep Unnithan (5 September 2008). "All dressed up and no Takers" (http:/ / indiatoday. digitaltoday. in/ index. php?option=com_content& task=view& issueid=31& id=14551& Itemid=1& sectionid=36). Indiatoday.digitaltoday.in. . Retrieved 2011-06-10. [64] "Indian army wants to add another 1000 T-90 tanks by 2020" (http:/ / www. defenseindustrydaily. com/ indian-army-wants-to-add-another-1000-t90s-tanks-by-2020-updated-02697/ ). Defenseindustrydaily.com. 20 August 2008. Archived (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20110607011710/ http:/ / www. defenseindustrydaily. com/ indian-army-wants-to-add-another-1000-t90s-tanks-by-2020-updated-02697/ ) from the original on 7 June 2011. . Retrieved 2011-06-10. [65] "India, Russia to step up strategic ties" (http:/ / www. hindu. com/ 2008/ 09/ 30/ stories/ 2008093055771200. htm). Hindu.com. 30 September 2008. . Retrieved 2011-06-10.

42

Arjun (tank)
[66] "India buying 347 Russian T-90 tanks" (http:/ / www. iht. com/ articles/ ap/ 2008/ 09/ 29/ asia/ AS-India-Russia-Military-Cooperation. php). International Herald Tribune. 29 March 2009. . Retrieved 2011-06-10. [67] "India sets in motion plans to build futuristic tanks" (http:/ / economictimes. indiatimes. com/ News/ PoliticsNation/ India_sets_in_motion_plans_to_build_futuristic_tanks/ articleshow/ 3263876. cms). India Times. 22 July 2008. . Retrieved 2008-09-30. [68] "Jane's Defence News, Russia offers to team with India on new MBT" (http:/ / www. janes. com/ news/ defence/ land/ jdw/ jdw080728_1_n. shtml). Janes.com. 28 July 2008. Archived (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20110607213105/ http:/ / www. janes. com/ news/ defence/ land/ jdw/ jdw080728_1_n. shtml) from the original on 7 June 2011. . Retrieved 2011-06-10. [69] "Kommersant, Russia, India Negotiate Smart Tank Creation" (http:/ / www. kommersant. com/ p-12890/ Smart_tank_India/ ). Kommersant.com. Archived (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20110606100520/ http:/ / www. kommersant. com/ p-12890/ Smart_tank_India/ ) from the original on 6 June 2011. . Retrieved 2011-06-10. [70] A last bid to save the Arjun (http:/ / www. thaindian. com/ newsportal/ india-news/ a-last-bid-to-save-the-arjun-main-battle-tank-project_100142182. html) thaindian.com [71] "BFAT wagons inducted into Army" (http:/ / www. hindu. com/ 2006/ 05/ 28/ stories/ 2006052805401000. htm). Hindu.com. 28 May 2006. . Retrieved 2011-06-10. [72] Shukla, Ajai (25 March 2010). "Arjun tank outruns, outguns Russian T-90" (http:/ / www. business-standard. com/ india/ news/ arjun-tank-outruns-outguns-russian-t-90/ 389650/ ). Business Standarad. Archived (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20100326223421/ http:/ / www. business-standard. com/ india/ news/ arjun-tank-outruns-outguns-russian-t-90/ 389650/ ) from the original on 26 March 2010. . Retrieved 2010-04-15. [73] "Press Information Bureau English Releases" (http:/ / pib. nic. in/ release/ release. asp?relid=61870). Pib.nic.in. Archived (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20110717072017/ http:/ / www. pib. nic. in/ release/ release. asp?relid=61870) from the original on 17 July 2011. . Retrieved 2011-06-10. [74] Image of the Arjun BLT (http:/ / www. bharat-rakshak. com/ LAND-FORCES/ Army/ Galleries/ main. php?g2_itemId=2165) bharat-rakshak.com [75] "Defence Engine" (http:/ / www. frontlineonnet. com/ fl2621/ stories/ 20091023262110600. htm). Frontlineonnet.com. Archived (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20110711044431/ http:/ / www. frontlineonnet. com/ fl2621/ stories/ 20091023262110600. htm) from the original on 11 July 2011. . Retrieved 2011-06-10. [76] "Arjun tank to get more Indian muscle" (http:/ / www. hindustantimes. com/ Arjun-tank-to-get-more-Indian-muscle/ Article1-661357. aspx). Hindustan Times. 12 February 2011. . Retrieved 2011-06-10. [77] "Serving Mangaloreans Around The World!" (http:/ / mangalorean. com/ news. php?newstype=local& newsid=243874). Mangalorean.Com. . Retrieved 2011-06-10. [78] Subramanian, T.S (26 Feb. 11 Mar. 2011), "Desert Ferrari' and more" (http:/ / www. frontlineonnet. com/ fl2805/ stories/ 20110311280510000. htm), Frontline (The Hindu Group) 28 (05), [79] "Latest version of Arjun Mark II tank to be tested for the first time" (http:/ / www. sify. com/ news/ latest-version-of-arjun-mark-ii-tank-to-be-tested-for-the-first-time-news-national-lgjrujjcbah. html). Sify.com. . Retrieved 2011-06-10. [80] "Battle tank Arjun Mark II to go for second trial" (http:/ / economictimes. indiatimes. com/ news/ politics/ nation/ battle-tank-arjun-mark-ii-to-go-for-second-trial/ articleshow/ 10218213. cms). Economic Times. . Retrieved 2011-03-10. [81] http:/ / img14. imageshack. us/ img14/ 5835/ 39536497. jpg [82] "Trials of Arjun mark II start in Pokhran" (http:/ / articles. timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ 2012-06-25/ india/ 32408149_1_panoramic-sight-t-90-arjun). The Times of India. Jun 25, 2012. . Retrieved 26 June 2012. [83] "Missile testing of Arjun Mk II in summer" (http:/ / www. thehindu. com/ todays-paper/ tp-national/ tp-tamilnadu/ missile-testing-of-arjun-mk-ii-in-summer/ article4194525. ece). The Hindu. Dec 13, 2012. . Retrieved 22 December 2012. [84] "DRDO's Combat Vehicle Development Unit Is" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ city/ chennai/ TNNTankdocDRDOs-Combat-Vehicle-Development-Unit-Is/ articleshow/ 6238945. cms). Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 31 July 2010. . Retrieved 2011-06-10. [85] "DRDO to develop army's next-generation tank" (http:/ / www. business-standard. com/ india/ news/ drdo-to-develop-army\s-next-generation-tank/ 404082/ ). Business-standard.com. 10 August 2010. . Retrieved 2011-06-10. [86] Shukla, Ajay. "Army proposes to scrap Future Main Battle Tank: instead build successive models of the Arjun" (http:/ / idrw. org/ ?p=16066). IDRW. . Retrieved 28 December 2012.

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Arjun (tank)

44

External links
Arjun MBT at indian-military.org (http://www.indian-military.org/army/armour/main-battle-tanks/247-arjun. html) Arjun MBT Project: Reports of the Standing Committee on Defence (http://www.india-defence.com/ reports-3199) Fourteen Arjun main battle tanks delivered to the Army, "Accuracy of weapon system proved beyond doubt" (http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/13/stories/2007051301111000.htm) Arjun induction: move to support indigenisation process (http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/08/stories/ 2004080807640800.htm), in the Hindu 'Arjun' to roll out on 7 August (http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/04/stories/2004080406451200.htm), in the Hindu 'Bhishma' handed over to Army (http://www.hindu.com/2004/01/08/stories/2004010806531200.htm), about India's T-90S tanks, in the Hindu History of Arjun Tank Development (http://frontierindia.net/history-of-arjun-tank-development/), in Frontier India Defence and Strategic News Service Arjun Photos (http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/Images-MBT1.html) Arjun MBT Vs T-90S specifications (http://frontierindia.net/dissimilar-combat-arjun-mbt-vs-t-90s-specs/) Arjun MBT weight implications (http://frontierindia.net/arjun-mbt-weight-implications/) The advent of Arjun (http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2117/stories/20040827006113300.htm) Arjun order (http://www.janes.com/news/defence/systems/jdw/jdw100520_1_n.shtml) Shukla, Ajai (16 June 2008). The Arjun battle tank acquires a growing fan club (http://www.business-standard. com/india/storypage.php?autono=326234). New Delhi: Business Standard (The writer's blog (http://ajaishukla. blogspot.com/2008/06/arjun-tank-acquires-growing-fan-club.html) has some photos to go with the article)

M-95 Degman

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M-95 Degman
M-95 Degman

Degman Main Battle Tank Type Placeoforigin Main battle tank

Croatia

Production history
Manufacturer Numberbuilt uro akovi specijalna vozila d.d. 2 (prototypes)

Specifications
Weight Length Width Height Crew Armor Main armament Secondary armament Engine Power/weight Transmission Suspension 44.5 tonnes without reactive armour, 48.5 tonnes 10.1m (33ft2in) 3.6m (11ft10in) 2.2m (7ft3in) 3 (commander, driver and gunner) Composite armour plus Reactive armour 125 mm smoothbore gun Samson Remote Controlled Weapon Station 12-cyl. diesel 1,200hp (890kW) 27 hp/tonne two gear-boxes with side transmission in gear-box axes independent, with torsion bars, 6 hydraulic dampers, 6 road wheels and 3 return rollers per side

Groundclearance 428mm (16.9in) Operational range Speed Steering system 700km (430mi) 70km/h (43mph) hydraulic

M-95 Degman M-95 Degman is a prototype Croatian main battle tank, developed in the factory uro akovi specijalna vozila d.d., located in Slavonski Brod, Croatia. It is also known as the RH-ALAN Degman. The uro akovi factory is best known for its principal role in the production of M-84, a Yugoslav version of the Soviet T-72 MBT produced under licence. M-95 Degman represents a further development on the M-84. The principal improvement over its predecessor M-84 is the application of spaced composite/laminate armor on top of which explosive reactive armor was added, hull front and side skirts are covered giving that extra protection against HEAT shaped-charge munitions. A separate ammunition bustle compartment at the back of the turret adds protection for the crew if tank is hit from behind, and added protection is given by additional slat armor in form of wire mesh with chains, main purpose being to prevent any rocket propelled grenades that might be used to penetrate weakest points at the back of the tank. uro akovi thermal imaging allows enhanced night activity and optional 1,200hp (890kW) engine, which increases the power-to-weight ratio to approximately 27hp/t. There are numerous smaller changes in fire control, communications equipment, track etc. The Degman's autoloader is 15% faster meaning 9 shells can be fired in a single minute instead of 8 shells, which is M84 norm.[1] The Degman M-95 has not entered serial production yet, however two prototypes were ordered by the Croatian Government, a M-95 model and the other M-84D sample (for export). uro akovi is going to be producing the export version the M-84D (essentially an M-84A4 with significant upgrades) for Kuwait and other potential buyers. The Kuwaiti Army has confirmed interest in modernizing its 149 dated M-84 to the new M-84D standard, as well as the procurement of an additional 66 new M-84D's.[2] The far superior M-95 model will be ordered by the Croatian government.

46

History, production and modernization

The M-95 Degman tank was largely based on the older M-91 Vihor tank. A full working prototype of the Vihor tank completed basic testing at the uro akovi factory but due the hostilities in mid-1991 this tank was never delivered to JNA. uro akovi was already working on a second prototype (at this point the hull had been completed) but due to the hostilities work on the second Vihor prototype stalled until 1994 when it was completed with the new turret. Meanwhile, the first prototype was upgraded and modernized, a more powerful 1200hp engine was installed which provided a higher power-to-weight ratio. A storage basket and slat armor at the back of the turret were added, increasing armour protection. A Racal communication suite was installed to improve communications range and digital battlefield compatibility and a new CBRN suite was also added, the SZ 2000 CBRN suite giving substantially superior performance over the older NBC suite used on M-84 tank; for example, in nuclear or chemical/biological warfare situations, SZ-2000 shuts the engines down and automatically filters fresh air into the tank. The Optics and fire control system was developed by Fotona, a Slovenian company, and now comes as standard on all current Croatian and Slovene M-84 tanks. The Vihor/M95 tank received new laser range finder, LIRD-4B - a laser irradiation warning system. A Fotona/Konar/uro akovi digital battlefield computer has also been added to improve battlefield performance. Diehl provided new tracks giving the tank better performance both on and off road. This project received considerable assistance from Elbit of Israel. Explosive Reactive Armor developed by Elbit is one major upgrade and gives a distinctive look to the M95 tank. Rafael - Samson Remote Controlled Weapon Station which consist of a 12.7mm calibre heavy machine gun and 40mm grenade launcher is another upgrade. This Remote Controlled Weapon Station acts also as the commander's independent thermal viewer. Additional upgrades are planned, including a new 120mm compact gun developed by RUAG Defence of Switzerland and few additional defensive and ECM systems including LAHAT anti tank missiles.

M-95 Degman

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Deployment
Currently, two M-95 tanks are operational.

Potential Clients
Croatia: the Croatian Army plans to have around 30-40 M-95s

References
[1] Bartol Jerkovi; ivko Ilijevski. "A Holistic Approach To The Tank Development" (http:/ / www. hrbi. hr/ _images/ files/ izdavastvo_52. pdf) (PDF). . Retrieved 2008-02-25. [2] Vejnovi, Saa (12 April 2007). "uro akovi radit e 65 novih tenkova za Kuvajt?" (http:/ / www. poslovni. hr/ 39458. aspx) (in Croatian). Poslovni dnevnik. . Retrieved 2008-02-25.

External links
(English) http://www.ddsv.hr/tenk_degman_eng_1.html (Croatian) http://www.vjesnik.hr/pdf/2003%5C05%5C20%5C07A7.PDF Eduard otari (4 August 2008). "Kuvajt nije odustao od M-84 [Kuwait did not give up on the M-84]" (http:// www.nacional.hr/articles/view/47751/) (in Croatian). Nacional (weekly). Archived (http://www.webcitation. org/68opZfh04) from the original on 1 July 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2012. (Serbian) http://www.personalmag.rs/mil10.htm Degman (M-95) tank video Part 1 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6qOcTA_Nmfs) on YouTube Part 2 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jd9edBAJceA) on YouTube Part 3 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aLv-KSQuRUY) on YouTube http://www.koncar.hr/ http://www.ddsv.hr/vojni_program.html http://www.fotona.com/en/defense/ http://www.racalacoustics.com/ http://www.elbitsystems.com/ http://www.thalesonline.com/

Altay (tank)

48

Altay (tank)
Altay MBT
Type Placeoforigin Main battle tank
Turkey

Service history
Inservice 2015 (exp.)
[1]

Production history
Designer Otokar (with technological support from Rotem for the 120mm gun and [2] armour ) Aselsan Roketsan 20082012

Designed

Manufacturer 1st Army Maintenance Center Command Unitcost $5.5million (est.)

Specifications
Weight Length Width Height Crew Armor Main armament Secondary armament Engine Suspension Operational range Speed 55 tonnes (61short tons; 54long tons) (est.). 7.5 m (hull), 10.3 m (gun forward) 3.6 m 2.4 m 4 (commander, gunner, loader, driver) Under development MKEK 120 mm 55 caliber smoothbore gun
[4] [3]

1 x Aselsan STAMP/II stabilized remote controlled turret 1 x 12.7 mm heavy machine gun Multi-fuel 1500 hp (MTU) or 1800 hp (indigenous under development) Hydropneumatic 430 km 90km/h (56mph) max.

Altay is a third-generation + main battle tank (part of the MTP (Milli Tank retimi Projesi, English: National Tank Production Project)) designed and developed by Otokar of Turkey for the Turkish Army and export markets.[5][6] It is named in honor of Army General Fahrettin Altay (18801974)[7] who commanded the 5th Cavalry Corps in the final stage of the Turkish War of Independence.

Altay (tank)

49

History
The project was initiated with an agreement signed between Otokar and Undersecretariat for Defense Industries of the Republic of Turkey on 30 March 2007, when the Defense Industries Executive Committee awarded a contract worth approximately $500million to Otokar for the design, development and production of 4 prototypes of a national main battle tank. This will be Turkey's first MBT development program since 1943, when prototypes of a Turkish national tank were produced in Krkkale, but never reached full-scale mass production. Otokar, a company owned by Istanbul-based Ko Holding, is one of the major automotive manufacturers in Turkey. Otokar has produced more than 25,000 military vehicles as of 2008.[8] Subsequently, in accordance with the later Defense Industries Executive Committee ruling, subcontractors were selected as follows: - Technical Support Enabler, Rotem - Fire Control System, Command Control Communication Information System, Laser Warning System, Driver's Vision System, Navigation System, IFF system subcontractor, Aselsan - 120mm 55 caliber Primary Weapon subcontractor, state owned MKEK (Mechanical and Chemical Industries Corporation), - Armour subcontractor, Roketsan[9]

Development
In order to improve the current technical capabilities of the Turkish defense industries and increase the amount of domestic contribution towards national defense, the Undersecreteriat for Defense Industries decided that a "National Tank" will serve as an excellent catalyst for uniting certain Turkish defense companies around a common goal and for providing the Turkish military with extra firepower in the form of a modern tank. Three local sub-contractors have already been selected. The military electronics company Aselsan will manufacture and integrate state-of-the-art TAKS modular fire control system, command, control and information systems while state-owned MKEK (Mechanical and Chemical Industries Corporation) agreed for the production and integration of a modified and licensed produced Rheinmetall 120 mm gun. Another state company Roketsan will design an indigenous armor. Once the prototypes are produced and tested, the Undersecreteriat for Defense Industries of the Republic of Turkey will prepare and execute a separate order for the first lot of 250 tanks. A total of 1000 MBTs are planned to be produced in four separate lots of 250 units. Every delivered lot is expected to have additional upgrades.[10]

Design
The tank is projected to have a 120mm smoothbore gun and will be protected against chemical, biological and radioactive attacks. The planned maximum speed is set at 70 kilometers per hour, thanks to a 1,800hp (1,300kW) engine (the first two batches will have 1,500hp engines), and the MBTs will be able to function under 4.1 meters of water. The tank will benefit both from indigenously developed systems and from the armor technology of the South Korean K2 Black Panther, thanks to the agreement signed with South Korea. The candidates for the engine are German MTU Friedrichshafen and the new South Korean engine which is currently under development. The first two batches will be powered by the 1,500hp (1,100kW) MTU engines whereas the last two batches will be powered by an indigenous 1,800hp engine.[11] On 16 June 2008, SSM and industry members discussed a possible participation for the development of 1,800hp (1,300kW) indigenous power pack for use in the armoured personnel carriers and main battle tanks produced in Turkey. First 3D picture of Turkeys new main battle tank, Altay, was released to public on 7 April 2010 during a press release by SSM.

Altay (tank) Altay appears to share strong chassis characteristics with its technological base, the South Korean K2 Black Panther, with a re-designed Turkish turret and Aselsans state-of-the-art Volkan-III modular fire control system. The tank will be fielded with a STANAG 4579 compatible battlefield target identification system that ensures interoperability among small tank units. The number of wheels have been increased to seven, which translates to a longer hull, heavier armor and increased survivability. According to reports, a military envoy from Colombia was also present at the press meeting to obtain more information about the tank.[12]

50

Electric engine
Otokar General Manager Serdar Grg has announced that the company is considering the development of an electric engine for the Altay. Grg stated that an electric engine would reduce the ability of the enemy to identify the tank with thermal cameras in the battle field. He added that Vehicles with internal combustion can be caught on thermal cameras". Otokar developed an electric engine for its buses and is working on retrofitting its design to the Altay tank.[13]

First prototype
On 29 April 2009, the head of the Turkish Undersecretariat for Defense Industries, Murad Bayar has confirmed at the 9th IDEX International, Defense Industry Fair in Abu Dhabi, that the Turkish tank will be manufactured using only Turkish resources. He added that the research started last week and that he expected to create an authentic tank model specially designed for the needs of the Turkish Armed Forces within 3 years.[9] As of September 2010, with approval of the tank subsystems and software by Undersecretariat for Defense Industries, Conceptual Design Phase of the Altay project has been completed. Thus, the project advanced to Detailed Design Phase scheduled to last 30,5 months. The scope of the Detailed Design Phase is to design and integrate interfaces for the selected tank subsystems.[14] On 15 October 2010, Otokar signed contract with MTU and Renk for the supply of power pack.[14] On 15 December 2010, Defence Industry Executive Committee decided to start the development of national power pack.[15] On 10 May 2011, Aselsan was contracted by the Undersecretariat for Defense Industries to design and develop two Battlefield Target Identification Device (BTID) prototypes.[16] On 11 May 2011, the mock-up of Altay tank was introduced to the public in IDEF 2011.[17][18] On 18 October 2012, The First Altay was put on trials although lacking side skirts and using a mock-up turret to stimulate a real turret. [19] On 16 November 2012, 4 Altay Tank prototypes successfully passed initial acceptance tests, paving the way for serial production 2 years earlier than expected.[20][21]

Altay (tank)

51

References and notes

[1] Otokar'in milli tanki, milli cosku yaratti (http:/ / www. radikal. com. tr/ Default. aspx?aType=RadikalHaberDetay& Date=16. 10. 2010& ArticleID=1023926), Ruhi Sanyer, Radikal, 16 October 2010 [2] http:/ / www. defensenews. com/ article/ 20121121/ DEFREG04/ 311210007/ Erdogan-Turkish-Tank-Program-Ahead-Schedule?odyssey=nav%7Chead [3] Army-technology.com: Altay Main Battle Tank, Turkey (http:/ / www. army-technology. com/ projects/ altaymainbattletank/ ) [4] Otokar Altay MBT (Turkey) (http:/ / www. janes. com/ articles/ Janes-Armour-and-Artillery/ Otokar-Altay-MBT-Turkey. html), Jane's Armour and Artillery, 17 Mart 2010 [5] http:/ / www. otokar. com. tr/ en/ media_relations/ p_haber_detay. aspx?haber=147 [6] Altay Project (http:/ / www. ssm. gov. tr/ home/ projects/ land/ BattleTanks/ Sayfalar/ ALTAYPROJECT. aspx), Undersecretariat for Defense Industries [7] Tolga Anker, "Milli tank 'altay' iin yola kld" (http:/ / www. radikal. com. tr/ Radikal. aspx?aType=RadikalDetay& ArticleID=890989& CategoryID=80), Radikal, 30 July 2008. (Turkish) [8] (Turkish) Iste ilk Trk tank Altay'n zellikleri (http:/ / www. haber7. com/ haber/ 20080730/ Iste-ilk-Turk-tanki-Altayin-ozellikleri. php) by Blent Aydemir, 28 July 2008 [9] "ATAK helicopter to be airborne before end of 2009" (http:/ / www. todayszaman. com/ tz-web/ detaylar. do?load=detay& link=168240& bolum=105). Todayszaman.com. . Retrieved 17 April 2010. [10] Turkish MBT Project, TurkishPress (http:/ / www. turkishpress. com/ news. asp?id=133903), 17 July 2006 [11] (in Turkish) Trk Kara Savunma Sektrnn Ulat Nokta ve Hedefler (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080520235735/ http:/ / www. ssm. gov. tr/ TR/ duyurular/ basinaciklamalari/ Pages/ KARAARALARIEND STRG N VEG SSTEMLERALITAYI(16-17Haziran2008). aspx), archived from the original (http:/ / www. ssm. gov. tr/ anasayfa/ hizli/ duyurular/ etkinlikler/ konferanslar/ arsiv/ 2008/ Sayfalar/ tkssunhegakags20080617. aspx) on 20 May 2008, [12] Otokar unveils the Altay MBT (http:/ / www. trdefence. com/ ?p=335), TRDefence, 7 April 2010 [13] http:/ / www. hurriyetdailynews. com/ otokar-mulls-making-of-domestic-electric-tank. aspx?pageID=238& nID=18494& NewsCatID=345 [14] Otokar Newsletter (http:/ / rewreward. blogspot. com/ 2010/ 11/ otokar-haber-bulteninden. html), September 2010 [15] Defence Industry Executive Committee press release (http:/ / www. ssm. gov. tr/ anasayfa/ hizli/ duyurular/ PressReleases/ Sayfalar/ 2010aralikssikbasinaciklamasi. aspx), Undersecretariat for Defense Industries, 15 December 2010 [16] Battlefield Identification Device Project (http:/ / www. ssm. gov. tr/ home/ projects/ land/ BattleTanks/ Sayfalar/ mstts. aspx), Undersecretariat for Defense Industries, 25 August 2011 [17] http:/ / www. worldbulletin. net/ ?aType=haber& ArticleID=98699 [18] IDEF 2011 Altay mock-up (http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=5q6L4tgUwqk) [19] https:/ / fbcdn-sphotos-e-a. akamaihd. net/ hphotos-ak-snc7/ 470949_10151461695859196_1602505937_o. jpg [20] http:/ / www. hurriyetdailynews. com/ turkey-to-reveal-local-tank-ahead-of-deadline. aspx?pageID=238& nID=34770& NewsCatID=344 [21] http:/ / en. trend. az/ regions/ met/ turkey/ 2088584. html

BPM-97

52

BPM-97
BPM-97

KAMAZ-43269 "Vystrel" (BPM-97) on Russian Expo Arms 2009 in Nizhny Tagil Type Placeoforigin Wheeled armored personnel carrier Russia

Service history
Inservice Usedby 1999 - present Russian Border Guard

Production history
Designer Designed Manufacturer Produced Numberbuilt Andrei Nikolaev 1997 Kamskiy avtomobilny zavod 1999 - present 50
[1]

Specifications
Weight Length Width Height Crew 10.5 metric tonnes 5.3 m 1.9 m
[2] [2]

2.3 m (1.83 m without armament) 2 + 8 -12 passengers 2 + 6 passengers (BTR-40B) 12.7-25mm (optional)
[2] [2]

Armor Main armament Engine

KAMAZ 740.10-20 240hp V8 diesel [2] 240hp 4x4 wheel, leaf spring 400 mm
[2]

Suspension Groundclearance

BPM-97

53
Fuelcapacity Operational range Speed
[2]

270 l

1100km on roads
[2]

90 km/h

The BPM-97 (Boyevaya Pogranichnaya Mashina - "Battle Vehicle of the Border Guard") or (Vystrel) is the Russian military designation for the KAMAZ 43269 Vystrel 4x4 Wheeled armoured vehicle. It is still in the prototype phase and only two being produced were fitted with several different turrets like the one of the BTR-80A. The vehicle is based on the KAMAZ-43269 and as the name suggests was designed for the Russian Border Guards. The latest model has bulletproof side windows and no gun turret. It has been ordered by Kazakhstan and by the MVD Internal Troops, Federal Prison Service and EMERCOM.

History
Development began in 1997 at the initiative of the head of the Russian Border Guard Service Andrei Nikolaev. Armored vehicle meant to replace the main transport border guards the GAZ-66. But after a government funding default in 1998 and the much delayed public funding of the project finally stopped. In order to offset the cost of the development in the absence of government orders, machines were allowed to be sold to civilian companies. The armored vehicle was used for the transportation of explosives, money and valuable goods. After receiving permission in 2005, some cars were sold to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan. Production of the "Vystrel" is ongoing at the JSC "Remdizel" plant in Naberezhnye Chelny. Where the armoured body and KAMAZ 4326 truck chassis are integrated.[3]

Description
The hull is made of welded Aluminium alloy - The upper part of the shell withstands hits from a 12.7x108mm - NSV machine gun at a distance of 300 metres, the lower part from 7.62x54mmR SVD rifles at a distance of 30 m. The vehicle is divided into the engine compartment and separate crew areas. The body has both side and rear doors, and roof hatches for exiting.

Armament
Armament varies, the BPM-97 is available with pintle mounted or turret mounted 7.62mm, 12.7mm machine guns such as the Kord 12.7mm, 14.5mm KPV heavy machine guns in a BTR-80 type turret, and a combination turret fitted with a sighting device with 30mm cannon and 30mm AGS-30 automatic grenade launchers.

BPM-97

54

Variants
An upgraded KAMAZ-43269 Vistrel with new windscreen and wipers, updated air intake and NBC protection system was introduced during 2011 Exhibition of military vehicles at Bronnitsy test range.

Users
Russia Kazakhstan

Notes
[1] Jane's Armour and Artillery 20052006. [2] "Pancerni 2" (http:/ / www. pancerni. abajt. pl/ index. php?option=com_content& task=view& id=66& Itemid=78& limit=1& limitstart=1) [3] Nikolai Mordovtsev "Vystrel" gryanet ... Driving 2 2006 g.

External links
Official Kurganmash website (http://www.kurganmash.ru/) (Russian) Official Remidzel Factory site (http://www.remdizel.ru/kamaz_43269/) (Russian) Article at Legion (http://legion.wplus.net/guide/army/ta/bpm97.shtml) Pics at Military Photos (http://www.militaryphotos.net/forums/showthread.php?t=74261&highlight=vistrel) the Vystrel in service (http://img517.imageshack.us/img517/5111/kamaz43269rus25jt3.jpg). of BPM-97 (http://en.rian.ru/video/20081105/118144210.html'''Video) KAMAZ-43269 Vistrel walkaround (http://vitalykuzmin.net/?q=node/108) Upgraded KAMAZ-43269 Vistrel walkaround (http://vitalykuzmin.net/?q=node/372)

BTR-T

55

BTR-T
BTR-T

Russian BTR-T Type Placeoforigin Heavy infantry fighting vehicle

Russia

Specifications
Weight Length Width Height Crew Armor Main armament Secondary armament Engine Power/weight Suspension Operational range Speed 38.5 tonnes 6.45 m 3.27 m 2.4 m 2 (+5 passengers) 320 mm max with ERA 9M113 Konkurs ATGMs 2A42 30mm autocannon or AGS-17 automatic grenade launcher diesel 520hp 14hp/tonne torsion bar 500 km 50 km/h off-road: 25 km/h

The BTR-T (Russian: --- (Bronetransporter-Tyazhelyy), Armoured TransporterHeavy) is a Russian heavy infantry combat vehicle, designed by the Design Bureau of Transport Machine-Building (Omsk Transmash) state-run production association.

BTR-T

56

Description
It is based on the hull of the T-55 tank and answers the need for a heavy, well protected and well armed vehicle adapted to urban combat. The need for a heavy IFV appeared after the First Chechen War during which APCs such as the BTR-80 and BMP-2 suffered heavy losses in urban areas at the hands of Chechen rebels using RPG shoulder-launched anti-tank weapons. As a result, the design incorporates thicker armour, with built-in reactive armour. It also has heavier armament with sufficient elevation to engage targets in multi-story buildings.

Russian BTR-T

Design
The choice of the T-55 hull rather than that of a more modern tank was decided as a cost-cutting measure and also probably in order to validate a conversion solution for the many T-55s in use around the world. However, no export contracts have been signed so far.

Armament
The turret can accommodate several weapon configurations: 2A42 30mm autocannon. 9M113 Konkurs ATGMs. 2A42 30mm autocannon. 30mm AGS-17 automatic grenade launcher. Twin 2A38 30mm autocannons. 12.7107 mm NSV heavy machine gun. 9M113 Konkurs ATGMs. 12.7107 mm NSV heavy machine gun. 30mm AGS-17 automatic grenade launcher.

References
BTR-T Heavy Armored Personnel Carrier [1] The BTR-T: New Use for Old Tank Hulls [2]

References
[1] http:/ / milparade. udm. ru/ 25/ 034. htm [2] http:/ / www. findarticles. com/ p/ articles/ mi_m0IAV/ is_2_90/ ai_76736956

BMD-3

57

BMD-3
BMD-3

A BMD-3 Type Placeoforigin Infantry fighting vehicle

Soviet Union

Service history
Inservice 1990 - present

Production history
Manufacturer Volgograd Tractor Factory

Specifications
Weight Length Width Height Crew Armor Main armament Secondary armament Engine Power/weight Suspension Operational range Speed 12.9mt 6m 3.13m 2.25m 3 (+4 passengers) turret - steel, hull - aluminium alloy 2A42 30mm autocannon with coaxial 7.62mm PK machine gun, 9K11 or 9M111 ATGMs from turret mounted launcher bow-mounted AGS-17 Plamya 30mm automatic grenade launcher and 5.45-mm RPK machine-gun 2V-06-2 water-cooled diesel 450hp 34hp/ton hydroneumatic with variable height control (130mm-530mm) 500km 70 km/h off-road: 45 km/h water: 10 km/h

The BMD-3 (Boyevaya Mashina Desanta , Russian "- ", literally "Combat Vehicle of the Airborne") is a light infantry fighting vehicle originating in the Soviet Union that is fully amphibious and air-droppable with crew inside. It is intended to be a fire-support platform for use by airborne and air assault units. It

BMD-3 is not an upgraded BMD-1 but a completely redesigned vehicle with a hydropneumatic suspension, new hull, a more powerful 2V-06-2 diesel engine and fitted with the complete turret of the BMP-2. The vehicle is manufactured at the Volgograd Tractor Factory, Volgograd, Russia under the industrial index Objekt 950 and entered service with the VDV in 1990, in the last year before the fall of the Soviet Union. 123 BMD-3s[1] and 60 BMD-4s[2] are in service with the Russian Airborne Troops. They are planning to receive 10 BMD-4M vehicles and 10 BTR-MD vehicles for final testing by mid-2013, with commissioning by the end of 2013. The Russian Airborne is planning to acquire 1,000 BMD-4Ms through 2020.[3]

58

Variants
BMD-3 (Object 950) - Basic type, as described. BMD-4 (Object 960) - Modified chassis with new turret "Bakhcha-U" comprising: 100mm main gun 2A70, 30mm autocannon 2A72, 7.62mm machine gun, and new fire control system "Ramka". The bow-mounted AGS-17 has been removed. The armament is similar to the one of the BMP-3. BMD-4's are new-build or upgraded BMD-3's. The prototype was known as BMD-3M. Photos [4]. The BMD-4 is no longer being purchased for the Russian troops, in favor of the BMD-4M.[5] BMD-4M - Upgraded variant with a completely new chassis and the 500hp UTD-29 engine of the BMP-3. This version will be produced by Kurganmashzavod (KTZ) instead of VgTZ. The vehicle was presented to the VDV in March 2008.[6] According to KTZ, series production could have started in 2009. The BMD-4M was evaluated by the VDV.[7] In August 2011, the evaluation process still wasn't terminated and no firm agreement had been taken as to the delivery of the 10 first vehicles to the VDV, as foreseen in the 2011 state orders.[8] Photo [9]. The Russian Defense Ministry decided to adopt the BMD-4M in December 2012.[10] RKhM-5 (Object 958) - Chemical reconnaissance vehicle, fitted with the same specialised equipment as the BTR-80 version RKhM-4. The turret has been removed; the RKhM-5 has a fixed superstructure with machine gun turret. BTR-MD Rakushka (Object 955) - Multi-role transport vehicle with bigger hull and no turret. This type can be used to transport troops, fuel, ammunition and wounded personnel. It also serves as the basis for a new range of specialised vehicles for the Russian airborne forces, including a mortar platform, an ambulance BMM-D, a command post vehicle and a recovery vehicle. Some of the variants will have a longer chassis with 7 road wheels and probably the same 510hp engine as the 2S25. BTR-MDM - More modern version with the same improvements as the BMD-4M. 2S25 "Sprut-SD (Object 952) - Self-propelled anti-tank gun, armed with a 125mm gun 2A75 that has similar ballistics as the main gun of the 2A46 series and can also fire the ATGM 9M119 Svir. The chassis has 7 instead of 5 road wheels on each side and the engine is now the 2V-06-2S of 510hp. The 2S25 has a combat weight of 18 tonnes and a crew of 3. It entered service in 2007. Photos [4]

BMD-3

59

Resources
FAS [11] Military Factory [12]

References
[1] http:/ / warfare. ru/ ?catid=245& linkid=1783& title=bmd-3 [2] http:/ / warfare. ru/ ?catid=245& linkid=2500& title=bmd-4-/ -bmd-3m-bakhcha-airborne-combat-vehicle [3] Russia to Commission BMD-4M Airborne Vehicles in 2013 (http:/ / en. rian. ru/ military_news/ 20121227/ 178437013. html) - Rian.ru, December 27, 2012 [4] http:/ / btvt. narod. ru/ 5/ vdv2007/ vdv2007. htm [5] http:/ / lenta. ru/ articles/ 2012/ 02/ 15/ uncertain/ [6] http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=hVTjATUt7SU [7] http:/ / www. en. rian. ru/ russia/ 20080321/ 101903920. html [8] https:/ / russiandefpolicy. wordpress. com/ tag/ bmd-4m/ [9] http:/ / imageshack. us/ f/ 339/ bmd4m. jpg/ [10] BMD-4M adopted by Russian airborne troops (http:/ / www. armyrecognition. com/ december_2012_new_army_military_defence_industry/ new_bmd-4m_latest_generation_of_airborne_armoured_vehicle_adopted_by_russian_airborne_troops_1412121. html) Armyrecognition.com, December 14, 2012 [11] http:/ / www. fas. org/ man/ dod-101/ sys/ land/ row/ bmd-3. htm [12] http:/ / www. militaryfactory. com/ armor/ detail. asp?armor_id=48

BMD-2

60

BMD-2
BMD-2

A Russian BMD-2 with SFOR markings parked in front of several trailer units at the Russian airborne brigade stationed in Tojsici, Bosnia-Herzegovina, 1 January 1996. Type Placeoforigin Airborne infantry fighting vehicle
Soviet Union

Service history
Inservice Usedby Wars 1985 - present See Operators See Service history

Production history
Designed Manufacturer Produced Variants 1981 - 1985 Volgograd Tractor Plant 1985 - ? (out of production) See Variants

Specifications (BMD-2)
Weight Length 11.5 tonnes
[1][2]

7.85 m [4] 6.74 m (without the gun) 2.94 m 2.45 m

[3][1][2] [5]

[3][1][2]

Width Height Crew

4 (commander, driver, gunner and bow machine gunner) troopers) Welded aluminium alloy [1][2] 7 mm turret [5][6] 15 mm at 78 upper hull front [5][6] 15 mm at 50 lower hull front [1][2] 10 mm rest of the hull

(+ 4

Armor

Main armament

30 mm 2A42 multi-purpose autocannon (300 rounds (180 AP and 120 HE)) 9P135M-1 ATGM launcher

BMD-2

61
7.62 mm PKT coaxial tank machine gun 7.62 mm PKT bow tank machine gun 2,940 7.62 mm machine gun rounds 5D-20 6-cylinder 4-stroke V-shaped liquid cooled 15.9 liter [7] diesel [7] 241 hp (180 kW) at 2,600 rpm 21 hp/tonne (15.7 kW/tonne) torsion-bar Adjustable [3][8] 100 mm to 450 mm 300 l
[4] [3][1][2] [7][8]

Secondary armament Engine

Power/weight Suspension Groundclearance

Fuelcapacity Operational range Speed

450 km (road)

80 km/h (road) [3][1][2] 40 km/h (cross country) [3][1][2] 10 km/h (swimming)

[3][1][2]

The BMD-2 is a Soviet airborne infantry fighting vehicle, which was introduced in 1985. It is a variant of BMD-1 with a new turret and some changes done to the hull. BMD stands for Boyevaya Mashina Desanta (- , literally "Airborne Combat Vehicle").[9] It was developed as a replacement of BMD-1 but it failed to replace it completely because of a downfall of Soviet economy in 1980s. NATO gave it the designation BMD M1981/1.[10][11]

Development
When the Soviet war in Afghanistan broke out the Soviet forces operated BMP-1 IFVs and BMD-1 airborne IFVs. They were both armed with 73mm 2A28 "Grom" low pressure smoothbore short-recoil semi-automatic gun, 9S428 ATGM launcher capable of firing 9M14 "Malyutka" (NATO: AT-3A Sagger A), 9M14M "Malyutka-M" (NATO: AT-3B Sagger B) and 9M14P "Malyutka-P" (NATO: AT-3C Sagger C) ATGMs and 7.62mm PKT coaxial tank machine gun. Although their armament made for strong anti-tank firepower, it didn't provide sufficient firepower against enemy unarmored vehicles, infantry, firing points and light fortified positions, especially during mountain battles because of low elevation angle of the main gun.[7] In 1981 the units fighting in Afghanistan started receiving new BMP-2 IFVs. It's 30mm 2A42 multi-purpose autocannon with two-belt loading system and very high elevation angle solved some of the serious drawbacks of the 73mm 2A28 "Grom" gun. Also the 9S428 ATGM launcher was replaced by pintle-mounted 9P135M-1 ATGM launcher with semi-automatic control capable of firing SACLOS guided 9M113 "Konkurs" (AT-5 Spandrel), 9M113M "Konkurs-M" (AT-5B Spandrel B), 9M111 "Fagot" (AT-4 Spigot) and 9M111-2 "Fagot" (AT-4B Spigot B) ATGMs which proved to be much more effective and reliable than the MCLOS guided 9M14 "Malyutka" (AT-3 Sagger), 9M14M "Malyutka-M" (AT-3B Sagger B) and 9M14P "Malyutka-P" (AT-3C Sagger C) ATGMs. Because of that the high command of Soviet airborne forces decided to arm their units with similar vehicles.[7] In the beginning it became obvious that the hull of BMD-1 was too small for the BMP-2 turret. Therefore it was decided to design two vehicles. The first one was supposed to satisfy the immediate need of a new airborne IFV by modifying the BMD-1/BMP-1 turret, arming it with the same armament as the one on the BMP-2 and then fitting it onto the BMD-1 hull. The second vehicle was supposed to be much bigger to allow fitting of the BMP-2 turret and later became the BMD-3.[7]

BMD-2 The modernized variant of BMD-1 was developed in 1983 and incorporated the new B-30 turret armed with 30mm 2A42 multi-purpose autocannon, 7.62mm PKT coaxial tank machine gun and pintle-mounted 9P135M-1 ATGM launcher. After it passed the trials it entered production in 1985.[7]

62

Description
Overview
BMD-2 has a slightly modernized BMD-1 hull and a new turret.

Crew
The BMD-2's crew is the same as the one in BMD-1 with slight changes like the fact that the commander no longer operates the left bow-mounted 7.62mm PKT tank machine gun which was removed because the trials proved that he is too consumed by his primary duties to accurately fire it. He also received the R-123M radio set for communication.[7] The new turret seats the gunner on the left hand side of the main gun. On top of the turret there's one single piece circular hatch opening to the front. Located in front of the said hatch is the gunner's sight which is the same one as the one used in BMP-2. Another gunner's sight is located on the left hand side of the main gun and moves in vertical planes along with it. It is a high angle of fire sight used when the gunner is aiming at air targets. The vehicle also has additional periscopes that provide it with vision on the sides. A white searchlight is mounted in front of the turret.[8]

Turret
The B-30 turret is a modified version of the BMP-1/BMD-1 turret.[7]

Armament
The vehicle is armed with stabilized 30mm 2A42 multi-purpose autocannon and 7.62mm PKT coaxial tank machine gun (mounted on the right hand side of the main gun). The vehicle carries 300 rounds for the main gun (180 AP and 120 HE) and 2,940 rounds for the machine gun. The main gun can be elevated or depressed between 75 and -5[1][2] and can be used to fire at air targets. The turret is also armed with pintle-mounted 9P135M-1 ATGM launcher, on the right hand side of the roof of the turret, with semi-automatic control capable of firing SACLOS guided 9M113 "Konkurs" (AT-5 Spandrel), 9M113M "Konkurs-M" (AT-5B Spandrel B), 9M111 "Fagot" (AT-4 Spigot) and 9M111-2 "Fagot" (AT-4B Spigot B) ATGMs.[7][8]

Maneuverability
The BMD-2 has the same engine and same suspension as the BMD-1 but it has a maximum road operational range of 450km.

Armour protection
The BMD-2's armour is composed of aluminium as combat experience gained during the Soviet war in Afghanistan proved that the BMD-1's cast magnesium alloy itself would catch fire and burn fiercely, often killing the crew, when hit with a weapon such as an RPG. Armour thickness is 7mm on the turret, 15mm on the front of the hull and 10mm on the rest of the hull.[1][2] Hull's front armour has two sections: upper and lower. The upper section is angled at 78 while the lower one is angled at 50.[5] It's resistant to small arms fire and shrapnel.

BMD-2

63

Equipment
The BMD-2 has the same equipment except for the R-123 radio set which was replaced by the R-123M radio set.[7]

Service history
BMD-2 entered service with Soviet airborne forces in 1985. They took part in Soviet war in Afghanistan. Later they were used by Russian airborne units of SFOR including the Russian airborne brigade stationed in Tojsici which supported the Operation Joint Guard. It is also used by Russian airborne units stationed in Abkhazia.

Variants
BMD-2 (Ob'yekt 916) - The basic model[8] BMD-2K (K stands for komandirskaya - command) - Command variant fitted with an additional antennae.[8] BMD-2M - BMD-2 modernization. It features a number of improvements including fitting of smoke grenade launchers to the side of the turret.[8]

Operators
Iraq - 250 In Iraqi Army 2012 India Russia - About 361 in active service and more than 1,500 in storage.[12] Ukraine - 63 in 1995 and 78 in 2000 and 2005.[13] Uzbekistan - 9 in 2000 and 2005.[14]

Former operators
Soviet Union - Passed on to successor states.

References
[1] [2] [3] [4] Global Security (http:/ / www. globalsecurity. org/ military/ world/ russia/ bmd-2-specs. htm) fas.org (http:/ / www. fas. org/ man/ dod-101/ sys/ land/ row/ bmd-2. htm) Pancerni.net 2 (http:/ / www. pancerni. abajt. pl/ index. php?option=com_content& task=view& id=88& Itemid=100& limit=1& limitstart=1) Pancerni.net BMD-1 2 (http:/ / www. pancerni. abajt. pl/ index. php?option=com_content& task=view& id=31& Itemid=43& limit=1& limitstart=1) [5] Pancerni.net BMD-1 (http:/ / www. pancerni. abajt. pl/ index. php?option=com_content& task=view& id=31& Itemid=43) [6] Gary's Combat Vehicle Reference Guide (http:/ / www. inetres. com/ gp/ military/ cv/ inf/ BMD-1. html) [7] Pancerni.net 1 (http:/ / www. pancerni. abajt. pl/ index. php?option=com_content& task=view& id=88& Itemid=100) [8] JED (http:/ / www. jedsite. info/ fulltrack-bravo/ bravo/ bmd2_series/ bmd2-series. html) [9] "" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080227010804/ http:/ / www. milparade. com/ Soderzhaniye. pdf). Archived from the original (http:/ / www. milparade. com/ Soderzhaniye. pdf) on 2008-02-27. . [10] Global Security BMD-1 (http:/ / www. globalsecurity. org/ military/ world/ russia/ bmd-1. htm) [11] fas.org BMD-1 (http:/ / www. fas. org/ man/ dod-101/ sys/ land/ row/ bmd-1. htm) [12] warfare.ru (http:/ / warfare. ru/ ?linkid=1782& catid=245) [13] Ground Forces Equipment - Ukraine (http:/ / www. globalsecurity. org/ military/ world/ ukraine/ groundforces-equipment. htm) [14] asia/uzbek-army-equipment.htm Uzbek-Army Equipment (http:/ / www. globalsecurity. org/ military/ world/ central)

BMD-1

64

BMD-1
BMD-1

BMD-1 on display in Kiev, near the Great Patriotic War Museum, before 4 September 2005. Type Placeoforigin Airborne Amphibious Tracked Infantry Fighting Vehicle
Soviet Union

Service history
Inservice Usedby Wars 1969 present See Operators See Service history and Combat history

Production history
Designer Designed Manufacturer Produced Variants Volgograd Tractor Plant 19651969 Volgograd Tractor Plant 1968 1987 (out of production) See Variants

Specifications (BMD-1)
Weight 7.5 tonnes [2][3][1] 8.3 tonnes (combat weight) 5.41 m 2.53 m 1.97 m
[2][3][1] [2][3][1] [2][3][1] [4] [1]

Length Width Height Crew

2 (driver, gunner) + 4 troopers (including commander and machine gunner)

BMD-1

65
Armor

cast magnesium alloy 2633 mm gun mantlet 23 mm at 42 turret front 19 mm at 36 turret side 13 mm at 30 turret rear 6 mm turret top [1][5][6] 15 mm at 78 upper hull front [1][5][6] 15 mm at 50 lower hull front [7][8] 10 mm rest of the hull 73 mm 2A28 "Grom" low pressure smoothbore short-recoil semi-automatic gun (40 [6] rounds) [4][9] ATGM launcher (three 9M14M or 9M113 or 9M111M ATGMs) 7.62 mm PKT coaxial tank machine gun (2,000 rounds) [6] 27.62 mm PKT bow tank machine guns (4,000 rounds) 5D-20 6-cylinder 4-stroke V-shaped liquid cooled 15.9 litre diesel [5][11] 241 hp (180 kW) at 2,600 rpm 32.1 hp/tonne (24 kW/tonne) 18.1 hp/tonne (13.5kW/tonne) (loaded with equipment) hydraulic independent torsion-bar
[12] [5][10] [6]

Main armament

Secondary armament Engine

Power/weight Suspension

Groundclearance Adjustable[5][12] [11][12] 100 mm to 450 mm Fuelcapacity Operational range Speed 300 l
[11] [2][3][1]

600 km (road) [11] 116 km (water)

80 km/h (road) [2][3][1] 45 km/h (cross country) [2][3][5][11] 10km/h (swimming)

[2][3][1]

The BMD-1 is a Soviet airborne amphibious tracked infantry fighting vehicle, which was introduced in 1969 and first seen by the West in 1970. BMD stands for Boyevaya Mashina Desanta (- , literally "Combat Vehicle of the Airborne").[13] It can be dropped by parachute and although it resembles the BMP-1 it is in fact much smaller. The BMD-1 was used as an IFV by the Soviet Army's airborne divisions. An improved variant of BMD-1 was developed, the BMD-2. The BMD-1 also provided a basis for the BTR-D airborne multi-purpose tracked APC.

Development
In the wake of the Cuban Missile Crisis the army was instructed to consider putting more emphasis on means to project power outside of the normal sphere of Soviet influence. As a result there was a major effort to develop the VDV (Soviet airborne forces) as a rapid deployment force. Soviet studies of airborne operations had shown that lightly armed paratroops were unable to deal with armoured forces. Also in early 1960s a BMP-1 infantry fighting vehicle was being developed. Before the BMP-1 entered service in 1966, Soviet Army high command decided to equip the newly created airborne divisions with similar vehicles. The use of Antonov An-12 aircraft at the time of the BMD development allowed the transport of only light armoured vehicles for an airborne drop that weighed less than seven tons. Because the existing BMP-1 weighed thirteen tonnes, it was effectively ruled out of being considered for the VDV service. The task of designing the BMD fell to the Volgograd Tractor Factory, which had produced an unsuccessful competitor to the Ob'yekt 764 that eventually

BMD-1 became the BMP-1 the Ob'yekt 914. The BMD design, Ob'yekt 915, was basically a trimmed down version of the Ob'yekt 914 smaller, lighter aluminium armour, while retaining the 73mm 2A28 "Grom" low pressure smoothbore short-recoil semi-automatic gun. The compromise made is the extremely cramped crew compartment. Development started in 1965 and trials started from 1967. A limited production began in 1968. After operational trials it was commissioned on 14 April 1969[9] and the serial production started in 1970, although the vehicle weight 500kg more than what the requirements stated (7.5 tonnes and 13.3 tonnes when loaded with equipment). Starting from 1977 a new modernized vehicle received a designation BMD-1P following adoption of the new 9P135M-1 ATGM launcher instead of 9S428 ATGM launcher, firing the 9M113 Konkurs (AT-5 Spandrel) and 9M111M Fagot or 9M111-2 (standard load: two 9M113 and one 9M111M missiles). Most of older BMD-1s were subsequently modernized this way.[9] In 1983, based on the combat experience in Afghanistan a decision was made to produce a new variant of the BMD with a weapon capable of engaging targets such as those faced by the airborne troops in that conflict. This resulted in "Ob'yekt 916" which later became BMD-2. A lengthened chassis of BMD-1 served as a basis for the BTR-D airborne multi-purpose tracked APC which itself served as a basis for many specialized airborne vehicles.

66

Description
Overview
The BMD-1 can be thought of as a BMP intended for airborne troops. The vehicle therefore must be lighter and smaller in order to meet airdrop weight requirements (the BMD-1 is secured to a pallet and parachute-dropped from cargo planes). BMD-1 has an unconventional layout for an IFV. From front to back of the vehicle the compartments are located in a following formation: BMD-1 three-view graphic. steering, fighting, troop and engine. This is because the BMD-1 is based on Ob'yekt 914 which in turn is based on the PT-76 amphibious light tank (refer Prototypes section in the BMP-1 article for details). This meant that transported troops had to mount and dismount the vehicle via the roof hatches which made them an easy target on the battlefield when these actions were performed.

Crew
The crew consist of four soldiers: driver, commander, gunner and bow machine gunner, two of which (commander and machine gunner) are included into number of soldiers carried.[4] The driver's station is located centrally in the front of the vehicle and has hatch that opens raising it and rotating it to the right. The driver is provided with three periscope vision blocks which allow him to view the outer environment when his hatch is closed. The center one can be replaced with a night vision device for use in night and bad visibility conditions or with an extended periscope for swimming with the trim vane erected.[10] On the left hand side of the driver is the commander's station. It is provided with a hatch, one periscope vision block, an outer environment observation device and R-123 radio set for communication. He also fires the left bow machine gun. The right one is operated by a bow machine gun gunner sits on the right hand side of the driver. The gunner's station is located on the left hand side of the turret like in the BMP-1 and has the same equipment (see Gunner's station section in BMP-1 article for details).[1][5]

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67

Turret
The BMD-1 has the same turret as the BMP-1.

Armament
The vehicle is armed with the 73mm 2A28 Grom gun and 7.62mm PKT coaxial tank machine gun. Mounted on the mantlet is the 9S428 ATGM launcher capable of firing 9M14 Malyutka (NATO: AT-3A Sagger A) and 9M14M Malyutka-M (NATO: AT-3B Sagger B) ATGMs (for which the vehicle carries 2 ATGMs in the turret). There are also two 7.62mm PKT machine guns in fixed mounts, one each in the corners of the bow.

Mobility
Maneuverability The vehicle is powered by 5D-20 6-cylinder 4-stroke V-shaped liquid cooled 15.9 liter diesel engine developing 270hp (201kW) at 2,600 revolutions per minute. The engine drives a manual gearbox with five forward gears and one reverse gear.[5] The BMD-1 has a maximum road speed of 80 kilometers per hour, reducing to around 45 kilometers per hour off-road and 10 kilometers per hour while swimming.[2][3][5][11] The BMD-1 can climb 0.8 meter high vertical obstacles, cross 1.6 meter wide trenches and 30% side slopes. It can climb 60% gradients.[5][6][12] The BMD-1 has a ground pressure of 0.57kg/cm.[6][12] The 230mm wide[12] track is driven at the rear and passes over five small evenly spaced road wheels suspended on independent torsion bars. On each side there is an idler wheel at the front, a rear drive sprocket and four track-return rollers. The independent suspension combines a hydraulic system for altering the ground clearance and maintaining the track tension with pneumatic springs, which enables the ground clearance to be altered from 100mm to 450mm.[5] Alterable ground clearance allows easier transportation in an airplane.[2][3][1] Amphibious ability The BMD-1 is fully amphibious, it can swim after switching on the two electric bilge pumps, erecting the two piece trim vane which improves vehicle's stability and displacement in water and prevents the water from flooding the bow of the tank and switching the driver's periscope for a swimming periscope that enables the driver to see over the trim vane. When not in use the trim vane is placed in its laying position in the front of the bow under the barrel of the main gun and serves as additional armour. There is also a manual bilge pump for emergency use. The bilge pumps keep the vehicle afloat even if it is hit, damaged or leaks. In water it is propelled by two hydrojets, one in each side of the hull, with the entrance under the hull and exits at the rear of the hull. The rear exits have lids that can be fully or partially closed, redirecting the water stream to the forward-directed exits at the sides of the hull, thus enabling the vehicle to turn or float reverse, for example, to go left, the left water-jet is covered, to go right, the right water-jet is covered and to make a 180 turn the left water-jet sucks in water and the right water-jet pushes it out. Air-drop techniques The vehicle can be transported by An-12, An-22, Il-76, An-124 airplanes and Mi-6 and Mi-26 helicopters.[10] The BMD was originally dropped under the MKS-350-9 multi-canopy parachute with a descending speed between 15m/s and 20m/s.[14] The intention was to drop the vehicle without the crew. This proved to be very problematic, since the crew frequently landed at a considerable distance from the vehicle and often had trouble finding it. Also the vehicle itself could easily land in a location from which it couldn't be extracted (either because of a lack of suitable equipment or because of the location being virtually inaccessible). Several experiments were done in the 1970s in order to find a way to circumvent these limitations, including dropping the BMD with the two key crew members, the driver and gunner, seated inside the vehicle during the descent. The first such test took place in January 1973,

BMD-1 and the concept was proved to be valid in a subsequent series of tests. A rocket parachute, the PRSM-915, was developed to ensure the vehicle's safe landing. To use the parachute, the BMD is first packed onto a special pallet before takeoff. To drop the BMD, a drogue chute is released that initially drags the BMD out of the Il-76 transport plane. Once clear of the plane a single large main chute opens. The deployment of the main chute triggers the deployment of four long rods which hang beneath the pallet. As soon as the rods touch the ground a retrorocket fires, slowing the BMD to a descending speed between 6m/s and 7m/s and giving it a relatively soft landing.[14] This system entered service in 1975 and allows a BMD to be relatively safely parachuted with both the driver and the gunner. An alternative radio location system also exists. Each crew member is given a radio receiver locked onto a transponder in its particular BMD, allowing each BMD crewman to quickly locate his respective vehicle after the airdrop.

68

Armour protection
The BMD-1's armour is made of cast magnesium alloy, in order to save weight. Combat experience in Afghanistan demonstrated that the armour itself would catch fire and burn fiercely, often killing the crew, when hit with a weapon such as an RPG. Later variants of the BMD had aluminium armour instead. Armour thickness is 23mm at 42 on the front of the turret, 19mm at 36 on the sides of the turret, 13mm at 30 on the rear of the turret, 6mm on the rear of the turret, 15mm on the front of the hull and 10mm on the rest of the hull.[2][3][1][7][8] Hull's front armour has two sections: upper and lower. The upper section is angled at 78 while the lower one is angled at 50.[5] It's resistant to small arms fire and shrapnel.

Troop compartment
Many compromises had to be made to the design in order to save the necessary weight, not least to crew comfort. The BMD-1 has extremely cramped interior space, which is much smaller than that found in the BMP-1 and BMP-2 IFVs. It can carry five infantrymen, including vehicle's commander, bow machine gunner and three soldiers seated behind a turret.[4] Nevertheless it is equipped with periscope vision blocks on the sides and rear of the vehicle. Also there are only three firing ports, two on each side of the hull and one in the rear. As a standard, the vehicle carries the following weapons inside the troop compartment: the RPG-7 or RPG-16 shoulder-launched anti-tank rocket propelled grenade launcher which is to be operated by two soldiers, RPKS light machine gun and five AKMS assault rifles.[4] It carries also portable launchers for 9M14M Malyutka missiles[4] (9M111/9M113 missiles in BMD-1P).

Equipment
The vehicle has electric and manual bilge pumps, Gpk-S9 gyro-compass, engine pre-heater, TDA smoke-generating equipment, FTP-100M NBC system, R-123 transceiver, R-124 intercom and a centralized ethylene-bromide fire-extinguishing system, the same as the one fitted to other former Soviet armoured vehicles.[10]

Service history
BMD-1 entered serial production in 1968. It was produced by Volgograd Tractor Plant. Two airborne regiments of each airborne division were equipped with BMD-1 IFVs. Overall each division operated 220 BMD-1 IFVs. It was observed by the West for the first time during Dvina exercise in the USSR in 1970. The West saw it for the second time during Moscow Red Square parade in November 1973. The West originally thought that the BMD-1 was a light tank before its true nature was known.[2][3][6] Because of its small crew, the introduction of the BMD led to a reduction in the number of soldiers in an airborne battalion, from 610 to 316 men. The firepower of the BMD also meant that some of the battalion's integral fire support could be done away with. In 1973 the BMD-1 completely

BMD-1 replaced the ASU-57 airborne assault guns in the Soviet airborne forces, increasing the firepower and maneuverability of the airborne division.[2][3][6] Since 1977 a number of Soviet BMD-1 IFVs underwent a modernization to BMD-1P standard.

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Soviet War in Afghanistan

It was widely used by airborne units during Soviet War in Afghanistan.[12] BMD-1 IFVs were not suited for fighting in mountain regions of hot Afghanistan as they were originally developed to provide airborne units with an IFV to give them a chance in engagements with enemy armour and allow them to operate in Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC) warfare conditions. In Soldiers ride on top of a BMD-1 in Kabul, Afghanistan the main enemies were not AFVs but land mines and Afghanistan, 25 March 1986. ambushes prepared by skillful Afghan Mujahideen armed with light anti-tank weapons, which meant that the BMD-1's anti-tank firepower was useless. Many BMD-1 IFVs fell victim to Mujahideen attacks and, especially, antitank landmines like quite many Soviet light AFVs sent there. The Soviet Army lost 1317 APCs and IFVs of all types during 9 years of war in Afghanistan.

Iraq
In 1990, BMD-1 IFVs were used by the Iraqi Army during first Gulf War. They were used for a second time during 2003 invasion of Iraq.

Former Yugoslavia
BMD-1 and BMD-1PK IFVs are used by Russian airborne units of KFOR. BMD-1 IFVs were used by Russian airborne units of SFOR.
A destroyed Iraqi BMD-1 IFV sits near an abandoned structure in Northern Iraq, during Operation Iraqi Freedom, 2 April 2003.

Present service
As of now BMD-1 and vehicles based on it are used by the following units of Russian Army or are stationed in following bases (this list does not include BTR-D APCs and BTR-D variants): 76th airborne (CDO) division from Pskov which is part of Leningrad Military District (210 BMD vehicles as of 2000), the subunits of this division include 104nd airborne regiment from Pskov (51 BMD-1) and 234th airborne regiment from Pskov (98 BMD-1).[15] 98th airborne division from Ivanovo (220 BMD vehicles as of 2000), the subunits of this division include 217th airborne regiment from Ivanovo (109 BMD-1) and 331nd airborne regiment from Kostroma (102 BMD-1).[15] 106th airborne division from Tula which is a part of the Moscow Military District (306 BMD as of 2000), the subunits of this division include 51stairborne regiment from Tula (93 BMD-1) and 137th airborne regiment from Ryazan (10 BMD-1).[15] 7th CDO mountain division from Novorossyysk (190 BMD and BMP vehicles as of 2000), the subunits of this division include 108th airborne regiment from Novorossyysk (70 BMD-1) and 743rd commandos battalion from Novorossyysk (6 BMD-1).[15]

BMD-1 31st independent airborne brigade from Ul'yanovsk which is a part of the Volga-Ural Military District (26 BMD-1 as of 2000).[15] Ryazan airborne troops institute (51 BMD-1).[15] 99th Internal Troops division from Rostov, Persianovka which is a part of the North Caucasus Military District (4 BMD-1 and 33 BMD-1 IFVs in the Cherkmen regiment).[16] 81st tank repair plant from Armavir (Krasnodar) (1 BMD-1).[17]

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BMD's replacement
The Russian military was considering replacing the BMD series altogether with the GAZ-3937. This very lightweight wheeled armoured personnel carrier incorporates plastic and carbon fibre in its construction, as well as aluminum. The GAZ-3937 can be air-dropped like the BMD, but is considerably lighter and less expensive to manufacture. Since the GAZ-3937 lacks the armor protection, cross-country mobility, and heavy armament of the BMD series, and is armed only with a 7.62mm PKM machine gun in front of the commander's hatch, the BMD-4 (an upgraded BMD-3) has been selected for the future use of the Russian airborne and naval infantry. The BMD-4 uses the same 100mm main gun with 30mm autocannon and 7.62mm medium machine gun turret on an improved, larger hull raising overall weight to the 15-ton class. The waterjet swim propulsion systems of the BMD-3/4 are strong enough to enable ship-to-shore transport resulting in Russian naval infantry use.

Combat history
19752002 Angolan Civil War 19791988 Soviet War in Afghanistan 19901991 First Persian Gulf War 19992009 Second Chechen War 2003 Second Persian Gulf War (all destroyed in the first month of the war) 2008 South Ossetia War

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71

Variants
Former USSR
BMD First production model.[2][3][1] BMD-1 (Ob'yekt 915) Final production model. It has a dome-shaped NBC filter intake on the right hand side of the center of the hull roof.[2][3][1] BMD-1K (K stands for komandirskaya command) Command variant fitted with R-126 and R-107 transceivers, two Clothes Rail antennas and a generator box. It's sometimes called BMD-K.[2][3][1][6] BMD-1P BMD-1 modernization with its 9S428 ATGM launcher replaced by pintle-mounted 9P135M-1 ATGM launcher capable of firing 9M113 "Konkurs" (AT-5 Spandrel), 9M113M "Konkurs-M" (AT-5B Spandrel B), 9M111 "Fagot" (AT-4 Spigot) and 9M111-2 "Fagot" (AT-4B Spigot B) ATGMs. Entered service in 1977.[2][3][1][6]

A Russian BMD-2 with SFOR markings parked

in front of several trailer units at the Russian BMD-1PK (K stands for komandirskaya command) airborne brigade in Tojsici, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Command variant of BMD-1P. It is fitted with an 1 January 1996. additional R-123M radio set, a generator, the GPK-59 gyroscopic compass, the PRKhR radiation and chemical reconnaissance unit and two attachable tables. The machine gun mounted in the left corner of the bow of the hull has been eliminated as well as one of the seats. The crew consists of 6 men. The ammo load was reduced by one 9M113 "Konkurs" (AT-5 Spandrel) ATGM and 250 7.62mm machine gun rounds.[6]

BMD-1M BMD-1 with smoke grenade launchers on the rear of the turret, improved ventilation and road wheels.[2][3][1][6] BMD-1 with its 73mm 2A28 "Grom" main gun replaced by 30mm autocannon. BMD-1 with its 73mm 2A28 "Grom" main gun replaced by 30mm AGS-17 "Plamya" automatic grenade launcher. BMD-1 converted into a mortar carrier. BMD-1 with turret mounted 2B9 Vasilek mortar. BMD-1 converted into a self-propelled multiple rocket launcher. The armament was removed and replaced by a vision device. Fitted on top of the turret is a small box-type launcher for 1280mm rockets. BMD-2 (Ob'yekt 916) BMD-1 variant with a new one-man turret armed with stabilized 30mm 2A42 multi-purpose autocannon and 7.62mm PKT coaxial tank machine gun (mounted on the right hand side of the main gun). The vehicle carries 300 rounds for the main gun (180 AP and 120 HE) and 2,940 rounds for the machine gun. The gun has a maximum elevation of 75 and can be used to fire at air targets. The turret is also armed with pintle-mounted 9P135M launcher, on the right hand side of the roof of the turret, with semi-automatic control capable of firing SACLOS guided 9M113 "Konkurs" (AT-5 Spandrel) and 9M113M "Konkurs-M" (AT-5B Spandrel B) ATGMs. The new turret seats the gunner on the left hand side of the main gun. On top of the turret there's one single piece circular hatch opening to the front. Located in front of the said hatch is the gunner's sight which is the same one as the one used in BMP-2. Another gunner's sight is located on the left hand side of the main gun and moves in vertical planes along with it. It is a high angle of fire sight used when the gunner is aiming at air targets. The vehicle also has additional periscopes that provide it with vision on the sides. A white searchlight is mounted in front of the turret. The amount of bow mounted tank machine guns decreased from two to one. The right hand side bow mounted

BMD-1 machine gun was preserved. NATO gave it the designation BMD M1981/1.[2][3] BTR-D (Ob'yekt 925) (bronyetransportyor) Lengthened variant (with 6 rather than 5 road wheels), slightly up-armoured at the front. The BTR-D has no turret but is armed with two bow-mounted machine guns PKB and can be fitted with pintle-mounted automatic grenade launchers (AGS-17, AGS-30 or AGS-57) and/or machine guns (PKM, 6P41, "Utyos" or "Kord"). Entered service in 1974 and can carry 10 passengers. Combat weight: 8.5 tons.

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Belarus
BMD-1 fitted with 2A42 Cobra overhead mount modular one-man turret.

Russia
BMD-1 modernization fitted with TKB-799 "Kliver" one-man weapons station developed by Tula Instrument Engineering Design Bureau (KBP). It is armed with a missile pod, a 30mm 2A72 multipurpose autocannon (it can be used against both ground targets and air targets) and a 7.62mm PKTM coaxial general purpose machine gun. The missile pod is mounted on the right side of the weapons station and normally holds four 9M133 Kornet (AT-14 Spriggan) or 9M133F "Kornet" ATGMs with laser jam-resistant fire control system but these can be removed and replaced by a pod of 9K38 Igla (SA-18 Grouse) surface-to-air missiles. It carries 300 rounds for the main gun, 2000 rounds for PKTM machine gun and 4 ATGMs. It also has a modern computerized fire control system with two-plane stabilizer, 1K13-2 telescopic sight with distance measurement/thermal/laser channels and ballistic calculator with external sensors.[2][3][6]

Operators
Angola [12] Armenia 10[12] Azerbaijan 41[12] Belarus 124 in 1995, 154 in 2000, 2003 and 2005.[12][18] India [12] Iran 200 in service as of 1998. Moldova 44 BMD-1 9 BTR-D and also 9 2S9.[12] Russia About 715 in active service and more than 2,400 in storage.[1][12] Ukraine 61 in 1995, 2000 and 2005.[12][19] Uzbekistan 110 in 1995, 120 in 2000 and 2005.[12][20]

BMD-1 of 103rd Mobile Brigade, Belarus

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73

Former operators
Cuba Left to Angolan forces free of pay. Iraq 10 ordered in 1980 and delivered in 1981.[21] All destroyed or scrapped. Soviet Union Passed on to successor states.

Notes
[1] warfare.ru (http:/ / warfare. ru/ ?catid=245& linkid=2313). warfare.ru. Retrieved on 20 September 2011. [2] Global Security (http:/ / www. globalsecurity. org/ military/ world/ russia/ bmd-1. htm). Global Security. Retrieved on 20 September 2011. [3] fas.org (http:/ / www. fas. org/ man/ dod-101/ sys/ land/ row/ bmd-1. htm). fas.org. Retrieved on 20 September 2011. [4] Maksim Sayenko. "Bronya krylyatoy pyekhoty" (Armour of "Winged infnatry"). Tekhnika i Vooruzhenie no.08/2006, p. 28-32 (Russian) [5] Pancerni.net 1 (http:/ / www. pancerni. abajt. pl/ index. php?option=com_content& task=view& id=31& Itemid=43). Pancerni.abajt.pl. Retrieved on 20 September 2011. [6] Gary's Combat Vehicle Reference Guide (http:/ / www. inetres. com/ gp/ military/ cv/ inf/ BMD-1. html) [7] Global Security BMD-2 (http:/ / www. globalsecurity. org/ military/ world/ russia/ bmd-2-specs. htm). Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved on 20 September 2011. [8] BMD-2 (http:/ / www. fas. org/ man/ dod-101/ sys/ land/ row/ bmd-2. htm). Fas.org. Retrieved on 20 September 2011. [9] Maksim Sayenko. "Bronya krylyatoy pyekhoty" (Armour of "Winged infnatry"). Tekhnika i Vooruzhenie no.09/2006, p. 29-36 (Russian) [10] Pancerni.net BMD-2 1 (http:/ / www. pancerni. abajt. pl/ index. php?option=com_content& task=view& id=88& Itemid=100). Pancerni.abajt.pl. Retrieved on 20 September 2011. [11] Pancerni.net 2 (http:/ / www. pancerni. abajt. pl/ index. php?option=com_content& task=view& id=31& Itemid=43& limit=1& limitstart=1). Pancerni.abajt.pl. Retrieved on 20 September 2011. [12] A Brief Guide to Russian Armored Fighting Vehicles (http:/ / www. aeronautics. ru/ archive/ armored_vehicles/ bmd-1. htm) [13] Internet Archive Wayback Machine (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20061103033619/ http:/ / www. milparade. com/ Soderzhaniye. pdf). Web.archive.org (3 November 2006). Retrieved on 20 September 2011. [14] Pancerni.net BMD-2 2 (http:/ / www. pancerni. abajt. pl/ index. php?option=com_content& task=view& id=88& Itemid=100& limit=1& limitstart=1). Pancerni.abajt.pl. Retrieved on 20 September 2011. [15] VDV (http:/ / www. warfare. ru/ ?catid=239& linkid=2241). Warfare.ru. Retrieved on 20 September 2011. [16] North Caucasus Military District (http:/ / warfare. ru/ ?linkid=2227& catid=321). Warfare.ru. Retrieved on 20 September 2011. [17] General Staff (http:/ / warfare. ru/ ?linkid=2223& catid=239). Warfare.ru. Retrieved on 20 September 2011. [18] Belarus Army Equipment (http:/ / www. globalsecurity. org/ military/ world/ belarus/ army-equipment. htm). Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved on 20 September 2011. [19] Ground Forces Equipment Ukraine (http:/ / www. globalsecurity. org/ military/ world/ ukraine/ groundforces-equipment. htm). Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved on 20 September 2011. [20] Uzbek-Army Equipment (http:/ / www. globalsecurity. org/ military/ world/ centralasia/ uzbek-army-equipment. htm). Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved on 20 September 2011. [21] SIPRI Arms Transfers Database (http:/ / armstrade. sipri. org/ arms_trade/ trade_register. php). Armstrade.sipri.org. Retrieved on 20 September 2011.

References
Hull, A.W., Markov, D.R., Zaloga, S.J. (1999). Soviet/Russian Armor and Artillery Design Practices 1945 to Present. Darlington Productions. ISBN 1-892848-01-5. Perrett, Bryan (1987). Soviet Armour Since 1945. London: Blandford Press. ISBN0-7137-1735-1.

External links
DishModels.ru: Walkaround of BMD-1 in Saratov (http://www.dishmodels.ru/wshow.htm?p=1760) DishModels.ru: Walkaround of BMD-2 in Saratov (http://www.dishmodels.ru/wshow.htm?p=1761)

Main Battle Tank 3000

74

Main Battle Tank 3000

Main Battle Tank 3000
Scale model of MBT3000 Type Placeoforigin Main battle tank
China

Service history
Usedby People's Liberation Army

Production history
Designer Norinco Manufacturer Norinco Produced Under development

Specifications
Weight Length Width Height Crew Main armament Secondary armament Engine Power/weight Suspension Operational range Speed 52 t
[1] [1]

10.10 m 3.50 m 2.40 m

[1] [1]

3 (commander, driver, gunner) 125mm (4.9in) smoothbore 1 12.7mm (0.5in) AA MG 1 7.62mm (0.3in) coaxial MG Turbocharged diesel engine 1,300hp (969kW) 25 hp/tonne torsion bar 500km (310mi) 68km/h (42mph)

The Main Battle Tank 3000 (MBT3000) is a third generation main battle tank currently under development by Norinco with an expected delivery for China's People's Liberation Army in 2014.[2]

Main Battle Tank 3000

75

Design
Armament
Primary The tank gun is a 125mm (4.9in) smoothbore, which can fire various shells including: kinetic energy penetrator, high explosive squash head and high explosive anti-tank warhead.[2] In addition, the main gun can fire anti-tank missiles with a maximum range of 5,000m (5,500yd).[2] The MBT3000 can carry thirty eight rounds of main ammunition with a maximum loading speed of eight rounds per minute with twenty two rounds on the autoloader.[2] Secondary The MBT3000 has a 12.7mm (0.5in) anti-aircraft machine gun and a 7.62mm (0.3in) coaxial machine gun.[2] Fire-control system The tank's fire-control system includes a digital imaging system that consists of a second generation cooled thermographic imager for the gunner and the tank commander.[2]

Mobility
The MBT3000 has a water-cooled turbocharger electronic-controlled diesel engine with 1,300hp (969kW).[2] The MBT3000 has a cruise speed of 68km/h (42mph) and has an operational range of 500km (310mi).[2] The tank uses digital technology with an inertial navigation system and Global Positioning System.[2] The tanks ford depth is 4.5m (4.9yd) and it has a trench of 2.7m (3yd).[2] The tank driver has a first generation uncooled thermographic imager.[2]

Protection
The tank has a fire extinguisher feature and explosion suppression system.[2] The gradient is at maximum sixty-percent.[2] Countermeasures The MBT3000 countermeasures include eight 76mm (3in) smoke grenade launchers and four 76mm (3in) shrapnel grenade launchers.[2]

References
[1] http:/ / www. asian-defence. com/ 2012/ 06/ norinco-mbt-3000-main-battle-tank. html#. UIy5LWf6gnR [2] Asian Defence: China's Norinco New MBT-3000 Tank (http:/ / www. asian-defence. net/ 2012/ 06/ chinas-norinco-new-mbt-3000-tank. html#more)

Kanonenjagdpanzer

76

Kanonenjagdpanzer
Kanonenjagdpanzer

Type Placeoforigin

Tank destroyer
West Germany

Service history
Inservice Usedby 1965 - 1990
West Germany Belgium

Production history
Manufacturer Henschel and Hanomag Produced 1965 - 1967

Specifications
Weight Length Width Height Crew Armor Main armament Secondary armament Engine 27.5 tonnes Total: 8.75m (28ft8in) Hull: 6.24m (20ft6in) 2.98m (9ft9in) 2.09m (6ft10in) 4 (commander, gunner, loader, driver) 10 - 50mm 1 x Rheinmetall BK 90/L40 90mm anti-tank gun 2 x 7.62mm MG3 machine guns 8 smoke dischargers 2,94l MTU MB 837 Aa V8 water-cooled multi-fuel diesel-engine 500 hp (368 kW) torsion bar 385km (239mi) 70km/h (43.5 mph)

Suspension Operational range Speed

The Kanonenjagdpanzer 4 - 5 (also known as Jagdpanzer Kanone 90mm, or tank destroyer, gun) was a German Cold War tank destroyer equipped with a 90mm anti-tank gun from obsolete M47 Patton tanks. Its design was very

Kanonenjagdpanzer similar to that of the World War II Jagdpanzer IV.

77

History
The first prototypes of the Kanonenjagdpanzer were built in 1960 by Hanomag and Henschel for West Germany and by MOWAG for Switzerland. Hanomag and Henschel continued to produce prototypes, until between 1966 and 1967, 770 were built for the Bundeswehr, 385 by Hanomag and 385 by Henschel. Eighty of them were delivered to Belgium from April 1975 onward.[1] When the Soviets began deploying their T-64 and T-72 main battle tanks, the 90mm gun wasn't capable of ensuring long-range combat and the Kanonenjagdpanzer became obsolete. Although the producers claimed it could be rearmed with a 105mm gun,[1] between 1983 and 1985, 163 of these tank destroyers were converted into anti-tank guided missile carrying Raketenjagdpanzer Jaguar 2 by removing the gun, adding a roof-mounted TOW missile launcher and fastening further spaced and perforated armour on the hull. Some others were refitted by removing the main gun into artillery observation vehicles, so called Beobachtungspanzer, which served most particularly in the mortar units. Some Kanonenjagdpanzer remained into service with the Heimatschutztruppe until 1990.

Design
The Kanonenjagdpanzer was a highly mobile vehicle, its survivability based on its mobility and its low profile.[1] Its hull consisted of welded steel, which had a maximum thickness of only 50mm. It carried a crew of four, a commander, driver, gunner and a loader. Since the Kanonenjagdpanzer followed the casemate design of most World War II tank destroyers, the gun was fixed within the casemate, located a little right from the center. The 90mm gun could only traverse 15 to the sides and elevate from -8 to +15. It carried 51 90mm rounds for the main gun and 4000 7,62mm rounds for the two MG3s.[1] The Kanonenjagdpanzer had NBC protection and night-fighting ability.[1]

Operators
West Germany - The German Army operated a total of 770 Kanonenjagdpanzer Belgium - The Belgian Army operated 80 slightly modified Kanonenjagdpanzer from 1975 onwards

External links
Panzerbr [2] (de)

References
[1] Panzer und andere Kampffahrzeuge von 1916 bis heute, Christopher F. Foss, Buch und Zeit Verlagsgesellschaft, p.134 (German) [2] http:/ / www. panzerbaer. de/ types/ bw_kanjgpz_90-a. htm

M55 Self Propelled Howitzer

78

M55 Self Propelled Howitzer

M55

M55 howitzer in the US Army Ordnance Museum Type Placeoforigin Self-propelled artillery
United States

Service history
Inservice Usedby Wars 1970s (Belgium)
United States Belgium

Vietnam War

Production history
Manufacturer Pacific Car and Foundry Co. Produced 1950s

Specifications
Weight Length Crew Armour Main armament Secondary armament Engine 44 metric tons 9.75 m 6 25 mm (maximum) (Rolled homogeneous armour) 203.2 mm M47 howitzer (10 rounds) .50 cal M2HB machine gun (900 rounds) Continental AV-1790-5B (12 cylinder, 4 cycle, 90 vee gasoline) 810 hp at 2800 rpm (gross) 704 hp at 2800 rpm (net) Allison CD-850-4A (two ranges forward, one reverse) torsion bar 160mi (260km) 30mph (48km/h)

Transmission Suspension Operational range Speed

M55 Self Propelled Howitzer The M55 was an American fully enclosed and armored self-propelled artillery based on the M53 155mm assault gun. It had a traversable, to a certain degree - 30 left or right, turret armed with a 203.2mm howitzer, carrying only 10 rounds of ammunition. The gun had a maximum range of 16,916 meters (10.51 miles) with a rate of fire of one round every two minutes. The M55 armor was light, 25mm maximum, but sufficient to protect the crew from indirect artillery hits or small arms fire. The M55 used components of the M47 Patton tank, but the automotive aspects were reversed. The engine was mounted in the front and drove through a front-drive sprocket. The driver's cupola is visible on the front left of the turret, and spare track blocks were stored on the turret front. The M55 was used during the Vietnam War, and subsequently withdrawn from service in the US military.

79

References
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/m55-8.htm http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/m55-8-specs.htm http://www.battletanks.com/m55.htm http://afvdb.50megs.com/usa/8insphm55.html

Flakpanzer Gepard

80

Flakpanzer Gepard
Flugabwehrkanonenpanzer Gepard

Gepard 1A2 of the German Army Type Placeoforigin Self-propelled anti-aircraft gun
West Germany

Specifications
Weight Length Width Height Crew Armor Main armament Secondary armament Engine Power/weight Suspension Operational range Speed 47.5t (46.7long tons; 52.4short tons) Overall: 7.68m (25ft2in) 3.71m (12ft2in) Radar retracted: 3.29m (10ft10in) 3 (driver, gunner, commander) conventional steel 2 35 mm autocannon, each with 320 rounds anti-air ammunition and 20 rounds anti-tank 2 quad 76mm smoke grenade dischargers 10-cylinder, 37,400cc (2,280cuin) MTU multi-fuel engine 830 PS (819 hp, 610 kW) 17.5 PS/t Torsion bar suspension 550km (340mi) 65km/h (40mph)

The Flugabwehrkanonenpanzer Gepard ("anti-aircraft cannon tank Cheetah", better known as the Flakpanzer Gepard) is an autonomous, all-weather-capable German self-propelled anti-aircraft gun (SPAAG). It was developed in the 1960s and fielded in the 1970s, and has been upgraded several times with the latest electronics. It constituted a cornerstone of the air defence of the German Army (Bundeswehr) and a number of other NATO countries. In Germany, the Gepard was phased out in late 2010 to be replaced by "SysFla", a mobile and stationary air defence system using the LFK NG missile and the new MANTIS gun system. The mobile platform of SysFla will likely be based on the GTK Boxer.[1]

Flakpanzer Gepard

81

Description
The vehicle is based on the hull of Leopard 1 tank with a large fully rotating turret carrying the armamenta pair of 35 mm Oerlikon KDA autocannons and the two radar dishesa general search radar at the rear of the turret and the tracking radar, and a laser rangefinder, at the front between the guns. Each gun has a firing rate of 550 rounds/min. The guns are 90 calibres (3.15m (10ft4in)) long, with a muzzle velocity of 1,440m/s (4,700ft/s) (FAPDSFrangible Armour Piercing Discarding Sabot rounds), giving an effective range of 5,500 m. The KDA autocannon can take two different ammunition types, and the usual loading is a mix of 320 AA and 20 AP rounds per gun. Combined rate of fire is 1,100 rounds/min. The electrically driven turret is powered by a 40kW generator driven by a 4-cylinder, 3.8 litre Mercedes-Benz OM 314 multi-fuel engine. Since the eighties Stinger teams have been accompanying the Gepard units, to take advantage of their long-range scanning capacity. To combine this capacity in a single unit a missile system upgrade which mounts the NATO ManPad Stinger surface-to-air missile (in twin packs) to the autocannons was developed. The system was tested by the German Bundeswehr but not bought due to budget restrictions and the fielding of the Ozelot Light Flak (leFla) System. The Gepard was developed from 1963 onwards. In 1969 construction began of four A prototypes testing both 30 and 35mm guns. On 25 June 1970 it was decided to use the 35mm type. In 1971 twelve second phase B prototypes were ordered; the same year the Dutch army ordered a CA preseries of five vehicles based on a parallel development that had used a German 0-series Leopard 1 vehicle made available by the German government in March 1970 as the C-prototype. The Germans made a small preseries of both the B1and B2R. On 5 February 1973 the political decision was made to produce the type; in September 1973 the contract was signed with Krauss-Maffei for 432 B2 turrets and 420 hulls with a total value of DM1,200,000,000. Each vehicle would thus be about three times more expensive than a normal Leopard 1. The first was delivered in December 1976. Belgium ordered 55 vehicles, identical to the German version. The Dutch ordered three batches, the CA1, CA2 and CA3, with a total of 95 vehicles, equipped with Philips radar systems.

Technology and systems

Chassis and propulsion
The Gepard is based on a slightly modified chassis of the main battle tank Leopard 1, including the complete drive unit with a 37.4-liter 10-cylinder multi-fuel engine (type: MB 838 CaM 500) with two mechanical loaders built by MTU. The V-engine with a cylinder angle of 90 degrees has 610kW at 2200 RPM (830PS) and consumes depending on the surface and on driving style around 150 liters per 100 kilometers. To ensure a steady supply of oil even in difficult terrain and under extreme skew, the engine is provided with a dry sump forced lubrication. Even the gearbox (type: 4 HP-250) from ZF Friedrichshafen and the exhaust system with fresh air admixture to reduce the infrared signature were taken by the Leopard 1 MBT. At location of the second ammunition magazine of the main battle tank the Gepard is equipped with the auxiliary engine for the energy supply system on the front left. The 4-cylinder diesel engine by Daimler-Benz (type: OM 314) is also designed as a multi-fuel engine and produceswith a capacity of 3.8 liter66kW (90PS). It consumes depending on the operational status of the tank between 10 and 20 liters per hour (l/h). The auxiliary engine is coupled with five generators to operate at different speeds: Two Metadyn machines in tandem with a flywheel (which is used to store energy during acceleration and deceleration of the tower) for the power of the vertical and horizontal directional drives, two 380-Hz three-phase generators with a capacity of 20 kVA for the ventilation, fire control and radar systems, and a 300-A 28-volt direct current generator for the electrical system. The fuel capacity is 985 liters to ensure a combined operating time of approximately 48 hours.

Flakpanzer Gepard The chassis and the track were taken directly from the Leopard 1. It is a torsion bar spring mounted support roller drive with seven roller pairs. They are connected to the torsion bars on swing arms, whose deflection is limited by volute springs. The Rubber-mounted shocks were modified to achieve better stability during fire fighting. The chain is manufactured by the company Diehl, chain pads fitted, "living" chain (type: D 640 A). The modification of the hull is only slight, i.e. a modified roller distance (8cm increased distance between the third and fourth roller) and the transfer of additional batteries in battery boxes at the rear. The batteries and the electrical system operate at 24 volts DC.

82

Variants
There are two variants of Gepard in service; the Dutch has a different radar installation. Germany Search radar: S band, 15km range Tracking radar: Ku band, 15km range Laser rangefinder Netherlands Search radar: X band, 15km range Tracking radar: X/Ka band, 13km range The Dutch version was officially called the PRTL (PantserRupsTegenLuchtdoelen or "Armoured Tracked Anti-Aircraft"), pronounced as "pruttle" by the soldiers. The Dutch series version was made public through a photograph of a vehicle from a C-Company, the first to be Closeup of the gun muzzle and the equipped with the new weapon. Traditionally all Dutch vehicles in a company projectile velocity sensor have names beginning with the company designation letter and this vehicle happened to have the individual name Cheetah painted in bold type on its turret. Inevitably the international press assumed "Cheetah" was the Dutch name for their Gepard version and this mistake found its way into most armour publications on the subject. In 2000 the Dutch military authorities, tired of constantly having to explain all this and considering "pruttle" was hardly a martial name anyway, conformed themselves to common error and made "Cheetah" the official designation, when the system was upgraded.

Users

A Gepard 1A2 of the German Army

Dutch PRTL

Belgium: 55 delivered, withdrawn from service.

Flakpanzer Gepard Brazil: 36 on order for the Brazilian Army.[2] Chile: Former user. Four vehicles delivered in 2008, and returned in January 2011. Equipment originally operated by the Bundeswehr. Order of 30 vehicles cancelled due to high overhaul/upgrade costs.[3] Germany: 377 originally built for the Bundeswehr, 94 remain in service until 2010 and will then be stored until SysFla is fully introduced. Netherlands: 95 delivered, withdrawn from service. Romania: 43 delivered (36 + 7 for spares), all ex-Bundeswehr stocks.[4]

83

Comparable systems
M247 Sergeant York Marksman anti-aircraft system PZA Loara Tunguska-M1 Type 95 SPAAA Type 87 self-propelled anti-aircraft gun ZSU-23-4 Shilka

Notes
[1] "The "Cheetah" has served its purpose" (http:/ / www. kn-online. de/ lokales/ ploen/ 141342-Der-Gepard-hat-ausgedient. html) (in German). KN-Online. 9 March 2010. . Retrieved 16 April 2010. [2] Brazilian Army will acquire 36 Gepard anti-aircraft guns (http:/ / www. armyrecognition. com/ december_2012_new_army_military_defence_industry/ brazilian_army_will_acquire_36_gepard_german-made_35mm_anti-aircraft_armoured_vehicles_1012122. html) - Armyrecognition.com, December 10, 2012 [3] Chile devolve os Gepard (http:/ / www. segurancaedefesa. com/ Gepard_ECh_Devolve. html) [4] "Self-propelled antiaircraft complex "Cheetah"" (http:/ / www. forter. ro/ ro/ inzestrare/ ghepard/ ) (in Romanian). Romanian Ministry of Defence. . Retrieved 16 April 2010.

External links
Gepard Photos and Walk Arounds on Prime Portal (http://www.primeportal.net/apc/gepard.htm) Gepard (http://www.army-technology.com/projects/gepard/) at Army Technology Gepard (http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/europe/gepard.htm) at GlobalSecurity.org Gepard (http://defencejournal.com/feb-mar99/gepard.htm) at Defence Journal

M247 Sergeant York

84

M247 Sergeant York

M247 Sergeant York

A cutaway of the M247 Type Placeoforigin Self-propelled antiaircraft gun

United States

Production history
Designer Designed Produced Ford Aerospace 197785 50

Specifications
Weight Length 54.4 ton
[1]

7.67 m (gun forward) [1] 6.42 m (hull only) 3.63 m 3.42 3

[1] [1]

Width Height Crew Shell Elevation Traverse Rateoffire

[1]

0.96 (projectile) -5 to +85 360

[1] [1] [1]

[1]

600 rpm

Maximumrange 12.5 km[1] Main armament Engine 2 Bofors 40 mm L/70 580 rounds

Continental AVDS-1790-2D [1] diesel [1] 750 hp torsion bar 500 km

[1]

Suspension Operational range Speed

48 km/h (road)

[1]

M247 Sergeant York

85

The M247 Sergeant York DIVAD (Division Air Defense) was a self-propelled anti-aircraft gun (SPAAG), developed by Ford Aerospace in the late 1970s. Based on the M48 Patton tank, it replaced the Patton's turret with a new one that featured twin radar-directed 40 mm rapid-fire guns. The vehicle was named after Sergeant Alvin York, a famous World War I hero. The Sergeant York was intended to fight alongside the M1 Abrams and M2 Bradley fighting vehicles in the U.S. Army, in a role similar to the Soviet ZSU-23-4 and German Gepard. It would replace the M163 Vulcan Air Defense System and MIM-72 Chaparral, ad-hoc systems of limited performance that had been introduced when the more advanced MIM-46 Mauler failed to mature. Despite the use of many off the shelf technologies that were intended to allow rapid and low-cost development, a series of technical problems and massive cost overruns resulted in the cancellation of the project in 1985.

History
Prior efforts
The first effective SPAAG in U.S. Army service was the all-manual M19 Gun Motor Carriage, based on the chassis of the M24 Chaffee. The turret of the M19 was later modified and mounted onto the M41 Walker Bulldog light tank chassis to produce the M42 Duster. While capable for the era it was designed in, by the time it reached widespread service in the late 1950s it was clear that it was ineffective against high-speed jet-powered targets. The Duster was completely removed from service by 1963, only to be re-introduced briefly during the Vietnam War when its replacement never arrived.[2] The first proposed replacement for the Duster was the Sperry Vigilante, which referred to the six-barreled 37mm Gatling gun proposed as the basis for a new SPAAG. Although the gun was extremely powerful, at some point in the late 1950s the Army decided that all gun-based systems were out of date.[3] The next proposed replacement for the Duster was the ambitious MIM-46 Mauler. Mauler mounted a nine-missile magazine on top of an adapted M113 Armored Personnel Carrier chassis, along with detection and tracking radars. Mauler featured a completely automatic fire control system, with the operators simply selecting targets and pressing "OK". It would be able to respond to low-flying high-speed targets at any angle out to a range of about five miles. However, Mauler proved to be beyond the state-of-the-art and ran into intractable problems during development. Realizing it was not going to enter service any time soon, it was downgraded to a technology demonstration program in 1963, and eventually cancelled outright in 1965.[4] Still lacking an effective anti-aircraft system, the Army started development of two stop-gap systems that were meant to operate in concert. The M163 VADS combined the M61 Vulcan cannon, the M113 chassis, and an all-optical fire control system with a simple lead-computing gunsight. Suitable for "snap shots" against nearby targets, the VADS system was equipped only with a small ranging radar for the gunsight, its firing range being too small to justify a larger tracking radar. VADS was intended to operate in concert with the MIM-72 Chaparral, which combined the AIM-9 Sidewinder missile with a more heavily modified version of the M113 chassis.[5] The Chaparral's AIM-9D missiles were capable of tail-chase launches only, but offered ranges up to 5 miles. Also using an all-optical firing system, the Chaparral nevertheless required the operator to "settle" the missiles on the target for a period of time to allow them to lock on, limiting its ability to deal with quickly moving targets. Both vehicles were optionally supported by the AN/MPQ-49 Forward Area Alerting Radar (FAAR), but this system was towed by the Gama Goat and could not be used near the front lines.[5] The pair of weapons was, at best, a nuisance to the enemy and had limited performance against modern aircraft. At one point the Army started to become concerned about developments in sensor technologies that would allow attacks by fixed-wing aircraft at night or in bad weather. They developed a requirement for a weapon system able to operate using FLIR and a laser rangefinder in order to counter these threats. However, the rest of the military

M247 Sergeant York establishment disapproved of the idea; even the US Air Force was able to carry out only limited operations in bad weather, and the Soviets had a considerably less capable force in this regard. The idea gained little traction and died.[6]

86

Pop-up problems
During the late 1960s the combination of the helicopter and anti-tank missiles improved to the point where they became a major threat to armoured operations. The U.S. led the field with their TOW missile on the Cobra gunship, demonstrating this powerful combination in combat in 1972's Easter Offensive.[7] The Soviets initially lagged the U.S., but the introduction of the 9K114 Shturm missile on the Mil Mi-24 in the 1970s offered the USSR a level of parity. Unlike fixed-wing aircraft, attack helicopters had the ability to loiter near the front behind cover and pick their targets. They would then An M247 Sergeant York on display at Sgt. Alvin "pop up", launch a missile, and return to cover as soon as the missile C. York State Historic Park, Tennessee. hit its target. Using fast-reacting wire-guided or radio-command missiles meant the total engagement time was kept to a minimum, as there was little or no "lock-on" time required; the operator simply fired as soon as they were clear of the terrain, and then adjusted the missile's flight path onto the target while it flew. Against these aircraft, the Vulcan/Chaparral combination was effectively useless.[8] The Vulcan could react quickly enough to the fleeting targets, but its 20mm gun had an effective range of only about 1,200meters, far shorter than the 3,000 to 5,000meters range of the "Spiral". While the Chaparral had enough range to engage the "Hind", its lengthy lock-on period meant the Hind would have hit its target and hidden behind terrain again before the Sidewinder would reach it. Additionally, the older Sidewinder missiles used on Chaparral homed in on exhaust, and had limited capability against helicopters faced head-on. The limited effectiveness of the Vulcan/Chaparral was not the only problem the US Army was facing in the late 1970s. At the time they were also in the process of introducing the new M1 Abrams and M2 Bradley vehicles, which had dramatically improved cross-country performance. The M113-based Vulcan and Chaparral could not keep up with them on the advance, which would leave the new vehicles open to attack in a fast moving front.[9] Finally, the Soviets were widely introducing the ZSU-23-4 "Shilka", which was cause for some concern after it appeared in the Middle East. Israeli pilots attempting to avoid fire from Syrian SA-6 batteries would fly low, directly into the Shilka's envelope. Several aircraft were lost or damaged.[10] The Shilka proved that a modern SPAAG was effective against modern aircraft.

DIVAD
For all of these reasons, the Army developed the "Advanced Radar-directed Gun Air Defense System" (ARGADS) requirement for a new weapon system combining the reaction speed of the Vulcan with the range of the Chaparral, and placing them on a chassis that could keep up with the new tanks in combat. They also worked in the earlier FLIR/laser requirement. The system was later renamed "Division Air Defense" (DIVAD).[11] At the time, most U.S. military policy was based on the US Air Force quickly gaining air superiority and holding it throughout a conflict. In

A M247 in Nevada.

M247 Sergeant York keeping with this, the Army had previously placed relatively low priority on anti-aircraft weapons. This gave them time to mature through testing and shakedowns. In the case of DIVADs the threat was considered so serious and rapidly developing that the Army decided to skip the traditional development period and try to go straight into production by using a number of "off-the-shelf" parts.[12] Colonel Russell Parker testified before the Senate Armed Services Committee in March 1977 that "We expect this somewhat unorthodox approach to permit a much reduced development time, thus resulting in an earliest fielding date, albeit with higher but acceptable risks... the manufacturer will be required by the fixed price warranty provisions, to correct deficiencies."[12] It was claimed that this would cut up to five years from the development cycle, although it would require problems to be found in service and fixed on the operational vehicles. Colonel Parker unveiled the DIVAD plan to 49 industry representatives on 18 May 1977. The DIVADs requirement demanded that the entrants be based on the M48 Patton tank chassis, provided by the Army, which were held in large quantities in surplus depots. DIVAD called for the gun to acquire a target and start firing within five seconds (later extended to eight) of it becoming visible or coming into its 3,000m range, and had to have a 50% chance of hitting a target with a 30 round burst. In addition to all-weather capability, it also needed to have optical aiming capabilities, including a FLIR and laser rangefinder.[6]

87

Entrants
Several companies responded to the DIVADs contest.[13] Sperry Rand entered a system based on their older Vigilante gun, modified to fire the 35mm round from the Oerlikon KDA series, widely used in NATO in the anti-aircraft role.[14] The gun could be fired at 3,000 rounds per minute for anti-aircraft use, or 180 rounds per minute for use against ground targets, fed from a 1,464 round magazine. The aluminium turret was topped by two radars and an IFF system, all from Sperry. General Electric entered a version with a small turret mounting their 30mm GAU-8 Avenger cannon from the A-10 Thunderbolt II. It included a single search/track radar adapted from the earlier FAAR, although they later suggested an improved system. Raytheon proposed using the turret from the Dutch version of the German Gepard flakpanzer. Most of the turret remained the same as the original Gepard, including the twin 35mm Oerlikon KDA cannons, but used Hollandse Signaalapparaten radars and an Oerlikon Contraves fire-control computer. Raytheon demonstrated that the turret, although designed for the Leopard 1, could be mounted on the M48 with some adaptation. General Dynamics' entry also mounted twin Oerlikon KDA cannons, but mounted them side-by-side in a new aluminum turret, as opposed to either side of the turret as in the Gepard. They could be fired in either the automatic or semiautomatic mode, and their combined rate of fire was 1,100 rounds per minute from a 600 round magazine. The radar and fire control systems were derived from their Phalanx CIWS system, with the tracking radar mounted on the front of the turret, beside the guns, and the search radar on top. The turret also included independently stabilized optical sights and a laser range finder for manual engagements.[13] Ford Aerospace's entry was based around the Bofors 40 mm L/70 cannons, twin-mounted in the center of the turret in a fashion similar to the General Dynamics entry. The relatively large and boxy turret also mounted separate long-range search and short-range tracking radars on top. The radars were mounted on booms to give them a clear view of the sky, and both had the ability to be folded down to reduce the vehicle's height during travel. The tracking radar was a modified version of the Westinghouse AN/APG-66 from the F-16 Fighting Falcon. Like the GD entry, it also mounted a complete optical sighting and ranging system.[13] Some critics claim that Ford's use of the 40mm Bofors appears to have been a business decision, not a technical one. While the 35mm round was already a widely accepted NATO standard and was technically well respected, Ford had a marketing agreement with Bofors. As Gregg Easterbrook later reported:

M247 Sergeant York Immediately the lobbying began. Ford had a marketing agreement with the Swedish firm Bofors, a maker of 40-mm but not 35-mm cannons; while Ford could have switched to a 35-mm weapon for DIVAD, the potential profits from a 40-mm weapon were higher. Department of Defense lawyers, the Army pleading to Congress, had advised that specifying the caliber DIVAD's gun would be 'anti-competitive' and could lead to lawsuits-'the most ludicrous excuse I've ever heard' a high-ranking Pentagon official had told me. When the final DIVAD requirements were issued they called for a gun 'in the 30-mm to 40-mm range'.[15] However, the Bofors 40mm cannon also had worldwide popularity. In addition, FACC had developed a proximity-sensing round for the 40mm, which increased probability of a kill, and the shell carried either a greater explosive charge or higher deadweight mass than the smaller anti-aircraft platforms. These factors would be important in the primary scenario for which the DIVAD was to be deployed, that being the large-theater land operations vs the Warsaw Pact.

88

Development
On 13 January 1978, General Dynamics and Ford were given development contracts for one prototype each, the XM246 and XM247 respectively, to be delivered to Fort Bliss in June 1980. On schedule, both companies delivered their prototypes to the North McGregor Test Facility and head-to-head testing began. The shoot-off was delayed for two months "because the prototypes which arrived at Fort Bliss test range were too technically immature."[16] In the DT/OT II test series they shot down two F-86 Sabre fighters, five UH-1 Huey helicopters and twenty-one smaller drones. After the 29-month Phase One trial, Ford's entry was selected as the winner of the DIVADs contest on 7 May 1981, and given a fixed-price $6.97 billion development and initial production contract for deliveries at various rates.[13] The system was officially named M247 Sergeant York when the contract was awarded.[17] The decision was controversial, as the GD entry had "outscored" the Ford design consistently in testing, nineteen "kills" to nine by most accounts.[15] Ford's prototype vehicle started demonstrating problems almost immediately. The main concerns had to do with the tracking radar, which demonstrated considerable problems with ground clutter. In testing, it was unable to distinguish between helicopters and trees. When the guns were pointed upward to fire on high-angle targets, the barrels projected into the radar's line of sight and further confused the system. Additionally, the reaction time was far too slow; against hovering helicopters it was 10 to 11 seconds, but against high-speed targets it was from 11 to 19, far too long to take a shot.[6][18] The RAM-D (reliability, availability, maintainability and durability) tests ran from November 1981 to February 1982, demonstrating a wide range of operation concerns.[16] The turret proved to have too slow a traverse to track fast moving targets, and had serious problems operating in cold weather, including numerous hydraulic leaks. The simple electronic counter-countermeasures (ECCM) suite could be defeated by only minor jamming. The used guns taken from U.S. Army stock were in twisted condition due to careless warehousing. Perhaps the most surprising problem was that the 30-year-old M48 chassis with the new 20-ton turret meant the vehicle had trouble keeping pace with the newer M1 and M2, the vehicles it was meant to protect. In February 1982 the prototype was demonstrated for a group of US and British officers at Fort Bliss, along with members of Congress and other VIPs. When the computer was activated, it immediately started aiming the guns at the review stands, causing several minor injuries as members of the group jumped for cover. Technicians worked on the problem, and the system was restarted. This time it started shooting towards the target, but fired into the ground 300m in front of the tank. In spite of several attempts to get it working properly, the vehicle never successfully engaged the sample targets. A Ford manager claimed that the problems were due to the vehicle being washed for the demonstration and fouling the electronics.[18] In a report on the test, Easterbrook jokingly wondered if it ever rained in central Europe.[15]

M247 Sergeant York As early production examples started rolling off the production line, the problems proved to be just as serious. One of the early models is reported to have locked onto a latrine fan, mistaking its return for a moving target of low-priority. Reporting on the incident in another article on the vehicle's woes, Easterbrook reported that "During a test one DIVAD locked on to a latrine fan. Michael Duffy, a reporter for the industry publication Defense Week, who broke this aspect of the story, received a conference call in which Ford officials asked him to describe the target as a 'building fan' or 'exhaust fan' instead."[19] The mechanical technical details of the Sgt York gun system were as follows: The Sgt York used a revolutionary dual linear linkless feed system to load the rounds into each 40mm Bofors canon. This feed system had both an upper and lower system, allowing the loading of both High Explosive and Proximity Fused rounds in separate magazines. At the time there was no equivalent system in use by any country, land, sea or air based. Magazine capacity for one side upper was ~81 and the lower ~179. At preprogrammed firing bursts, that was eight helicopters shot down before reload. Loading rounds into the magazine system was from the top of the turret, a hatch opened and a loading rack was attached and the classic four round stripper clips of 40mm were loaded as fast as troops could relay them up. There was four distinct magazine LRUs, a mirror image left and right sided. The system was powered by a hydraulic motor and turned at 75 rpm, slow, but feed the canon perfectly. The first LRU from the canon was the Fan, moving rounds from cross cannon axis at the trunnion to pointing parallel with the barrel at the weapon. The Fan had two parallel levels. The upper was feed from the upper magazine with an integrated articulating arm, and the lower was feed by the Elevator that was responsible for moving the rounds up, and at the same time outboard, far enough to match the Fans attachment. The Lower Magazine was a semi circular arrangement in the tank body that was two inches smaller than the turret ring. The upper magazine was located in the front of the turret, and was a box configuration that used horizontal rods on number 40 ANSI chain to move the rounds in a vertical feed. It transitioned to the patented articulating arm, since the upper fan was higher than the gun and Fan trunnion point, all while keeping the same chain length. The lower magazine used a series of cast 17-4 corrosion resisting steel buckets, one for each round. These buckets were set up in loops that traveled horizontal in an arc, and feed stripers were used to strip a round out of one bucket, and up (for firing) or down, (for loading) into the next, and then to the elevator. Buckets were used to lower the friction, static and dynamic, of moving so many rounds, the startup inertia was bad enough. The Elevator used horizontal sliding buckets to move the rounds out and to the Fan. The Fan had two parallel rows of cast 17-4 buckets that feed a Transfer shaft that dumped the rounds into the Bofors chamber. In combat there would be two rounds of one type of ammo ready to go, and not retrievable. Very interestingly is the method to extract the spent brass. It was kicked down by the Bofors ejector, and it slid under the guns for over six feet in a greased half tube, and was flung out under the barrels and slightly to the side. While firing the driver needed to be sealed in his hatch for safety. All of this feed system was complex and was required so that each round be controlled at all times as the vehicle was capable of firing on the move and hitting targets. It was tested numerous times with locking onto an airborne target, firing the standard 20 rounds from each lower magazine, and while that was happening, target a ground target, and nearly without noticeable switch to HE rounds and destroy the ground target. None of the competing designs used a linear linkless feed system, all used link ammunition, which would require access and disablement of the weapon, re clipping the additional rounds, (how many do I need?) and then reassembling. The Sgt York could be in the middle of loading at any time, bang a lever twice, and within 20 seconds the loading session was aborted, and the hatch closed, and the system ready to fire. No disassembly was required. Each magazine assembled in the tank only needed three sensors to tell the tank how much ammo it had of each type.

89

M247 Sergeant York Nevertheless, the program's manager within the Army was cautiously positive. Major General Maloney said, "The DIVAD battery-eight systems plus one spare-activated 1 November 1984, at Fort Bliss to prepare for tests, has been demonstrating 90% reliability for full systems capability. The systems have been able to operate in a degraded manner a further 2% of the time and have had an 8% inoperable rate."[20] He later stated that the gun still had problems with software and electronic countermeasures, but my sensing was that it was certainly no worse than many weapon systems at this period in their gestation.[12]

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Cancellation
In spite of the bad press and development problems, the Army continued to press for the system's deployment as they had no other system in the pipeline to replace it. To add to the problems, another generation of Soviet helicopter and missile designs was pushing their envelope out to 6,000m, rendering DIVADs ineffective at long range. In response, the Army announced it would consider adding the Stinger missile to the DIVAD system, leading to even more cries about its ineffectiveness.[6] As Washington became increasingly fed up with the DIVAD's problems, Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger ordered a $54 million series of battlefield-condition tests. Congress authorized production money to keep the program alive through a test-fix-test cycle but with a caveat; the funds would be released only if Weinberger certified that the gun "meets or exceeds the performance specifications of its contract." The tests were monitored by the Pentagon's new Operational Test and Evaluation Office (OT&E), mandated by Congress in 1983 to serve as an independent watchdog.[21] The tests were carried out late in 1984. The results were abysmal. Unable to hit drones moving even in a straight line, the tests were later relaxed to hovering ones. The radar proved unable to lock even to this target, as the return was too small. The testers then started adding radar reflectors to the drone to address this "problem", eventually having to add four. Easterbrook, still covering the ongoing debacle, described this as being similar to demonstrating the abilities of a bloodhound by having it find a man standing alone in the middle of an empty parking lot, covered with steaks.[22] The system now tracked the drone, and after firing a lengthy burst of shells the drone was knocked off target. As it flew out of control, the range safety officer had it destroyed by remote control. This was interpreted by the press as an attempt to "fake" the results, describing it as "sophomoric deceits".[23] From that point on, every test success was written off as faked.[24] The OT&E concluded that the gun could perform the mission as originally specified, but the tests also showed that the system had considerable reliability problems, many as the result of trying to adapt a radar system developed for aircraft to the ground role.[16] Initial production tests run from December 1984 to May 1985 turned up a continued variety of problems, failing 22 of 163 contract requirements, and 22 serious failures in operational readiness.[16] Contrary to the Army's earlier reports, OT&E Director Jack Krings said the tests showed, "the SGT YORK was not operationally effective in adequately protecting friendly forces during simulated combat, even though its inherent capabilities provided improvement over the current [General Electric] Vulcan gun system. The SGT YORK was not operationally suitable because of its low availability during the tests."[6][21] They measured the availability of the system at 33%, as opposed to the required 90%.[16] On 27 August 1985, Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger killed the project after about 50 vehicles had been produced.[21] He said, "the tests demonstrated that while there are marginal improvements that can be made in the York gun, they are not worth the additional cost-so we will not invest any more funds in the system."[15] Noting that cancelling the project did not imply a lack of need, he started the process of studying a missile-based system to fill the same niche. This led to the Oerlikon Canada ADATS system, which suffered problems of its own and entered service only in the Canadian Army. The niche was eventually filled by the M6 Linebacker, an adaptation of the M2 with Stinger missiles. Although far less capable than the ADATS missile, the Linebacker is able to keep up with mobile heavy forces. The Linebacker has been retired from active service, while the M1097 Avenger HMMWV-based Stinger-equipped systems have been downsized.[25]

M247 Sergeant York Most of the production M247 vehicles ended up as targets on air force bombing ranges. However, one is on display at the Sgt. Alvin C. York State Historic Park in Pall Mall, TN where its namesake hailed from, another is located at the AAF Museum in Danville, VA and one at the Fort Snelling Military Museum in Minneapolis, MN (now closed).

91

References & notes

[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] "M247 Sergeant York" (http:/ / www. military-today. com/ artillery/ m247_sergeant_york. htm). Military-Today. . "M42 Duster" (http:/ / www. globalsecurity. org/ military/ systems/ ground/ m42. htm), globalsecurity.org "The Red Queen and the Vigilante" (http:/ / www. quarry. nildram. co. uk/ RED QUEEN. htm) Andreas Parsch, "General Dynamics MIM-46 Mauler" (http:/ / www. designation-systems. net/ dusrm/ m-46. html), 2002 Andreas Parsch, "Ford MIM-72 Chaparral" (http:/ / www. designation-systems. net/ dusrm/ m-72. html), 2002 Irene Willhite, "40-mm DIVISION AIR DEFENSE GUN: DIVAD (Sgt. York)" (http:/ / www. coldwar. org/ text_files/ march_2002. pdf), Cold War Times, March 2002, pp. 1522 [7] "TOW System History: Project Management" (http:/ / www. redstone. army. mil/ history/ tow/ summary2. html), Redstone Arsenal [8] It did not fare much better against fixed-wing targets either, see "Chaparral Air Defence Tests" (http:/ / sill-www. army. mil/ famag/ 1976/ SEP_OCT_1976/ SEP_OCT_1976_PAGES_59_62. pdf), With Our Comrades In Arms, US Army, September/October 1976, pg. 59-60 [9] Statements by General Louis Wagner, Jr., DIVAD Hearings, Hearings before the Subcommitte on Tactical Warfare of the Senate Committee on Armed Services, 98th Congress, 2nd Session, 1984 [10] Simon Dunstan and Howard Gerrard, "The Yom Kippur War 1973: The Golan Heights" (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=IqehogMZbTwC& pg=PA25), Osprey Publishing, 2003, pg. 25 [11] Asher Sharoni and Lawrence Bacon, "Forward Area Air-Ground Defense" (http:/ / www. knox. army. mil/ armormag/ backissues/ 1990s/ 1996/ ja96/ 4agds96. pdf), Armor, US Army Armor Center, Fort Knox, July/August 1996, pp 15-20 [12] John Adam, "The Sergeant York Gun: A Massive Misfire", IEEE Spectrum, February 1987 [13] "M247 Sergeant York DIVAD" (http:/ / www. globalsecurity. org/ military/ systems/ ground/ m247. htm) [14] Anthony Williams, "The Red Queen and Vigilante" (http:/ / www. quarry. nildram. co. uk/ RED QUEEN. htm) [15] Gregg Easterbrook, "DIVAD", Atlantic Monthly, October 1982, pp. 2939 [16] Thomas McNaugher, "New Weapons, Old Politics: America's Military Procurement Muddle" (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=MgFPwnOxIC0C& pg=PA103), Brookings Institution Press, 1989, pp. 102-104, ISBN 0-8157-5625-9 [17] Jane's Armour and Artillery, Volume 11 , pg. 544 [18] Major Micheal Ditton, "The DIVAD Procurement: A Weapon System Case Study" (http:/ / www. loc. gov/ rr/ frd/ Military_Law/ pdf/ 08-1988. pdf), The Army Lawyer, August 1988, pp. 39 [19] Gregg Easterbrook, The Washington Monthly, November 1984 [20] Rudolph Penner, "Army Air Defense for Forward Areas: Strategies and Costs", U.S. Government Printing Office, 1986 [21] Bruce van Voost and Amy Wilentz, "No More Time for Sergeant York" (http:/ / www. time. com/ time/ magazine/ article/ 0,9171,959780,00. html), Time, 9 September 1985 [22] Gregg Easterbrook, "York, York, York", The New Republic, 30 December 1985 [23] "No time for Sergeant" (http:/ / findarticles. com/ p/ articles/ mi_hb1367/ is_/ ai_n5610264), The Nation, September 1985 [24] "Gunning for Sergeant York" (http:/ / www. time. com/ time/ magazine/ article/ 0,9171,1050466,00. html), Time, August 1985 [25] Air Defense Artillery April-June 2005 (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20090327015327/ http:/ / firsttofire. com/ adamag/ Issue PDFs/ ADA_MAG April 05. pdf)

Philip Trewhitt, "Armoured Fighting Vehicles", Prospero Books, 1999 (second edition?). ISBN 1-894102-81-9

Marksman anti-aircraft system

92

Marksman anti-aircraft system

T-55AM Marksman

Finnish ItPsv 90 Type Placeoforigin SPAAG

United Kingdom

Specifications
Weight Crew Armor Main armament Secondary armament Engine Suspension 41 t 3 (driver, gunner, commander) + back-up crew ballistic immunity from 14.5 mm heavy machine guns and 155 mm air bursts 2 35 mm autocannon 460 fragmentation rounds and 40 anti-tank rounds 8 smoke grenade dischargers V-55 V-12 diesel engine 620 hp (462 kW) Torsion bar
[1]

External images
Marconi Marksman Marksman fitted to Vickers Mk 2 tank hull Fitting Marksman turret to Challenger hull [2] [3]

Marksman is a British anti-aircraft weapon system, consisting of a turret, a Marconi Series 400 radar and two Swiss 35 mm Oerlikon autocannons. The system was developed by Marconi and is similar to the German Gepard system in terms of engine performance, ammunition carried and effective range of the ammunition. The turret could be adapted to many basic tank chassis, creating a self-propelled anti-aircraft gun (SPAAG). The only operator of the system is the Finnish Army, which ordered 7 units in 1990. The turrets were fitted on Polish T-55AM tank chassis. The system is known as the ItPsv 90 in Finnish service (Ilmatorjuntapanssarivaunu 90, Anti-Aircraft tank 90, the number being the year the tank entered service). It is considered a very accurate anti-aircraft artillery system, having a documented hit percentage of 52.44%.[4]

Marksman anti-aircraft system

93

Service
Finland has seven ItPsv 90 Marksman anti-aircraft systems, providing low-level air-defense for tank battalions. The SPAAGs are organically tied to the headquarters company and form teams of two. The vehicles have an all-day capacity, and there is also a back-up crew to ensure combat survivability. The ItPsv 90 Marksman is primarily meant to fight helicopters, low-flying aircraft and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). It is also possible to engage surface and armored targets. The chassis of the ItPsv 90 Marksman is a Polish T-55AM tank, which has been modified to fit the turret. The AM version was chosen due to the increased weight of the system (a T55AM weighs 36 tons, while a T-55AM Marksman weighs 41 tons) and the AM has more power (620hp) than a regular T-55. The weapon system is guided by a British Marconi 400 series frequency agile surveillance and tracking X/J-band radar, which is able to detect targets out to 12km in search mode and 10km in tracking mode. The laser distance measure device functions up to 8km. The commander and the gun operator both have gyro-stabilized optical aiming devices. The armament consists of two Swiss 35mm Oerlikon anti-aircraft guns, with a rate of fire of 18 rounds per second. The fragmentation round has a muzzle velocity of 1,175 m/s. The effective range is 4,000 meters. The vehicle is also equipped with eight Wegmann 76mm smoke dischargers, a 7.62mm assault rifle, and a flare gun. The turret can traverse a full 360 degrees and has an elevation range of 10 to +85 degrees. The magazines hold 460 fragmentation rounds and 40 anti-tank rounds. There are three communication radios in the vehicle for fire guidance and communications. The vehicle is operated by three crew commander, gunner, and driver.

Versions
Centurion Marksman: a Marksman turret on a Centurion chassis. Chieftain Marksman: a Marksman turret on a Chieftain chassis. Challenger Marksman: a Marksman turret on a Challenger 1 chassis. G6 Marksman: a Marksman turret on a G6 chassis.[5] Leopard 1 Marksman: a Marksman turret on a Leopard 1 chassis. ItPsv 90: a Marksman turret on a T-55AM chassis. Operated by Finland. M48 Marksman: a Marksman turret on a M48 Patton chassis. T-55 Marksman: a Marksman turret on a T-55 chassis. Type 59 Marksman: a Marksman turret on a Type 59 chassis. Vickers Marksman: a Marksman turret on a Vickers Mk 3 MBT chassis.

Please note that the above mentioned versions are possible configurations as only the ItPsV 90 system is deployed.

Comparable systems
Tunguska-M1 ZSU-23-4 Shilka Type 95 SPAAA Type 87 self-propelled anti-aircraft gun PZA Loara M247 Sergeant York Flakpanzer Gepard ZSU-57-2

Marksman anti-aircraft system

94

References
[1] [2] [3] [4] http:/ / i16. photobucket. com/ albums/ b24/ hybenamon/ LAND/ ANTI-AIR/ MARKSMAN/ brochure3. jpg http:/ / i16. photobucket. com/ albums/ b24/ hybenamon/ LAND/ ANTI-AIR/ MARKSMAN/ PHOTOS4. jpg http:/ / i16. photobucket. com/ albums/ b24/ hybenamon/ LAND/ ANTI-AIR/ MARKSMAN/ PHOTOS2. jpg Ilmatorjuntaupseeri: Panssari-ilmatorjuntakoulutus Hmeen Ilmatorjuntapatteristossa (http:/ / www. ilmatorjuntaupseeriyhdistys. fi/ 4_2004/ tekstit/ panssari. htm) [5] "Denel in UK gun link-up". Flight International (Flightglobal.com) (1420 September 2004): 10. 1420 September 2004. ISSN00153710.

9K22 Tunguska
9K22 Tunguska NATO reporting name: SA-19 Grison

9K22 "Tunguska-M" Gun/Missile Air Defence System. Type Placeoforigin Tracked SAM system
Soviet Union

Service history
Inservice Usedby 1982present
Russia Soviet Union Belarus India Morocco Ukraine

Wars

2008 South Ossetia war

Production history
Designer Designed Manufacturer Unitcost Produced Variants KBP Instrument Design Bureau 19701980 KBP Instrument Design Bureau $16 million
[1]

1976present 2K22 (Tunguska), 2K22M (Tunguska-M), 2K22M1 (Tunguska-M1)

Specifications (Tunguska-M1)
Weight Length Width 34,000kg (75,000lb) 7.93m (26ft0in) 3.24m (10ft8in)

9K22 Tunguska

95
Height Crew Main armament Secondary armament Engine Suspension 4.01m (13ft2in) or 3.36m (10ft) (radar stowed) 4 (vehicle commander, driver, gunner, radar operator) 8 9M311 (or 3M87), 9M311K, 9M311-1, 9M113-M1 or 57E6 missiles 2 30 mm 2A38M (1,904 rounds carried) V-46-4 turbocharged V-12 water cooled 4-stroke diesel 780 hp Hydropneumatic

Groundclearance 45cm (1ft6in) Operational range Speed 500km (310mi) 65km/h (40mph)

The 2K22 Tunguska (Russian: 222 ""; English: Tunguska) is a Russian tracked self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon armed with a surface-to-air gun and missile system. It is designed to provide day and night protection for infantry and tank regiments against low-flying aircraft, helicopters, and cruise missiles in all weather conditions. Its NATO reporting name is SA-19 "Grison".

Development
Development of the system started on 8 June 1970, at the request of the Soviet Ministry of Defence the KBP Instrument Design Bureau in Tula under the guidance of the appointed Chief Designer AG Shipunov started work on a 30mm anti-aircraft system as a replacement for the 23mm ZSU-23-4.[2] The project which was given the designation "Tunguska" was a response to the observed shortcoming of the ZSU-23-4 (short range and no early warning) and a counter to new ground attack aircraft in development such as the A-10 Thunderbolt II which was designed to be highly resistant to 23mm cannons.[3] Studies were conducted and demonstrated that a 30mm cannon would require two-to-three times fewer shells to destroy a given target than the 23mm cannon of the ZSU-23-4, and that firing at a MiG-17 (or similarly at, in case of war, NATO's Hawker Hunter or Fiat G.91) flying at 300m/s, with an identical mass of 30mm projectiles would result in a kill probability of 1.5 times greater than with 23mm projectiles. An increase in the maximum engagement altitude from 2,000 to 4,000 m and increased effectiveness when engaging lightly armoured ground targets were also cited.[4] The initial requirements set for the system were to achieve twice the performance in terms of range, altitude and combat effectiveness than the ZSU-23-4, additionally the system should have a reaction time no greater than 10 seconds.[2] Due to the similarities in fire control of artillery and missiles it was decided that Tunguska would be a combined gun and missile system.[2] By combining guns and missiles, the system is more effective than the ZSU-23-4, engaging targets at long-range with missiles, and shorter range targets with guns. In addition to KBP as the primary contractor other members of the Soviet military industrial complex were involved in the project, the chassis were developed at the Minsk tractor factory, the radio equipment at the Ulyanovsk Mechanical Factory Ulyanovsk, central computer at NIEMI ('Antey'), guidance and navigational systems by VNII "Signal" and optics were developed by the Leningrad Optical Mechanical Association LOMO.[5] However development was slowed between 1975 and 1977 after the introduction of the 9K33 Osa missile system, which seemed to fill the same requirement but with greater missile performance. After some considerable debate it was felt that a purely missile based system would not be as effective at dealing with very low flying attack helicopters attacking at short range with no warning as had been proven so successful in the 1973 Arab-Israeli War. Since the reaction time of a gun system is around 810 seconds, compared to the reaction time of missile-based

9K22 Tunguska system, approximately 30 seconds, development was restarted.[4] The initial designs were completed in 1973 with pilot production completed in 1976 at the Ulyanovsk Mechanical Factory.[2] System testing and trials were conducted between September 1980 and December 1981 on the Donguzskom range.[2] It was officially accepted into service on 8 September 1982 and the initial version designated 2K22/2S6, with four missiles in the ready to fire position (two on each side). The Tunguska entered into limited service from 1984 when the first batteries were delivered to the army.[2] After a limited production run of the original 9K22, an improved version designated 2K22M/2S6M entered service in 1990.[2] The 2K22M featured several improvements with eight ready-to-fire missiles (four on each side) as well as modifications to the fire control programs, missiles and the general reliability of the system. Tunguska underwent further improvement when in 2003 the Russian armed forces accepted the Tunguska-M1 or 2K22M1 into service.[2] The M1 introduced the new 9M311-M1 missile which made a number of changes allowing the 2K22M1 to engage small targets like cruise missiles by replacing the eight-beam laser proximity fuze with a radio fuse. Additional modification afforded greater resistance to infrared countermeasures by supplementing the missile tracking flare with a pulsed IR beacon. Other improvements included an increased missile range to 10km, improved optical tracking and accuracy, improved fire control co-ordination between components of a battery and the command post. Overall the Tunguska-M1 has a combat efficiency 1.31.5 times greater than the Tunguska-M.[6] The Tunguska family was until recently a unique and highly competitive weapons system, though in 2007 the Pantsir gun and missile system entered production at KBP[7]a descendant of the Tunguska, the Pantsir system offers even greater performance than its predecessor.

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Description
The system is referred to as 2K22 under the GRAU index,[2] though the army designation 9K22 is a valid alternative.[8] A complete system or battery consists of six 2S6 combat vehicles armed with the 9M311 "Treugol'nik" (triangle) surface-to-air missile and two 2A38 30mm cannon. These are accompanied by up to three 2F77 transloader trucks. The 9K22 is also associated with a variety of support facilities including the 2F55-1, 1R10-1 and 2V110-1 repair and maintenance vehicles, the MTO-AGZ workshop and the 9V921 test vehicle.[9] These facilities provide maintenance for the 9K22 battery in the field as well as scheduled overhauls. The 2S6 combat vehicle uses the GM-352 and later GM-352M chassis developed and produced by the Minsk Tractor Plant (MTZ) which has six road wheels with hydropneumatic suspension on each side, a drive sprocket at the rear and three return rollers. The chassis are capable of fording to a depth of 0.8 meters, climbing gradients of up to 60% and side slopes of 30%. The GM-352 can cross a one meter vertical obstacle and a two meter trench. An NBC system is also integrated into the chassis, an automatic gear change and diagnostic capability are Tunguska at 2008 Moscow Victory Parade available with latest Tunguska-M1 which uses the new GM-5975 chassis developed and produced by MMZ.[10] Overall the layout is similar to the previous ZSU-23-4 with a large central turret (designated the 2A40) containing the armament, sensors and three of the crew: the commander, gunner and radar operator. The driver sits in the front left of the hull, with a gas turbine APU to his right and the engine in the rear of the hull. A parabolic E-band target acquisition radar is mounted on the rear top of the turret that when combined with the turret front mounted J-band monopulse tracking radar forms the 1RL144 (NATO:Hot Shot) radar system. The mechanically scanned target acquisition radar for the Tunguska-M1 offers a 360-degree field of view, a detection range of around 18km and can detect targets flying as low as 15 m, the target acquisition radar can be stowed when in transit. A C/D-band IFF system is also fitted and designated 1RL138.[11] The system is able to fire on the move

9K22 Tunguska using 30mm cannons, although it must be stationary to fire missiles, the maximum target speed can be up to 500m/s.[12] A battery of six Tunguska can automatically receive fire control information via an encrypted radio link, this allows targets to be distributed between individual units from a Ranzhir or PPRU battery command post, which can receive target information from either AWACS or early warning radar or in the case of the PPRU its own radar equipment.[6]

97

Variants
2K22: Original system, with 9M311 (3M87), 9M311K or 9M311-1 missiles. Some of these early versions of the "Tunguska" system were known as "Treugol'nik" (Russian -triangle). This system is mounted on the 2S6 integrated air defence vehicle. 2K22M (1986): Main production system, with 9M311M (3M88) missiles. This integrated air defence vehicle 2S6M is based on the GM-352M chassis. 2K22M1 (1988): Improved version with the 2S6M1 combat vehicle on a GM-5975 chassis, using the 9M311-M1 missile (range: 10km) and with an improved fire control system. Passed state trials and entered service with the Russian armed forces in 31 July 2003.[13] 2K22M with 57E6: Complete upgrade of system with new 57E6 missile and new radar system, with detection range of 38km and a tracking range of 30km. Missile range is increased to 18km.

Guns
The dual 2A38 30mm cannons and the later 2A38M were designed by the KBP Instrument Design Bureau and manufactured by the Tulamashzavod Joint Stock Company. The cannons are fired alternatively with a combined rate of fire of between 3,900 and 5,000 rounds per minute (1,950 to 2,500 rpm for each gun), and have a muzzle velocity of 960m/s.[14] Bursts of between 83 and 250 rounds are fired as determined by the target type, with an engagement range between 0.2 and 4.0km and to an altitude of 4km. HE-T and HE-I 2A38M 30 mm autocannons. shells are used and fitted with a A-670 time and impact fuze which includes an arming delay and self destruct mechanism.[9] The cannons can be elevated and depressed to +87 to 10 degrees and as such can be used to engage ground as well as aerial targets. The 2K22 can fire its cannons in two primary modes of operation, radar and optical, in radar mode the target tracking is fully automatic, with the guns aimed using data from the radar. In optical mode the gunner tracks the target through the 1A29 stabilized sight, with the radar providing range data.[11] The 9K22 is reported to have a kill probability of 0.8 with cannon.

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Missiles

Illustration of the 9M311

9M311
Type Placeoforigin Surface-to-air missile
Soviet Union

Service history
Inservice Usedby 1982present Belarus, India, Morocco, Myanmar, Russia, former Soviet Union, Ukraine

Production history
Designer Designed Manufacturer Produced Variants KBP Instrument Design Bureau 19701980 KBP Instrument Design Bureau 1976present 9M311, 9M311K, 9M311-1, 9M311M, 9M311-M1, 57E6

Specifications (9M311)
Weight Length Warhead 57 kg 2560 mm Continuous-rod and steel cubes

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Warheadweight 9 kg Detonation mechanism Propellant Operational range Flight altitude Boost time Speed Guidance system Steering system Accuracy Launch platform Transport Laser fuze (Radio fuze 9M311-M1)

Solid-fuel rocket 8 kilometres (5mi) (10 kilometres (6.2mi) 9M311-M1) 3,500 metres (11,500ft) 2 stages: boost to 900m/s, then sustained 600m/s stage to range 900 m/s Radio Command SACLOS rocket motor with four steerable control surfaces 5m 2S6 combat vehicle 2F77 transloader

The system uses the same 9M311 (NATO: SA-19/SA-N-11) missile family as the naval CIWS Kashtan which can engage targets at a range of 2.4 to 8km and to an altitude of 3.5km,[4] the Tunguska-M1 uses the improved 9M311-M1 missile with an increased range of 10km. The missile has two stages, a large booster stage with four folding fins, which boosts the missile to a velocity of 900m/s, before falling away.[15] The second stage has four fixed fins, and four steerable control surfaces. The complete missile is around 2.56 meters long with a weight of 57kg.[4] Guidance is performed by the gunner who uses the 8 magnification (8 degree field of view) 1A29 stabilized sight of the Tunguska to track the target and the missile (using a flare or pulsed beacon) is automatically tracked by the optics. The deviation of the missiles compared with the tracked target is used to calculate guidance commands, the tracking radar being used to send radio commands to the missile, making Tunguska a semi-automatic, radio command, with optical line of sight (SACLOS) system.[11] The gunner is initially cued towards the target by the systems search radar. Once the missile is steered to within 5 m of the target, an active laser or radio fuse (9M311-M1) is triggered. The warhead weighs about 9kg, and is a continuous-rod system, consisting of 600mm long 6 to 9mm diameter rods with a flower-like cross section. The cross section ensures the rods break into fragments weighing 23grams. The rods form a complete ring about 5 m from the missile. Outside the rods is a fragmentation layer of steel cubes weighing 23grams.[4] The 9K22 is reported to have a kill probability of 0.6 with missiles (9M311).[4]

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Missile variants
9M311: Original missile, laser proximity fuze. 9M311K (3M87): naval version of the 9M311 used by the Kashtan system. 9M311-1 export version of the missile. 9M311M (3M88): Improved version of the missile 9M311-1M: Used with the Tunguska-M1 radar proximity fuse for improved capability against cruise missiles. Pulsed tracking light instead of constant flare for better ECCM. Range improved to 10km. FK-1000: 9M311 missiles was first exported to China in 2005,[16] and at the 9th Zhuhai Airshow held in November 2012, a supposed Chinese derivative of 9K22 Tunguska designated as FK-1000 was revealed to public.[17] The China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASIC) developed FK-1000 differs from 9K22 Tunguska in that FK-1000 is mounted on a 8 x 8 truck, and the 30 mm guns of Tunguska is replaced by 25 mm autocannons. The radars of FK-1000 are also arranged in the exactly the same way as in 9K22 Tunguska, but mechanically scanned surveillance and tracking radars of Tunguska are both replaced by a phased array radars in FK-10000. A total of 12 missiles are mounted the sides of weapon station, with 6 on each side, in the form of 2 rows of 3 containers/launchers each. The missile of FK-1000 is surprisingly similar to 9M311, and this has lead many in the west to claim that FK-1000 system is derived from 9K22Tunguska, but with cheaper price tag than the latest Russian system: in comparison to the 15 million dollar of Pantsir-S1 (SA-22), FK-1000 system is priced at 5 million dollars.[18][19][20]

Operators and combat history

Variants of the 9K22 system have continued to serve in the Soviet and later Russian armed forces since their initial introduction in 1984. The 9K22 has also been inducted into the armed forces of a number of foreign states, most notably India. The 9K22 has been used in the 2008 South Ossetia war by Russian armed forces. Belarus People's Republic of China - see FK-1000 under Variants above India: 6692 2K22M/M1 ordered in 1996 (2450 2K22M), 2001 (14 2K22M) and 2005 (28 2K22M1)[21][22] Morocco: 12 2K22M1 ordered in 2005[22] Russia: 256 2K22M/M1[6] All production in USSR, almost all Tunguska/-M[23] Ukraine: Unknown number[24][25]

Comparable systems
Flugabwehrkanonenpanzer Gepard Type 95 SPAAA Pantsir-S1 Type 87 Self-Propelled Anti-Aircraft Gun PZA Loara

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References
[1] "Tunguska-M" (http:/ / www. deagel. com/ Air-Defense-Systems/ Tunguska-M_a000373001. aspx). Deagel.com. . Retrieved 2010-08-01. [2] " "-1" - - - " (http:/ / www. vko. ru/ DesktopModules/ Articles/ ArticlesView. aspx?tabID=320& ItemID=205& mid=2891& wversion=Staging) (in Russian). - . -. 2008. Archived (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080926193715/ http:/ / www. vko. ru/ DesktopModules/ Articles/ ArticlesView. aspx?tabID=320& ItemID=205& mid=2891& wversion=Staging) from the original on 26 September 2008. . Retrieved 2008-09-04. [3] "A-10/OA-10 Thunderbolt II" (http:/ / www. globalsecurity. org/ military/ systems/ aircraft/ a-10. htm). GlobalSecurity.org. 12-11-2006. Archived (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080813094420/ http:/ / www. globalsecurity. org/ military/ systems/ aircraft/ a-10. htm) from the original on 13 August 2008. . Retrieved 2008-08-09. [4] " -- - 222 "" (SA-19 Grison)" (http:/ / pvo. guns. ru/ tunguska/ tunguska. htm) (in Russian). . 3-10-2000. Archived (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080818214029/ http:/ / pvo. guns. ru/ tunguska/ tunguska. htm) from the original on 18 August 2008. . Retrieved 2008-08-09. [5] "Tunguska" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080428172602/ http:/ / www. astronautix. com/ lvs/ tunguska. htm). Encyclopedia Astronautica. 2007-11-18. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. astronautix. com/ lvs/ tunguska. htm) on 2008-04-28. . Retrieved 2008-09-04. [6] "SA-19 Grison / Tunguska" (http:/ / warfare. ru/ ?lang=& catid=264& linkid=1693). Warfare.ru. . Retrieved 2008-08-09. [7] "Russian Pantsir-S1 best air defence money can buy" (http:/ / www. russiatoday. com/ scitech/ news/ 17783). Russia Today. TV-Novosti. 2007-11-30. . Retrieved 2008-08-09. [8] "Tula KBP 9M311 Tunguska (NATO SA-19 'Grison') low- to medium-altitude surface-to-air missile system (Russian Federation)" (http:/ / jlad. janes. com/ public/ jlad/ index. shtml). Janes Land-Based Air Defence. Jane's Information Group. 2008-03-20. Archived (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080723175958/ http:/ / jlad. janes. com/ public/ jlad/ index. shtml) from the original on 23 July 2008. . Retrieved 2008-08-09. [9] Russia's Arms 20012002 (http:/ / www. milparade. ru/ en/ ). Moscow: Military Parade Ltd.. 2001. . [10] "GM-5975 Specifications" (http:/ / www. metrowagonmash. ru/ english/ gm5975t. htm). MetroWagonMash. 2006-08-11. . Retrieved 2008-08-09. [11] "HOT SHOT radar system" (http:/ / www. globalsecurity. org/ military/ world/ russia/ hot-shot. htm). GlobalSecurity.org. Archived (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080726024921/ http:/ / www. globalsecurity. org/ military/ world/ russia/ hot-shot. htm) from the original on 26 July 2008. . Retrieved 2008-08-09. [12] " -- - 222 """ (http:/ / www. new-factoria. ru/ missile/ wobb/ tunguska/ tunguska. shtml) (in Russian). New-Factoria.ru. -- --- -- "". 2000. . Retrieved 2008-08-09. [13] http:/ / www. kbptula. ru/ rus/ kbp/ rusarmy. htm [14] "30 mm 2A38M Automatic Anti-Aircraft Gun" (http:/ / www. kbptula. ru/ eng/ str/ cannons/ 2a38m. htm). KBP Instrument Design Bureau. . Retrieved 2008-08-09. [15] Peter Goon. "Russian/PLA Point Defense" (http:/ / www. ausairpower. net/ APA-Rus-PLA-PD-SAM. html#Grison). Air Power Australia. Archived (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080715165656/ http:/ / www. ausairpower. net/ APA-Rus-PLA-PD-SAM. html) from the original on 15 July 2008. . Retrieved 2008-07-21. [16] 9M311 sold to China in 1005 (http:/ / www. deccanherald. com/ content/ 292342/ china-displays-entire-air-defence. html) [17] FK-1000 SAM (http:/ / www. indianexpress. com/ news/ china-displays-air-defence-arsenal-in-unprecedented-openness/ 1031959/ ) [18] China offered a combination of cheap flak (http:/ / meetkhmer. blogspot. com/ 2012/ 11/ china-offered-combination-of-cheap-flak. html) [19] China does it cheaper again (http:/ / www. strategypage. com/ htmw/ htada/ articles/ 20121127. aspx) [20] FK-1000 (http:/ / www. militaryphotos. net/ forums/ showthread. php?220056-New-Chinese-Air-Defense-systems-unveiled-at-Zuhai-Airshow) [21] "Russia to supply Tunguska-M1 missile systems" (http:/ / www. defenceindia. com/ 19-dec-2k5/ news10. html). DefenceIndia. 2005-12-20. Archived (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080807181458/ http:/ / www. defenceindia. com/ 19-dec-2k5/ news10. html) from the original on 7 August 2008. . Retrieved 2008-09-04. [22] "SIPRI data on arms transfers" (http:/ / www. sipri. org). sipri.org. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. 2007. Archived (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080809083751/ http:/ / www. sipri. org/ ) from the original on 9 August 2008. . Retrieved 2008-08-09. [23] http:/ / rbase. new-factoria. ru/ missile/ wobb/ tunguska/ tunguska. shtml [24] "Armament of Ukrainian Armed Forces" (http:/ / www. mil. gov. ua/ index. php?lang=en& part=armament& sub=sv_ppo). Ministry of Defence of Ukraine. . Retrieved 2008-05-04. [25] "Tunguska M1 Low Level Air Defense System, Russia" (http:/ / www. army-technology. com/ projects/ tunguska/ ). army-technology.com. Archived (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080430161723/ http:/ / www. army-technology. com/ projects/ tunguska/ ) from the original on 30 April 2008. . Retrieved 2008-05-04.

Koll, Christian (2009). Soviet Cannon: A Comprehensive Study of Soviet Arms and Ammunition in Calibres 12.7mm to 57mm (http://www.russianammo.org). Austria: Koll. p.276. ISBN978-3-200-01445-9.

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External links
Tunguska-M1 Air Defense Missile/Gun System (http://www.kbptula.ru/eng/zencom/tung.htm), KBP Instrument Design Bureau website Federation of American Scientists (http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/missile/row/sa-19.htm) Warfare.ru SA-19 (http://warfare.ru/?lang=&catid=264&linkid=1693) Army technology.com Tunguska (http://www.army-technology.com/projects/tunguska/) Threat Update: 2S6 Tunguska Self-Propelled Air Defense System, Red Thrust Star, April 1995 issue (http:// fmso.leavenworth.army.mil/Red-Star/issues/APR95/APR95.HTML#THREAT) Youtube Tunguska-M1 Video (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S3JY-9nLay0) Tunguska-M1 Walkaround (http://dishmodels.com/wshow.htm?p=1220&lng=E)

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PZA Loara
PZA Loara-A

The PZA Loara-A anti-aircraft vehicle Type Placeoforigin Self-propelled anti-aircraft gun
Poland

Specifications
Weight Length Width Height Crew Armor Main armament Secondary armament Engine Power/weight Suspension Operational range Speed 45 tonnes 6.67m (21ft11in) 3.4m (11ft2in) 2.19m (7ft2in) 3 (commander, driver, gunner) conventional steel 2 35228mm L/90 autocannon none diesel S-1000 1000 hp 20 hp/tonne torsion bar 650km (400mi) 60km/h (37mph)

The PZA Loara (Polish: Przeciwlotniczy Zestaw Artyleryjski or "anti-aircraft artillery system") is a Polish armored radar-directed self-propelled anti-aircraft gun system. The original PZA Loara prototype was based on the chassis of the T-72 MBT. The production version known as PZA Loara-A is based on the chassis of the PT-91 MBT.

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Description
The system was developed by Poland in the late 1990s. Based around the chassis of the PT-91 "Twardy" tank, the Loara mounts an armored turret holding two Oerlikon KDA 35 mm cannons 35x228 mm linked to a radar-based fire control system. It was originally planned that it would work closely together with the PZR Loara, a missile-armed version vehicle based on the PZA, prior to the PZR's cancellation. The Loara is an autonomous fire unit capable of performing its tasks independently or acting as a component in a wider air defence system. The system has two radars, a 3D search radar and an engagement radar. The search radar has a range of 26km and is capable of tracking and identifying up to 64 targets at once. The radar system can also be operated on the move, refreshing its data every second. The system also has a laser range-finder, TV and FLIR cameras giving the system both all-weather day/night capabilities and the ability to operate entirely passively in a heavy ECM environment. The Loara has a reaction time of under 10 seconds. The system can engage aircraft flying at very low altitudes up to 5,000 m, and flying at speeds of up to 500m/s. It is also effective against lightly armored ground and naval targets. Currently the only user of this system is the Polish army which ordered a small number.

Operators
Poland: 35 prototypes

Awards
It was awarded two awards at International Defence Industry show in Kielce in 2004: Defender 2004 Grand Prix 2004

References External links

PZA Loara at the manufacturer's web site (in English). (http://www.radwar.com.pl/eng/eng/prmi_loa.htm) 35 mm cannon KDA at the manufacturer's web site (in English). (http://www.hsw.pl/eng/s_kda_p.php) More information about PZA Loara (in Polish). (http://www.militarium.net/wojska_ladowe/loara.php) defence orders from India for Polish armoured vehicles. (http://www.defensenews.com/story. php?i=3390360&c=EUR&s=ALL/Indian)

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Type 95 SPAAA
Type 95 SPAAA

A Type 95 SPAAA vehicle on display at the China People's Revolution Military Museum during the "Our troops towards the sky" exhibition Type Placeoforigin Self-propelled anti-aircraft gun
People's Republic of China

Service history
Inservice 1999 - Present

Production history
Designer Manufacturer Produced Northwest Institute of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering Norinco 1999 - Present

Specifications
Weight Length Width Height Crew Main armament Engine Suspension Operational range Speed 22.5 tons 6.71m (20ft) 3.2m (10ft6in) 3.4m (11ft2in) (radar down) 4.82m (15ft10in) (radar up) 3 4x25mm autocannon; 4x QW-2 SAM diesel torsion bar 450km (280mi) 53km/h (33mph)

The Type 95 (PLA military designation: PGZ95 - Chinese: 95 ; pinyin: 95 shi zixing gaoshepao, "Type 95 self-propelled anti-aircraft artillery") is a Chinese self-propelled anti-aircraft vehicle. It is armed with four 25 millimeter cannons and optionally four fire-and-forget QW-2 infra-red homing missiles. It was first displayed publicly at the Beijing Military Parade in 1999. Earlier in development the system was designated

Type 95 SPAAA Type 90-II and Type 90-III.

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Description
The vehicle uses a tracked armoured chassis with six road wheels, a drive sprocket, an idler and three return rollers on each side. The vehicle has a crew of three: driver, commander, and gunner. The engine is located at the front of the vehicle, with the driver sitting on the left side. The driver is provided with a hatch and three vision blocks for visibility when buttoned up. Behind the driver sits the commander, who is provided with a raised hatch, also fitted with three vision blocks. Towards the rear of the hull is the large powered one-man turret. Mounted on the front of the turret in an armoured box is the electro-optical tracking equipment which consists of a TV tracking camera, and infra-red tracking camera and a laser rangefinder. The tracking cameras have a day range of approximately 6,000 meters and a night range of 5,000 meters. The laser rangefinder has a range of between 500 and 5,500 meters with an accuracy of 5 meters. Mounted on either side of the turret are two 25 millimeter Type 87 cannons, which eject spent shell casings to either side of the vehicle. The 25mm cannons have a rate of fire of 600-800 rpm each,and are gas-operated. About 1,000 rounds are carried. The cannons are used to engage targets out to a range of 2,500 meters and at altitudes of up to 2,000 meters. Additionally two QW-2 infra-red homing missiles can be mounted above the cannons on each side. The QW-2 missiles are based on a shoulder launched missile and can engage targets flying between 10 and 3,500 meters in altitude at a slant range of between 500 and 6,000 meters. To the rear of the turret is the CLC-1 S-band pulse-doppler search radar which has a reported range of 11 kilometers, and is optimized to detect low-flying targets. Finally, an array of four electrically fired smoke grenades are mounted on either side of the turret, aimed to fire forward and to either side of the vehicle. A large door which opens to the left is provided in the rear of the hull. The system can automatically optically track targets and provide the gunner with an alert when the target is within range. The gunner can also manually aim the guns, using either the optical system or an external backup ring sight provided on the outside of the turret. The system has a reaction time of around 10 seconds when in radar search mode, and six seconds in optical mode. The vehicle also provides a simulator function for training.

A battery control vehicle using the same chassis is also built. It has a crew of five people. It uses a S-band CLC-2 surveillance radar with a maximum range of 45 kilometers and a maximum altitude of 4,500 meters. The communication system in the vehicle allows it to communicate digitally to a range of up to 5 kilometers and via a normal radio link up to 15 kilometers. Additionally it can use signal wire to communicate up to 500 meters. An Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) provides power for the electronics. A single 12.7 mm heavy machine gun is provided for self-defense. A typical Type 95 battery consists of six SPAAA vehicles, and a single command vehicle. Additionally, be three ammunition re-supply trucks, a test/repair truck and a power supply truck support each battery.

Detail of the turret. Note the missiles in position above the guns.

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Comparable Systems
Tunguska-M1 ZSU-23-4 Flugabwehrkanonenpanzer Gepard Type 87 Self-Propelled Anti-Aircraft Gun

References
PGZ95 Self-Propelled Anti-Aircraft Artillery on Sinodefence [1] James C O'Halloran. Jane's Land Based Air Defence 2005-2006.

References
[1] http:/ / www. sinodefence. com/ army/ antiaircraft/ pgz95. asp

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Type 87 self-propelled anti-aircraft gun

Mitsubishi Type 87

Type 87 SPAAG at Camp Shimoshizu Type Placeoforigin Self-propelled anti-aircraft gun

Japan

Production history
Designer Designed Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Japan Steel Works 1982

Manufacturer Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Produced Numberbuilt 1987 52 (2012)

Specifications
Weight Length Width Height Crew Armor Main armament Secondary armament Engine 44 t Hull: 6.7m (20ft) 3.2m (10ft6in) 4.1m (13ft5in) (radar up) 3 steel, classified 2 35 mm KDA autocannon 2 3 smoke grenade dischargers Mitsubishi 10ZF Type 22 10-cylinder air-cooled diesel engine 750 hp (560 kW) 17 hp/ton hydropneumatic 300km (190mi)

Power/weight Suspension Operational range

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53km/h (33mph)

Speed

The Type 87 SPAAG (self-propelled anti-aircraft gun) (87 hati-nana-shiki-jisou-kousya-kikan-hou) is a Japanese air defense weapon built around the Oerlikon 35 mm twin cannon system used on the Gepard tank. The system uses a modified Type 74 tank chassis. It is also nicknamed by field officers as Guntank after the similar looking mobile suit in the Mobile Suit Gundam series.[1]

History
As the JSDF began to seek a replacement for the M42 Duster SPAAGs provided by the United States, the Japanese Defense Agency began to issue requirements for the production of a local SPAAG unit to replace the M42. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries had been eventually awarded the contract to produce a SPAAG unit to replace its old M42s.

Development
It had been developed in 1987, given the Type 87 designation status, with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries providing the chassis and Japan Steel Works providing the cannon system. Initially, the chassis of the Type 61 tank would be used. Later, it had been rejected and had the chassis of the Type 74 tank used instead as a basis for producing the Type 87 SPAAG. Prior to its development, tests had begun underway in 1982 with a prototype SPAAG unit manufactured in 1983.

Status
In 2010, it was reported that the Japan Self-Defense Forces had 52 of these vehicles in service.

References
[1] 87AW (http:/ / www. hyperdouraku. com/ event/ jgsdf_soukaen1008/ index. html) Also called Guntank or 87AW.

"87 " (http://rightwing.sakura.ne.jp/ equipment/jgsdf/airartillery/type87aw/type87aw.html).

A Type 87 prototype at the JGSDF public information center.

"87 " (http://www.mod.go.jp/gsdf/equipment/ve/1_23.html). "87 " (http://www.masdf.com/spec/land/japan/87aw.html).

External links
Type-87 self-propelled anti-aircraft machine-gun (http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/japan/ type-87-aaa.htm) at GlobalSecurity.org

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ZSU-23-4
ZSU-23-4 "Shilka"

ZSU-23-4V at the Technical Museum in Togliatti, Russia Type Placeoforigin Self-propelled anti-aircraft gun
Soviet Union

Service history
Inservice Usedby Wars 1962present See Operators See Combat history

Production history
Designed Manufacturer Produced Numberbuilt 19571962 Mytishchi Engineering Works (MMZ) 19641982 About 6,500
[1]

Specifications
Weight Length Width Height Crew Armor Main armament Engine 19 tonnes 6.535 m 3.125 m
[2][3]

[3] [3] [2][4]

3.572 m (3.572 m with elevated radar)

4 (commander, driver, gunner, radar operator) welded steel, 9.2 mm turret, up to 15 mm hull
[5]

4 23 mm 2A7 autocannons (AZP-23 "Amur" quad automatic anti-aircraft gun), ammunition 2,000 rounds

V-6R, 8-cylinder 6-stroke airless-injection water-cooled 20 litre diesel [6] 280 hp (209 kW) at 2,000rpm

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14.7hp/tonne (11.0kW/tonne) individual torsion bar with hydraulic shock absorbers of 1st, 5th left and 6th right road wheels

Power/weight Suspension

Groundclearance 375 mm[3] Fuelcapacity Operational range Speed 515 l

[7] [8]

450 km (road), 300 km (off-road)

50 km/h (road), 30 km/h (off-road)

[8]

The ZSU-23-4 "Shilka" is a lightly armored, self-propelled, radar guided anti-aircraft weapon system (SPAAG). The acronym "ZSU" stands for Zenitnaya Samokhodnaya Ustanovka (Russian: -- -), meaning "anti-aircraft self-propelled mount"; the "23" signifies the bore diameter in millimeters; the "4" signifies the number of gun barrels. It is named after the Russian Shilka River. Afghan soldiers nicknamed it (sewing machine) due to the sound of firing guns and because of the similarity of the name "Shilka" to the Russian word "" (Russian pronunciation:[it], meaning "to sew"). It is also referred to by its nickname of "Zeus."

History
The previous Soviet self-propelled anti-aircraft gun (SPAAG), the ZSU-57-2, was armed with two 57mm autocannons; it was aimed optically using a basic tracking and lead calculating system. The ZSU-57-2 was not particularly successful despite its very powerful autocannons; it could only carry a relatively small amount of ammunition, was inaccurate as it lacked radar and could not fire while on the move. The ZPU series armed with 14.5mm heavy machine guns carried on a towed mount for stationary, point air defence had a much higher rate of fire. The 23mm version of this weapon system was known as the ZU-23-2, a towed mount carrying two 23mm cannons. The development of the ZSU-23-4 "Shilka" began in 1957 along with ZSU-37-2 "Yenisei"[9] and the vehicle was brought into service in 1965, replacing all ZSU-57-2s in air defense units toward the beginning of the 1970s. The ZSU-23-4 was intended for AA defense of military facilities, troops, and mechanized columns on the march. Initially, tank regiments should have had the anti-aircraft artillery battalion of "Shilka" (consisting of two batteries, four ZSU-23-4s in each). At the end of 1960s, one battery was equipped with ZSU-23-4s and the other with ZSU-57-2s. Motorized rifle and tank regiment standard anti-aircraft batteries consisted of two platoons later (one platoon was equipped with four ZSU-23-4s and another with four mobile surface-to-air missile systems 9K31 Strela-1 or 9K35 Strela-10). The ZSU-23-4 combined a proven radar system, the non-amphibious chassis based on GM-575 tracked vehicle, and four 23mm autocannons. This delivered a highly effective combination of mobility with heavy firepower and considerable accuracy. The ZSU-23-4 outclassed all NATO anti-aircraft guns at the time, and it is still regarded as posing a major threat for low-flying fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters. The system was widely fielded throughout the Warsaw Pact and among other pro-Soviet states. Around 2,500 ZSU-23-4s, of the total 6,500 produced, were exported to 23 countries. The Soviet Union's successor states continue to manufacture and supply variants of the ZSU-23-4, notably the Ukrainian "Donets" and Polish "Biala" variants.

ZSU-23-4

112 ZSU-23-4 units saw active service in the Yom Kippur War (1973) and other Arab-Israeli conflicts, the IranIraq War (19801988), and the First Gulf War (1990). During the 1973 Yom Kippur War, the system was particularly effective against the Israeli Air Force. Israeli pilots attempting to fly low in order to avoid SA-6 missiles were often shot down by ZSU-23-4s as in Operation Doogman 5. During the Soviet-Afghan War ZSU-23-4 units were used widely and to great effect against mujahideen positions in the mountains, the ZSU-23-4's guns being able to elevate much higher than the weapons on BMPs, BTRs, T-55s, or T-62s.[10] They were also used to suppress defensive positions around the presidential palace during the initial coup in Kabul at the start of the Soviet-Afghan war. The Russian Army used the ZSU-23-4 for mountain combat in Chechnya.

ZSU-23-4 graphic.

Description
The radar-guided ZSU-23-4 "Shilka" SPAAG, with its four 23mm (0.90") autocannons, was a revolutionary SPAAG, proving to be an extremely effective weapon against enemy attack aircraft and ZSU-23-4 at Yad la-Shiryon Museum, Israel. helicopters under every weather and light condition. The ZSU-23-4 has a very high density, rate and accuracy of fire, as well as the capability for each of the four autocannons to fire its own type of projectile from separate belts. While it is technically possible that each cannon shoots different type of ammo, there were two types commonly used in late 1970s: OFZT incendiary fragmentation and BZT armour-piercing tracer, which were to be loaded in 3:1 ratiothree OFZT, then one BZT, every 10th BZT round equipped with so-called "copper remover" and marked. It was strongly recommended against shooting from a single barrel. The appearance of the "Shilka" caused significant changes in NATO tactics in aircraft use at low altitude over the battlefield. Despite its present obsolescence as a modern short-range anti-aircraft weapon, the ZSU-23-4 is still deadly for enemy light armoured vehicles, infantry and firing points as an infantry-support vehicle. With its high rate of accurate fire, the ZSU-23-4 can even neutralize tanks by destroying their gun sights, radio antennas, or other vulnerable parts.[2] ZSU-23-4s, especially late models, have excellent performance and good systems reliability. Based on the GM-575 tracked vehicle chassis, which used components from the PT-76 light amphibious tank, the ZSU-23-4 mounts an armored turret holding four liquid-cooled 23mm (0.9") 2A7 autocannons linked to an RPK-2 "Tobol" radar (NATO designator: "Gun Dish"). The vehicle weighs 19 tonnes (late modifications up to 21 tonnes), has a movement range of 450km (280mi) and a top speed of 50km/h (31mph). Additional firepower of late modifications can be supplied by a roof-mounted pod of six short-range SA-18 SAMs, or side mounted SA-16s. The crew numbers four: driver, commander, gunner and radar operator. The driver's compartment is located in the nose part of the vehicle. The fighting compartment is in the center, and the engine compartment is in the rear part of the vehicle. The transmission consists of a multi-plate metal-contact main clutch, a manual gearbox with five forward gears, two planetary two-step steering gears with locking frictions and two final drive groups. The vehicle chassis has six single rubber tired road wheels, a rear drive sprocket with detachable sprocket rings (lantern-wheel gear) and one idler wheel per side. The first and fifth left, and sixth right road wheels have hydraulic shock absorbers. The track is 11.904 m long, 382mm (15") wide and has 93 links. Because of a large number of different pipes and tubes to detach during maintenance, the repair procedure for some of the vehicle's mechanisms is hard (for example, replacement or repair of a starter). The electric drive of an air

ZSU-23-4 outlet hatch of a gas turbine engine (part of the vehicle's electric power supply system) has an inconvenient location (at the bottom of the hull) which causes overheating and sometimes, jamming of the electric drive. On the other hand, the construction of the electric power supply system is very reliable. Changing the main engine oil and coolant is easy, as is replacement of fuel and oil filters, and sections of the air filter.[11] The ZSU-23-4 can cross vertical obstacles 0.7 m (2.3') high, trenches 2.5 m (8.2') wide, has a 1.0 m (3.3') fording depth and can climb 30 gradients.[3] The ZSU-23-4 has good maneuverability and cross-country ability, but its diesel engine's power is insufficient for a vehicle of its weight. As a result, off-road acceleration capabilities are sub-par, and the vehicle lags behind MBTs and IFVs on up-hill terrain.[11][12] The ZSU-23-4 is equipped with an NBC system with an air filtration unit, fire-fighting equipment, TNA-2 navigational system, infrared vision device, R-123 radio set, R-124 intercom and electric power supply system consisting of a DGChM-1 single-shaft gas turbine engine (70hp at 6,000rpm) and a direct-current generator (which provides 27 V and 54 V direct current or 220 V 400Hz alternate current).[13]

113

Weapons and fire control

Turret and Guns
Each water-cooled 23mm 2A7 autocannon has a cyclic rate of 8501,000 rounds per minute for a combined rate of fire of 3,4004,000 rounds per minute. The welded turret has a race ring transplanted from a T-54 medium tank with a 1,840mm (6') diameter. The 360 rotating turret is fully stabilised and capable of firing on the move. The turret rotation and autocannon elevation mechanisms provide very good speed and guidance accuracy. The hydraulically Side view at Camp Pendleton. driven aiming mechanisms have been proven to be very reliable. Manual aim is used against ground targets. The quad automatic anti-aircraft gun AZP-23 "Amur" has a range of elevation from -4 to +85. The GRAU designation for ZSU-23-4 turret with 23mm (0.9") AZP-23 "Amur" quad automatic gun is 2A10. An armoured plate inside the turret protects crew members from fire and explosive gas during intense firing.

Ammunition
Ammunition capacity is 2,000 rounds stowed aboard (520 rounds per each upper autocannon and 480 rounds per each lower autocannon) loaded in 50-round or shorter belts. The water-cooled 2A7 23mm guns of ZSU-23-4 fire the same 23152 mmB caliber ammunition as the 2A14 guns of the twin-barrel ZU-23-2 towed gun. While the 23mm Volkov-Yartsev VYa-23 aircraft gun used in the Second World War era Il-2 Sturmovik also fired ammunition of same cartridge case dimensions, the rounds differed in loading and primer, and are thus not interchangeable with the post-war AA gun ammunition.[14] Compared to the VYa and its ammunition, the air defence guns have slightly higher muzzle velocity, and explosive rounds also have slightly larger HE fillings.[15] The VYa ammunition has brass cases, while 2A7/2A14 ammunition has steel cases.[14] Three main types of 23mm anti-aircraft ammunition were manufactured post-war: API-T, HEI and HEI-T. Additionally to the original Soviet rounds, a number of ammunition manufacturers have since begun to produce ammunition for what is still a widely used caliber; these include also new ammunition types such as sub-caliber armour-piercing rounds and frangible ammunition. The following table lists the main characteristics of some of the available 23152 mmB ammunition used in 23mm AA guns:

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114

Designation

Type

Projectile Weight [g]

Bursting charge [g]

Muzzle Velocity [m/s] 970

Description

BZT

API

190

[15]

[15] Blunt AP steel core, with incendiary charge inside windshield cap. Penetration 15mm RHA at 100 m range and 30-degree impact angle, or 25mm at 400m and 0-degree impact. Tracer burn time 5 seconds. HE fragmentation round with nose fuzes incorporating self-destruct [15] mechanism. HE fragmentation round with a reduced HE charge due to the space taken by the tracer; tracer burn time 5 seconds.</ref> A Polish sub-caliber armour-piercing round with tracer. Penetration 30mm RHA at 100 m range and 30-degree impact angle (from perpendicular), tracer burn time >2.5 s.

OFZ

HE

184

[15]

19

[16]

980

[15]

OFZT

HE-T

188

[15]

13

[16]

980

[15]

APDS-T

APDS-T

103

none

1220

A typical loading of each ammunition belt contains 40 OFZT and 10 BZT rounds.[11] They can be fired to a maximum horizontal range of 7km (4.3mi), and a vertical range of 5.1km (3.2mi). The effective vertical range is 1.5km (0.93mi) at a direct range to target of 2.5km (1.6mi) and target speed of 250m/s (up to 500m/s if a modern fire control system is used). The usual autocannon burst consists of 310 projectiles and target lead angle is calculated for each burst (fire without adjustment) by computer.[13] In attacking targets on the ground, its effective range is around 2.5km (1.6mi). The short range of its 23mm autocannons and relatively low explosive effect of its small-calibre projectiles mean it is less able to engage threats such as jet attack aircraft and cruise missiles than modern systems like the 9K22 Tunguska armed with more powerful 30mm autocannons and integrated missile armaments. A special 23mm round with composite projectiles was developed for a modern modification of SPAAG (ZSU-23-4M4) to be used against cruise missiles.

Radar
The RPK-2 "Tobol" a.k.a. 1RL33 radar operates in the J band and can detect aircraft up to 20km (12mi) away. It has excellent target tracking capability and is relatively hard to detect by the enemy. However, the radar picks up many false returns (ground clutter) under 60m (200ft) of altitude. The radar antenna is mounted on collapsible supports in the top rear of the turret. There is an optical alignment sight. The RPK-2 radar proved to have good protection against enemy passive electronic radar counter-measures. Nevertheless, the radar system of the ZSU-23-4 has a short detection range during target search, depending on weather conditions (mainly dependent on rain and snow conditions). It is hard to automatically track the target at ranges less than 78km (4.3-5.0mi) because of the high angular speed of the target at close distances. The radar needs to be reset quite often because of the unstable parameters of electronic cathode-ray tubes of the target selection system. The absence of an automatic laser range finder requires a skillful commander and gunner.[2][11]

Limitations and problems

Early versions of the ZSU-23-4 sometimes had problems with "runaway guns": after prolonged periods of firing, the guns would get so hot that chambered rounds would "cook off" even if the operator was not pulling the trigger, discharging the weapon and chambering a new round, which would then also cook off, and continue to do so. This would sometimes continue until the entire belt of ammunition had been expended. Overheating barrels could jam and even break away from the vehicle. The problem resulted from a deficient cooling system and made the early ZSU-23-4s dangerous even to friendly troops standing nearby if this happened. Despite the fact that this seldom happened, Soviet operators learned to give these machines a wide berth.(Perrett 1987:100)[17] It was not recommended to perform continuous fire (bursts longer than 15 seconds without pause) on earlier models until the problem with autocannon reliability and overheating during intense fire was solved on ZSU-23-4M (welded tubes of

ZSU-23-4 coolant outlet were replaced with flexible pipes). After the autocannon cooling system was improved, the autocannons became extremely reliable.[11]

115

Deployment
Soviet doctrine supplied the vehicle since 1965 in an anti-aircraft artillery battalion of two, four-vehicle platoons for anti-aircraft defence of motor rifle and tank regiments. At the end of the 1960s one platoon was equipped with ZSU-23-4 SPAAGs while another one was still equipped with ZSU-57-2 SPAAGs. ZSU-57-2 was completely replaced with ZSU-23-4 by the beginning of 1970s. In the 1970s, Soviet motor rifle and tank regiments were equipped with an anti-aircraft missile artillery battery consisting of two platoons, one equipped with four ZSU-23-4 SPAAGs and the other with four 9K31 Strela-1 (SA-9 ZSU-23-4 at the Museum of the Great Patriotic Gaskin) or later with four 9K35 Strela-10 (SA-13 Gopher) short-range War in Kiev. surface-to-air missile systems which cover the dead zones of 2K12 Kub (SA-6 Gainful) surface-to-air missile systems belonging to the divisional level. Since the 1980s Soviet motor rifle and tank regiments were equipped with an anti-aircraft artillery battalion of three batteries (one was equipped with ZSU-23-4 or 9K22 Tunguska SPAAGs, the second one was equipped with 9K35 Strela-10 (SA-13 Gopher) short-range surface-to-air missile systems and the third battery with 9K38 Igla man-portable surface-to-air missiles on IFVs or APCs.[13] The ZSU-23-4 is very vulnerable to enemy anti-tank missiles, cannons and heavy machine guns; the armour is thin (not exceeding 15mm) and the exposed wheels, tracks, radar, and gun barrels can easily be damaged in combat. Firing positions of ZSU-23-4 SPAAGs are typically placed near the forward edge of the battle area (FEBA) but behind the main forces, usually 6001000 m behind objectives when on the defensive or 400600 m behind the leading tanks on the offensive. ZSU-23-4 SPAAGs are divided evenly along the troop columns on the march. At first each ZSU-23-4 operated in combat autonomously, without target marking from regimental or divisional air defence. In 1978, the PPRU-1 (mobile reconnaissance and control post) was passed into service of the Soviet Army. The PPRU-1 ("Ovod-M-SV") vehicle is based on MT-LBu armoured tracked chassis and it was intended for control of motor rifle or tank regimental anti-aircraft unit equipped with ZSU-23-4 SPAAGs and 9K31 "Strela-1M" mobile surface-to-air missile systems. The PPRU-1 is equipped with "Luk-23" radar and an automatic fire control system associated with the divisional air defence system. The guns are useful against low-flying aircraft and lightly protected ground targets. Due to its effectiveness against ground targets, ZSU-23-4s have been used in urban environments (e.g., Afghanistan, Abkhazia, Chechnya, Syria and Lebanon). This is primarily because the guns can elevate much higher than a tank or APC cannon, enabling armored units equipped with ZSU-23-4s to return fire against ambushes from above. Apart from the Russian Army, a small number of ZSU-23-4 SPAAGs are still in use by the Russian Naval Infantry (specifically the 61st and 175th brigades of the Northern Fleet and the 336th brigade of the Baltic Fleet).
ZSU-23-4 photo.

ZSU-23-4

116

Variants
Soviet Union
ZSU-23-4 "Shilka" (1964) - pre-production and then initial production models. ZSU-23-4V "Shilka" (1968): modernized variant with enhanced reliability of some details, ventilation system case located on the right side of the hull. Commander vision device was added. ZSU-23-4V1 "Shilka" (1970) - modernized variant with enhanced reliability of radar system and other details, ventilation system cases located on front bilges of the turret. Guidance-system computer was improved (as well as accuracy and efficiency of anti-aircraft fire on the move at 40km/h). It is fitted with a slightly improved diesel engine V-6R-1. ZSU-23-4M "Beryoza" (1973) - armed with modernized autocannons 2A7M. The pneumatic loading was replaced with pyrotechnic loading (unreliable compressor was removed), welded tubes of coolant outlet were replaced with flexible pipes which increased autocannon barrel life from 3500 rounds to 4500 rounds. ZSU-23-4MZ "Beryoza" (Z stands for "zaproschik" "inquirer") (1977) - equipped with identification friend-or-foe system "Luk". All ZSU-23-4M were upgraded to ZSU-23-4MZ level during scheduled repairs. It should be noted that army unofficially continued to use the name "Shilka" for all variants of ZSU-23-4. ZSU-23-4M2 (1978) - so-called "Afghan" variant. Reequipment performed during the Soviet War in Afghanistan for mountain combats. The radar system was removed and a night-sight was added. Ammunition increased from 2,000 to 4,000 rounds.

Russian Federation and Belarus

ZSU-23-4M4 and ZSU-23-4M5 (1999) - modernized variants, armed with two additional paired man-portable air-defense systems "Igla" on each side of the turret and equipped with 81mm smoke grenade launchers, laser emission sensors, electro-optical vision devices (including television system for driver) and improved weapon radar system. The mechanical transmission was replaced with hydrostatic transmission, hydraulic boosters were installed. Mobility increased to the level of main battle tanks. This upgrade was first shown during the exhibition MAKS-99 in Zhukovsky and was carried out by the Minotor Service Enterprise and Peleng Joint Stock Company from the Republic of Belarus, and the Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant of Russia. The Ulyanovsk Mechancial Plant is also offering ZSU-23-4 upgrade packages independently.[18][19][20]

Ukraine
Donets (1999) - This is a Ukrainian modernization developed by Malyshev Tank Factory in Kharkov. It has the modified turret from the ZSU-23-4, armed with two additional paired man-portable air-defense systems "Strela-10" installed on the hull of the T-80UD main battle tank. Ammunition for 23mm autocannons increased two times.

Poland
ZSU-23-4MP "Biaa" (2000) - Polish upgrade with Grom anti-aircraft missiles and fully digital passive aiming devices instead of the radar.

ZSU-23-4

117

India
ZSU-23-4 upgrade - This version was developed by Bharat Electronics Ltd (BEL) of India in cooperation with Israel Aircraft Industries (IAI). The upgraded systems will feature a solid-state radar and computers, electro-optical fire control systems, a new Caterpillar 359 BHP diesel engine and a new APU. The upgraded systems must be able to operate despite enemy jamming, must be able to pick up targets more than 15 km away, and must function in temperatures between 35 Celsius and minus 40 Celsius. The gun must be able to shoot down targets flying up to 450 miles per hour up to 1,500 meters and out to 2,500 meters. The purpose of the upgrade would be to extend the life of the air defence system by 15 years. In December 2004 it was reported that the Indian Army awarded a USD $104 million contract to upgrade 48 ZSU-23-4 air defence systems of the Indian Army. The Chairman of BEL, Y Gopala Rao, stated that the trials were conducted on two upgraded prototypes and the remaining 46 systems are to be upgraded by 2005. However, Defence News reported in July 2006, that the Indian Army rejected the upgrade, as the system was inaccurate and had insufficient range and has requested the Ministry of Defence to expedite the purchase of a replacement system.[21][22]

Netherlands
ZSU-23-4 upgrade (1998) - As a private venture, Hollandse Signaalapparaten company (now Thales Nederland) of the Netherlands, obtained a number of ex-East German Army ZSU-23-4V1s and developed an upgrade package. The main part of this upgrade is the modernisation of the radar and fire-control system. The first prototype was completed in mid-1998. The upgraded vehicle is equipped with the ASADS Ka-band target tracking radar and the PAGE I-band surveillance radar.[23]

Combat history
19681970: War of Attrition 1973: Yom Kippur War 19591975: Vietnam War, during the last stage of Ho Chi Minh Campaign in 1975 by battery of 237th Anti-aircraft Artillery Regiment. 19751990: Lebanese Civil War 19751991: Angolan Civil War, 1st Civil War 19751991: Western Sahara War 1977: Libyan-Egyptian War 19771978: Ogaden War 19791988: Soviet War in Afghanistan 19801988: IranIraq War 1982: Lebanon War 19901991: Gulf War 1990-1994: Nagorno-Karabakh War 19921993: GeorgianAbkhazian conflict 19941996: First Chechen War 1999: Second Chechen War 2003: Iraq War 2008: 2008 South Ossetia war 2011: Libyan civil war 2011: Syrian civil war

ZSU-23-4

118

Operators
Afghanistan: 20 were delivered from USSR.[24][25] Algeria: 210 in 1995.[25][26] According to another sources 310 were delivered from USSR.[24] Angola: 20+ were delivered from USSR.[24][25] Armenia[27] Azerbaijan Belarus
Current and former users of the Shilka

Bulgaria: 30[25] (27 in active service) Cameroon: 200 ordered from Russia.[26]128 were delivered from Russia, but a new contrat was certified with Russia in 2011 for 300-350.[28] Congo: 8[25] Cuba: 36 in 1995 (delivered from Russia).[24][25][26] Egypt: 350 in 1995.[26] 330 were delivered from USSR, also a new contract was signed with Russia in 2005.[24] Ecuador: 34 from Nicaragua in 1997.[25] Ethiopia: 60[25] Georgia: 38 Guinea-Bissau: 16 were delivered from USSR.[24] Hungary: 20 in 1995.[26] 14 were delivered from USSR.[24][25] India: 100 were delivered from USSR.[24][25] Iran: 100+[25] Iraq: 200+[25] Israel: 60[25] Captured from Arab Armies over the Arab-Israeli Conflict. Jordan: 16 in 1995 (delivered from USSR).[24][26] 45 in 2008[25] Laos: 10+[25] Lebanon: ex-PLO vehicles operated by the Lebanese Army (2), Lebanese Forces (3), Al-Murabitun (3). Libya: 250[25] Mongolia[25] Morocco Mozambique Nigeria: 30[25] North Korea: >100 were delivered from USSR.[24][24][25][26]"/>[25]* Peru 136 Poland: 44[29] to 87.[25] 150 were delivered from USSR.[24] Somalia: 4[25] Russia: ~12 in active service in 2011 (Used by Marines)[30] Syria: 400 were delivered from USSR.[24][25] United States: the United States operates a few ZSU-23-4 for testing. (most of them are at Camp Pendleton) Turkmenistan: 28[25] Ukraine[25] Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic

ZSU-23-4 Vietnam: 100[25] Yemen: 30[25] to 40 in 1995 (delivered to South Yemen from USSR).[24][26] Zimbabwe

119

Former operators
East Germany: 131 were delivered from USSR.[24] Soviet Union

Notes
[1] -- - - : - --, --- -- -90, -29, , - (http:/ / www. militaryparitet. com/ nomen/ russia/ arty/ sarty/ data/ ic_nomenrussiaartysarty/ 14/ ) [2] -23-4 "" - Army.lv (http:/ / www. army. lv/ ?s=703& id=65& v=1#info) [3] - (http:/ / otvaga2004. narod. ru/ otvaga2004/ wars1/ wars_02. htm) [4] (http:/ / www. svzriu. ru/ teh. php?type=shilka) [5] -23-4 (http:/ / www. museum-tank. ru/ IIIwar/ tables3/ zsu230. html) [6] -- - -23-4 "" (http:/ / armoured. vif2. ru/ zsu-23-4. htm) [7] : -23-4 "" (http:/ / pzaku. net/ homepage/ 15/ ) [8] ZSU-23-4 'Shilka' (http:/ / airbase. ru/ hangar/ weapons/ zsu-23-4/ index. htm) [9] Cancelled on 20 September 1962 [10] Russian General Staff (translated and edited by Lester Grau and Michael Gress) (2002); The Soviet-Afghan war: how a superpower fought and lost; University Press of Kansas, p. 38. ISBN 0-7006-1185-1. [11] - - (http:/ / www. popmech. ru/ part/ ?articleid=1828& rubricid=7) [12] - - - -23-4 2 (http:/ / belostokskaya. ru/ weapons_mp/ airdefence/ Shilka2/ ) [13] -23-4 "" (http:/ / pvo. guns. ru/ shilka/ shilka. htm) [14] Williams, Anthony G.: "An introduction to collecting 23-28mm cartridges" (http:/ / www. quarry. nildram. co. uk/ collecting 23-28mm. htm). [15] Russian Ammunition Page (http:/ / www. russianammo. org) [16] ORDATA: Ordnance Identification Tool, http:/ / maic. jmu. edu/ ordata [17] - (http:/ / otvaga2004. narod. ru/ otvaga2004/ wars1/ wars_02. htm) [18] http:/ / articles. janes. com/ articles/ jdu99/ ZSU-23-4M5-SHILKA-SPAAG-MODERNISATION. html [19] http:/ / articles. janes. com/ articles/ Janes-Land-Based-Air-Defence/ ZSU-23-4M5-Shilka-Belarus. html [20] http:/ / www. minotor-service. com/ en/ zsu-23-4-shilka. html [21] http:/ / www. defensenews. com/ [22] http:/ / defense-update. com/ products/ z/ zsu23-4. htm [23] http:/ / articles. janes. com/ articles/ Janes-Land-Based-Air-Defence/ Thales-Nederland-BV-ZSU-23-4-self-propelled-anti-aircraft-gun-upgrade-package-Netherlands. html [24] () (http:/ / www. militaryparitet. com/ nomen/ russia/ arty/ sarty/ data/ ic_nomenrussiaartysarty/ 14/ ) [25] "ZSU-23-4" (http:/ / www8. janes. com/ Search/ documentView. do?docId=/ content1/ janesdata/ yb/ jlad/ jlad0057. htm). Jane's Information Group. 2008-10-30. . Retrieved 2008-11-08. [26] The World Defence Almanac 1995-1996. Military Technology. 1996 [27] International Institute for Strategic Studies. The Military Balance 2012. London: Routledge, 2012, p. 90. [28] ZSU Shilka self-propelled ADGM (http:/ / warfare. ru/ ?lang=& catid=240& linkid=1569) [29] MILITARIUM - Wojsko Polskie - Uzbrojenie (http:/ / www. militarium. net/ wojsko_polskie/ uzbrojenie. php) [30] ZSU Shilka self-propelled ADGM (http:/ / warfare. ru/ ?lang=& catid=240& linkid=1569)

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120

References
Koll, Christian (2009). Soviet Cannon: A Comprehensive Study of Soviet Arms and Ammunition in Calibres 12.7mm to 57mm (http://www.russianammo.org). Linz, Austria: Christian Koll. ISBN978-3-200-01445-9. OCLC424511896. Perrett, Bryan (1987). Soviet Armour Since 1945. London: Blandford Press. ISBN 0-7137-1735-1. OCLC19847519. Shirokorad, A. (February 1998). Bronekollektsiya: "Shilka" i drugie otechestvennye ZSU ("Shilka" and Other Native SPAAGs). Issue of a Russian journal. Zaloga, Steve [Steven J.] (1993). ZSU-23-4 Shilka & Soviet Air Defense Gun Vehicles. Hong Kong: Concord Publications. ISBN 962-361-039-4. OCLC48683481.

External links
Federation of American Scientists page (http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/row/zsu-23-4.htm) GulfLINK: Soviet air defence vehicles (http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/irfna/irfna_refs/n28en143/airdef.html) In Russian. Description and photos (http://armyinrussian.narod.ru/suhoputnie/shilka.htm) In Russian. Short info and several photos (http://pvo.guns.ru/shilka/shilka.htm)

In Russian. Description, specifications, photos (http://oficery.ru/2007/11/20/ zenitnaja_samokhodnaja_ustanovka__zsu234_shilka.html) In Russian. ZSU-23-4 during the Soviet War in Afghanistan (http://otvaga2004.narod.ru/otvaga2004/wars1/ wars_02.htm)

M3 Half-track

121

M3 Half-track
Carrier, Personnel Half-track M3

M3 half-track with .30 (7.62 mm) Browning M1919 machinegun Type Placeoforigin Half-track armored personnel carrier
United States

Specifications
Weight Length Width Height Crew Main armament Secondary armament Engine 9.3 t 6.18 m 2.22 m 2.26 m, wheelbase 135.5in (3,440mm) 3 + 10 troops 1 x 0.5 in (12.7 mm) M2 machine gun 2 x 0.3 in (7.62 mm) M1919A4 machine guns
[1] [1] [1]

White 160AX, 386cuin (6,330cc), 147 hp (110 kW) 15.8 hp/tonne

6 cylinder, petrol, compression ratio 6.3:1,

Power/weight Suspension Fuelcapacity Operational range Speed

half track, vertical volute springs; front tread 64.5in (1,640mm) to 66.5in (1,690mm) 60US gal (230l) 175mi (282km)
[1]

[1]

[1]

45mph (72km/h)

[1]

The Carrier, Personnel Half-track M3 was an armored vehicle used by the United States, the British Empire and the other Allies during World War II and the Cold War. Nearly 43,000 were produced, and supplied to the U.S. Army and Marines, as well as British Commonwealth and Soviet Red Army forces, serving on all fronts throughout the war.

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History
Between the world wars, the US Army sought to improve the tactical mobility of its forces. With the goal of finding a high-mobility infantry vehicle, the Ordnance Department had evaluated the half-track design by testing French Citron-Kgresse vehicles. The White Motor Company produced a prototype halftrack using their own chassis and the body of the M3 Scout Car. The design, using as many commercial components as possible to improve reliability and rate of production, was standardized in 1940 and built by the Autocar Company, Diamond T Motor Company, and the White Company.

On display in Ursel (NW of Ghent), Belgium

Offered with a choice of White 160AX or IHC RED DIAMOND 450 engines, the M3 was driven through a manual constant-mesh (non-synchromesh) transmission with four forward and one reverse gear,[1] as well as a two-speed transfer case.[1] Front suspension was leaf spring, tracks by vertical volute spring.[1] Braking was vacuum-assisted hydraulic,[1] steering manual, without power assist.[1] The electrical system was 12-volt.[1] The M3 was the larger counterpart to the M2 Half Track Car. The M2 was originally intended to function as an artillery tractor. The M3 had a longer body than the M2 with a single access door in the rear and seating for a 13-man rifle squad. Ten seats were arranged down either side of the vehicle, with three in the cab. Racks under the seats were used for ammunition and rations; additional racks behind the seat backs held the squad's rifles and other stowage. A small rack for mines was added on the outside of the hull just above the tracks. In combat, most units found it necessary to stow additional food, rucksacks and other crew stowage on the outside of the vehicle. Luggage racks were often added in the field, and very late vehicles had rear-mounted racks for this crew stowage. Early vehicles had a pintle mount just behind the front seats mounting a .50-caliber (12.7mm) M2 Browning machine gun. The later M3A1 adopted a raised, armored 'pulpit mount' for the .50-caliber, and .30-caliber (7.62mm) machine guns could be used from mounts along the sides of the passenger compartment. Many M3s were later modified to the M3A1 standard. The body was armored all around, with an adjustable armored shutter for the engine's radiator and a bulletproof windscreen. The halftracks were initially extremely unpopular and dubbed "Purple Heart Boxes" (a grim reference to the US Army's decoration for combat wounds) by American troops.[2] Chief complaints centered around the complete lack of overhead protection from airbursting artillery shells and that the armor was inadequate against machine gun fire.[2] Total production of the M3 ran to nearly 41,000 vehicles. To supply the Allied nations International Harvester produced several thousand of a very similar vehicle, the M5 half track for Lend-Lease.

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Variants
Armored personnel carriers
M3 - White Half-Track with White 386cuin (6,330cc) 160AX engine. Fitted with either an M32 anti-aircraft machine gun mount or a pedestal mount, both featuring an M2HB machine gun. M3A1 - Any vehicle with the improved M49 machine gun ring mount over the right hand front seat. Between 1942 and 1943 all M3 Half-Tracks (standard and A1s) were continually upgraded. These improvements included a number of drive train, engine, and stowage improvements. T29/M3A2 - Developed in 1943 to combine features such that M5 personnel carrier existing M2 and M3 production could be switched to a common vehicle. Came at a time where the need for additional half tracks turned out to be not as great as projected. The M3A2 was, therefore, not produced. M3E2/M5 - International Harvester Half-Track, externally virtually identical to the M3, but with 450cuin (7,400cc).[1][3] IHC RED-450-B engine, different drive train and fuel and electrical system.[3] In fact, only the chassis, bogies, track, idler and drive sprockets, wheels, winches, transfer case, rollers, and machine gun mount were interchangeable.[3] The M5 is heavier than the M3, due in part to heavier armor.[3] Its rear body sides were in one piece, rather than bolted.[3] The M5 was primarily for Lend-Lease, to Britain, Canada, France,[3] and the Soviet Union. M5A1 - As for the M3A1, an M5 with the M49 machine gun mount. It could fit one .50-caliber (12.7mm) and two .30-caliber (30.06) machine guns.[3] The IHC models had a slightly lower top speed (only 42mph (68km/h))[1] and lower range (125mi (201km))[1] as well. T31/M5A2 - Similar in principle to the M3A2, a vehicle developed by the US Ordnance Department to combine the production of the M5 and M9 into a single vehicle. As with the M3A2, the projected need was never seen, and this version was never produced en masse. M9 - Same as the M5, with stowage arranged as in the M2 halftrack, with access to radios from inside (as opposed to outside) and rear doors, plus pedestal MG mount.[3] M9A1 - Same as M9, with ring mount and three MG pintles.[3]

Self-propelled guns
T12/M3 75mm GMC - M3 based Gun Motor Carriage equipped with the M1897A5 75mm gun. These guns were fitted with the gun's M2A3 ground carriage and its gun shield. Later variants featured a purpose-built gun shield (59 rounds). M3A1 75mm GMC - The M2A2 gun carriage was substituted for the A3, as stocks were exhausted. Later variants featured a purpose-built gun shield. T12 HMC - M3 based Howitzer Motor Carriage equipped with the 75 or 105mm Pack Howitzer by the US Marine Corps.

A T48 57mm Gun Motor Carriage in front of the

T48 57mm GMC - M3 based Gun Motor Carriage equipped with Polish Army Museum. the M1 57mm gun, an American copy of the British QF 6 pounder anti-tank gun. A total of 962 T48s were produced during the war. Of these, 60 were supplied under lend lease to Britain, and 650 to the USSR - who called it SU-57 (99 rounds)

M3 Half-track T30 75mm HMC - M3 based Howitzer Motor Carriage equipped with the M1A1 75 mm howitzer in a simple box mount (60 rounds). Used by the US Army. Also provided to the Free French Army, later used in Indochina. T38 105mm HMC - M3 based Howitzer Motor Carriage equipped with the M3 105 mm howitzer. Cancelled with the success of the T19. T19 105mm HMC - M3 based Howitzer Motor Carriage equipped with the M2A1 105 mm howitzer (8 rounds). T19/M21 81mm MMC - M3 based Motor Mortar Carriage equipped with the M1 mortar (81mm)(97 rounds), designed to allow the mortar to be fired from within the vehicle. T21 - M3 based mortar carrier fitted with a 4.2 inch mortar. Never adopted. T21E1 - The T21's mortar could only fire rearward as with the M2 based M4 MMC. The T21E1 reoriented to the mortar to fire forward.

124

Anti-aircraft variants
T1E4/M13 MGMC - M3 based Multiple Gun Motor Carriage equipped with the Maxson M33 mount with 2 M2HB machine guns (5,000 rounds). The T1E4 prototypes had the hull sides removed for easy of working with the mount. These were reintroduced on production M13s. This was a development of previous T1s that had all been based on the M2 Half-track Car. M14 MGMC - M13 MGMC variant, based on the M5 chassis. Supplied under lend-lease to Britain (5,000 rounds). M16 MGMC - M3 based Multiple Gun Motor Carriage equipped with the Maxson M45 Quadmount (more specifically the M45D) with 4 M2HB machine guns (5,000 rounds). M16A1 MGMC - Standard M3 Personnel Carriers converted to Multiple Gun Motor Carriages by removing rear seats and installing a Maxson M45 mount (more specifically the M45F, which featured folding "bat wing" gun shields on both sides of the mount over the machine guns). These vehicles are easily identified by the lack of the folding armored hull panels found on purpose-built M16s.

M16 MGMC in action in Korea, 1953.

M16A2 MGMC - M16 MGMC variant, basically M16s brought up to M16A1 standard and with the addition of a rear door to the hull compartment. For existing M16s, this essentially meant a replacement of the M45D mount for the M45F mount. M17 MGMC - M16 MGMC variant, based on the M5 chassis. Sent under lend-lease to USSR (5,000 rounds). T58 - Similar to the M16/M17, the T58 featured the Maxon quad-mount fitted to a special electric powered turret. Prototype only. T28E1 CGMC - M3 based Combination Gun Motor Carriage equipped with one M1A2 37mm autocannon (240 rounds) flanked by 2 M2WC machine guns (3,400 rounds). The original T28 had been based on the shorter M2 Half-Track Car chassis.[4] M15 CGMC - T28E1 variant, equipped with an armored superstructure on the turreted mount to provide crew protection, and switched to M2HB machine guns. M15A1 CGMC - Reorganization of the weapons, with the M2HB machine guns being fitted under the M1A2 37mm autocannon instead of above as on the M15. T10E1 - Variant to test the feasibility of mounting US made copies of the Hispano-Suiza HS.404 20mm cannon on modified Maxson mounts. All were later rebuilt as M16s. The original T10 was based on the shorter M2 Half-Track Car chassis.

M3 Half-track 40mm Experiments - Various attempts were made to mate the 40 mm Bofors L/50 gun to the M3 chassis. In all cases the weapon's recoil was too severe or the mounting too heavy, and the attempts were finally stopped with the adoption of the M19 MGMC on the M24 light tank chassis. T54/E1 - Tested in 1942, the gun mount quickly proved to be unstable when fired, and the improved T54E1, which also added a circular armored shield and rear armor to the vehicle, could not fix the inherent problem. Prototype only. T59 - A development of the T54/E1, fitted with outriggers to help stabilize the vehicle during sustained firing. Still proved to be too unstable for anti-aircraft use. Prototype only. T59E1 - T59 fitted with the T17 fire control system. Prototype only. T60/E1 - Similar to the T54 and the T59, but featured two .50 caliber M2 machine guns flanking the 40mm cannon (the mounting's designation was T65). The T60E1 featured an armor configuration similar to that of the T54E1. Suffered from the same stability issues of previous attempts. Prototype only. T68 - Perhaps the most radical of the experiments, the T68 featured two 40mm cannons, one mounted on top of the other, plus a stabilizer on top of the two guns. The recoil force proved to be too much for the mount, and the idea was abandoned. Prototype only. M15 "Special" - Field conversions by US Army depots in Australia of standard M3s, not M15s, fitted with turreted 40 mm Bofors L/50 guns. These were the only successful mating of this weapon to the M3 chassis, and were used more for direct fire support than for anti-aircraft purposes.

125

Post-war Israeli variants

M3 Mk. A - M5 APC. Israeli Half-Tracks were all designated M3, even M2/M9 variants and known as Zachlam " in Hebrew. The Mk. A APCs are identified as IHC M5s by the use of RED-450 engines for the most part. While the M49 mount was retained, a variety of machine guns were used. M3 Mk. B - M5 converted as a command carrier with extra radios and a front winch bumper. Mk. Bs featured M2HB machine guns. M3 Mk. C - Essentially an M21 MMC, an M3 type (assumed from the common use of the White 160AX engine) Half-Track with an M1 81mm Mortar. M3 Mk. D - Another M3 based mortar carrier, fitted with the 120 mm Soltam mortar. Entered service in 1960.

Israeli modified M3 Half-track, armed with 20mm cannon.

M3 TCM-20 - M3/M5 Half-Tracks fitted with the Israeli TCM-20 armament turret with two 20mm Hispano-Suiza HS.404 cannon fitted to old Maxson turrets. The right hand vision port was often replaced with a ball mount for a machine gun. They proved to be very effective fighting anti-tank missile teams, their cannons would at least keep the teams under cover or bother them so they could not use their missiles effectively.

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Former operators
United States - U.S. Army United Kingdom - British Army France - French Army Greece - Greek Army South Korea - South Korean Army South Vietnam - Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) Soviet Union - Soviet Army Spain - Spanish Army Cambodia - Khmer National Army (FANK) Canada - Canadian Army Czechoslovakia Cuba Kingdom of Laos - Royal Lao Army Pakistan - Pakistani Army Philippines - Philippine Army and Philippine Constabulary Portugal - Portuguese Army Poland Israel - Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) Italy - Italian Army India - Indian Army Lebanon - Lebanese Army Australia - Australian Army Argentina Brazil Chile Mexico Nazi Germany - Used captured vehicles in the north African and western fronts during World War II. New Zealand Peru - Still in service, fitted with "Eyal" crane, supplied by Israel. Norway Yugoslavia - Yugoslav People's Army Belgium - Belgian Army Denmark - Danish Army The Netherlands - Dutch Army Thailand - Royal Thai Army Turkey

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Non-state operators
Lebanese Forces - supplied by Israel. South Lebanon Army (SLA) - supplied by Israel. Amal Movement - captured from the SLA. Hezbollah - captured from the SLA.

Citations
[1] [2] [3] [4] Berndt 1993, p. 152. Zaloga 2004, p. 8. Berndt 1993, p. 147. "Hit-Run Ack-Ack Guns Mounted on Half-Track" (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=S9YDAAAAMBAJ& pg=PA7& dq=Popular+ Science+ 1935+ plane+ "Popular+ Mechanics"& hl=en& ei=Uu44TpGOEquGsgLepeUC& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=1& ved=0CCgQ6AEwADgU#v=onepage& q& f=true) Popular Mechanics, December 1943 and "cover artwork" (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=S9YDAAAAMBAJ& pg=PA0& dq=Popular+ Science+ 1935+ plane+ "Popular+ Mechanics"& hl=en& ei=Uu44TpGOEquGsgLepeUC& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=1& ved=0CCgQ6AEwADgU#v=onepage& q& f=true)

References
TM 9-2800 Berndt, Thomas (1993). Standard Catalog of U.S. Military Vehicles. Iola, WI: Krause Publications. ISBN 0-87341-223-0. Janda, Patryk (2009). Half-Track vol. I. Gdask, Poland: Aj-Press Publishing. ISBN 978-83-7237-207-9 Mesko, Jim (1996). M3 Half-tracks in Action. Carrollton, TX: Squadron/Signal Publications. United States, War Department (1944). TM 9-710 Basic Half-Track Vehicles (White, Autocar, and Diamond T). Washington, DC: War Department. Zaloga, Steven J. (2004). M3 Infantry Half-Track 1940-73. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing.

External links
AFV Database (http://afvdb.50megs.com/usa/halftrackm3.html) Half-track Gets Farm Job (http://books.google.com/books?id=hCQDAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA151&dq=m3 half-track&as_brr=1&pg=PA151#v=onepage&q=&f=false) WWII Vehicles - US Half tracks (http://www.wwiivehicles.com/usa/half_tracks/halftracks.html) US half-tracks photo gallery at ww2photo.mimerswell.com (http://ww2photo.mimerswell.com/tanks/usa/half/ half.htm) FM 17-71: Crew Drill for Half-Track Vehicles (http://www.lonesentry.com/manuals/ fm17-71-halftrack-crew-drill/index.html) (French) The various versions of Israeli Half-track (http://www.tsahal-miniature.com/halftrac.html) (Armored Command Field Manual, War Department, September 1943)

Assault Amphibious Vehicle

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Assault Amphibious Vehicle

AAVP7A1 RAM/RS

US Marine Corps AAV in Fallujah, Iraq Type Placeoforigin Armoured personnel carrier
United States

Service history
Inservice Usedby Wars 1972present See Operators 1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Gulf War, Operation Restore Hope, Iraq War

Production history
Designer FMC Corporation Manufacturer FMC Corporation Produced 1972

Specifications
Weight Length Width Height Crew Armor Main armament Secondary armament Engine 29.1 tons 7.94 m (321.3") 3.27 m (128.72") 3.26 m (130.5") 3+25 45 mm Mk 19 40 mm automatic grenade launcher (864 rounds) or M242 Bushmaster 25mm (900 rounds) M2HB .50-caliber (12.7 mm) machine gun (1200 rounds) Detroit Diesel 8V-53T (P-7), Cummins VT 400 903 (P-7A1) 400 hp (300 kW) VTAC 525 903 525 hp(AAV-7RAM-RS) 18 hp/tonne torsion-bar-in-tube (AAV-7A1); torsion bar (AAV-7RAM-RS)

Power/weight Suspension

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Operational range Speed

480 km (300 miles); 20 NM in water, including survival in Sea State 5

[1]

2432 km/h (1520 mph) off-road, 72 km/h surfaced road, 13.2 km/h water (45 mph, 8.2 mph)

The Assault Amphibious Vehicle[2] (AAV)official designation AAV-7A1 (formerly known as Landing Vehicle, Tracked, Personnel-7 abbr. LVTP-7)is a fully tracked amphibious landing vehicle manufactured by U.S. Combat Systems (previously by United Defense, a former division of FMC Corporation). The AAV-7A1 is the current amphibious troop transport of the United States Marine Corps. It is used by USMC Assault Amphibian Battalions to land the surface assault elements of the landing force and their equipment in a single lift from assault shipping during amphibious operations to inland objectives and to conduct mechanized operations and related combat support in subsequent mechanized operations ashore. It is also operated by other forces. Marines call them "amtracks," a shortening of their original designation, "amphibious tractor."

Development
The LVTP-7 was first introduced in 1972 as a replacement for the LVTP-5. In 1982, FMC was contracted to conduct the LVTP-7 Service Life Extension Program, which converted the LVT-7 vehicles to the improved AAV-7A1 vehicle by adding an improved engine, transmission, and weapons system and improving the overall maintainability of the vehicle. The Cummins VT400 diesel engine replaced the GM 8V53T, and this was driven through FMC's HS-400-3A1 transmission. The hydraulic traverse and elevation of the weapon station was replaced by electric motors, which eliminated the danger from hydraulic fluid fires. The suspension and shock absorbers were strengthened as well. The fuel tank was made safer, and a fuel-burning smoke generator system was added. Eight smoke grenade launchers were also placed around the armament station. The headlight clusters were housed in a square recess instead of the earlier round type. The driver was provided with an improved instrument panel and a night vision device, and a new ventilation system was installed. These upgraded vehicles were originally called LVT-7A1, but the Marine Corps renamed the LVTP-7A1 to AAV-7A1 in 1984. Another improvement was added in the form of a Cadillac Gage weapon station or Up-Gunned Weapon Station (UGWS) which was armed with both a .50 cal (12.7mm) M2HB machine gun and a Mk-19 40 mm grenade launcher.

Two U.S. Marine Corps Assault Amphibian Vehicles emerge from the surf onto the sand of Freshwater Beach, Australia

U.S. Marines landing from an Assault Amphibian Vehicle in Djbouti

Enhanced Applique Armor Kits (EAAK) were developed for the AAV-7A1 in 1989 and fitted by 1993, and the added weight of the new armor necessitated the addition of a bow plane kit when operating afloat. The Assault Amphibian Vehicle Reliability, Availability, Maintainability/Rebuild to Standard (AAV RAM/RS) Program has provided for a replacement of both the engine and suspension with US Army M2 Bradley Fighting Vehicle (BFV) components modified for the AAV. The ground clearance has returned to 16inches and the horsepower to ton ratio has changed from 13 to 1 back to 17 to 1. The AAV RAM/RS rebuild encompassed all AAV systems and components in order to return the AAV back to the original vehicle's performance specifications and ensure acceptable Fleet Marine Force (FMF) AAV readiness ratings until the EFV is operational. Introduction of the

Assault Amphibious Vehicle BFV components and the rebuild to standard effort is expected to reduce maintenance costs for the remaining life of the AAV through the year 2013. Though due to the cancellation of the EFV the AAV will remain in service much longer.

130

Variants
LVTP-7: Original series introduced from 1972. Originally armed with a M85 .50cal machine gun and Mk-19 Grenade launcher. LVTP-7A1: 1982 upgraded. Renamed to AAVP-7A1 from 1984. AAVP-7A1 (Personnel): This is the most common AAV, as it carries a turret equipped with an M2HB .50 caliber heavy machine gun, and a Mk19 40mm automatic grenade launcher. It carries four crew radios as well as the AN/VIC-2 intercom system. It is capable of carrying 25 combat equipped Marines in addition to the crew of 4: driver, crew chief/vehicle commander, gunner, and rear crewman.

An AAVR-7A1 attached to the 31st Marine

Expeditionary Unit splashes into the Pacific AAVC-7A1 (Command): This vehicle does not have a turret, and Ocean from the well deck of USS Juneau before much of the cargo space of the vehicle is occupied by heading to the beach. communications equipment. This version only has two crew radios, and in addition to the VIC-2, it also carries two VRC-92s, a VRC-89, a PRC-103 UHF radio, a MRC-83 HF radio and the MSQ internetworking system used to control the various radios. This AAV has a crew of 3, and additionally carries 5 radio operators, three staff members, and two commanding officers. Recently, the C7 has been upgraded to use Harris Falcon II class radios, specifically the PRC-117 for VHF/UHF/SATCOM, and the PRC-150 for HF.

AAVR-7A1 (Recovery): This vehicle also does not have a turret. The R7 is considered the "wrecker", as it has a crane as well as most tools and equipment needed for field repairs. It is by far the heaviest of the three, and sits considerably lower in the water. Crew of three, not including the repairmen. Many P7s have been modified to carry the Mk 154 MCLC, or Mine Clearance Line Charge. The MCLC kit can fire three linear demolition charges to breach a lane through a minefield. MCLCs were used in the 1991 Persian Gulf War and again in Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2003. In the 1970s, the US Army used an LVTP-7 as the basis for their Mobile Test Unit (MTU), a ground-based antiaircraft high energy laser. After several successful test firings at Redstone Army Arsenal, the laser was reportedly transferred to NASA.

Combat history
Twenty U.S.-built LVTP-7s were used by Argentina during the 1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands with all of them returning to the Argentine mainland before the war ended. From 19821984, LVTP-7s were deployed with U.S. Marines as part of the multi-national peacekeeping force in Beirut, Lebanon. As Marines became increasingly involved in hostilities, several vehicles sustained minor damage from shrapnel and small arms fire. On October 25, 1983 U.S. Marine LVTP-7s conducted a highly successful amphibious landing on the island of Grenada as part of Operation Urgent Fury. It was heavily War and the 2003 invasion of Iraq and has been

Firing smoke grenades in training.

used

in

the

1991

Gulf

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131

criticized for providing poor protection for the crew and passengers compared with other vehicles such as the M2 Bradley. Eight of them were disabled or destroyed during the Battle of Nasiriyah, where they faced RPG, mortar, tank and artillery fire. At least one vehicle was destroyed by fire from friendly A-10 Warthog attack planes.[3][4][5] AAV-7A1s were also used extensively in the Persian Gulf War and in Operation Restore Hope.

Replacement

Argentine Marines in the Falkland Islands

Renamed from the Advanced Assault Amphibious Vehicle in late 2003, the Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle (EFV) was designed to replace the ageing AAV. Able to transport a full Marine rifle squad to shore from an amphibious assault ship beyond the horizon with three times the speed in water and about twice the armor of the AAV, and superior firepower as well it was the Marine Corps' number one priority ground weapon system acquisition. The EFV was intended for deployment in 2015.[6] However, in January 2011 United States Defense Secretary Robert Gates announced plans to cancel the Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle. In 2012, the USMC dropped the EFV and cancelled the program. The AAV-7 is planned to remain in service for some years to come.[7] Replacement of the AAV will now come from the Amphibious Combat Vehicle program.

Training systems
The Office of Naval Research (ONR) under the Virtual Training and Environments (VIRTE) program, led by then LCDR Dylan Schmorrow, developed a prototype training system called the AAV Turret Trainer. The system consists of an actual surplus turret mounted with ISMT (Indoor Simulated Marksmanship Trainer) weapons firing on a projected screen displaying the VIRTE Virtual Environment.[8] At total of 15 systems were produced for the USMC and one system for Taiwan.[9]

Well deck operation training with AAVs

Spanish Navy Marines deploying from an AAV-7 during an exhibition in 2009.

Landing force demonstration.

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Operators
United States Marine Corps: 1,311

Infanteria de Marina (Argentina): 21 LVTP7s, around 10 upgraded locally by MECATROL with Caterpillar C7 diesel engines and minor changes to running gear and other components[10]

Argentine Navy LVTP-7 Corpo de Fuzileiros Navais do Brasil (Brazil): 39 AAV-7A1, 9 LVTP-7A1, 2 LVTC-7A1 and 2 LVTR-7A1. On July 31, 2012, Brazil announced their interest to buys an additional 26 AAVs at an estimated cost of $233 million.[11]

Esercito Italiano and Italian navy (Italy): 25 LVPT7s, 35 of which have been upgraded to AAV-7A1 standard.

Republic of Korea Marine Corps (South Korea): 162

Republic of China Marine Corps (Taiwan): 54 and 1 AAV Turret Trainer.

Spanish Marines (BRIMAR): 19. Upgraded to AAV-7A1 standard.

Royal Thai Marine Corps: 36 (AAVP-7A1 +AAVR-7A1 +AAVC-7A1)

Venezuelan Navy: 11 AAVT-7s, (1 AAVTC-7 +1AAVTR-7 +9AAVTP-7).

Indonesian Marine Corps: 10 units (LVTP7A1) donated by South Korea

Notes
[1] Eland, Ivan, Putting "Defense" Back Into U.S. Defense Policy, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001, p.150 [2] "Assault Amphibious Vehicle Systems (AAVS)" (http:/ / www. marcorsyscom. usmc. mil/ sites/ aav/ ). Marine Corps Systems Command. 2009-03-19. . Retrieved 2010-08-04. [3] Deadliest battle of war so far (http:/ / news. google. com/ newspapers?id=IPEeAAAAIBAJ& sjid=G4QEAAAAIBAJ& pg=6764,5938612& dq) Sarasota Herald-Tribune, from New York Times News Service, March 24, 2003 [4] Zeigler, Martin (2006). Three Block War II: Snipers in the Sky. iUniverse, pp. 34 and 36.ISBN 0-595-38816-7 [5] Final Roll Call (http:/ / www. thefinalrollcall. us/ stories/ charlie. htm#prof) [6] U.S. Marine EFV Delivery Delayed to 2015 and Costs Double (http:/ / www. defensenews. com/ story. php?F=2622633& C=navwar). defensenews.com [7] Cavas, Christoper P. "Hold Off on EFV, House Leaders Ask" (http:/ / www. defensenews. com/ story. php?i=5530214& amp;c=POL& amp;s=TOP). Defense News, 24 January 2011. [8] Virtual reality, real ingenuity Marines in need of a virtual trainer create their own (http:/ / www. physorg. com/ news3678. html) [9] http:/ / www. tjinc-eng. com/ pastperformance. asp [10] http:/ / www. mecatrol. com. ar/ [11] Brazil Assault Amphibious Vehicles (http:/ / www. defense-aerospace. com/ article-view/ release/ 137426/ brazil-to-buy,-upgrade-aavs-in-$233m-deal. html) Defense-Aerospace.com, August 1, 2012

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External links
FAS AAV article (http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/aavp7a1.htm) AAV Fact File at the official USMC website (http://www.hqmc.usmc.mil/factfile.nsf/0/ adeb1da833ced848852562b30060c5ab?OpenDocument) Paper regarding high energy lasers and the MTU (http://www.aerowebspace.com/High_Energy_Laser/HEL history.shtml) Images of the MTU (http://www.redstone.army.mil/history/archives/missiles/missiles0013.html) AAV 7A1 on Armour.ws (http://armour.ws/amphibious-assault-vehicle-aav-7a1/) USMC Amtrac Association Website (http://www.amtrac.org/)

Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle

134

Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle

Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle, Advanced Amphibious Assault Vehicle (AAAV)

General Dynamics Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle, Advanced Amphibious Assault Vehicle (AAAV) Type Placeoforigin Amphibious assault vehicle USA
[1]

Service history
Inservice Usedby Canceled United States Marine Corps

Production history
Manufacturer Unitcost Variants General Dynamics US$22.3million EFVP EFVC

Specifications
Weight Length length Width Height Crew Passengers Gross vehicle weight fully loaded 79,300 pounds (35.97 metric ton) 10.67 m (35 ft) 9.33 m (30.6 ft) 3.66 m (12 ft) 3.28 m (10.7 ft) (turret roof) 3 crew 17 fully equipped Marines (EFVP) 7 command crew (EFVPC) armor panels made of ceramic, S-2 fiberglass, and a Kevlar-like woven fabric in three separate layers, armor offers protection against machine gun and artillery fragments weighs 20 pounds per square foot, 14.5 mm AP at 300 Meters, 155/152 mm fragments at 15 Meters fully stabilized and digitally controlled Mk44 Bushmaster II Mod 0 30 mm cannon (EFVP) M240 Machine Gun, 7.62 mm Coax (EFVPC) MTU Friedrichshafen MT 883 Ka-524 diesel engine 2,702 hp (2,016 kW) (water), 850 hp (635 kW) (land) 34.48 bhp/ton

Armor

Main armament Engine Power/weight

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135

Transmission Suspension Fuelcapacity Operational range Speed

Allison X4560 six speed transmission; water propulsion through two 23-inch-diameter water jets 14 retractable independent Hydraulic Suspension Units (HSUs) with two nitrogen gas charges 325 gallons land: 523 km (325 miles) water: 120km (74 miles) road: 72.41km/h (45 mph) water: 46 km/h (28.6 mph) (water)

The Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle (EFV) (formerly known as the Advanced Amphibious Assault Vehicle) was an amphibious assault vehicle that was being developed for the U.S. Marine Corps. It is launched at sea, from an amphibious assault ship beyond the horizon, able to transport a full Marine rifle squad to shore. It would maneuver cross country with an agility and mobility equal to or greater than the M1 Abrams. The EFV was designed to replace the aging AAV-7A1 Assault Amphibious Vehicle (AAV),[2] which entered service in 1972,[3] and was the Marine Corps' number one priority ground weapon system acquisition. It has three times the speed in water and about twice the armor of the AAV, as well as superior firepower. The vehicle was planned to be deployed in 2015;[4] however, on 6 January 2011, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates announced that he recommends the EFV program be canceled.[5][6] The program, which is projected to cost $15billion, has already cost $3billion.[7][8] The Marines have asked for the EFV to be canceled in favor of the Assault Amphibian Vehicle Service Life Extension Program, the Marine Personnel Carrier and the Amphibious Combat Vehicle.[9]

History
In the 1980s the Marine corps developed an "over the horizon" strategy for ocean based assaults. The intention was to protect naval ships from enemy mines and shore defenses. It included the MV-22 Osprey, the Landing Craft Air Cushion (LCAC), and the EFV. Development for the AAAV began in August 1974 with Landing Vehicle Assault (LVA) prototypes that continued in the early 1980s at the command at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton. The AAAV's predecessor, the LVTP7, had its life expectancy extended in 198384 by use of a service life extension program, which modified and upgraded many of the key systems, creating the LVTP7A1 and re-designated it the AAVP7A1. At the time these vehicles were released, the USMC had anticipated and communicated delivery of the AAAV by 1993. As a result of delays, the AAVP7A1 has received another service life extension-type upgrade in the mid 1990s while the USMC still awaits final development and delivery of the AAAV, 14 years behind original projected time frames.[10] In 1988, defense officials authorized the concept exploration and definition phase. In 1995, the program entered into the definition and risk reduction phase, where it won two DOD awards for successful cost and technology management.[10] In June 1996, a contract was awarded to General Dynamics Land Systems to begin full-scale engineering development of their design. Based on the aforementioned early success of the program, the Marine Corps awarded a cost-plus contract to General Dynamics in July 2001 for the systems development and demonstration phase of the program, expected to be completed by October 2003. The AAAV was renamed to EFV in September 2003. The Government Accountability Office would later state that the development phase of three years was insufficient, causing delays and prototype failures, particularly in reliability.[10] After the 2006 Operational Assessment was plagued by reliability issues and maintenance burdens, the Corps began a redesign of the EFV, requiring a new contract for an additional US$143.5 million in February 2007.[10] That June, a reset of the development phase delayed completion an additional four years.[10] Instead of initiating production as planned, the Corps asked for seven new prototypes, to address the current deficiencies, which have caused an average of one failure for every four and a half hours of operation.[11]

Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle On 7 April 2009, Defense Secretary Robert Gates said that the EFV program will "continue as-is", pending an amphibious review in the 2010 Quadrennial Defense Review.[12] The vehicle has recently been called "exquisite", which Gates has usually reserved for programs he intends to cancel.[13] He later questioned the EFV as the proper ship-to-shore platform on 3 May 2010,[14] the day before the initial prototype was rolled out at a ceremony at Marine Corps Base Quantico.[15] The USMC has reduced the number to be purchased from 1,013 to 573 AAAVs by 2015 due to escalation in unit cost estimated at $22.3million dollars in 2007.[10][15] The EFV might be a baseline vehicle for the Army's BCT Ground Combat Vehicle Program, however it is more likely that the Army will start a new program.[16] Low rate initial production (LRIP) was projected to begin in January 2012.[17] Projected total program development cost of the type until first quarter of 2010 has been estimated at 15.9billion dollars.[18]

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Controversy
Robert O. Work has sketched out a future for amphibious warfare in which either the Marines will land unopposed or it will take a major effort using all the long range weapons of the United States armed forces to clear out ship killing missiles so that amphibious ships can safely approach the hostile beach and neither scenario sees much use for the EFV.[19][20] New families of guided anti-ship weapons have extended target ranges of well past 75 miles and the precision to target nonstate actors, making the EFV's capabilities less of a game-changer than originally hoped for.[21] In a joint report the U.S. Public Interest Research Group and the National Taxpayers Union called the EFV program wasteful spending and asked for its cancellation.[22] The co-chairs of the National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform have also supported the cancellation of the EFV.[23] During a Pentagon briefing, on 6 January 2011, revealing budget efficiencies and reinvestment possibilities, Secretary of Defense Gates announced his intention to cancel the EFV program.[6] In a statement released after Gates' press conference, USMC Commandant Amos said that he supports the cancellation of the EFV: Today the Secretary of Defense announced the termination of the Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle (EFV) program. I support his decision. After a thorough review of the program within the context of a broader Marine Corps force structure review, I personally recommended to both the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of the Navy that the EFV be cancelled and that the Marine Corps pursue a more affordable amphibious tracked fighting vehicle. Despite the critical amphibious and war-fighting capability the EFV represents, the program is not affordable given likely Marine Corps procurement budgets. The procurement and operations/maintenance costs of this vehicle are onerous. After examining multiple options to preserve the EFV, I concluded that none of the options meets what we consider reasonable affordability criteria. As a result, I decided to pursue a more affordable vehicle.[5] James F. Amos, 35th Commandant of the Marine Corps Loren B. Thompson, of the Lexington Institute, said that Amos had been ordered to give this statement, which did not reflect his actual feelings on the issue.[24] In an interview on 5 January 2011 with Bloomberg Businessweek, Duncan D. Hunter, a member of the House Armed Services Committee, anticipated the cancellation announcement by Gates. However, Hunter has predicted that his committee will reject the cancellation.[25] According to Lieutenant General George J. Flynn of the Marine Corps Combat Development Command, the USMC will use funding from the cancelled EFV for other tactical ground vehicles over the next five years.[26] The EFV program was cut from a 2012 proposed budget by the White House.[27] General Dynamics is offering a cut down version of the EFV without the hydroplaning or weapons.[28] Ray Mabus has said that new defensive systems will allow Navy ships to close to within 12 miles off hostile shores so a 25 knot

Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle amphibious tracked vehicle is no longer needed.[29] Deputy commandant George Flynn has said that the analysis of alternatives to replace the EFV will be accelerated to complete in six to nine months.[30] In the 2012 appropriations bill, Congress ordered that the EFV be one of the alternatives considered in the study.[31]

137

Design
The EFV, designed by General Dynamics Land Systems, is an amphibious armored tracked vehicle with an aluminum hull. The engine is a custom MTU Friedrichshafen diesel (MT883) with two modes of operation; a high power mode for planing over the sea, and a low power mode for land travel. It has a crew of three and can transport 17 Marines and their equipment. The EFV is the first heavy tactical vehicle with a space frame structure.[32] The hull has a hydraulically actuated bow Diagram of EFVP1 variant flap to aid planing with a maximum waterborne speed of 46 kilometres per hour (29mph; 25kn). Shrouded Honeywell waterjet propulsors are integrated into each side of the hull, which create over 2,800 horsepower. It is also outfitted with hydraulically actuated chines to cover the tracks while in seafaring mode. The rear loading ramp is not able to open while the vehicle is afloat, typical of other swimming military ground vehicles. The vehicle uses an Ethernet network connected by the Tactical Switch Router, based on the COTS DuraMAR Mobile IP router for its internal and external communications.[33]

Armament
The electronically powered two-man MK46 turret on the personnel variant accommodates the commander on the right and gunner on the left, a fire control system, and the main and coaxial weapons. The standard version has a Mk44 Bushmaster II 30mm cannon, which fires up to 250 rounds per minute with single, burst, and fully automatic capabilities up to 2,000 metres (2,200yd) in all weather conditions. A general purpose M240 7.62mm machine gun with 600 rounds of ready-to-use ammunition is mounted coaxially with the main gun.

Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle

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Countermeasures
The EFV is fitted with composite armor, mine-blast protection, and a nuclear, biological and chemical defense system. The aluminum hull has caused some concern due to protection issues.[34] However, aluminum hulls have been used for decades in military ground vehicles and watercraft. In June 2007 members of the House Armed Services Subcommittee on Seapower and Expeditionary Forces sent a letter to the Commandant of the Marine Corps urging that the EFV be redesigned to give troops EFVP1 engineering prototype undergoing shock better protection against roadside bombs.[35] The Marines have testing suggested that underbelly armor appliqu could be applied after the EFVs come ashore and before they encounter IEDs.[10] The limited protection the EFV offers is an improvement on that offered by the AAV so the replacement is an advantage, given the current doctrine of using landing craft for land patrols.[36] However, tests in January and February 2010 at Aberdeen Test Center demonstrated that the EFV offers blast protection equal to a category-2 Mine Resistant Ambush Protected vehicle, including two simulated improvised explosive devices under its belly and tracks.[37] Tests also show that it has superior protection from direct and indirect fire. The flat hull, which has endured persistent criticism for not being the more blast-resistant V-shape, is necessary for the EFV to plane across the surface of the water and reach its high speed, while dealing with sea states of Category 4.[37][38] On 13 October 2010 the Navy awarded M Cubed Technologies a contract to develop new armor for the EFV to offer better protection and lighter weight.[39]

Mobility
Given the increasing ranges of shore launched anti-ship missiles, the EFV's 25 nautical miles (29mi; 46km) range for amphibious landing may no longer provide the anticipated protection predicted for an over the horizon launch.[10] The U.S. Navy has been reconsidering the over the horizon approach, and is considering 1018 miles appropriate for amphibious launches. This shift in doctrine has made the EFV's high water speeds less necessary.[7] The EFV's need for high water speed has resulted in an engine that is 1,200 hp more powerful than the M1 Abrams, even though the EFV weighs far less.[40]

Variants
Personnel variant
The EFVP1 with a 3-man crew would conduct the signature mission of the United States Marine Corps, expeditionary maneuver warfare from seabases by initiating amphibious operations from 2025 miles over-the-horizon and transporting 17 combat-equipped Marines to inland objectives. The fully armored, tracked combat vehicle would have provided lethal firepower to disembarked or mechanized infantry with its own fully stabilized MK46 weapon station with the 30mm cannon and 7.62mm machine-gun.

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Command variant
The EFVC1 provided the same survival and mobility capabilities found in the EFVP1. The EFVC1 would have been employed as a tactical command post for maneuver unit commanders at the battalion and regimental level. The EFVC1 would have provided the supported commander and selected staff with the ability to communicate, via on-board communications, with senior, adjacent, and subordinate maneuver units. The EFVC1 is armed with only a 7.62mm machine gun.

EFVC1

References
[1] Glenn W. Goodman, Jr. (2010). "EXPEDITIONARY FIGHTING VEHICLE" (http:/ / www. marcorsyscom. usmc. mil/ peolandsystems/ efv. aspx). . Retrieved 7 January 2011. [2] "Assault Amphibious Vehicle Systems (AAVS)" (http:/ / www. marcorsyscom. usmc. mil/ sites/ aav/ ). Marine Corps Systems Command. 19 March 2009. . Retrieved 6 January 2011. [3] "Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle (EFV) Advanced Amphibious Assault Vehicle, USA" (http:/ / www. army-technology. com/ projects/ efv/ ). army-technology.com. . Retrieved 6 May 2010. [4] "U.S. Marine EFV Delivery Delayed to 2015 and Costs Double" (http:/ / www. defensenews. com/ story. php?F=2622633& C=navwar). Defense News. . [5] Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Public Affairs) (6 January 2011), "Statement by the Commandant of the Marine Corps Gen. James Amos on Efficiencies" (http:/ / www. defense. gov/ releases/ release. aspx?releaseid=14179), United States Department of Defense, , retrieved 6 January 2011 [6] Garamone, Jim (6 January 2011), "Gates Reveals Budget Efficiencies, Reinvestment Possibilities" (http:/ / www. defense. gov/ news/ newsarticle. aspx?id=62351), American Forces Press Service, , retrieved 6 January 2011 [7] Christopher P. Cavas (8). "Fleet will feel effects of major Corps cuts" (http:/ / www. navytimes. com/ news/ 2011/ 01/ navy-marine-cuts-affect-fleet-010811/ ). Gannett Government Media Corporation. . Retrieved 10 January 2011. [8] Megan Scully (18). "House Armed Services chairman restructures committee" (http:/ / www. govexec. com/ story_page. cfm?articleid=46892& oref=todaysnews). National Journal Group Inc. . Retrieved 19 January 2011. [9] Kuiper, Jahn R. "EFV ousted for less costly triumvirate." (http:/ / www. marines. mil/ unit/ mcbquantico/ Pages/ 2011/ EFVoustedforlesscostlytriumvirate. aspx) USMC, 22 March 2011. [10] Feickert, Andrew (3 August 2009). "The Marines Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle (EFV): Background and Issues for Congress" (http:/ / opencrs. com/ document/ RS22947/ 2009-08-03/ ?23741). Congressional Research Service. . Retrieved 6 May 2010. [11] Merle, Renae (7 February 2007). "Problems Stall Pentagon's New Fighting Vehicle Washington Post" (http:/ / www. washingtonpost. com/ wp-dyn/ content/ article/ 2007/ 02/ 06/ AR2007020601997. html). The Washington Post. . Retrieved 2010-05-02. [12] Bennett, John T. (7 Apr 2009). "Gates: Cutting FCS was tough" (http:/ / www. armytimes. com/ news/ 2009/ 04/ defense_gates_roundtable_040709/ ). Army Times. . Retrieved 6 May 2010. [13] Muradian, Vago; Osborn, Kris (28 September 2009). "USMC Battling for the Future" (http:/ / www. defensenews. com/ story. php?i=4296905& c=FEA& s=CVS). Defense News. . Retrieved 6 May 2010. [14] Bennett, John T. (4 May 2010). "Gates: U.S. must rethink expensive ships, EFV" (http:/ / www. marinecorpstimes. com/ news/ 2010/ 05/ defense_gates_050310/ ). Marine Corps Times. . Retrieved 6 May 2010. [15] McCullough, Amy (5 May 2010). "Corps shows off long-delayed EFV" (http:/ / www. marinecorpstimes. com/ news/ 2010/ 05/ marine_efv_rollout_050410/ ). Marine Corps Times. . Retrieved 6 May 2010. [16] Chavanne, Bettina H.; McLeary, Paul (8 Oct 2009). "No Options Out For Ground Combat Vehicle" (http:/ / www. aviationweek. com/ aw/ generic/ story_channel. jsp?channel=defense& id=news/ GCV100809. xml& headline=No Options Out For Ground Combat Vehicle). Aviation Week. . Retrieved 6 May 2010. [17] USMC Anticipates EFV LRIP in 2012 (http:/ / www. aviationweek. com/ aw/ generic/ story_generic. jsp?channel=aerospacedaily& id=news/ asd/ 2010/ 05/ 28/ 04. xml& headline=USMC Anticipates EFV LRIP in 2012) [18] Exhibit P-40, Budget Item Justification Sheet February 2007 http:/ / www. finance. hq. navy. mil/ FMB/ 08PRES/ PROC/ PMC_Book. pdf [19] Thompson, Loren B. "A Vision Of Future Amphibious Warfare That Will Not Work ." (http:/ / www. defpro. com/ news/ details/ 20166/ ?SID=4c48fffcc99a816d63b9392c4f535ae5) defence.professionals GmbH, 1 December 2010 [20] Robert O. Work and F. G. Hoffman "Hitting the Beach in the 21st Century." (http:/ / www. usni. org/ magazines/ proceedings/ 2010-11/ hitting-beach-21st-century) Proceedings (magazine), November 2010.

Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle

[21] Singer, Peter W. "The Marine Corps Is All Right" (http:/ / www. brookings. edu/ articles/ 2011/ 0304_marine_corps_singer. aspx). The Brookings Institution. . Retrieved 10 March 2011. [22] "Left and Right Unite against Government Waste" (http:/ / www. allgov. com/ Where_is_the_Money_Going/ ViewNews/ Left_and_Right_Unite_against_Government_Waste_101105). AllGov, 5 November 2010 [23] "$200Billion IN ILLUSTRATIVE SAVINGS" (http:/ / www. fiscalcommission. gov/ sites/ fiscalcommission. gov/ files/ documents/ Illustrative_List_11. 10. 2010. pdf). 10 October 2010. . Retrieved 11 November 2010. [24] Reed, John. "The Reactions to Gates Spending Plans." (http:/ / www. dodbuzz. com/ 2011/ 01/ 07/ the-reactions-to-gates-spending-plans/ ) DOD Buzz, 7 January 2010. [25] Capaccio, Tony (6 January 2011), "General Dynamics Marine Transport Vehicle Terminated in Budget" (http:/ / www. businessweek. com/ news/ 2011-01-06/ general-dynamics-marine-transport-vehicle-terminated-in-budget. html), Bloomberg Businessweek, , retrieved 7 January 2011 [26] Tiron, Roxan (12 January 2011), "Marines Steer $2.4Billion Toward Tactical Vehicles" (http:/ / www. bloomberg. com/ news/ 2011-01-12/ marines-shift-2-4-billion-to-tactical-vehicles-in-wake-of-gates-pruning. html), Bloomberg Businessweek, , retrieved 12 January 2011 [27] "The Budget for Fiscal Year 2012" (http:/ / www. whitehouse. gov/ sites/ default/ files/ omb/ budget/ fy2012/ assets/ sustainable. pdf) "Office of Management and Budget", 14 February 2011. [28] Beidel, Eric. "General Dynamics Makes Final Argument for Keeping EFV Alive." (http:/ / www. nationaldefensemagazine. org/ blog/ Lists/ Posts/ Post. aspx?ID=292) National Defense Industrial Association, 25 January 2011. [29] Steele, Jeanette. "Q & A with Navy Secretary Ray Mabus." (http:/ / www. signonsandiego. com/ news/ 2011/ feb/ 24/ q-navy-secretary-ray-mabus/ ) The San Diego Union-Tribune, 24 February 2011. [30] Fabey, Michael. "USMC Expedites EFV Analysis Of Alternatives." (http:/ / www. aviationweek. com/ aw/ generic/ story_channel. jsp?channel=defense& id=news/ asd/ 2011/ 06/ 10/ 05. xml) Aviation Week, 10 June 2011. [31] Brannen, Kate. "Congress looks to wrap up budget bills." (http:/ / www. federaltimes. com/ article/ 20111216/ CONGRESS01/ 112160304/ 1023/ DEPARTMENTS01) Federal Times, 16 December 2011. [32] Kelly, Kevin (4 July 2009). "Engineering A Serious Chassis" (http:/ / www. autofieldguide. com/ articles/ 090704. html). AutoFieldGuide.com. . Retrieved 6 May 2010. [33] Case study: EFV keeps pace with Ethernet to actualize net-centric warfare (http:/ / www. mil-embedded. com/ articles/ id/ ?4142) [34] Murtha Ups F-22, Downs EFV (http:/ / www. dodbuzz. com/ 2009/ 06/ 25/ murtha-ups-f-22-downs-efv/ ) [35] "House Members Urge Redesign of Land-Sea Vehicle" (http:/ / portsecuritynews. com/ news/ templates/ registered. asp?articleid=1647& zoneid=1). . [36] Marine Corps Gazette July 2009 (http:/ / www. marinecorpsgazette-digital. com/ marinecorpsgazette/ 200907/ ?pg=65) [37] Lamothe, Dan (2 March 2010). "EFV has MRAP-level protection, Conway says" (http:/ / www. marinecorpstimes. com/ news/ 2010/ 03/ marine_efv_030110w/ ). Marine Corps Times. . Retrieved 3 March 2010. [38] JSF Not Too Hot For Carriers (http:/ / www. dodbuzz. com/ 2010/ 03/ 26/ jsf-not-too-hot-for-carriers/ ) [39] M Cubed Technologies, Inc. Wins Contract To Develop Armor For U.S. Marine Corps Fighting Vehicles (http:/ / www. prnewswire. com/ news-releases/ m-cubed-technologies-inc-wins-contract-to-develop-armor-for-us-marine-corps-fighting-vehicles-104851259. html) M Cubed Technologies, Inc. press release, 13 October 2010 [40] Craig Hooper, Proceedings, 2008 (http:/ / www. warisboring. com/ images/ Hooper Nov 08. pdf)

140

External links
Official USMC website for the EFV program (http://www.efv.usmc.mil/) MTU diesel engines for military vehicles (http://www.mtu-online.com/mtu/applications/military-vehicles/) EFV profile (http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/aaav.htm) on GlobalSecurity.org on Armour.ws (http://armour.ws/pentagon-considers-the-cancellation-of-the-efv/)

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Warrior tracked armoured vehicle

FV 510 Warrior

FV510 Warrior Infantry Section Vehicle Type Placeoforigin Infantry fighting vehicle/Light Tank
United Kingdom

Production history
Designer GKN Sankey / GKN Defence Manufacturer GKN Sankey/BAe Systems Numberbuilt 1000+

Specifications
Weight Length Width Height Crew Armour Main armament Secondary armament Engine Power/weight Suspension Operational range Speed 25.4 tonnes 6.3m (20ft8in) 3.03m (9ft11in) 2.8m (9ft2in) 3 (commander, gunner, driver) + 7 troops Aluminium & Appliqu 30 mm L21A1 RARDEN cannon L94A1 coaxial 7.62 mm chain gun 7.62 mm machine gun Perkins V-8 Condor Diesel 550 hp (410 kW) 23 hp/t torsion bar 410 miles (660 km) 46 mph (75 km/h)

The Warrior tracked vehicle family is a series of British armoured vehicles, originally developed to replace the older FV430 series of armoured vehicles. The Warrior started life as the MCV-80 project that was first broached in the 1970s, GKN Sankey/Defence winning the production contract in 1980. GKN Defence was subsequently purchased by BAE Systems (via Alvis plc). A total of 789 FV510 and variants were manufactured for the British Army, and 254 of a modified version (Desert Warrior) were produced for the Kuwaiti Army.

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Description
The Warrior incorporates several design features in keeping with UK battlefield experience. In particular, there are no firing ports in the hull, in line with British thinking that the role of the armoured personnel carrier/infantry fighting vehicle (APC/IFV) is to carry troops under protection to the objective and then give firepower support when they have disembarked. The absence of firing ports also allows additional applique armour to be fitted to the sides of the vehicle, which is invariably applied to Warriors involved in active operations. The cage armour used at one stage was replaced in 2007 by "Wrap Two" applique armour.[1] The basic armour provides all-around protection against 14.5 mm armour-piercing ammunition. The crew of a Warrior are the driver, seated in the front hull, and the gunner and commander who are seated in the turret. The embarked infantry section can number up to seven soldiers, who are seated facing each other in the rear hull compartment. Passenger access is through a single electric ram powered door at the rear of the hull, rather than a drop-down ramp as in the American M113 APC and M2 Bradley IFV. Warrior Section Vehicles are able to carry and support seven fully equipped soldiers together with supplies and weapons, including a number of anti-tank weapons, for a 48-hour battlefield day in nuclear/biological/chemical conditions.

FV510 Warrior in desert camouflage, with applique armour fitted, and infantry section's personal kit and other equipment outside.

The Warrior is driven by a Perkins-Rolls-Royce V8 Condor engine through a four-speed automatic gearbox. It is capable of a road speed of 46 miles per hour (74km/h). The Warrior has the speed and performance to keep up with a Challenger 2 main battle tank over the most difficult terrain. The vehicle is fitted with a two-man GKN Sankey turret, armed with a non-stabilized L21A1 30 mm RARDEN cannon capable of destroying most modern APCs at a maximum range of 1,500 metres (1,600yd), and a L94A1 EX-34 7.62mm Hughes Helicopters coaxial chain gun. It is fitted with two clusters of four defensive grenade launchers (usually used with Visual and Infrared Screening Smoke VIRSS). All Warrior Infantry Section Vehicles are now equipped with Bowman radios, which replace the earlier Clansman radios, for enhanced communications, command and control. When first introduced, the vehicles were fitted with passive Image intensifier night vision sights. These have since been progressively replaced with Thales Optronics Battle Group Thermal Imaging (BGTI) sights to upgrade night fighting capabilities. As of 2007, 350 vehicles were fitted with BGTI.

Combat history
Operation Granby (Gulf War) United Nations duties in Bosnia with the UNPROFOR Operation Telic (2003 invasion of Iraq) Operation Herrick (Afghanistan with ISAF)

The protection against small arms, missiles, rocket-propelled grenades and anti-tank mines was shown during the UN operations in Bosnia. Two Warriors were destroyed during the First Gulf War, with nine soldiers killed, in a friendly fire incident when hit by an AGM-65 Maverick launched in error by an American A-10 Thunderbolt II. As of 17 November 2008, 22 soldiers had been killed while travelling in Warrior IFVs in Afghanistan or Iraq.[2] On 7 March 2012, six British soldiers were killed in an explosion that hit a Warrior IFV in Helmand.[3]

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Variants
FV510 Infantry Section Vehicle. This is the principal version operated by the British Army as described above. 489 were produced (including 105 as platforms for the mobility of ATGW teams, originally equipped with MILAN and later with Javelin).[4] FV511 Infantry Command Vehicle. 84 of these were produced.[4] FV512 Mechanised Combat Repair Vehicle. Operated by REME detachments in Armoured Infantry battalions. It is equipped with a 6.5 tonne crane plus power tools and is able to tow a trailer carrying two Warrior power packs or one Challenger power pack. 105 of these were produced.[4] FV513 Mechanised Recovery Vehicle (Repair). Also operated by REME detachments in Armoured Infantry battalions. It is equipped with a 20 tonne winch and 6.5 tonne crane plus power tools and (like the FV512) is able to tow a trailer carrying two Warrior power packs or one Challenger power pack. 39 of these were produced.[4]

FV512 Mechanised Combat Repair Vehicle

FV 514 Mechanised Artillery Observation Vehicle. This is operated by the Royal Artillery as an Artillery Observation Post Vehicle (OPV) and is fitted with mast-mounted Man-packable Surveillance and Target Acquisition Radar (MSTAR) and Position and Azimuth Determining System (PADS), with Image Intensifying and Infra Red equipment. The only armament is the 7.62mm machine gun, as the 30mm Rarden cannon is replaced with a dummy weapon. This allows space for the targeting and surveillance equipment while still keeping largely the same outward appearance of a standard Warrior in order to avoid becoming a priority target. 52 of these were produced.[4] FV 515 Battery Command Vehicle. This is operated by the Royal Artillery. 19 of these were produced.[4] Desert Warrior. This was an export version adapted for operations in hostile desert conditions. It was fitted with the Delco turret as used on the LAV-25 wheeled IFV, mounting a stabilised M242 Bushmaster 25mm chain gun with coaxial 7.62mm chain gun and 2 x Hughes TOW ATGM launchers (one mounted on each side). In 1993, Kuwait purchased 254 Desert Warrior vehicles. Warrior 2000. This was a new version developed for the Swiss Army. It did not enter production. It featured an all-welded aluminium hull, increased armour, digital fire control system and more powerful engine. It was fitted with the Delco turret, or a Land Systems Hagglunds E30 turret with Alliant Techsystems Bushmaster II Mk 44 30mm cannon. The latest configuration of Warrior used by the British Army can be seen at [5]

Warrior upgrade programme

Upgrades already fitted to Warriors in British Army service include the Bowman Communications System and Thales Battle Group Thermal Imaging (BGTI) night sights. Future upgrades will include a digital fire control system and improved power pack. The British Army intends upgrading its Warriors to extend their service life to 2025. The Warrior Capability Sustainment Program (WCSP) will involve upgrading 643 of its Warriors with the Warrior Modular Protection System (WMPS) and Warrior Enhanced Electronic Architecture (WEEA). Within that group, 449 vehicles will also be

FV513 Mechanised Recovery Vehicle (Repair) in a live fire training exercise, 6 January 1991.

Warrior tracked armoured vehicle fitted with a new turret and weapon system under the Warrior Fightability Lethality Improvement Program (WFLIP). The remainder will be designated as Armoured Battlefield Support Vehicles (ABSV), will lack turrets and carry out field repair and recovery roles using winch and crane attachments. Under the WFLI program, the RARDEN cannon, which lacks stabilisation and is manually loaded with three-round clips, will be replaced by a stabilised 40mm weapon developed by Anglo-French firm CTA International and firing Cased telescoped ammunition.[6] This weapon will also equip the FRES-SV reconnaissance vehicle which will be part of the Future Rapid Effect System. BAE Systems and Lockheed Martin competed for the WCSP contracts. Lockheed Martin's WFLIP upgrade was based on the existing Warrior turret. BAE Systems designed a new turret.[7] In March 2011, it was announced that Lockheed Martin had effectively won the competition to develop both the WFLIP and FRES turrets. Severe budgetary pressures made it uncertain whether these defence projects were to be delayed or curtailed but it was announced in October 2011 that the Warrior upgrades would proceed at a cost of one billion pounds, extending the service life of the Warrior to 2040 and beyond.[8][6]

144

Operators
British Army 789 received between 1987 and 1995. Kuwaiti Army 254 Desert Warriors received.

Notes
[1] Army Technology : Warrior Tracked Armoured Vehicles (http:/ / www. army-technology. com/ projects/ warrior/ ) [2] The Telegraph : New safety fears over Army vehicles after soldier killed (http:/ / www. telegraph. co. uk/ news/ newstopics/ onthefrontline/ 3469098/ New-safety-fears-over-Army-vehicles-after-soldier-killed. html) [3] "Six UK soldiers killed in Afghanistan explosion" (http:/ / www. bbc. co. uk/ news/ uk-17282903). BBC. 7 March 2012. . Retrieved 7 March 2012. [4] UK armed forces commentary (http:/ / ukarmedforcescommentary. blogspot. co. uk/ 2011_10_01_archive. html) [5] http:/ / flamber. ru/ photos/ albums/ 1247690323/ 1247691587/ [6] Anthony G Williams : Light AFV guns and the WFLIP project (http:/ / www. quarry. nildram. co. uk/ WLIP. htm) [7] Defence Industry Daily.com retrieved 13 December 2009 (http:/ / www. defenseindustrydaily. com/ WCSP-Britains-Warriors-to-Undergo-Mid-Life-Upgrade-05967/ ) [8] "1bn upgrade for British army's Warrior vehicles" (http:/ / www. bbc. co. uk/ news/ uk-15446928). BBC News. 25 October 2011. . Retrieved 25 October 2011.

References
Foss, Christopher & Sarson, Peter. Warrior Mechanised Combat Vehicle 1987 1994, Osprey UK, 1994, London, New Vanguard Series No. 10.

External links
Army Technology (http://www.army-technology.com/projects/warrior/) The British Army (http://www.army.mod.uk/equipment/fighting-vehicles/1476.aspx) Army Recognition in French (http://www.ifrance.com/ArmyReco/europe/Angleterre/vehicules_legers/ MCV-80/Warrior_MCV-80_Angleterre_description.htm) Military History Encyclopedia on the Web (http://www.rickard.karoo.net/articles/weapons_warrior.html) Proceedings of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (http://www.un.org/icty/ transe14/971110ed.htm). The testimony by Lieutenant Colonel Bryan Watters gives a good illustrations of the peace-keeping operations in which Warrior vehicles were used. Warrior Armoured Infantry Fighting Vehicle (AIFV) (http://www.armedforces.co.uk/army/listings/l0036. html)

Warrior tracked armoured vehicle Warrior IFV (http://armour.ws/warrior-ifv/)

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Marder (IFV)
Marder 1

A Marder IFV Type Placeoforigin Infantry fighting vehicle

West Germany

Service history
Inservice Usedby 1971present Bundeswehr

Production history
Designer Designed Manufacturer Rheinmetall Landsysteme May 7, 1971 Rheinmetall Landsysteme

Specifications (Marder 1)
Weight Length Width Height Crew Armor Main armament Secondary armament Engine Power/weight Transmission 28.5t (31.4short tons) marder 1A1/A2 33.5t (36.9short tons) marder 1A3 37.4t (41.2short tons) marder 1A5 6.79m (22ft3in) 3.24m (10ft8in) 2.98m (9ft9in) 3+7 Welded steel, protection up to 20 mm APDS DM43 from 0 m and 25 mm APDS from 200m (220yd) 20 mm Rheinmetall MK 20 Rh 202 automatic cannon MILAN ATGM launcher 7.62 mm MG3 machine gun MTU MB 833 Ea-500 diesel engine 600 hp (441 kW) 21.1 hp/tonne RENK HSWL 194

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Torsion bar

Suspension

Groundclearance 0.45m (18in) Fuelcapacity Operational range Speed 652L (143impgal) 520 km 75km/h (47mph)marder 1A2 65km/h (40mph) marder 1A3

The Marder (German for "marten") is a German infantry fighting vehicle operated by the German Army as the main weapon of the Panzergrenadiere (mechanized infantry) from the 1970s through the present day. Developed as part of the rebuilding of Germany's armoured fighting vehicle industry, the Marder has proven to be a successful and solid infantry fighting vehicle design. While it does include a few unique features, such as the fully remote machine gun on the rear deck, it is overall a simple and conventional machine with rear exit hatch and side gun ports for mounted infantry to fire through. The Marder is currently being replaced by its successor, the Puma. Around 2,100 were taken into service by the German Army in the early 1970s, but the vehicle in its German variant was not sold to any foreign militaries. As the German Army began to retire older vehicles, the Chilean government agreed to acquire 200 Marders; the government of Greece has considered the purchase of 450 retired vehicles in the past. Argentina uses a simplified and locally produced variant, the VCTP, and has a number of vehicles based on that platform constructed by Henschel and built by TAMSE.

Development
Development of the Marder ran from January 1960, when the first development contracts were issued, to 7 May 1971, when the first production vehicles were given to the German army. The vehicle was intended to be an improvement over the Schtzenpanzer Lang HS.30. The main requirements were: A capacity of 12 infantrymen. A more reliable 20mm cannon. The infantry must be able to fight from within the vehicle or dismounted. Protection from nuclear, biological and chemical weapons.

Initially development contracts were awarded to two groups of companies the Rheinstahl group (Rheinstahl-Hanomag, Ruhrstahl, Witten-Annen, Bro Warnecke) and the second group comprising Henschel Werke and the Swiss MOWAG company. This resulted in the production of seven prototype vehicles. A second set of eight prototype vehicles were built between 1961 and 1963. Development priority was then switched for a while to the development of the Jagdpanzer 90 mm Kanone. In 1967, after military requirements were finalized, a third and final set of ten prototypes were built. Final development work was completed by the Rheinstahl group, and 10 pre-production vehicles were built and completed troop trials with the German army between October 1968 and March 1969. In May 1969, the vehicle was officially named the "Marder" and in October Rheinstahl was chosen as the prime contractor. The first production Marder 1 was handed to the German army on 7 May 1971. Production of the vehicle continued until 1975, with 2,136 vehicles being completed. In 1975 the Milan missile was first adapted to be fired by commander from his open hatch, and between 1977 and 1979 Milan missiles were fitted to army vehicles. A number of upgrade programs were carried out, that included fitting night vision equipment and a thermal imager, as well as an upgraded ammunition feed to the 20mm cannon. Around 1985 the designation was changed to Marder-1 (until then it was simply Marder) since a follow-up IFV was under construction. Since the new vehicle should be the partner of the Leopard-II just like Marder was the

Marder (IFV) companion to the Standardpanzer/Leopard I, it was named Marder-2 and the older vehicles re-designated. The A3 upgrade program began in 1988, with Thyssen-Henschel being awarded a contact to upgrade 2,100 Marder 1 A1/A2 series vehicles to A3 standard at a rate of 220 a year. The first upgraded vehicles reached the German army on 17 November 1989. The modification package included: Improved armour weighing 1,600kg intended to protect against the 30mm 2A42 cannon on the Russian BMP-2. The armour also provided additional protection against cluster bomblets. The hatches over the infantry compartment were re-arranged. Suspension was reinforced, a new braking system was installed, the gearbox adjusted. The heating system was replaced with a water based heating system. Turret was reconfigured. Total weight is now 35,000kg.

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Description
The hull of the Marder 1 is all welded steel, giving protection from small-arms fire and shell fragments with the front of the hull providing protection from up to 20 millimeters APDS rounds. Later variants had increased protection up to 30mm APDS, in response to the 30mm autocannon armed BMP-2 and the development of top attack cluster bomblets. The Marder is a relatively conventional design, with the driver sitting at the front left side of the hull with the engine to his right. The driver has three day periscopes mounted in a hatch that opens to the right. A Marder 1A3 from the rear, with the ramp The center periscope can be replaced by a passive night vision device. lowered Behind the driver is a seat for a single infantry man. In early version of the Marder this infantry man had a hatch which opened to the right and a periscope that could be rotated through 360 degrees, this hatch was removed in the 1A3 variant onwards. In the center of the hull is the two man turret, which holds the commander on the right and the gunner on the left, both are provided with hatches. The commander has eight day periscopes for all round observation and the gunner has an additional three. The primary sighting system is the PERI-Z11 sight which has either 2x or 6x optical magnification. The sight can be replaced by a night vision device. To the rear of the turret is the troop compartment, which can hold six infantry men, sitting back to back facing outwards along the center of the hull. The Marder is capable of fording in up to 1.5 meters of water unprepared, and can be fitted with a kit allowing it to ford water up to 2.5 meters deep. The Marder is powered by an MTU MB Ea-500 six-cylinder liquid cooled diesel engine which develops approximately 600 horsepower at 2,200 rpm. The cooling radiators are mounted at the rear of hull either side of the exit ramp. The engine is coupled to a Renk four speed HSWL 194 planetary gear box with four forward and two reverse gears. The transmission also provides steering and braking via a stepless hydrostatic unit which transmits power to two drive units mounted at the front of the hull. The vehicle carries 652 litres of fuel, giving it a road range of around 500 kilometers. Early Marders could achieve a road speed of 75km/h in 4th gear, but the extra armour of later vehicles reduced this to 65km/h. The Marder is propelled by a Diehl track which can be fitted with rubber road pads. The drive mechanism consists of six rubber tyred road wheel with a drive sprocket at the front of the hull and an idler at the rear. Three return rollers are also fitted. The suspension is a torsion bar system, with additional hydrostatic shock absorbers fitted to the front two and last two road wheels.

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Armament
Primary armament is the 20mm Rheinmetall MK 20 Rh202 autocannon mounted in the small two-man turret which can fire either armour-piercing or HE rounds. Mounted coaxially to the left of the cannon is a 7.62mm MG3 machine gun. The turret has 360 degree traverse, and can elevate from -17 degrees to +65 degrees at a rate of 40 degrees per second while traversing at a rate of 60 degrees a second. Early Marders up to and including version 1A1 had a second MG3 mounted on the rear deck in a remote controlled pod. Typically 1,250 rounds are carried for the 20mm cannon, along with a further 5,000 rounds for the MG3. On current models since version 1A2, a MILAN anti-tank guided missile launcher can be attached to the turret to provide enhanced anti-armour capabilities. Typically six missiles are carried inside the vehicle. There are four (two per side) gun ports which can be used by mounted infantry to provide additional fire against attacking infantry targets. Only Marder 1A1 and 1A2 had been equipped with this. Marder 1A3 and above do not have gun ports due to an extra layer of amour and outside storage boxes. Six 76 millimeter diameter smoke grenade dischargers can create a visual and infra-red blocking smoke screen.
A Marder 1 A5

A Marder 1 A3 fires its 20 mm cannon in an exercise.

Variants
The Marder 1A3 is the currently most common version of this system, and is in service with the German Bundeswehr, the Marder 1A4 differs from the 1A3 only by the use of a cryptography-capable radio-set. Newest version of the Marder is the Marder 1A5 with advanced mine protection. Only a small number of this variant is in service. The Marder served as the basis for Thyssen-Henschel's medium tank A Marder 1A3 fires a Milan missile during an design which became the TAM for Argentina. A simplified version of exercise. the Marder is also employed as an infantry fighting vehicle, mortar carrier and rocket launcher by the Argentinian Army, realising most of the versions originally planned for the Bundeswehr and later abandoned due to costs and/or the availability of cheap alternatives like the M106 mortar carrier. The Marder is also used as a carrier for the Roland air defence system. The Kanonenjagdpanzer and Raketenjagdpanzer 2 started development as part of the Marder family but where realised based on the second batch of prototypes using different engines etc. The Kanonenjagdpanzer build for Belgium are a hybrid between the original Bundeswehr version and Marder parts. Some 46 test models of a 120mm mortar on a Marder chassis where build and at least one is in use as a firefighting vehicle at the WTS Meppen. Tests with a AAA tank where performed but the high weight of the system resulted in a switch to the heavier Standardpanzer chassis, resulting in the Gepard AAA system. At least one first or second generation prototype was equipped with the 110mm artillery rocket system that later became the truck-mounted LARS system.

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Marder 1 (1971) Marder 1 with Milan: a Milan launcher was fitted to all Marders between 1977 and 1979. Marder 1 A1(+) (19791982): dual feed for 20mm cannon enabling choice of ammunition, night vision equipment including image intensifiers and a thermal imager. Infantry capacity reduced to five. Applied to 674 vehicles between 1979 and 1982. Marder 1 A1(-) (19791982): as A1(+) but without thermal imager. 350 vehicles upgraded to this standard.
A prototype of the experimental Marder 2.

Marder 1 A1A3: a Marder A1 with SEM 80/90 cryptographic radios. Marder 1 A1A as 1 A1 but without any passive night vision equipment. 1,112 vehicles upgraded to this standard. Marder 1 A1A4: a Marder A1A with SEM 80/90 cryptographic radios. Marder 1 A1A2: a converted Marder 1 with A1 turret and A2 chassis Marder 1 A1A5: a Marder A1A2 with SEM 80/90 cryptographic radios. Marder 1 A2 (19841991): Between 1984 and 1991, all German Marder 1's were upgraded to A2 standard, this included substantial modification of the suspension, fuel tanks, cooling system and water-jet cleaning system. Additionally a new sighting system was installed. The infrared search light equipment was removed, and all vehicles were fitted with thermal imagers except for the 674 A1(+) vehicles, which already had them. Marder 1 A2A1: a Marder 1 A2 with SEM 80/90 cryptographic radios. Marder 1 A3 (19881998) Marder 1 A4: a Marder 1 A3 with SEM 93 cryptographic radio. Marder 1 A5 (20032004): Additional anti-mine armor and completely remodeled interior in order to avoid blast and shock injuries to the crew when hit by a mine. Applied to 74 Marder 1 A3s only. Marder 1 A5A1 (2010-2011): Equipped with air conditioning system, jammer for IED-protection and multi-spectral camouflage.[1] In December 2010 ten vehicles were brought to this standard, further 25 will be upgraded til August 2011.

Users
Chile 280 [2] Germany Indonesia (50 vehicles ordered) [3]

Combat service
With the first unit delivered in Summer 1971, the Marder IFV remained untested in combat for 38 years until July 2009 when they defended a German combat outpost against the Taliban in Chahar Dara district of Afghanistan's Kunduz Province, killing and wounding scores. Since then, the Marders have been involved in heavy fighting several times. The vehicles proved to be extremely useful and were praised as a great tactical asset by German troops: "Thank God (...) the Marders came and held down the enemy", a German Panzergrenadier said when his whipsawed unit was relieved by forces employing Marder IFVs.[4] However, the crews were subject to great physical stress as none of the vehicles had been equipped with air conditioning systems.[5] In June 2011, A German Marder was destroyed near Kunduz by a 200kg IED, killing one soldier and injuring five others.

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Notes
[1] "Verbesserter Schtzenpanzer MARDER ausgeliefert" (http:/ / www. bwb. org/ portal/ a/ bwb/ kcxml/ 04_Sj9SPykssy0xPLMnMz0vM0Y_QjzKLNzKM9_R0BslB2B4B-pFw0aCUVH1vfV-P_NxU_QD9gtyIckdHRUUAEMQGTQ!!/ delta/ base64xml/ L2dJQSEvUUt3QS80SVVFLzZfMjFfSU9L?yw_contentURL=/ 01DB022000000001/ W28CKGVQ779INFODE/ content. jsp). BWB.org. . Retrieved 29 December 2010. [2] (http:/ / i779. photobucket. com/ albums/ yy75/ Dragonfly633/ SolidGold0001-1. jpg) [3] http:/ / dmc. kemhan. go. id/ index. php?option=com_content& view=article& id=1410:wamenhan-terima-kunjungan-kuasa-usaha-jerman-untuk-indonesia& catid=37:diplomasi-pertahanan& Itemid=64'' [4] Freundeskreis der Panzergrenadiertruppe e.V. und Lachen Helfen bauen Wasserspeicher in Afghanistan (http:/ / www. freundeskreis-panzergrenadiere. de/ Aktuell/ aktuell6. htm) Freundeskreis der Panzergrenadiertruppe e.V (German) [5] Panzer fr die Truppe (http:/ / www. derwesten. de/ wp/ politik/ Neuer-Panzer-fuer-die-Truppe-id462780. html''Neuer) (German)

References
Jane's Armour and Artillery 20052006 http://www.panzerbaer.de/types/bw_spz_marder_1a1-a.htm

Ratel IFV
Ratel 20
Type Placeoforigin Infantry fighting vehicle
South Africa

Production history
Designed Produced 1968 1974

Specifications
Weight Length Width Height Crew Armor Main armament Secondary armament Engine Power/weight Suspension Operational range Speed 18.5 tonnes 7.212 m 2.5.16 m 2.915 m 3+7 20 mm 20 mm semi-automatic cannon 1 x 7.62 mm MG (coaxial), 7.62 mm MG (anti-aircraft), 1 x 7.62 mm MG (anti-aircraft), 2 x 2 smoke grenade dischargers D 3256 BTXF 6-cylinder in-line turbocharged diesel 282 hp (210 kW) 15.24 hp/tonne Wheeled 6x6, 350mm clearance 1000 km 115 km/h (road); 65 km/h (off-road)

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Ratel 90

Ratel 90 Type Fire Support vehicle

Placeoforigin South Africa

Specifications
Weight Length Width Height Crew Armor Main armament Secondary armament Engine Power/weight Suspension Operational range Speed 19 tonnes 7.21 m 2.7 m 2.395 m 4+6 20 mm 90 mm GT2 semi-automatic gun 1 x 7.62 mm MG (coaxial), 7.62 mm MG (anti-aircraft), 1 x 7.62 mm MG (anti-aircraft), 2 x 2 smoke grenade dischargers ADE 407 TI turbocharged diesel 315 hp (231 kW) 15.24 hp/tonne Wheeled 6x6, 350mm clearance 1000 km 105 km/h (road); 30 km/h (off-road)

The Ratel is the basic Infantry Fighting Vehicle (IFV) of the South African National Defence Force's mechanized infantry battalions. Ratel is the Afrikaans name for the honey badger, which has a reputation as a ferocious fighter.

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152

History
The South African Army used the British Alvis Saracen APC before the acquisition of spare parts become problematic due to the international arms embargo of apartheid South Africa. The South Africans were therefore forced to design and manufacture their own new vehicle in order to meet requirements of the army during the South African Border War. The 6x6 Ratel was indigenously developed by Sandock-Austral (now owned by Land Systems OMC, part of BAE Systems) and produced in volume for the South African Army in subsequent decades. Design work began in 1968, with prototypes completed in 1974. Production of the basic Ratel-20 started in 1976, which entered operational service in 1977. Other variants, including the improved Mark II and Mark III versions of the basic Ratel, were phased in over the subsequent decade. Mark I vehicles were upgraded to Mark II and III standard during refits. Over a thousand Ratel vehicles have been manufactured. The Ratel was the first wheeled IFV to enter military service, and is generally regarded as an influential design; a number of other countries have since produced vehicles similar to the Ratel, including the Sibmas from Belgium, which is all but a direct copy, as well as a number of South American designs. The Ratel-20 is the primary squad IFV, with the Ratel-60, Ratel-90, and Ratel-ZT3 (the anti-tank guided missile version) used primarily in anti-armour, support, and reconnaissance elements within a battalion. The vehicle usually carries a crew of four or five men, with a seven-man infantry squad. The vehicle will be replaced in the South African military by 264 Patria AMV vehicles in "Project Hoefyster".[1] Land Systems OMC has developed the next generation iKlwa Multi-role Armoured Vehicle design.
[2]

based on the Ratel's

Vehicle characteristics
The vehicle was designed with the South African environment and the combat experience of the South African Defence Force (SADF) foremost in mind. For example, it has considerably more firepower than most comparable infantry fighting vehiclesranging from machine guns up to a 90-mm cannon. Modern versions can therefore be considered to have evolved into multirole armoured vehicles from their original infantry fighting vehicle design.

Mobility
It is wheeled, with six run-flat tires for the long-distance speed, mobility, and ease of maintenance that tracked vehicles lack. Furthermore, unlike the United States Army's M2/M3 Bradley or Warsaw Pact's BMP designs, the Ratel does not need to be transported long distances on trains or trailer trucks; it can simply be driven to the destination. The Ratel's ground clearance and cross-country performance are very good -certainly adequate for the generally rolling and arid terrain it usually operates in- and the vehicle has a ride which SADF crews often compared favourably to civilian cars. SADF crews also frequently praised the visibility imparted by the vehicle's high profile; although it makes the Ratel a bigger target, it enables the crews to see the surrounding area more easily, a key factor when maneuvering in the bush, where grass can grow to three meters in height.

Landmine protection
The Ratel's design also gives far more consideration to protection against land mines than most armoured vehicles of its era, reflecting SADF experience and priorities. Like the Casspir and Buffel vehicles, the bottom of the hull is angled and reinforced so as to deflect mine blasts out to the sides. The Ratel's wheels, if damaged, are also much easier to repair or replace than tracks. The vehicle also has multiple doors and hatches; the two main doors are located in the vehicle's sides, but a small rear door and roof hatches allow the crew to exit the vehicle from many directions at once, or to more easily dismount under cover during an ambush.

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Armour
The Ratel is relatively lightly armoured, in order to preserve mobility, weapons space, and range. The vehicle is well-protected against bullets and artillery shell splinters, but is vulnerable to anti-tank guns, automatic cannon such as the Warsaw Pact 23mm AA guns (which were often used in a ground-fire role in Angola), rocket-propelled grenades and guided missiles. The SADF's experience during the South African Border War in Angola showed that Ratels were far more likely to be faced with small-arms fire and mines in small-unit actions or ambushes than to run into main battle tanks in pitched battles.

Armament
The basic Ratel's (designated Ratel-20) primary armament consists of a 20mm automatic cannon mounted in a non-powered turret at the front of the vehicle, supplemented by a coaxial 7.62 51 mm NATO machine gun and a 7.62 51mm calibre pintle-mounted machine gun mounted by the commander's roof hatch. The 20mm cannon is belt fed and has a high rate of fire. Ammunition is selected for specific engagements and typically consists of a combination of HE (high explosive) and APTC (armour piercing tungsten carbide) rounds in sequence. The APTC is capable of destroying a tank as evidenced during Operation Protea in Xangongo.[3] The Ratel also has four rifle ports on each side of the vehicle, allowing the infantrymen to fire from within the vehicle. An additional pintle-mounted dual machine gun (removed on later models), accessed from a roof hatch, is located at the rear of the Ratel's upper deck and provides cover for the Ratel's rear quarter. The crew consists of commander, driver, gunner as well as seven infantrymen.

A tactical remote turret mounted on a Ratel

The Ratel-60 and Ratel-90 variants are otherwise identical, save that the former mounts a 60mm breech-loading mortar in turrets taken from the Eland 60 armoured cars, and the Ratel-90 mounts a 90mm low-velocity gun and also has a three-man crew. The 60mm mortar is most effectively used in firing smoke shells, and is generally useless against armoured vehicles or dug-in troops. The Ratel-90 fire-support variant is an unusual vehicle in that it can carry an infantry squad while retaining a 90mm turret gun. The Ratel-90 does not normally carry a full squad, but in the least it ensures that such a squad has fire support from the 90mm gun. Although the Squadrons issued the Ratel-90 were referred to as Anti-Tank, it is not a tank destroyer.

Anti-tank capabilities
The low-velocity 90mm gun, a license-made copy of the 1950s-vintage French GIAT F1, is accurate out to 2km range. It is generally considered to be inadequate for facing modern main battle tanks, but it is quite capable against armoured personnel carriers or other lighter AFVs, unarmoured vehicles, exposed infantry, and buildings or entrenchments. The 90mm gun cannot be fired from a moving Ratel because the fire-control system is not stabilised; the turret and gun are manually traversed. On the rare occasions when SADF Ratels encountered enemy armour, such as the Soviet-made tanks encountered in Operation Protea (1981) and Operations Modular, Hooper, and Packer in 1988, they achieved successes through

Ratel IFV manoeuvrebility and only at very short ranges. The 61 Mechanised Infantry Battalion Group found that each enemy T-55 and T-62 required multiple shots from the 90mm guns to disable it, and that the SADF vehicles had to attack in groups, fire from point-blank range, and hit the tanks in the engine vents, turret rim, or similar weak points in order to have an effect, the 90mm shells being otherwise ineffective against the Soviet tanks' armour. For this reason, the SADF's Olifants tanks were considerably more effective than Ratels or Elands against Soviet armour.

154

Anti-tank missile
The anti-tank guided missile variant, the Ratel ZT-3, is armed with the new 127mm Ingwe (Leopard) anti-tank guided missile (ATGM). The Ratel ZT3 is basically a Ratel-20 with a different turret, which is fitted with a three-round missile launcher. Other missiles are carried within the hull. The Ratel ZT-3 entered service with the SADF in the late 1980s, in time for Operation Moduler, and gave yeoman service against enemy armour at the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale. The SADF was previously limited to the obsolete French-designed ENTAC wire-guided ATGM, which was usually transported in Land Rovers or other unarmoured vehicles.

Typical deployment
A typical SADF mechanized company consists of 16 Ratels, with three Ratel ZT3-A2 with cut-away Ingwe anti-tank four-vehicle rifle platoons and a two-vehicle command section. A guided missile in front battalion's support company consists of; 3 Ratel 90s, 3 MILAN teams in APCs or Ratel-ZT3s, 6 Ratel 81mm Mortar vehicles and 3 Ystervark self-propelled 20mm AA vehicles. Since SADF units frequently operated in ad hoc task forces during the South African Border War, unit structures and equipment varied widely. At the time of Operation Moduler in 1988, for example, the 61 Mechanised Infantry Battalion Group's task force consisted of two infantry companies with Ratel 20s, an armoured car squadron with fourteen Ratel 90s, a mortar platoon with twelve 81mm Ratels, an anti-tank company with a mix of ATGW and Ratel 90 vehicles, as well as other attachments. Fire belt actions were a formidable tactic, typically with the 20mm cannon firing almost continuously during a specific advance onto target.[4] They were also used as command vehicles given their large storage capacity. These vehicles were kitted out with an array of radio and other equipment as needed. During the latter stages of the civil unrest in South Africa, Ratels were often used for counter insurgency purposes in townships.[5]

Variants
Ratel 20 - Original version, French designed turret (see side notes) Ratel 60 - crew of 3 plus 7 infantry, turret is identical to that of the Eland 60 with a 60mm breech-loading mortar Ratel 81 - no turret, but an 81mm mortar is installed in the crew compartment for use as a fire support platform Ratel 90 - crew of 3 plus 6 infantry, turret is identical to that of the Eland 90. Primary role: fire support for the Mechanized Battalions Ratel 120 - 120mm mortar carrier. Prototype only Ratel Command - crew of 9 men, two-seater turret with a 12,7 mm machine gun Ratel EAOS - Enhanced Artillery Observation System Ratel Maintenance - setup as a mobile workshop

Ratel IFV Ratel ZT3 - new anti-tank turret, with a rack containing 3 anti-tank missiles ready for launch and additional missiles stored within the hull Ratel Logistic - 8x8 logistic vehicle. Only 2 prototypes were built

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Derivatives
Iklwa - A prototype built by BAE Systems Land Systems South Africa that is based on the Ratel but with the hull and drive train upgraded and the engine moved from the rear to the front

Operators
South Africa Jordan Libya Morocco Djibouti Yemen2x23mm Ratel [6] Ghana[7] Cameroon (on order)

Combat History
South African Border War Western Sahara War

References
[1] "Denel in Multi-billion Rand Deal" (http:/ / www. fin24. co. za/ articles/ default/ display_article. aspx?ArticleId=1518-24_2115005). Fin24.co.za. May 17, 2007. . [2] http:/ / www. baesystemsomc. co. za/ Default. aspx?tabid=2163 [3] Turton.A.R. 2010. Shaking Hands with Billy. Durban: Just Done Publications. [4] Nortje. P. 2003. 32 Battalion. Cape Town. Zebra Press. [5] Turton. A.R. 2010. Shaking Hands with Billy. Durban: Just Done Publications. http:/ / www. shakinghandswithbilly. com [6] http:/ / i45. servimg. com/ u/ f45/ 15/ 25/ 70/ 22/ yara-110. jpg [7] "Ghana Armed Forces To Hold Open Day | Beegeagle'S Blog" (http:/ / beegeagle. wordpress. com/ 2012/ 03/ 02/ ghana-armed-forces-to-hold-open-day/ ). Beegeagle.wordpress.com. 2012-03-02. . Retrieved 2012-10-31.

External links
Ratel (http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/rsa/ratel.htm) at GlobalSecurity.org.

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156

AMX-10P
AMX-10P

AMX-10P Type Placeoforigin Infantry fighting vehicle

France

Specifications
Weight Length Width Height Crew Armour Main armament Secondary armament Engine Power/weight Suspension Operational range Speed 14.2 tonnes 5.85 m 2.78 m 2.57 m 3 crews + 8 troops Frontal armour resistant against 23 mm API from 300 m 20mm automatic cannon M693 F1 (800 rounds) 7.62mm co-axial machine gun (2000 rounds) Hispano-Suiza HS 115 280hp (210kW) 17.9 hp/tonne Torsion bar 600 km 65 km/h

The AMX-10P is a French infantry fighting vehicle. It was developed after 1965 to replace the AMX-VCI in French service, and the first prototypes were completed in 1968. It has NBC protection and amphibious capabilities, with hydro jets to swim in water. The AMX-10P has been operated in the past by France, the United Arab Emirates, Greece, Indonesia, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Singapore and Mexico. The first production vehicles were delivered in 1973 to the 7th Mechanised Brigade stationed at Reims.[1] The AMX-10P mounts a GIAT M693 20mm automatic cannon with a day sight magnification of x6. The cannon's rate of fire is 700 rounds per minute and has an effective range of 1500 metres. The frontal armour protects against

AMX-10P 23mm API and 14.5mm API rounds while all-round protection is against small arms bullets and artillery shell splinters only.[2] In the French Army, 108 are being upgraded between 2006 and 2008, improving the armour and mobility.[3] The modifications will significantly increase the vehicles protection with the installation of add-on armour, while improving mobility by fitting new suspension systems and a strengthened gearbox. The AMX 10P tracked IFV will be upgraded by Giat Industries. An active armour kit is currently available. The French Army is currently replacing its AMX-10P vehicles with the new Vhicule Blind de Combat d'Infanterie. The first regiment to retire all its AMX-10P was the 35th Infantry Regiment in Belfort in December 2008.[4]

157

Variants
AMX-10P/Milan: ATGM launcher vehicle, with two launchers AMX/HOT: ATGM launcher vehicle (Toucan II turret, 4 launchers) AMX-10 TM: Mortar carrier towing 120-mm RT-61 mortar AMX-10 PAC 90: Fire support/AT variant with Giat 90mm gun AMX-10P Marine: Improved amphibious variant with either 12.7mm heavy machine gun, 25mm cannon or 90mm main gun AMX-10 PC: Command variant with varied command stations AMX-10 RC: Wheeled (6 x 6) fire support vehicle with 105mm gun

Users
French Army (Primary user) Hellenic Army (retired) Indonesian Marine Corps in duty 100 Military of Bosnia and Herzegovina 25 Royal Moroccan Army Military of Qatar Saudi Arabian Army 600 Singapore Army 44, (retired) Military of the United Arab Emirates 18
A Singapore Army AMX-10PAC with 90mm gun

References
[1] Jane's Armour and Artillery 1981-82, p. 225. [2] military-today.com website. (http:/ / www. military-today. com/ apc/ amx_10p. htm) [3] "France to Upgrade 108 AMX-10P APCs" (http:/ / www. defenseindustrydaily. com/ france-to-upgrade-108-amx10p-apcs-01145/ ). . Retrieved 2007-11-27. [4] (French) Prsentation de la formation "VBCI" au 35e rgiment d'infanterie. (http:/ / www. defense. gouv. fr/ terre/ layout/ set/ popup/ layout/ set/ popup/ layout/ set/ popup/ content/ view/ full/ 141875)

External links
AMX-10P from 2sd GC in Germany in 1989 (http://www.mablehome.com/chasseurs/2egc.htm) topgun.rin.ru (http://topgun.rin.ru/cgi-bin/units.pl?lng=eng&unit=2498) inetres.com (http://www.inetres.com/gp/military/cv/inf/AMX-10P.html)

ERC 90 Sagaie

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ERC 90 Sagaie
ERC 90 Sagaie

Placeoforigin

France

Specifications
Weight Length Width Height Crew Armour Main armament Secondary armament Engine Operational range Speed 8.3 tonnes 7.7 metres (25ft) 2.5 metres (8.2ft) 2.25 metres (7.4ft) 3 10 mm 90 mm Cannon 2 7.62 mm machine gun Peugeot V-6 Petrol 155 hp at 5,250 rpm 730 kilometres (450mi) 90 km/h

The Panhard ERC 90 (Engin de Reconnaissance Canon de 90 mm) is a French six-wheeled armoured all terrain vehicle which is highly mobile and amphibious with an option of being NBC-proof. While various models were tested, only two versions of the ERC were developed and produced: the Lynx and the Sagaie. The only difference between the two versions being the type of main cannon mounted in the turret. Sagaie is French for Assegai, a type of African Spear.

Background
The Sagaie is originally a private-export project, the ERC 90 wheeled armoured vehicles were developed by Panhard in the last half of the 1970s as successor to its highly successful four wheel AML and M3 armoured vehicles.

Design
The ERC and VCR are a family of six wheel armoured reconnaissance vehicles, the ERC being the cannon armed turret model and the VCR being the armoured personnel carrier version. ERC is the French abbreviation of term Engin de Reconnaissance Canon, or Gun-armed Reconnaissance Vehicle. The ERC shares many components of the VCR vehicles. Two main versions of the ERC were developed: the first model being the ERC F1 90 Lynx followed by the ERC F4 90 Sagaie. The Lynx appearing about 1977 and the Sagaie following approximately two years later in

ERC 90 Sagaie 1979. The Lynx was developed primarily as an armoured reconnaissance vehicle. The Sagaie was also a primary armoured reconnaissance vehicle, with the added secondary role of tank-destroyer. Panhard purposed in 1977 both the ERC and the VCR vehicles to the French Army, but lost the largest contract to a four wheeled armoured vehicle offered by Saviem with its VAB and the cannon armed reconnaissance vehicle requirement to a vehicle offered by GIAT the AMX 10 RC and also lost a much smaller order for the French Mobile Gendarmerie to the Saviem VBC-90. But Panhard later found success for both VRC and ERC as a private project in the world export market, and later with the ERC version with orders from the French Army, which had at first rejected the Panhard contender.[1][2]

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Production history
The first production orders for the ERC 90 F1 Lynx, was an order for 36 in October 1979 from Argentina, for employment by its Marines to patrol the long border between Argentina and Chile. The second large order was from Mexico for 42 Lynxs in early 1981. Both countries ordered the ERC Lynx version, because of its ability to elevate or depress its 90mm cannon over a wider range for operations in steep mountain terrain. Further export orders followed. Both nations also appreciated the all terrain mobility of the ERC 90 F1 Lynx which is enhanced by the capability to raise or lower the central pair of wheels depending on terrain condition, especially in sandy or muddy ground.[3] All versions of the ERC are also equipped with two hydrojets behind the rear wheels and require no preparation for amphibious operations.[2]
ERC Sagaie loading into a Transall C-160.

ERC 90 F4 Sagaie
Shortly after the ERC 90 F1 Lynx had been built for export, Panhard recognised the need for a cost effective light armoured vehicle that could defeat more modern main battle tanks (MBT), like the Russian T-72 which was being exported to many nations. They developed a turret in which they mounted the long barrel F4 90mm smooth bore cannon developed by the French-government defence firm GIAT and designated the vehicle the ERC 90 F4 Sagaie. Unlike the Lynx version which could only fire medium velocity HEAT rounds in the anti-tank role, which lacked the penetration to defeat the more modern MBTs, the Sagaie could fire armour piercing fin stabilised discard sabot rounds (APFS-DS) at a much higher velocity than the Lynx's F1 90 cannon and which at 2000 metres GIAT and Panhard both claimed would enable the Sagaie to defeat the heavy armour threat of the 1980s. For a while, GIAT engineers, were vexed with finding a suitable muzzle brake for the Sagaie which would not interferer with the firing of APFS-DS rounds, but finally found a suitable solution with the fitting of a muzzle brake design from the older AMX-13 light tank.[2]

ERC Sagaie of the 1 RHP in 2003

The Ivory Coast was the first export customer, ordering five Sagaies to replace its outdated AMX-13 light tanks. At this time period, the French Army was organising the Fast Deployment Force (FDF) for overseas military missions. Mainly in Africa or the Middle East. The main core of the FDF would be French Army's 9th Marine Infantry Division and the French Army's 11th Parachute Division.[4] To enable the new FDF to be "more muscular" a new

ERC 90 Sagaie unit was activated, the 31st Heavy Half Brigade (31 DBL) of two regiments. One regiment was to be armed with armoured vehicle's mounting the HOT wire guided missile and the other a cannon armed light armoured vehicle that could provide both reconnaissance and a limited tank killing role. The French Army had at first planned on equipping the later regiment with the AMX-10RC, but were told that this vehicle was not suitable due to weight and size for transport by the French Air Force Transall C-160 or its allies Hercules C-130 aircraft. In addition most of the bridges in Africa had only a 6 to 8 ton load bearing ability. So instead of the larger AMX-10RC, which was already in service with the French Army, the French Army Staff took the surprise step in December 1980 of ordering the Panhard ERC 90 F4 Sagaie for the future FDF.[2] And to date the Sagaie has proved very useful for the French Army in its African bases and even in urban conditions during the Siege of Sarajevo. The last known combat use of the Sagaie was with French Forces stationed in the Ivory Coast on a peace keeping mission, between the two rival factions. In 1982 the ERC 90 F1 Lynxs of Argentina Marines saw combat in the Falkland Islands in the defence of Port Stanley.

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Variants
EMC 91: Fire support version armed with 81mm mortar in an Hispano-Suiza EMC turret. ERC 20: Anti-aircraft version with 2 20mm autocannons. ERC 60-20: Fitted with Hispano-Suiza 60-20 Serval turret armed with a 60mm mortar and a 20mm autocannon. ERC 90 (Diesel): Fitted with a diesel engine. ERC 90 F1 Lynx: Fitted with the Hispano-Suiza Lynx 90 turret as fitted to the Panhard AML. ERC 90 F4 Sagaie: Fitted with GIAT TS 90 turret with long barrel high velocity cannon that can fire APDS-FS anti-tank rounds. ERC 90 Sagaie 2: Slightly larger version fitted with twin engines and improved turret. VCR: APC based on ERC.
French ERC 90 Sagaie of the reconnaissance squadron of the 13th half-brigade of the Foreign Legion near Djibouti in 2005

User countries
Argentina (Argentine Marine Corps) - 14 Chad - 4 Cte d'Ivoire - 7 Ecuador - 10 France - 192 Gabon - 14 Mexico - 120 Nigeria - 46
Mexican Army ERC 90 F1 Lynx during the Independence day Parade.

ERC 90 Sagaie

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Characteristics
External images
ERC 90 Sagaie-Lynx Lynx Characteristics [5] [6]

Sagaie Characteristics

Armament: 1 x 90mm, 1 x 7.62mm coaxial MG, 1 x 7.62mm AA MG AA (optional), 2 x 2 smoke grenade dischargers Ammunition: 20 x 90mm, 2,000 x 7.62mm Armour: maximum 10mm steel Crew: 3 Weight:: 8,100kg Length: 5.10 m hull, 7.69 m overall Width: 2.49 m Height: 2.25 Wheelbase: 1.63 + 1.22 m Engine: Peugeot V-6 petrol, 155hp (116kW) at 5,250 rpm Maximum speed: 95km/h Fuel capacity: 242 L Range: 700km Fording: Amphibious Water speed: 4.5km/h wheels, 9.5km/h hydrojets Ground clearance: 0.34 m Vertical obstacle: 0.8 m Trench: 1.1 m Gradient: 60% Side Slope: 30% NBC system: Optional Night vision: Optional (passive)
Argentine Marines ERC 90 F1 Lynx Recon. Vehicle

References
Notes
[1] [2] [3] [4] Jane's AFV Recognition Handbook, author Christopher Foss Light Armored Vehicles for French Rapid Deployment Force, by R. Furlong, International Defense Review May 1981 the French Army's Sagaies now have their middle set of wheels fixed in the down position French Marines are part of the French Army for service overseas, not to be confused with a separate naval-amphibious landing force as the US Marines are [5] http:/ / i16. photobucket. com/ albums/ b24/ hybenamon/ LAND/ ARMOR/ FRENCH/ WHEEL/ SAGAIE/ ERC90-04. jpg [6] http:/ / i16. photobucket. com/ albums/ b24/ hybenamon/ LAND/ ARMOR/ FRENCH/ WHEEL/ SAGAIE/ ERC90-01. jpg

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External links
globalsecurity.org (http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/europe/erc-90.htm) cnn.com (http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2003/iraq/interactive/ground.weapons/content.8.html) nasog.net (http://www.nasog.net/datasheets/armour/6/Panhard_ERC_90_F4_Sagaie_Armoured_Car.htm) ERC 90 Sagaie on Armour.ws (http://armour.ws/erc-90-sagaie-grv/) armyrecognition.com (http://translate.google.com/translate?js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=1& eotf=1&u=http://www.armyrecognition.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=78& sl=auto&tl=en)

Video links Panhard company promotional video of the ERC 90 Sagaie (https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=KFsw_xgLkwM) on YouTube

Vhicule de l'Avant Blind

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Vhicule de l'Avant Blind

Vhicule de l'Avant Blind

A VAB unloading from a landing dock Type Placeoforigin Armoured personnel carrier
France

Service history
Inservice Usedby Wars 1976- present France and numerous others Gulf War 2001 invasion of Afghanistan

Production history
Designer GIAT Industries

Specifications
Weight Length Width Height Crew Passengers Armour Main armament Secondary armament Engine 13.8 Mg (13.8 tonnes loaded) 5.98 m 2.49 m 2.06 m 2 10 Protection against 7.62 mm bullets and mines. 1 AA52 7.62 mm machine gun -

Renault MIDR 062045 [1] 235 kW (320 hp) 17 W/kg (23 hp/t) wheeled

Power/weight Suspension

Groundclearance 0.40 metres[2] Fuelcapacity 310 litres

[2]

Vhicule de l'Avant Blind

164
Operational range Speed
[2]

1,200 km

90 km/h [2] 2.2 m/s in water

The Vhicule de l'Avant Blind or VAB ("Armoured Vanguard Vehicle" in French) is an armoured personnel carrier and support vehicle designed by the Euro Mobilit Division of GIAT Industries of France. It entered service in 1976; around 5,000 were produced.[3]

Design
The VAB was designed as a wheeled troop transporter, complementing the tracked AMX-10P. Specifications for the project called for an NBC-proof, amphibious,[4] lightly armoured vehicle to provide infantry with basic protection against shrapnel and light infantry weapons. These features were dictated by its possible usage in the event of an all-out conventional war breaking out against the Warsaw Pact; in particular, the amphibious capabilities were needed to bridge the rivers in Eastern France and in Germany.[5] Companies Panhard and Saviem/Renault answered the requirement, and the Renault prototype was selected in May 1974,[6] with 4,000 units ordered. The first delivery occurred in 1976, and production continued at a rate of 30 to 40 units a month.[3] A double armoured door at the rear allows access to the passenger compartment. Two inwards-looking, foldable benches provide space for 5 soldiers each. The crew enters the forwards compartment through two lateral hatches, the driver on the left, and the gunner of the right; two more hatches in the roof give access to armament and provide for emergency exit. The front windows are bullet-proof and heated, and can be further sheltered from incoming fire by armoured panels which can be either entirely shut, or leave a small slit for observation; the windows on the side and rear doors are covered by a similar system. The engine is located behind the driver, while the right side of the vehicle is kept free, providing a passageway between the crew and passager compartments.

rear doors and crew bench

forwards compartment

Modern versions of the VAB have had more than 1,000 improvements compared to the initial version.[7] From 1998, the VABs in usage in the French Army underwent three major overhauls: replacement of the manual gear by an automatic transmission (T1) replacement of the brakes and automatic tire pressurisation (T2) armour upgrade (T3) These overhauled vehicles are known as VAB Valoris.

Vhicule de l'Avant Blind With a modest 13-tonne mass, the VAB can easily be airlifted for deployment abroad.[2] It is capable of tracking a 4-tonne trailer. The large wheels of the VAB allow it to sustain up to 60% grades, and road/rail canting of up to 30%.[8] In 2003, Renault Trucks Dfense took over marketing the VAB, as part of a commercial agreement with GIAT. From 1990, the VAB NG (new generation) with improved armour and new engine was offered. At Eurosatory 2010, Renault unveiled, a new evolution, the VAB MkII, with more internal space, level 4 protection and a higher GVW.[9]

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Armour upgrade
The armour upgrade of the VAB aimed at increasing from protection against light infantry weapons to protection against heavy machine guns, typically 12.7 mm projectiles. This increased the weight of the vehicles by about two tonnes, thereby losing its amphibious capabilities. The amphibious design of the hull, the relatively light weight and the armour upgrade seem to give the VAB strong resistance against mines: when exposed to an explosion from below, the VAB tends to be lifted in the air, which allows most of the strength of the explosion to be dispersed away from the vehicle; furthermore, the shape of the hull and the disposition of the wheels deflect the shock wave, helping to maintain hull integrity.[5]

A VAB armed with a 20mm gun turret, with added armour, deployed in Afghanistan on 19 August 2009

Turrets
The heavy machine gun version of the VAB carries a M2 machine gun in an open turret; the light version sports an AA52 in a similar arrangement. In both cases, the crewman who mans the machine gun is protected from incoming fire only by an armoured panel on the front and by the two halves of the hatch door on the sides, giving him little protection against indirect fire, surprise attacks and explosions,[10] or if the VAB rolls over.[11] As of July 2007, all the personnel killed by mines aboard VABs had occupied the gunner position, though serious injuries were sometimes sustained by crewmen inside the hull.[5]

Machine gunner manning an M2 12.7mm turret, exposed to enemy fire and vehicle roll-over

Detail of an M2 machine gun turret

From 2007, repeated requests were issued by the Army head of staff for remotely-operated 12.7mm turrets to be fitted on these vehicles as a crash requirement.[12] A programme was launched, scheduling turret and battle

Vhicule de l'Avant Blind command upgrades for over 500 VABs, now labeled VAB TOP (tourelle TlOPre). In early May 2008, Renault Trucks Defence signed an eight-year, 20 million euro contract with Kongsberg Gruppen of Norway, for equipping the VAB with subsidiary Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace's Protector M151 Remote Weapon Station.[13] Delivery are planned to range from 2009 to 2016.[7] About 60 VAB-TOP were deployed in Afghanistan from early 2009 onwards, and saw first combat during the Battle of Alasay. Field experience shows a significant drop in ammunition consumption with the tele-operated turret, whose computer allows the operator to fire efficient single shots, rather than bursts.[14] This somewhat alleviates concerns raised by the need to reload the turret from outside.[15]

166

Replacement
Replacement of the VAB is scheduled for around 2020. A diesel-electric vehicle stemming from the EBM10-EBM20 programme is due to be selected. The Armoured Multirole Carrier has been cited as a strong contender.

Combat history
VABs have been deployed in virtually all theatres where French infantry troops were present, notably Kuwait, Cte d'Ivoire, Yugoslavia, and Chad. VABs belonging to the Royal Moroccan Army ( FAR ) have seen heavy combat during the conflict with Polisario rebels of the Western Sahara. French troops supporting ISAF in Afghanistan also use the VAB. During the Uzbin valley ambush, a VAB was hit by a rocket propelled grenade, with no injuries. One soldier manning the rooftop machine gun of a VAB was later killed when the road collapsed under his vehicle and it rolled over.[16] In March 2009, a VAB driver was killed by a rocket attack during the battle of Alasay.[17]

VAB deployed with the French contingent of the ISAF (right), next to a US MRAP, 7 August 2009.

Variants
Variants may be 44 or 66 wheels, the 66 yielding a 10% increase in cost.[3] The French military only uses 4-wheel versions, while export versions mainly are 66s. VAB VTT (Vhicule Transport de Troupe) - 4x4 APC version, crew of two and ten passengers. VAB TOP (tourelle TlOPre) - VTT 4x4 fitted with a Kongsberg Protector M151 RWS with 12.7mm machine gun and ceramic add-on armour.

VOA artillery spotting variant

VAB AZURE (Action en Zone URbaine) - Urban warfare vehicle equipped with a dozer blade and with panoramic periscopes to observe and monitor. VAB MILAN - French army variant of the VTT, fitted with a pintle mount for the MILAN system at the rear hull roof. VAB AT4CS - French army variant of the VTT, used by anti-tank teams armed with the AT4CS 84mm portable rocket launcher.

Vhicule de l'Avant Blind VAB ERYX - French army variant of the VTT, used by anti-tank teams armed with the ERYX system. VAB RATAC - Artillery target acquisition vehicle, carries a DR-PC 1a RATAC doppler radar with a range of 20km. VAB RASIT - Reconnaissance vehicle, carries the DR-PT 2a RASIT ground surveillance radar. VAB PC (Poste de Commandement) - Command vehicle with a crew of 6 and equipped with map tables and additional signals equipment. VAB SIR (Syst me d'Information Rgimentaire) - Digital regimental C4ISTAR information system. VAB Bromure - Electronic warfare vehicle. VAB Echelon - Maintenance and repair vehicle. VAB Gnie - Engineering vehicle that can be fitted with a light obstacle clearing blade or can be used to tow a trailer with mine-clearing charges. VAB SAN (sanitaire) - Armoured ambulance with room for 5 stretchers or 10 sitting passengers. VAB Reco - NBC reconnaissance vehicle. VAB ATLAS (Automatisation des Tirs et Liaisons Sol-sol pour l'artillerie) - Artillery fire command and control vehicle, successor of the VAB ATILA. VAB SGEA (Syst me de Guerre Electronique de l'Avant) Electronic warfare variant. VAB Rapsodie (Radar d'Acquisition Polyvalent pour la Surveillance et l'Observation Destin l'Interarmes) Reconnaissance vehicle with radar.
The VXB VBRG Gendarmerie version being replaced by the VAB Variant

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VIB 20 mm turret variant

Mephisto anti-tank missile variant

VBR (Vhicule Blind de Reconnaissance) - Similar to VIB but used by Gnie de lAir and fitted with a Capre turret with 20mm F2 gun. VCAC "Mephisto" (Vhicule de Combat Anti-Char) - Anti-tank vehicle, carries the Euromissile Mephisto system with four ready-to-fire HOT anti-tank missiles and eight more in reserve. VCI T.20/13 (Vhicule de Combat de lInfanterie) - VAB equipped with a turret mounted 20mm gun recovered from old AMX-13 VCIs and refurbished and intended for fire support and for counter sniping. VIB (Vhicule dIntervention sur Base) - IFV version fitted with the Toucan system, a tele-operated turret fitted with a 20mm cannon and a AA52 7.62mm machine-gun. Used by the French Air Force for airfield defence.[12] VIT (Vhicule dImplantation Topographique) - Vehicle for topographic teams of field artillery units. VOA (Vhicule d'Observation d'Artillerie) - Artillery observation vehicle, fitted with a turret with day/night observation devices, laser range finder etc. This version is normally found in units equipped with the TR F1 towed 155mm howitzer. The VAB OBS is an improved version. VTM 120 (Vhicule Tracteur de Mortier) - Mortar towing vehicle, can carry 70 bombs for the Thomson-Brandt MO-120 mortar. VBC-90: Armoured car variant in service with the Mobile Gendarmerie. Versions reserved for export:

Vhicule de l'Avant Blind VAB 4x4 VCI T.20 (Vhicule de Combat de lInfanterie) - Export version of the VCI T.20/13, fitted with a one-man T.20 turret. In service with Cyprus. VAB 6x6 ECH (ECHelon) - Maintenance vehicle (with crane). VAB 6x6 VCI Toucan (Vhicule de Combat de lInfanterie) - Similar to the VCI T.20/13 but based on the VAB 6x6. VAB 6x6 VPM 81 (Vhicule Porte-Mortier) - Mortar carrier with an 81mm mortar firing through a roof opening. In service with Oman. VAB 6x6 VDAA TA20 (Vhicule de Dfense AntiArienne) - Low-altitude air-defence vehicle, armed with a double 20mm gun in a TA 20 turret. In service with Oman, Morocco and the Central African Republic. VCAC 6x6 UTM800 - Anti-tank vehicle, carries the Euromissile UTM800 turret, with four ready-to-launch HOT missiles, and 16 more in reserve. In service with Qatar and Cyprus. VMO (Vhicule de Maintien de l'Ordre) - Police version for crowd control, fitted with a light dozer blade and optionally a TOI turret. In service with Oman, Morocco and Abu Dhabi. The French Gendarmerie also uses a variant of the VAB, which replaced the VXB, called VBRG (Vhicule Blind de Reconnaissance de la Gendarmerie) for riot control. This version may be equipped with a water cannon and/or a bulldozer blade.

168

Gallery

Medical evacuation version

Inside view of the medical evacuation version

Version with 12.7 mm machine gun

Detail of propeller for amphibious operation

Operators
France: French Army: 3,900 VAB in 35 different versions[5] French Air Force (VIB, vhicule blind d'intervention, or vhicule d'intervention sur base) Brunei Central African Republic Cyprus Georgia Georgian HQ units who are part of the ISAF are using the VAB and VBL in the Kabul area. Indonesia: Army Corps / TNI-AD Ivory Coast Kuwait Lebanon: Lebanese Armed Forces, Internal Security Forces (POLICE), Amal Movement (19841990) Mauritius Morocco 400 vehicles[3] Oman Qatar United Arab Emirates

Vhicule de l'Avant Blind Italy: Italian Army (NBC configuration) Mexico

169

Comparable vehicles
Saudi Arabia: Al-Fahd Indonesia: Pindad APS-3 China: WZ551 Yugoslavia: BOV M86

Sources and references

References
[1] http:/ / www. renault-trucks-defense. com/ description_2000831_0. html?lang=en [2] VAB (http:/ / www. defense. gouv. fr/ terre/ decouverte/ materiels/ vehicules/ vab), Ministry of Defence [3] "1976 RENAULT VAB VCI" (http:/ / www. chars-francais. net/ new/ index. php?option=com_content& task=view& id=50& Itemid=41). charfrancais.net. . Retrieved 2009-11-11. [4] propulsion either by wheels, or by two water jets mounted on either side of hull rear [5] La bonne surprise du VAB face aux IED : avoir t amphibie... (http:/ / secretdefense. blogs. liberation. fr/ defense/ 2009/ 07/ la-bonne-surprise-du-vab. html), Jean-Dominique Merchet, Secret Dfense, Libration [6] VAB Blind de transport de troupe - Armoured personnel carrier (http:/ / www. armyrecognition. com/ europe/ France/ vehicules_a_roues/ VAB/ VAB_France_description. htm), armyrecognition.com [7] "VAB (Vehicule de l'Avant Blinde) Wheeled Armoured Fighting Vehicle, France" (http:/ / www. army-technology. com/ projects/ vab/ ). Army-Technology.com. . Retrieved 2009-11-11. [8] Vhicule de l'Avant Blind (VAB) (http:/ / www. fas. org/ man/ dod-101/ sys/ land/ row/ vab. htm), FAS [9] http:/ / www. janes. com/ events/ exhibitions/ eurosatory2010/ sections/ daily/ day3/ latest-generation-vab. shtml [10] Adjudant Laurent Pican (13 BCA) was killed by an explosion on 21 September 2007 (http:/ / secretdefense. blogs. liberation. fr/ defense/ 2008/ 01/ faute-de-vab-ut. html) [11] Soldier Melam Bouama was killed during the Uzbin valley ambush [12] Faute de VAB, utilisons les VIB ! (http:/ / secretdefense. blogs. liberation. fr/ defense/ 2008/ 01/ faute-de-vab-ut. html), Jean-Dominique Merchet [13] Weapon Control Systems framework agreement with France (http:/ / www. kongsberg. com/ eng/ kog/ news/ default. asp?id=33729) Kongsberg Gruppen press release, 02.05.2008 [14] En Afghanistan, baptme du feu pour le VAB-TOP (http:/ / www. lepoint. fr/ actualites-monde/ 2009-03-30/ en-afghanistan-bapteme-du-feu-pour-le-vab-top/ 1648/ 0/ 330365) [15] Destins mieux protger leurs occupants, les premiers VAB-TOP livrs en Afghanistan (http:/ / www. lepoint. fr/ actualites-monde/ 2009-01-24/ destines-a-mieux-proteger-leurs-occupants-les-premiers-vab-top/ 1648/ 0/ 310201) [16] Merchet, Jean-Dominique (19/08/2008). "Afghanistan: le rcit de l'embuscade" (http:/ / secretdefense. blogs. liberation. fr/ defense/ 2008/ 08/ afghanistan-le. html). Libration. . Retrieved 2008-08-22. [17] Fontaine, Caroline (17 March 2009). "Franais au combat en Afghanistan" (http:/ / www. parismatch. com/ Actu-Match/ Monde/ Actu/ Chasseurs-alpins-bataille-en-Afghanistan-84184/ ). Paris Match. . Retrieved 2009-05-04.

External links
VAB (Vehicule de l'Avant Blinde) Wheeled Armoured Fighting Vehicle (Army Technology) (http://www. army-technology.com/projects/vab/) "Vehicle recognition (friendly armor): Light armored vehicle identification" (http://www.globalsecurity.org/ military/library/policy/army/accp/in0535/ch2.htm). GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2008-01-11.

Humvee replacement process

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Humvee replacement process

The Humvee replacement process, now being undertaken by the US Military is an effort to replace the current AM General Humvee. The Humvee has evolved several times since its introduction, and is now used in tactical roles for which it was not originally intended. The US Military is currently pursuing several initiatives to replace it, both in the short and long term. The short term replacement efforts utilize COTS vehicles, while the long term efforts currently focus on building requirements for the Humvee replacement and technology research and evaluation in the form of various prototype vehicles.

Short Term
In the short term, Humvees in service in Iraq are being replaced by Category 1 MRAP vehicles, primarily the Force Protection Cougar H and the International MaxxPro.[1] The United States Marine Corps plans to replace all Humvees patrolling "outside the wire" with MRAP vehicles. The U.S. military began procuring a lighter vehicle under the MRAP All Terrain Vehicle (M-ATV) program in 2009.[2]

International MaxxPro Category 1 MRAP

Long term
The Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV), a joint effort between the United States Army, USSOCOM, and the United States Marine Corps to build a replacement for the Humvee in its role as a tactical vehicle has submitted an Initial Capabilities Document, and is seeking the approval of the Office of the Secretary of Defense. Following that approval, they will begin to build a requirements list with the assistance and input of the FTTS program and the Office of Naval Research among others.[3][4] The Office of Naval Research has selected General Dynamics Land The Combat Tactical Vehicle, a prototype Joint Systems and Oshkosh Corporation to build Joint Light Tactical Vehicle Light Tactical Vehicle mock-ups and conceptual designs, modeling and simulation to provide trade off analysis for the evaluation of future development of such vehicles.[4] It would be a family of light armored wheeled vehicles with combat capability to provide more protection than the Humvee.

Humvee replacement process

171

The U.S. Military was seeking a long term replacement for the Humvee under the Future Tactical Truck Systems (FTTS) program, which was seeking to introduce a Maneuver Sustainment Vehicle and a Utility Vehicle. Navistar International and Lockheed Martin's proposals for the Utility Vehicle were selected for competition as well as the Armor Holdings proposal for the Maneuver Sustainment Vehicle.[3] In August 2006 they were tested at the Aberdeen Proving Grounds. Following this evaluation they were parked in The Pentagon courtyard for evaluation by higher ranking military officials.

International FTTS UV Concept

The Office of Naval Research has also funded several projects to research other technologies that may be implemented on the Humvee replacement, including the Shadow RST-V and Georgia Tech's ULTRA AP, a combat concept vehicle based on the F350 chassis, but with a "blast bucket" passenger compartment, and Ultra 3T, a project with more advanced (but unproven) technologies.

U.S. Army
The Army issued a request for information for a Humvee recapitalization program in January 2010. The Army asked Congress to shift funds from procuring Humvees to recapitalizing aging Humvees. This request was denied. A second request for information is planned and would be followed up by a request for proposals. No Humvee procurements are planned beyond 2012. The Army's 260,000 truck fleet is planned to be reduced by 15 percent by fiscal year 2017.[5]

U.S. Marines
The United States Marine Corps plans to replace all Humvees patrolling "outside the wire" with MRAP vehicles. The Marines are reducing their fleet of Humvees from 44,000 to 32,500. [6]

References
[1] More MRAPs: Navistars MaxxPro Maintains the Pole Position (http:/ / www. defenseindustrydaily. com/ 2007/ 06/ more-mraps-1200-maxxpro-mpvs-from-navistar/ index. php) [2] Oshkosh to make new M-ATV, Pentagon says (http:/ / www. armytimes. com/ news/ 2009/ 06/ marine_matv_063009w/ ). Army Times, 1 July 2009. [3] http:/ / www. ausa. org/ pdfdocs/ TBIP-TWV06. pdf [4] Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV) (http:/ / www. defense-update. com/ products/ j/ jltv. htm) [5] Kate Brannen (27). "Army wants to redirect Humvee funding" (http:/ / www. armytimes. com/ news/ 2011/ 01/ army-humvee-funding-redirected-012711w/ ). Gannett Government Media Corporation. . Retrieved 10 February 2011. [6] Gidget Fuentes (09). "Commandant maps out future Corps" (http:/ / www. marinecorpstimes. com/ news/ 2011/ 02/ marine-commandant-maps-out-future-corps-020911/ ). Gannett Government Media Corporation. . Retrieved 10 February 2011.

Vhicule blind de combat d'infanterie

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Vhicule blind de combat d'infanterie

VBCI

A VBCI during the Journes Nation Dfense, 2005 Type Placeoforigin Infantry fighting vehicle
France

Service history
Wars War in Afghanistan

Specifications
Weight Length Width Height Crew Armour Main armament Secondary armament Engine Suspension Operational range Speed VCI: 25.6 t (normal combat load). VPC: 23.3 t (normal combat load). 7.6 m 2.98 m 3m 3 + 9-man combat team 14.5 mm API
[1]

M811 25 mm x 137 mm NATO cannon co-axial 7.62 mm NATO machine gun Renault Diesel 550 hp (410 kW) Wheel 750 km 100 km/h

The Vhicule Blind de Combat d'Infanterie (VBCI, "Armoured vehicle for infantry combat") is a French Infantry fighting vehicle designed to replace the AMX-10P.[2] They joined active service in 2008, with 630 vehicles ordered up to 2010. Other countries like Spain [3] have shown interest in the VBCI. The Vhicule Blind de Combat d'Infanterie is built on an aluminium hull which carries a modular THD steel and titanium armour, which can be replaced in the field. The 8x8 wheel combination is designed to make the VBCI more comfortable and less costly than a tracked vehicle, while giving it sufficient mobility to back the Leclerc tank. The VBCI is also designed to be transportable by the Airbus A400M, with an empty mass less than 18 tonnes (full load mass up to 28 tonnes).

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History
In the early 90s, the French government started the VBM (Vhicule Blind Modulaire Modular Armoured Vehicle) as a replacement for its older IFVs. Soon, Germany and the United Kingdom joined the project. However, in 1999, the programme came to a dead-end, and France decided to follow on its own. On November 6, 2000, the French government ordered 700 vehicles and the programme was carried on. In 2003-2004, the programme reached some major milestones: The mobility/agility tests, the armour tests and the electronic systems tests were all successful. From 2004 to 2005, the first 5 prototypes (4 VCIs and 1 VPC) were tested in real conditions. These tests proved some crucial design mistakes on the DRAGAR turret, which had to be redesigned. The 2 years delay in the programme are consequences of this design flaw. As the programme reaches completion, other versions are being studied. A mortar version and a vehicle using the MILAN Missile have been considered by the developer. Note that none of these versions are being developed as of now, but feasibility studies are being conducted. In June 2007, VBCI was being considered for the British FRES programme.[4] As of 2010, 630 VBCIs have been ordered, at a total cost of 2.86 billion. The 200th VBCI was delivered to the French army on 23 June 2010.[5] The 400th VBCI was delivered to the French army on 12 June 2012.[6] The first unit to be equipped with the new infantry fighting vehicle was the 35th Infantry Regiment in Belfort.[7]

Versions
VCI (infantry combat vehicle): Combat group of 9 men (+ crew), medium calibre Dragar type turret (25mm), 7.62mm machine gun. VPC (command post vehicle): 2 SIP stations with 7 users (+ crew), self-defence turret armed with a 12.7mm machine gun. VTT (Troop Transport Vehicle): It is designed to transport troops. It has an interior volume of 13 m and can carry a 2-man crew and up to 10 soldiers with their equipment. The VTT is sized to meet export requirements and is currently being considered by several national armies. Common features for all versions include SIT (Systme dInformation Terminal) communication equipment, combat identification equipment, and NBC detection and protection equipment.

C4ISR
The VBCI will be completely integrated in the French C4ISR capability. The VCI version will use the SIT (Systme dInformation Terminal The lowest level of C4IST in the French forces), while the VPC will use the SIR (Systme dInformation Rgimentaire A higher level in the same system). The vehicle will be designed to primarily carry soldiers equipped with the FLIN system.

DRAGAR Turret
The DRAGAR Turret (GIAT INDUSTRIES) is a single seat modular design turret integrating a 25mm stabilized gun. Fire control integrates a laser telemeter and a thermal camera. The rate of fire is up to 400 rounds/min, and the turret allows anti-air self-defence. It also includes a coaxial 7.62mm machine gun for close defence and a Galix grenade launching system.

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References
[1] "Dossier : VBCI" (http:/ / www. air-defense. net/ pdf/ VBCI. pdf). . Retrieved 2010-11-03. [2] Jane's international defense review: IDR., Volume 37, Issues 1-6 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=neG5AAAAIAAJ& q="Vhicule+ blind+ de+ combat+ d'infanterie"& dq="Vhicule+ blind+ de+ combat+ d'infanterie"& hl=en& ei=vPdYTYu2PMzTgAfW6s2gDQ& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=9& ved=0CEcQ6AEwCA). Jane's Information Group. 2004. . Retrieved 14 February 2011. "It had therefore confined itself to wheeled vehicles in the VBM program and concentrated after 1996 on the development of a single 8x8 IFV, the Vehicule Blinde de Combat d'Infanterie (VBCI)." [3] GTD y NEXTER Systems firman un acuerdo de colaboracin para el desarrollo del Futuro Vehculo Blindado 8x8 (http:/ / infodefensa. com/ esp/ noticias/ noticias. asp?cod=1330) [4] Drayson: New vehicles will have "vital part to play in the Army of the future" (http:/ / www. mod. uk/ defenceinternet/ defencenews/ equipmentandlogistics/ draysonnewvehicleswillhavevitalparttoplayinthearmyofthefuture. htm) [5] "The DGA delivers the 200th VBCI to the French Army" (http:/ / www. defpro. com/ news/ details/ 16099/ ). defpro. 2010. . Retrieved 2010-06-16. [6] "400 VBCI et un millier de PVP livrs l'arme de Terre" (http:/ / www. meretmarine. com/ article. cfm?id=119861). Meretmarine. 2012. . Retrieved 2012-06-14. [7] (French) Prsentation de la formation "VBCI" au 35e rgiment d'infanterie. (http:/ / www. defense. gouv. fr/ terre/ layout/ set/ popup/ layout/ set/ popup/ layout/ set/ popup/ content/ view/ full/ 141875)

External links
VBCI Nexter Data Sheet - Pictures - Video (http://www.armyrecognition.com/index. php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2208) Janes (http://www.janes.com/defence/land_forces/news/idr/idr050908_1_n.shtml) (French) Nexter (http://www.nexter-group.fr/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=36& Itemid=49) (French) chars-francais.net (http://www.chars-francais.net/archives/vbci.htm) (numerous photographs, including the inside) VBCI Program Update (http://www.defense-update.com/products/v/vbci.htm)

M1128 Mobile Gun System

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M1128 Mobile Gun System

M1128 Mobile Gun System

Mobile Gun System, firing its 105 mm cannon Type Placeoforigin Heavy armored car/Wheeled Tank Destroyer
United States

Specifications
Weight Length Width Height Crew Armor Main armament Secondary armament Engine Suspension 18.77 tonnes (20.69 short tons; 18.47 long tons) 6.95 m (22.92 ft) 2.72 m (8.97 ft) >2.64 m (>8.72 ft) 3 14.5 mm resistant
[1]

M68A2 105 mm cannon M2 0.50 calibre machine gun; M240C coaxial machine gun; 2, M6 smoke grenade launchers Caterpillar 3126 turbo diesel 260 kW (350 hp) 88 wheeled

The M1128 Mobile Gun System is an eight-wheeled armored fighting vehicle mounting a 105 mm tank gun, based on the Canadian LAV III light-armored vehicle manufactured by General Dynamics Canada. It is in service with the United States[2] and was also being considered for adoption by several other countries, including Canada.

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176

Design
Firepower
The MGS turret is low profile, stabilized, and autoloading. The turret mounts a 105 mm M68A2 rifled cannon. The vehicle is primarily outfitted to support infantry combat operations. While it could take on some of the roles of tanks, it is not designed to engage in combat with tanks. The MGS can store 18 rounds of main gun ammunition in the turret. It has a rate of fire of six rounds per minute.[3]

Mobility
Because the Mobile Gun System uses a similar chassis as other MOWAG Piranha derivatives, it would have the same mobility, and could be rescued or salvaged by a Piranha-derived recovery vehicle.

Crew amenities
Because the vehicle was designed without air conditioning, crews are given individual cooling vests that circulate cooled water from outside the vehicle to the garment. IV fluids can also be provided. Vehicle computers still overheat regularly.[3] The large turret and smaller hatch can make emergency exiting more difficult.[3]

Role
Nine Mobile Gun Systems are allocated to a battalion.[3]

History
Following the end of the Cold War some theorists believed that the existing suite of U.S. armored vehicles, designed largely to fight Soviet mechanized forces in Europe, were not well suited to the lower-intensity missions U.S. armed forces would be tasked with. This led to the development of a new armored fighting vehicle designed for lower-intensity combat, rather than large-scale battle. However in actual service vehicles derived from the LAV III and its predecessor the MOWAG Piranha have been found to be vulnerable to weapons such as the RPG-7, requiring the improvisation of slat armor to defeat anti-tank rockets. Canada had liquidated about half of its park of Leopard 1s in the early 2000s, with the intention of replacing them with the airmobile Mobile Gun System. The decision was reversed. In fall of 2006 a squadron of Leopards were sent to Afghanistan, and as of the summer of 2007 Canada is in the process of acquiring 100 surplus Leopard 2 main battle tanks for quick deployment.[4] Full-rate production has been indefinitely deferred.[5]

Mobile Gun System

Mobile Gun System

Company A, 2nd Battalion, 23rd Infantry

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177

References
[1] "Army Fact File Stryker" (http:/ / www. army. mil/ factfiles/ equipment/ wheeled/ stryker. html). . Retrieved 2008-04-16. [2] Soldiers train on Stryker gun system (http:/ / www. ftleavenworthlamp. com/ articles/ 2006/ 08/ 31/ dod_news/ dod3. txt) [3] Matthew Cox (4 February 2008). "Mobile Gun System brings the heat in Iraq" (http:/ / www. armytimes. com/ news/ 2008/ 02/ army_new_MGS_080204w/ ). Gannett Government Media Corporation. . Retrieved 28 August 2011. [4] Capt Brian Corbett (19 September 2007). "Canadas new main battle tank Leopard 2" (http:/ / www. forces. gc. ca/ site/ Commun/ ml-fe/ article-eng. asp?id=3740). The Maple Leaf. . Retrieved 10 December 2009. [5] Brannen, Kate. "AUSA: U.S. Army Plans Post-War Management of Stryker Fleet." (http:/ / www. defensenews. com/ article/ 20120223/ DEFREG02/ 302230001/ AUSA-U-S-Army-Plans-Post-War-Management-Stryker-Fleet?odyssey=mod_sectionstories) Defense News. February 23, 2012.

External links
Video of a MGS firing its gun (http://www.mowag.ch/Video/LAV_schuss_105.avi). General Dynamics Canada video of the MGS firing while on the move (http://www.gdlscanada.com/ video_controller.asp?ID=31).

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Article Sources and Contributors

T-44 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=531007706 Contributors: AdnanSa, Alchemist Jack, Aldis90, AndrewHowse, Attilios, Bkell, Bobblewik, Bogdangiusca, CommonsDelinker, Corti, DMorpheus, DavidDCM, Denniss, Diannaa, DmitryKo, Dreamafter, Dziban303, Elfalem, Frietjes, Gimboid13, Ground Zero, Hmains, Hohum, Irondome, John, JoniFili, JzG, Karelj, Ko Soi IX, Koalorka, Kralizec!, Kubanczyk, Kyng, Kyoko, L1A1 FAL, Lbeaumont, MWAK, Makele-90, Marcus Qwertyus, Martin Wisse, Martynas Patasius, Mzajac, Nick Number, Nohomers48, Nono64, Ommnomnomgulp, Parsecboy, Pauli133, Petri Krohn, Phoenix and Winslow, Reallyfastcar, Rich Farmbrough, Smiley119, Spellmaster, SuperTank17, Sus scrofa, That Guy, From That Show!, TheXenomorph1, Tmaull, UrsusArctosL71, VP000, YUL89YYZ, 39 anonymous edits T-43 tank Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=528279432 Contributors: 0goodiegoodie0, Agent of the Reds, Aldis90, Amendola90, Bagheera, CommonsDelinker, Elfalem, Glen, GraemeLeggett, John, Khoikhoi, Koalorka, Kubanczyk, Marcus Qwertyus, Mark.murphy, Mmccalpin, Mr. Yooper, Mzajac, Pauli133, PaulinSaudi, Petri Krohn, Phoenix and Winslow, Satori Son, Sus scrofa, Tec15, TheXenomorph1, VP000, Zephyrus67, 11 anonymous edits Panzer 61 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=516660197 Contributors: Aldis90, Amendola90, Axeman, Bukvoed, FlieGerFaUstMe262, GraemeLeggett, Iridescent, Kyng, Nanoktom, TheXenomorph1, 6 anonymous edits Vickers MBT Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=524656194 Contributors: Andrew Gray, Ashley Pomeroy, Canglesea, DavidDCM, Dendirrek, Dreamafter, Drutt, ElComandanteChe, Geni, GraemeLeggett, Hibernian, Hmains, KTo288, Leithp, Loved.runner, Marcus Qwertyus, MoRsE, NetherSarum, Orca1 9904, Plinio Cayo Cilesio, Robiner, Sa, Semi-Lobster, Tatrgel, , 7 anonymous edits Chonma-ho Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=512697053 Contributors: Adamrush, Aldis90, AllStarZ, Altzinn, Ashrf1979, Bender235, Bogdan, Buckshot06, Caspian blue, Catalan, Christian Mac Juane, CommonsDelinker, Conscious, DH85868993, DavidDCM, Dendirrek, DerHexer, Deyyaz, Dkssuddksgody, Dreamafter, Dudtz, Ecthelion83, Elfalem, Elryacko, EndlessUnknown, Eyrian, Farosdaughter, Fireaxe888, Flayer, Frietjes, GeeJo, Grim Reaper, Ground Zero, Hohum, ImperialDragon, Jeltz, Jimderkaisser, Kai9064ss, Kjoonlee, Lackett, Lightmouse, Manxruler, Marcus Qwertyus, Michael Hardy, Mieciu K, Mzajac, Mztourist, Nemhun, Ninja Scaley, Nohomers48, Nono64, Nyp, Ominae, Op47, Ospalh, Parsecboy, Pax:Vobiscum, Petri Krohn, Phinaliumz, RatSkrew, Rjwilmsi, Shizhao, Shortfatlad, SirBob42, Smsarmad, Srich32977, Staygyro, StoneProphet, SuperTank17, TRWBW, Tabletop, Tatrgel, The Centipede, Tourbillon, Trebor, Vedek Wren, Verdafolio, Wiki-asd-97, ZH Evers, Zscout370, ^demon, , 75 anonymous edits M-84 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=530389554 Contributors: Alai, Aldis90, Alexf, Alpha Ralpha Boulevard, Alro, Andrwsc, Anetode, Antioch, Attilios, Bazook, Bg007, Bk109, Bogdan, Boki13, Bokiva, Boksi, Bronzmajom, Bryan Nguyen, Buttons, Cadenas2008, ChrisO, Climax Void, Col Radec, Colonies Chris, CommonsDelinker, Croacting77, DagosNavy, DavidDCM, Degen Earthfast, Denniss, Deville, Dim24, Djuice, Domobran, Duja, Dzkazic, EZ1234, Edrigu, Edvinm, El C, Elfalem, Emrrans, EndlessUnknown, Epolk, Evers, Ex13, Falcon8765, Firsfron, Gaius Cornelius, Gh5046, Gits (Neo), Gligan, Gon4z, Gradac, GregorB, Harald Hansen, Hibernian, Hiram TR79, Hj108, Hohum, Howcheng, Hut 8.5, Jeff3000, John of Reading, Joshbaumgartner, Joy, Kelvinc, Klemen Kocjancic, Kos93, L1A1 FAL, LWF, Lord Eru, Lord Hawk, LtNOWIS, Magnet For Knowledge, Manxruler, Marcus Qwertyus, Marko M, Marko Parabucki, Mboverload, Mic of orion, Mieciu K, Mild Bill Hiccup, Muhandes, Mzajac, Noclador, Nukes4Tots, Nuno Tavares, Nv8200p, OettingerCroat, Olegwiki, Ominae, Oranjblud, Osea, PRODUCER, PTSE, Palapa, PaulinSaudi, Petri Krohn, Phoenix and Winslow, Quadell, Raoulduke47, Rich Farmbrough, Rjwilmsi, Robinh, Sbalint, Schwern, Sciurin, Sietse Snel, Signalhead, Silent Bob NBGD, Slambo, Slavuj, Slovolyub, Soccerpro200345, Sonertje80, Sran Popovi, StDeepBlue, Staygyro, Svinisce, Tatrgel, Tec15, The Spanish Inquisitor, Tommy2010, Tomobe03, Trialin, Twonex, Wiki Raja, Wizardman, Woohookitty, Xb3ud, Xeeron, Yelow phantom, Zastavafan76, Zlatko, Zscout370, , 397 anonymous edits Arjun (tank) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=532141633 Contributors: AKStheIMAGE, Adaptor40, Adhirk, Alansohn, Aldis90, Alfrodull, Allenwalla, AniMate, Anir1uph, Anthony Appleyard, Archerblack, AshLin, Auntof6, Avik pram, Ayrton Prost, Azaz129, Bcs09, Belovedfreak, Ben Ben, Bender235, Bharat9090, Borderline ginge, Brig.Gurbux Singh Retd., Buckshot06, By78, Canyouhearmenow, Catalan, Cekli829, Chackojoseph, Chanakyathegreat, Chitresh verma, Chris the speller, Clarityfiend, Coikli, CommonsDelinker, DBigXray, Dabomb87, Dance With The Devil, Daniel J. Leivick, Dave1185, DavidDCM, Delta 51, Denniss, Desertcharioteer, Deus257, DevSolar, Download, Dreamafter, Duja, EZ1234, EdwardZhao, Eeekster, Egil, Elfalem, Fastily, Flayer, Fnlayson, Free pretender, Funbar, Garion96, General1992, Gerben1974, Godanov, GoingBatty, Grafen, HDCase, Happyears, HarshaHalsur, Hibernian, High Contrast, Hmwith, Hohum, Hooperbloob, Intgr, Jaguar's Paw, Jauerback, Jimindc, John, John Broughton, Johnxxx9, Jojo7727644it, Jonathon A H, Joydeep ghosh, Jwy, Kalkibhagwan, Kaushal mehta, Khazar2, KitchM, Koalorka, KuwarOnline, L1A1 FAL, Ladnam.navohsus, Leujohn, LilHelpa, Lohiyagaurav, Maheshdhaifule, Mangoe, Marcus Qwertyus, Mephistophelian, Mittal.fdk, Mrt3366, Mzajac, Neutrality, Nezzadar, Nikhilyadava, NineNineTwoThreeSix, Nirvana888, Notreallydavid, Nsaa, Nuclearram, Ohconfucius, Ohiostandard, Ominae, Otolemur crassicaudatus, Phoenix and Winslow, Plinio Cayo Cilesio, Prari, Quite vivid blur, Raahulworld2004, Raoulduke47, Realrahul, Reenem, Ricky81682, Roghov, S3000, Satish25in, SchreiberBike, Shovon76, Silver seren, Skcpublic, SkyWalker, Sniperz11, Stickee, Suradnik13, Sus scrofa, Sushilkumarmishra, Swift&silent, Tabletop, Tgeairn, Troymacgill, Tuopuo, Tutu1234, Ulric1313, V.Chowla, Vadapalani, Van helsing, Vanished User 1004, Vedant, Ventusa, Vnomad, Vprajkumar, WaisenkindVonHimmel, Warriorsfinalstance, WereSpielChequers, White Ink09, WolfgangFaber, Yamamoto Ichiro, YellowMonkey, Yhljjang, Zuhayer171288, ^demon, 369 anonymous edits M-95 Degman Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=530307682 Contributors: Alansohn, Aldis90, Alexf, Antioch, Argo Navis, Ato 01, Biblbroks, Bogdan, Brutaldeluxe, Buttons, Chris the speller, Culo-sija, Dan12345 2006, Dave1185, De Administrando Imperio, Denniss, Deus257, Dijxtra, Domobran, Dreamafter, Duja, El C, FrontLine, GagHalfrunt, GregorB, Herostratus, Hohum, Iain Bell, Imzadi1979, James McStub, Jeepday, John, Joy, KathrynLybarger, KazekageTR, Kebeta, L1A1 FAL, Lightmouse, Marcus Qwertyus, MarsRover, Mey Pey, Mic of orion, MoRsE, Moshe Constantine Hassan Al-Silverburg, Mzajac, Noclador, Nohomers48, OettingerCroat, Oranjblud, PaulinSaudi, Plinio Cayo Cilesio, Quadell, Raoulduke47, Reenem, Rettetast, Rich Farmbrough, Rjwilmsi, RoachCRO, Roberta F., Sbalint, Simon123, Slavuj, Sniperz11, StDeepBlue, SuperTank17, Suradnik13, Sus scrofa, Svinisce, Teh roflmaoer, Tomobe03, Travelbird, Winterheart, Woohookitty, 126 anonymous edits Altay (tank) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=530336342 Contributors: 9Martel9, Acarbaran, Aerodil, Aldis90, Aya Leovinus, Bobrayner, BordoEnes, Brasilian Prince, Blent altunay, CeeGee, Cerian, CommonsDelinker, DPdH, Danger, Daniel J. Leivick, Denniss, Deus257, Dreamafter, E104421, EfsunAskeri, Elbarck, Emrexps, Fnlayson, Hibernian, Hohum, Honorprevails123, Huunta, Infestor, Iron Archer, Jedi-gman, Jimderkaisser, Karaahmet, Lan Di, Lightmouse, LionFlyer, Malcolma, Marco Kaiser, Marcus Qwertyus, Mystery.sin, Nohomers48, Noodleki, Oguzhansx1, Ohconfucius, Ottoman68, Patton123, PoorTom, Res Gest Divi Augusti, Selimovic746, Shiham K, Signalhead, Stoch, Takabeg, Tf-2000, Tomdo08, TurkishKhan, Tuyyo90, Twonicorn, Vegaswikian, WWSS1, Xander Deathstalker, Zagrava, simweb, , 95 anonymous edits BPM-97 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=520638171 Contributors: Aldis90, Allmedia, AndrewHowse, Andrwsc, Buckshot06, Chris the speller, Crocodilicus, Degen Earthfast, High Contrast, Homan05, Kantervo, Kyng, MER-C, Mdann52, Nohomers48, Nubiatech, Reallyfastcar, Socrates2008, Spacepotato, Ssr, Superzohar, TheGerm, Tomtom9041, Varmin, VitalyKuzmin, 23 anonymous edits BTR-T Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=524621810 Contributors: Access Denied, Aldis90, Amikake3, AndrewHowse, BaomoVW, Derekbridges, DocWatson42, Dreamafter, Fireaxe888, Gold heart, Jayrun, John, Jrav, Kbdank71, MER-C, Marcus Qwertyus, McSly, Mzajac, Octane, Ominae, Plinio Cayo Cilesio, Raoulduke47, Sandip90, Simalsim, Spacepotato, SuperTank17, Sus scrofa, TheGerm, Theredstarswl, Vade Parvis, 19 anonymous edits BMD-3 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=531868032 Contributors: Aldis90, Amendola90, America789, Andrew Gray, Attilios, Chris the speller, CommonsDelinker, Darthveda, Degen Earthfast, Dendirrek, Dreamafter, Emoscopes, Evers, Extraordinary, Fat pig73, GTBacchus, Hmains, Hohum, John, Kbdank71, L0b0t, Latitude, LilHelpa, Lomn, MER-C, Minorhistorian, Mzajac, Nohomers48, Parsecboy, Regani, Riddley, Rjwilmsi, Simalsim, Stalnoy Tsvetok, SuperTank17, Sus scrofa, TheGerm, Tomc300, Werdnanoslen, Xefin, 29 anonymous edits BMD-2 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=525994464 Contributors: Aldis90, AndrewHowse, Black houk, Bus-bus-bus, Cuba Sera Libre, Evers, Hohum, Jniemenmaa, Lan Di, Lifebaka, Magioladitis, MarkusContagia, Minorhistorian, Mrg3105, Mzajac, Nohomers48, Rjwilmsi, Sandip90, SuperTank17, TheGerm, 6 anonymous edits BMD-1 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=526692596 Contributors: -js-, Akulkis, AlexPU, AndrewHowse, Bachcell, Beryoza, BigPaw, Bilsonius, Bobblewik, Bogdan, Buko1, Bukvoed, CanisRufus, Carlossuarez46, Carom, ChemGardener, ChrisGualtieri, ChrisO, CommonsDelinker, Cuba Sera Libre, DH85868993, DMorpheus, Darz Mol, DaveJ7, Dendirrek, Derekbridges, Dkssuddksgody, Dudtz, Egermino, Evers, Fast169, Fratrep, HLGallon, Harald Hansen, Hohum, Homoatrox, Jcw69, Jniemenmaa, John, Joshbaumgartner, Kbdank71, KelleyCook, L0b0t, L1A1 FAL, LWF, Lightmouse, LittleWink, Mandarax, Marcus Qwertyus, Megapixie, Metalhead94, Michaeldsuarez, Mikko Paananen, Mlaffs, Mzajac, Neilbeach, Ohconfucius, Onco p53, Palamabron, Pibwl, Raoulduke47, Rich Farmbrough, Riddley, Rjwilmsi, Robmods, Sandip90, Sandstig, Simalsim, SuperTank17, Sus scrofa, TheGerm, Uber555, Urhixidur, Wiki alf, Yosri, 57 anonymous edits Main Battle Tank 3000 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=520218164 Contributors: Aldis90, Arjayay, Dkssuddksgody, JunoBeach, Marcus Qwertyus, Ratyuihgf, 24 anonymous edits Kanonenjagdpanzer Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=523205324 Contributors: Aldis90, Alureiter, Andrew Gray, BD2412, BonesBrigade, Bukvoed, CMD Beaker, Care Alto, Chwyatt, Cosal, Darkone, Delta 51, Drmies, EndlessUnknown, Fireaxe888, GraemeLeggett, Grafikm fr, Hmains, Idsnowdog, Ingolfson, Joshua06, KTo288, Ken keisel, Koalorka, Kyng, LilHelpa, LordofHavoc, MWAK, Sardines en huile, Sus scrofa, 11 anonymous edits

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M55 Self Propelled Howitzer Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=526384964 Contributors: A2Kafir, Aldis90, Brian in denver, Bukvoed, DPdH, Dodo19, Dreamafter, Easternknight, Eingangskontrolle, Hmains, Idsnowdog, M1ss1ontomars2k4, Malcolma, Marcus Qwertyus, Oblivion Lost, Parsecboy, Paxse, Peter M Dodge, R'n'B, Shalom Yechiel, Strfy, 5 anonymous edits Flakpanzer Gepard Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=531869041 Contributors: Addihockey10, Aednichols, Alai, Aldis90, Alureiter, America789, Anotherclown, Attilios, Axeman, BoH, Catsmeat, CommonsDelinker, Cuba Sera Libre, Dave1185, Dendirrek, Denniss, DocWatson42, Dodo19, Farks, Gh5046, Gits (Neo), Gon4z, GraemeLeggett, Grafikm fr, Gsmgm, Harald Hansen, JavierADM25, Kamakura, Kato2k6, King nothing, Klemen Kocjancic, Koalorka, Kos93, L1A1 FAL, LilHelpa, MWAK, Marcus Qwertyus, Maury Markowitz, Melesse, Michael Zimmermann, Mircea87, Noclador, Octane, Ohthelameness, Pb1791, Plinio Cayo Cilesio, Radak, Russ3Z, Smitty, Socialservice, Sun Creator, SuperTank17, Sus scrofa, Tantalas, Tyrael15, Vandervahn, Vegaswikian, Vossiej, WikiuserNI, 95 anonymous edits M247 Sergeant York Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=530666515 Contributors: After Midnight, Aldis90, Amcl, Andrew Gray, Ashley Pomeroy, Auntof6, Bigger digger, Bobblewik, Bukvoed, C1010, ChrisGualtieri, Comatose51, CommonsDelinker, Cornellrockey, Cuba Sera Libre, Cynical, Deathbyhornet, Delta 51, Dlnathan, DocWatson42, DonaNobisPacem, Drutt, Dziban303, Einzelngruppe, Gadget850, Hydrargyrum, Ingolfson, Koalorka, Kross, L0b0t, L1A1 FAL, Lavenderbunny, Lightning Zapper, Marcus Qwertyus, Maury Markowitz, Megaidler, Megapixie, Michael Hardy, MoRsE, Modest Genius, Mzajac, Nohomers48, Noren, Onepebble, PGWG, Pietrow, Polarscribe, Rich Farmbrough, Ridge Runner, Rlandmann, Ryan4314, SJSA, Shenme, Spinningspark, Stanislao C, Syd Midnight, Tantalas, The Legacy, Toiyabe, Unregistered.coward, Usertaffy3, Ve3, Wwheaton, YUL89YYZ, 28 anonymous edits Marksman anti-aircraft system Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=530977939 Contributors: Ahpook, Alansohn, Aldis90, Arla, Axeman89, Barticus88, DocWatson42, Dodo19, GraemeLeggett, Hamarainen, High Contrast, Hpski, Hydraton31, Jackehammond, Koalorka, LV, Mikko Paananen, MoRsE, Mzajac, NJR ZA, Pb1791, Rcbutcher, Rjwilmsi, Sovngard, SuperTank17, Sus scrofa, The Bushranger, WikiuserNI, Yuriybrisk, 9 anonymous edits 9K22 Tunguska Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=528104355 Contributors: Akerans, Aldis90, Alex Bakharev, Alex Spade, Alexander Iwaschkin, Altenmann, Aly ghobashy, AndrewHowse, Aquanaut 2000, Assassin3577, Attilios, Billinghurst, Bobrayner, Bogdan, Brumski, C1010, CP\M, Chanakyathegreat, Chemicalinterest, Chris the speller, DPdH, DabMachine, DagosNavy, Dendirrek, Desagwan, DocWatson42, EZ1234, EagleOne, Fcami, Fireaxe888, Frank D, GRuban, Gon4z, Henristosch, High Contrast, Hmains, Hohum, Homeboy88, Idsnowdog, Ironthrone, Jaakonam, John Vandenberg, Jumping cheese, Kingisland474, Kulikovsky, L0b0t, LWF, Ligand, LionFlyer, Luz28, Megapixie, Mhking, Mike Selinker, Minh Tm-T41-BCA, MoRsE, Mr squelch, MrMacMan, Nabokov, Nelson Burgos, Nono64, Okkar, Oussma, Parsecboy, Phillipsbourg, Plinio Cayo Cilesio, R'n'B, Raoulduke47, Redalert2fan, Rjwilmsi, Samolyot, Sandip90, Skryn, SuperDeng, Sus scrofa, Tabletop, TheGerm, TheParanoidOne, Tricky Wiki44, Tt100, Typhoon9410, Viktor1986, Vodavo, Warrush, Warut, Welsh, Woohookitty, Ynhockey, Yuriybrisk, 142 anonymous edits PZA Loara Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=525861124 Contributors: Aldis90, Alureiter, Camgnostic, Corran.pl, Dave1185, DocWatson42, Dodo19, Dpenn89, ESkog, Idsnowdog, Jclemens, Koalorka, Listowy, Maury Markowitz, Megapixie, Michael.gierasimiuk, Mieciu K, Misiekuba, Mough, Mzajac, Pernambuko, Piner8, Quadell, SuperTank17, Sus scrofa, Szater, Tatrgel, Vossiej, Welsh, 27 anonymous edits Type 95 SPAAA Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=508102261 Contributors: Aldis90, Chris the speller, Climax Void, Dendirrek, Dodo19, Dpenn89, EZ1234, Idsnowdog, KTo288, Megapixie, Octane, Ominae, Rjwilmsi, 13 anonymous edits Type 87 self-propelled anti-aircraft gun Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=503313624 Contributors: Alai, Aldis90, Alureiter, Diagraph01, DocWatson42, Dodo19, Elf, Fusion7, GraemeLeggett, Grafikm fr, Idsnowdog, Kyng, Los688, Megapixie, Mythsearcher, Octane, Ominae, RJFJR, Rlandmann, Slb nsk, Sturmvogel 66, Sus scrofa, Tabunoki, We hope, 15 anonymous edits ZSU-23-4 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=531843307 Contributors: A.R., Adamrush, Akradecki, Alaexis, Aldis90, Alex Bakharev, Alexander Iwaschkin, Altenmann, Alureiter, Andrew Gray, Andrwsc, Anotherclown, Ashley Pomeroy, Avriette, Beefcalf, BjKa, Blotto adrift, Bluemoose, Bobblewik, Bogdan, Boksi, Bukvoed, CTF83!, Canationalist, CapitalR, Captainm, Cchhrriiss, Chipungu, Chris the speller, ChrisO, Comatose51, D.Papuashvili, DamoMay, Dendirrek, Derekbridges, DocWatson42, Dodo19, Dougsnow, Dpenn89, Drastictimes, Drutt, EZ1234, Egermino, El C, Eleland, Falcorian, Filz Patrick Dureza, Frajjsen, Frazzydee, Fredrik, Gidonb, Godsfriendchuck, Gregors, HCPUNXKID, HDCase, Hadlock, Halibutt, Harald Hansen, Hibernian, Hmains, Jbhood, Jeancey, Jemr69, Jodamn, John-Greece, Jopsach, Joshbaumgartner, King nothing, Koalorka, Krinkle, Kubanczyk, Kungfuadam, L0b0t, L1A1 FAL, LegendFPS, LilHelpa, Lothar von Richthofen, LtNOWIS, Mallerd, Mandarax, Manxruler, MarshallBagramyan, MathKnight, Mieciu K, Mike Selinker, MoRsE, Mr T (Based), Mr. Hicks The III, Mzajac, Neutrino 1, Nick-D, Nicolaiplum, Nigel Ish, Nohomers48, Nvinen, Ohconfucius, Ominae, One last pharaoh, Oussma, PTSE, Parsecboy, Paul Richter, Rama, Ramir, Raoulduke47, RedWolf, Rich Farmbrough, Riddley, Rjwilmsi, Rlandmann, Russavia, Sannse, Shiftyfifty, Sonertje80, Spidey104, Stardestroyer, SuperTank17, Sus scrofa, Susfele, Talib 72, Tatrgel, Tec15, Thasler, TheGerm, Tioperci, Tourbillon, TreacherousWays, TwoOneTwo, Varmin, Vegaswikian, Viktor1986, Vladimir Historian, Vycheslav Ryzhenkov, Wikiphyte, Zapacitu, 168 anonymous edits M3 Half-track Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=530266338 Contributors: -js-, 14thArmored, Alai, Aldis90, Antonio Lopez, Atypicaloracle, AusTerrapin, Betacommand, Bluezy, Bobblewik, Brian in denver, Bukvoed, Cmdrjameson, Crock8 (usurped), DMorpheus, Daemonofdecay, Dan653, DannyF, Dave1185, Deathbunny, DerbyCountyinNZ, Dirkmansholt, Dreamafter, EZ1234, Fifinella44, Gaius Cornelius, GraemeLeggett, Hohum, Jackehammond, Jopsach, Jor70, Khazar2, King nothing, Kross, LWF, LtNOWIS, MWAK, Malcolma, Marcus Qwertyus, MathKnight, McMonster, Mieciu K, Mike McGregor (Can), Noclador, PeterGBR, Phoenix and Winslow, Redlevel, Rheo1905, Rjwilmsi, Rollingstonesfan99, Russ3Z, Sammy1339, Scartboy, Scewing, Steinsky, Sus scrofa, Thatguy96, Thundercloud, Titoxd, Trekphiler, VernoWhitney, Wikipelli, Wikiuser100, Wilytilt, Zandcee, 83 anonymous edits Assault Amphibious Vehicle Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=527642524 Contributors: 149AFK, ASK, Akradecki, Aldis90, America789, Andrew Gray, Anetode, ArnoldReinhold, Bahamut0013, Bob1234321, Bobblewik, Bobo192, Bukvoed, Captain Obvious and his crime-fighting dog, Carom, Charles.mclean, ChrisGualtieri, Climax Void, CommonsDelinker, Cpl Ski USMC, Crock8 (usurped), DPdH, DagosNavy, Deathbunny, DocWatson42, Duffman, Duk, EZ1234, Edward, Elgreco77, Elteto, Falcorian, FieldMarine, Fnlayson, Gene Nygaard, GraemeLeggett, Groyolo, Hibernian, Illegitimate Barrister, Jeff Muscato, Jonathon A H, JonathonSimister, Jor70, Joseph Dwayne, Joseph Solis in Australia, Kernel Saunters, King nothing, Koalorka, Kross, Kumioko (renamed), LionFlyer, Looper5920, LtNOWIS, Marcus Qwertyus, Marianocecowski, Mark83, MathKnight, Michael Baptista, Mike Rosoft, Mikko Paananen, Mzajac, Nick-D, NoIdeaNick, Noclador, Num1dgen, Ominae, Optimist on the run, Orca1 9904, Palm dogg, Paul Richter, Paxse, Potomactraining, Rdsmith4, Redalert2fan, Rejectwater, Riddley, Rlevse, Sandstig, Scott Sprague, Signaleer, Solicitr, Something Original, Sparrish88, Sus scrofa, Tekuli, Tempshill, Thue, Thumperward, Ultraviolet scissor flame, Vkt183, Wavehunter, Wayward, Will74205, Wwoods, XLerate, Xenon52, Yerpo, ZH Evers, 168 anonymous edits Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=532166069 Contributors: Aldis90, Andrew Gray, Anynobody, Bachcell, Bahamut0013, BilCat, BonesBrigade, Bukvoed, Chewygum, Chris the speller, CommonsDelinker, Crock8 (usurped), Crock81, DeFaultRyan, Delta 51, Deon, Deus257, DocWatson42, Duk, Editore99, Epolk, Escape Orbit, Everyking, Fnlayson, Gene Nygaard, GraemeLeggett, Gzornenplatz, Harald Hansen, Hcobb, Hebcom, Hohum, Hu12, Hydraton31, IRelayer, JamesBWatson, Knotnic, Koalorka, Kumioko (renamed), Kurieeto, Kvng, Laur2ro, Lightmouse, Looper5920, Luke4545, Luke85, M.nelson, Marcus Qwertyus, Maurreen, Methecooldude, Middim13, MrEhere, Mrg3105, Mzajac, Nayr661, Occasional Reader, Ohconfucius, Orca1 9904, Patriotic dissent, Pmj, Pol098, Publicus, Ratamacue, Reflex Reaction, Rheo1905, Riddley, Rlevse, Saberwyn, Sam Hocevar, Sarrica, Something Original, Spot87, Stan Shunpike, Strayling, Sum0, Theredstarswl, Tierce, TomTheHand, Vstr, Xrarey, ZH Evers, 112 anonymous edits Warrior tracked armoured vehicle Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=506801816 Contributors: Aldis90, Andrew Gray, Angmering, Arie, Ashley Pomeroy, Avaya1, BillC, Bobanny, Bobbis, Bobblewik, Bobrayner, Branxton, Brendan.G, Brookesward, Bukvoed, CP\M, Calendar5, Captain Seafort, Chris the speller, Climax Void, Cyrilator, DPdH, DStoykov, Dan100, Dave420, Derekbridges, Deville, Dominus Vobisdu, Editore99, Edward, El Miope, Emoscopes, Folks at 137, Gav235, Geoff B, Getztashida, GraemeLeggett, Grafikm fr, GreatWhiteNortherner, Greatestrowerever, HLGallon, Hairyhaw, Hibernian, Hohum, Hu12, Hughcharlesparker, J-Deeks, James5, Jas public, John, John Smith's, Jschwa1, KTo288, Kbmag, Kernel Saunters, King konger, King nothing, Kingreka, Koalorka, L1A1 FAL, Marco bisello, Marcus Qwertyus, Mark83, Maury Markowitz, Mild Bill Hiccup, Miq, Mr T (Based), Mzajac, Mztourist, Naddy, Nemo5576, Nohomers48, Nono64, Oberiko, OettingerCroat, Ohconfucius, Ominae, Oreid, Plinio Cayo Cilesio, Profoss, Rama, Raoulduke47, Rich Farmbrough, Riddley, Rob cowie, Ryan4314, Sagittar48, Sandstig, Sa, Sc147, SoLando, Stonejag, Sus scrofa, Trevor Marron, Wee Curry Monster, Welsh, Whaiaun, WikiDon, Wilfred Pau, Zer0fighta, 117 anonymous edits Marder (IFV) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=517368941 Contributors: Adnan Rahman, Aldis90, Alureiter, Andrew Gray, Appraiser, Autosellers, Bobblewik, Carom, Chwyatt, Cyfal, DPdH, DagosNavy, Dejawolf, Denniss, DocWatson42, EndlessUnknown, Equinoxe, Ergative rlt, Fuzz2, GraemeLeggett, Grafikm fr, Grutness, Harald Hansen, Hu12, Iridescent, Jak722, John, Jonathon A H, Joshbaumgartner, Klemen Kocjancic, Koalorka, Lahiru k, Leibniz, Maddiekate, Marcus Qwertyus, Maria Eleonora, Megapixie, Midheridoc, Mild Bill Hiccup, Miq, MoRsE, Oberiko, Octane, Ominae, Phatom87, Pietrow, PigFlu Oink, Qwfp, Rich Farmbrough, Russ3Z, Saberwyn, Sandip90, Sa, Sciurus, SimonP, Slazenger, Sus scrofa, Thebeginning, Thinking of England, Timo Honkasalo, WereSpielChequers, 77 anonymous edits Ratel IFV Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=531244953 Contributors: Aitias, AlanBarrett, Aldis90, Anticipation of a New Lover's Arrival, The, Armyreco, Aturton, Bobblewik, Btboy500, Camerong, Carom, Dendirrek, Deon Steyn, Dodger67, Fat pig73, Firefishy, Flyingcheese, Fritz.grobbelaar, Gaius Cornelius, General Electric Engines, HCPUNXKID, Harald Hansen, Igodard, Impi, JMK, Jcw69, JohnC, Kubanczyk, Lamro, Mandarax, Marcus Qwertyus, MathKnight, MoRsE, Ominae, Raoulduke47, Regenspaziergang, Riddley, Sam Hocevar, Sammy1339, Sandip90, Sf5xeplus, Socrates2008, T-borg, Thue, Travelbird, Waldo10, WikiuserNI, YanA, 49 anonymous edits AMX-10P Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=475636928 Contributors: Alai, Aldis90, Bobblewik, Cander0000, Comesgoals, Culo-sija, Dave1185, Djuice, Dreamafter, Fireaxe888, Frexe, GeeTeeBee, Harald Hansen, Hohum, Homeboy88, Hu12, John, JonVelz, Knag, Koalorka, Marco bisello, Marcus Qwertyus, Martial75, Megapixie, Mike-tango, Nemo5576, Noclador, Nono64, Ocelotl10293, Ominae, Rahlgd, Rama, Raoulduke47, Sandstig, Sa, Spellmaster, Sus scrofa, Sutan alief, Sylvain Mielot, Thingg, Toubabmaster, Victor12, W. B. Wilson, ZH

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Evers, 33 anonymous edits ERC 90 Sagaie Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=516228225 Contributors: Akamsteeg, Alai, Aldis90, Andres rojas22, Ant ie, Bobblewik, Brutaldeluxe, Bukvoed, Colonies Chris, Dave1185, David.Monniaux, Degen Earthfast, Deltabeignet, Djuice, Dougluce, Finn-Zoltan, Firsfron, Gaius Cornelius, GraemeLeggett, Grafikm fr, Hibernian, Homan05, Hooperbloob, Hu12, Ian Pitchford, Jackehammond, Jcw69, John, Jor70, Kbdank71, Ketiltrout, Kierant, Koalorka, Lan Di, MFIreland, Magioladitis, Marcus Qwertyus, Martinp23, Mboverload, Megapixie, Mzajac, Oberiko, Octane, Pil56, Rama, Regani, Shawnsgia, Spitfire8520, Sus scrofa, Tomtom9041, Toubabmaster, Ulan76, UltimaRatio, Van helsing, Woohookitty, 29 anonymous edits Vhicule de l'Avant Blind Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=521939613 Contributors: Allmedia, Arjayay, Arya dhieva1, Axeman89, Bobblewik, Captainm, Carom, Cdang, Chris the speller, Chwyatt, Clerks, ComradeAlex, DFRussia, DITWIN GRIM, David Kernow, David.Monniaux, Degen Earthfast, Dendirrek, Dudtz, EZ1234, Eleassar, Ettrig, GraemeLeggett, Grafikm fr, Harald Hansen, Hibernian, High Contrast, Hu12, Jcw69, Jfelicien, John, Jopsach, Joshbaumgartner, K1Bond007, Koalorka, LordHoborgXVII, Lostmuskrat, Manxruler, Marcus Qwertyus, Martpol, McSly, Mieciu K, Mike McGregor (Can), Miq, MoRsE, Motopictet, Mzajac, Nick Number, Nick-D, Noclador, Nohomers48, Ocelotl10293, Octane, Ominae, One last pharaoh, Petri Krohn, Rama, Raoulduke47, Rheo1905, Rjwilmsi, Sabbut, Steamroller Assault, Suoo, Sus scrofa, Swedish fusilier, Tabletop, Tomtom9041, Toubabmaster, Wernher, YUL89YYZ, Zaher1988, 85 anonymous edits Humvee replacement process Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=529027940 Contributors: America789, Conti, Dino246, Disavian, Flamarande, Fnlayson, J Milburn, Marcus Qwertyus, Nobunaga24, Ohedland, Scriberius, TastyChikan, Tmaull, Vegaswikian, Voorlandt, WereSpielChequers, Zipzipzip, 9 anonymous edits Vhicule blind de combat d'infanterie Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=530837570 Contributors: Aldis90, Angusmclellan, Armyreco, Auric, Axeman89, Bobblewik, Bobrayner, Canglesea, Captainm, CommonsDelinker, Corran.pl, David Latapie, Delta 51, EndlessUnknown, Enok, Grafikm fr, Hibernian, Hu12, Hydraton31, J.Rayan, John, Joshbaumgartner, Koalorka, Kolyma, Limkopi, Marcus Qwertyus, Med, Nickispeaki, Noclador, One last pharaoh, Plinio Cayo Cilesio, Rama, Sus scrofa, Swedish fusilier, Tabletop, Toubabmaster, Victor12, ZBull84, 44 anonymous edits M1128 Mobile Gun System Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=527103609 Contributors: Alai, Anyeverybody, Arima, Bart133, Bluemoose, Bobo192, Chaoborus, Climax Void, Clpo13, CnrFallon, CommonsDelinker, Cuaxdon, Darth Mike, Dave1185, Denniss, Deon Steyn, Derekbridges, Discospinster, Dudtz, Ejosse1, Fnlayson, Fusion7, Gaius Cornelius, Gareth Griffith-Jones, Geo Swan, Geo8rge, Graham1526, Hcobb, Hohum, Ildin, Jcw69, Jhonmcbooger, Joseph Solis in Australia, Kross, LWF, Leithp, Marcus Qwertyus, Marneus, Mike McGregor (Can), MoRsE, Moshe Constantine Hassan Al-Silverburg, Mzajac, Nick-D, Nohomers48, Parsecboy, Rama, Redalert2fan, Riddley, Sandstig, Staygyro, Swatjester, Theconster, Tobyc75, Vstr, X96lee15, 53 anonymous edits

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Image:T-44.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:T-44.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: A1, Ahmadi, Alex Smotrov, Alvis Jean, Art-top, BagnoHax, Brandmeister, Counny, Denniss, Dynamicwork, ELeschev, Endless-tripper, Ericmetro, EugeneZelenko, F l a n k e r, Fred J, Fry1989, G.dallorto, Garynysmon, Herbythyme, Homo lupus, Jake Wartenberg, MaggotMaster, Ms2ger, Nightstallion, Palosirkka, Patrickpedia, PeaceKeeper97, Pianist, R-41, Rainforest tropicana, Sebyugez, Skeezix1000, Solbris, Storkk, Str4nd, Tabasco, ThomasPusch, Toben, Twilight Chill, Xgeorg, Zscout370, , -4, 64 anonymous edits Image:Char T-34.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Char_T-34.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: Antonov14 Image:T-44-122 and Panther.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:T-44-122_and_Panther.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: Catsmeat, High Contrast, Kam Solusar, Martin H., Shtanga, SuperTank17, Teofilo Image:T44-122 and T-44-85.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:T44-122_and_T-44-85.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Martin H., SuperTank17, Teofilo, 1 anonymous edits Image:T-44-85 4.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:T-44-85_4.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: Martin H., SuperTank17, Teofilo, 1 anonymous edits Image:T-44-85 2.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:T-44-85_2.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: Martin H., Membershiped, SuperTank17, Teofilo Image:T-44-100.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:T-44-100.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: Kam Solusar, Martin H., Shtanga, SuperTank17 File:Tank T-43.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tank_T-43.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: unkrown File:Pz 61 Seite - Schweizer Armee - Steel Parade 2006.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Pz_61_Seite_-_Schweizer_Armee_-_Steel_Parade_2006.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Sandstein File:Flag of Switzerland.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Switzerland.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Marc Mongenet Credits: User:-xfiUser:Zscout370 File:Panzer 61.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Panzer_61.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Wikimedia Commons user TheBernFiles. File:Pz-61-latrun-4.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Pz-61-latrun-4.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: User:Bukvoed File:AB133 - Vijayanta MBT.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:AB133_-_Vijayanta_MBT.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: AshLin, KTo288, Roland zh, 1 anonymous edits File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anomie, Good Olfactory, Mifter File:Flag of Kenya.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Kenya.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Pumbaa80 File:Flag of Kuwait.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Kuwait.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:SKopp File:Flag of Nigeria.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Jhs File:Flag of Tanzania.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Tanzania.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Alkari, User:Madden, User:SKopp File:Flag of North Korea.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_North_Korea.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Zscout370 File:Ch'onma-ho Render.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ch'onma-ho_Render.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Original uploader was Catalan at en.wikipedia File:T62.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:T62.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: --Gutsul 06:43, 5 October 2006 (UTC) File:Flag of Iran.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Iran.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Various File:M-84 VS.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:M-84_VS.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Kos93 File:Flag of SFR Yugoslavia.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_SFR_Yugoslavia.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Flag designed by ore Andrejevi-KunSVG coding: Zscout370 File:M84-Kuwait.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:M84-Kuwait.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Original uploader was Boki13 at en.wikipedia File:Kuwaiti M-84.JPEG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kuwaiti_M-84.JPEG License: Public Domain Contributors: TECH. SGT. H. H. DEFFNER File:Kuwaiti Tanks.JPEG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kuwaiti_Tanks.JPEG License: Public Domain Contributors: Sgt. Cumper File:Flag of Serbia.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Serbia.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: sodipodi.com File:Flag of Slovenia.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Slovenia.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Achim1999 File:Slom84.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Slom84.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Original uploader and author was Migg00 at en.wikipedia File:Arjun MBT bump track test.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Arjun_MBT_bump_track_test.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Contributors: Ajai Shukla, uploaded by User:Sniperz11 File:Flag of India.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_India.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anomie, Mifter Image:Indian Rupee symbol.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Indian_Rupee_symbol.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Orionist File:Arjun MBT model.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Arjun_MBT_model.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: upload by MATEUS_27:24&25 author - http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:B.Harry Template:B.Harry File:LAHAT-01.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:LAHAT-01.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Spike78 File:MBT Arjun Gunsim.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:MBT_Arjun_Gunsim.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: B.Harry http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:B.Harry File:Arjun MBT bump track test 2.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Arjun_MBT_bump_track_test_2.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Contributors: Ajai Shukla, uploaded by User:Sniperz11 File:Arjun Mk II graphic courtesy Ajai Shukla.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Arjun_Mk_II_graphic_courtesy_Ajai_Shukla.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Ajai Shukla File:Arjun Mk II view courtesy Ajai Shukla.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Arjun_Mk_II_view_courtesy_Ajai_Shukla.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Ajai Shukla Image:Degman 041.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Degman_041.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Domobran File:Flag of Croatia.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Croatia.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Nightstallion, Elephantus, Neoneo13, Denelson83, Rainman, R-41, Minestrone, Lupo, Zscout370, MaGa (based on Decision of the Parliament) File:M-95_Degman_HKoV_3_view.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:M-95_Degman_HKoV_3_view.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Pjedvaj File:Flag of Turkey.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Turkey.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: David Benbennick (original author) File:KAMAZ-43269 Vystrel (BMP-97) REA-2009.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:KAMAZ-43269_Vystrel_(BMP-97)_REA-2009.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Nucl0id File:Flag of Russia.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Russia.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anomie, Zscout370 File:Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg License: unknown Contributors: -xfiFile:Upgraded KAMAZ-43269 Vistrel 1.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Upgraded_KAMAZ-43269_Vistrel_1.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:VitalyKuzmin File:Upgraded KAMAZ-43269 Vistrel 3.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Upgraded_KAMAZ-43269_Vistrel_3.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:VitalyKuzmin

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

File:Upgraded KAMAZ-43269 Vistrel 4.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Upgraded_KAMAZ-43269_Vistrel_4.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:VitalyKuzmin Image:BTRTHeavyAPC2.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BTRTHeavyAPC2.jpg License: Attribution Contributors: High Contrast, SuperTank17 Image:BTRTHeavyAPC1.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BTRTHeavyAPC1.jpg License: Attribution Contributors: High Contrast, SuperTank17 File:BMD-3 1.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BMD-3_1.jpg License: unknown Contributors: User:VitalyKuzmin Image:BMD-2.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BMD-2.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: Sergeant Edward Cranick File:Flag of Iraq.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Iraq.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Unknown, published by Iraqi governemt, vectorized by User:Militaryace based on the work of User:Hoshie File:Flag of Ukraine.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Created by: Jon Harald Sby, colors by Zscout370 File:Flag of Uzbekistan.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Zscout370 Image:Bmd-1 ifv.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bmd-1_ifv.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Bukvoed, Denniss, High Contrast, Kneiphof, Mzajac, PMG, SuperTank17 Image:BMDgraphic1.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BMDgraphic1.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Flappiefh, Hiuppo, Will Pittenger, 1 anonymous edits Image:BMD-1 in Afganistan.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BMD-1_in_Afganistan.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: Darz Mol, Edward, Fastboy, High Contrast, Mzajac, PMG, SuperTank17, 1 anonymous edits Image:BMD-Iraq-20030402.JPEG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BMD-Iraq-20030402.JPEG License: Public Domain Contributors: LCPL ANDREW P. ROUFS, USMC File:BMD-1 Belarus.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BMD-1_Belarus.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Serge Serebro, Vitebsk Popular News File:Flag of Angola.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Angola.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:SKopp File:Flag of Armenia.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Armenia.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:SKopp File:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: SKopp and others File:Flag of Belarus.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Belarus.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Zscout370 File:Flag of Moldova.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Moldova.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Nameneko File:Flag of Cuba.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Cuba.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: see below File:Flag of Iraq, 1991-2004.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Iraq,_1991-2004.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Antemister, Burts, Cycn, Dbenbenn, Dinsdagskind, Erlenmeyer, Homo lupus, J. Patrick Fischer, Maks Stirlitz, Mathonius, Mattes, R-41, TFCforever File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp, redrawn by User:Denelson83 and User:Zscout370 Recode by cs:User:-xfi- (code), User:Shizhao (colors) File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F027421-0002, Kanonenjagdpanzer (KanJPz) - Jagdpanzer Kanone 90 mm.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F027421-0002,_Kanonenjagdpanzer_(KanJPz)_-_Jagdpanzer_Kanone_90_mm.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Germany Contributors: Daggerstab File:Flag of Germany.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Germany.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anomie File:Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Bean49, David Descamps, Dbenbenn, Denelson83, Evanc0912, Fry1989, Gabriel trzy, Howcome, IvanOS, Ms2ger, Nightstallion, Oreo Priest, Rocket000, Rodejong, Sir Iain, ThomasPusch, Warddr, Zscout370, 4 anonymous edits File:M55 8 inch Self-Propelled Howitzer 3.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:M55_8_inch_Self-Propelled_Howitzer_3.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: Mark Pellegrini File:Flag of the United States.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anomie File:Gepard 1a2 overview.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gepard_1a2_overview.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Hans-Hermann Bhling File:Gepard 1a2 v0-mess.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gepard_1a2_v0-mess.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Hans-Hermann Bhling File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Zscout370 Image:Gepard 1a2 sideview.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gepard_1a2_sideview.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: Hans-Hermann Bhling Image:Cheetah PRTL.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cheetah_PRTL.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Denniss, Harald Hansen, High Contrast, KTo288, Rasbak File:Flag of Brazil.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Brazil.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anomie File:Flag of Chile.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Chile.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Alkari, B1mbo, David Newton, Dbenbenn, Denelson83, ElmA, Er Komandante, Fibonacci, Fry1989, Fsopolonezcaro, Herbythyme, Huhsunqu, Kallerna, Kanonkas, Klemen Kocjancic, Kyro, Mattes, McZusatz, Mozzan, Nagy, Nightstallion, Piastu, Pixeltoo, Pumbaa80, SKopp, Sarang, Srtxg, Sterling.M.Archer, Str4nd, Ultratomio, Vzb83, Xarucoponce, Yakoo, Yonatanh, Zscout370, 49 anonymous edits File:Flag of Romania.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Romania.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: AdiJapan File:M247 DIVAD.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:M247_DIVAD.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Bukvoed, KTo288 File:M247-sergeant-york-tn1.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:M247-sergeant-york-tn1.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Contributors: Brian Stansberry File:M247 2.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:M247_2.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: User:Jollyroger File:Marksman SPAAG.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Marksman_SPAAG.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: MoRsE File:Nuvola apps kview.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Nuvola_apps_kview.svg License: unknown Contributors: Ch1902, Saibo Image:Searchtool.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Searchtool.svg License: GNU Lesser General Public License Contributors: Anomie Image:Amd 2s6.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Amd_2s6.jpg License: unknown Contributors: Denniss, G PViB, High Contrast, Johnny Yen, Ras67, Smat File:Flag of Morocco.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Morocco.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Denelson83, Zscout370 Image:VDay Parade Rehearsal Moscow03.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:VDay_Parade_Rehearsal_Moscow03.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Leonid Dzhepko / .. Image:2s6fir.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:2s6fir.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Hohum, Nvinen Image:SA-19.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:SA-19.png License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: Anynobody Image:PZA Loara zdjecie 489 5980.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:PZA_Loara_zdjecie_489_5980.jpg License: Attribution Contributors: KTo288, Nemo5576 File:Flag of Poland.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Poland.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anomie, Mifter Image:Type 95 SPAAG - Beijing Museum 1.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Type_95_SPAAG_-_Beijing_Museum_1.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Max Smith, release into the public domain but a photo credit would be nice Image:Type 95 SPAAG - Beijing Museum 2.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Type_95_SPAAG_-_Beijing_Museum_2.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Max Smith, release into the public domain but a photo credit would be nice File:JGSDF type 87 Self-Propelled Anti-Aircraft Gun 02.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:JGSDF_type_87_Self-Propelled_Anti-Aircraft_Gun_02.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Los688 File:Flag of Japan.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Japan.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anomie

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File:Type87japan.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Type87japan.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: vok File:ZSU-23-4 Shilka National Museum of the Great Patriotic War.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:ZSU-23-4_Shilka_National_Museum_of_the_Great_Patriotic_War.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: Andrew Bossi from Laurel, MD, USA File:ZSU234graphic2.gif Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:ZSU234graphic2.gif License: Public Domain Contributors: Hiuppo, Urhixidur File:ZSU-23-4-latrun-4.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:ZSU-23-4-latrun-4.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: User:Bukvoed File:ZSU-23-4-Camp-Pendleton.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:ZSU-23-4-Camp-Pendleton.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Sgt. Ryan Ward, U.S. Marine Corps File:Zsu-23-4 shilka.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Zsu-23-4_shilka.jpg License: unknown Contributors: en:User:ChrisO File:zsu23-4.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Zsu23-4.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Bukvoed, PMG File:ZSU-23-4 operators.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:ZSU-23-4_operators.png License: Public domain Contributors: Magog the Ogre, Tnt1984 File:Flag of Afghanistan.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Afghanistan.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Zscout370 File:Flag of Algeria.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Algeria.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: This graphic was originaly drawn by User:SKopp. File:Flag of Bulgaria.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: SKopp File:Flag of Cameroon.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Cameroon.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: (of code) cs:User:-xfiFile:Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anime Addict AA, Antemister, Courcelles, Denelson83, Erlenmeyer, Estrilda, FischersFritz, Fry1989, Homo lupus, Klemen Kocjancic, LA2, Madden, Mattes, Moyogo, Neq00, Nightstallion, Persiana, Ratatosk, Romaine, ThomasPusch, Thuresson, 3 anonymous edits File:Flag of Egypt.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Egypt.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Open Clip Art File:Flag of Ecuador.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Ecuador.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: President of the Republic of Ecuador, Zscout370 File:Flag of Ethiopia.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg License: unknown Contributors: Aaker, Anime Addict AA, Antemister, Cycn, F l a n k e r, Fry1989, GoodMorningEthiopia, Happenstance, Homo lupus, Huhsunqu, Ixfd64, Klemen Kocjancic, MartinThoma, Mattes, Mozzan, Neq00, OAlexander, Pumbaa80, Rainforest tropicana, Reisio, SKopp, Smooth O, Spiritia, ThomasPusch, Torstein, Wsiegmund, Zscout370, 16 anonymous edits File:Flag of Georgia.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Georgia.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:SKopp File:Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:SKopp File:Flag of Hungary.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Hungary.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:SKopp File:Flag of Israel.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Israel.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: The Provisional Council of State Proclamation of the Flag of the State of Israel of 25 Tishrei 5709 (28 October 1948) provides the official specification for the design of the Israeli flag. The color of the Magen David and the stripes of the Israeli flag is not precisely specified by the above legislation. The color depicted in the current version of the image is typical of flags used in Israel today, although individual flags can and do vary. The flag legislation officially specifies dimensions of 220 cm 160 cm. However, the sizes of actual flags vary (although the aspect ratio is usually retained). File:Flag of Jordan.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Jordan.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:SKopp File:Flag of Laos.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Laos.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:SKopp File:Flag of Lebanon.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Lebanon.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Traced based on the CIA World Factbook with some modification done to the colours based on information at Vexilla mundi. 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File:Flag of Portugal.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Portugal.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro (1910; generic design); Vtor Lus Rodrigues; Antnio Martins-Tuvlkin (2004; this specific vector set: see sources) File:Flag of Italy.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Italy.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anomie File:Flag of Australia.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Australia.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anomie, Mifter File:Flag of Argentina.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Argentina.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Government of Argentina (Vector graphics by Dbenbenn) File:Flag of Mexico.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Mexico.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Alex Covarrubias, 9 April 2006 Based on the arms by Juan Gabino. File:Flag of German Reich (19351945).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_German_Reich_(19351945).svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Fornax File:Flag of New Zealand.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Achim1999, Adabow, Adambro, Arria Belli, Avenue, Bawolff, Bjankuloski06en, ButterStick, Cycn, Denelson83, Donk, Duduziq, EugeneZelenko, Fred J, Fry1989, Hugh Jass, Ibagli, Jusjih, Klemen Kocjancic, Mamndassan, Mattes, Nightstallion, O, Peeperman, Poromiami, Reisio, Rfc1394, Sarang, Shizhao, Tabasco, Transparent Blue, Vsk, Xufanc, Zscout370, 37 anonymous edits File:Flag of Norway.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Norway.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Dbenbenn File:Flag of Denmark.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Denmark.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Madden File:Flag of Thailand.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Thailand.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Zscout370 File:Flag of the Amal Movement.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_Amal_Movement.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Lexicon File:USMarines AAV Iraq apr 2004 116 hires.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:USMarines_AAV_Iraq_apr_2004_116_hires.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Avron, FieldMarine, Harald Hansen, Mikko Paananen, Zaccarias, 1 anonymous edits File:AAV-australia.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:AAV-australia.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Avron, Bukvoed, KTo288, Nachoman-au, Shiftchange, 3 anonymous edits File:100329-M-6001S-166.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:100329-M-6001S-166.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Sgt. Alex C. Sauceda File:US Navy 020912-N-8087H-005 AAV launches from the well deck.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:US_Navy_020912-N-8087H-005_AAV_launches_from_the_well_deck.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Benchill, Docu File:Amphibious Assault Vehicles fire smoke grenades.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Amphibious_Assault_Vehicles_fire_smoke_grenades.jpg License: unknown Contributors: Denniss, FlickreviewR, Marcus Qwertyus, TigerDover File:Argentine Amtrac.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Argentine_Amtrac.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Argentine official photographer

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File:US Navy 081006-N-0998G-053 Amphibious assault vehicles are maintained in the well deck of the amphibious assault ship USS Bonhomme Richard (LHD 6) during well deck operation training.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:US_Navy_081006-N-0998G-053_Amphibious_assault_vehicles_are_maintained_in_the_well_deck_of_the_amphibious_assault_ship_USS_Bonhomme_Richard_(LHD_6)_d License: Public Domain Contributors: Docu File:AAV-7 en Santander2.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:AAV-7_en_Santander2.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: Stojakovic81

File:US Navy 090425-N-4879G-393 A group of multinational amphibious assault vehicles from the amphibious dock landing ship USS Ashland (LSD 48) deploy smoke to cover their landing during a simulated amphibious landing demonstration.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:US_Navy_090425-N-4879G-393_A_group_of_multinational_amphibious_assault_vehicles_from_the_amphibious_dock_landing_ship_USS_Ashland_(LSD_48)_deploy_smo License: Public Domain Contributors: Docu, Ebyabe, Hohum File:LVTP7-IMARA-17may07.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:LVTP7-IMARA-17may07.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Contributors: Martn Otero File:Flag of the Republic of China.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: 555, Abner1069, Bestalex, Bigmorr, Denelson83, Ed veg, Gzdavidwong, Herbythyme, Isletakee, Kakoui, Kallerna, Kibinsky, Mattes, Mizunoryu, Neq00, Nickpo, Nightstallion, Odder, Pymouss, R.O.C, Reisio, Reuvenk, Rkt2312, Rocket000, Runningfridgesrule, Samwingkit, Sasha Krotov, Shizhao, Tabasco, Vzb83, Wrightbus, ZooFari, Zscout370, 75 anonymous edits File:Flag of Venezuela.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Venezuela.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Alkari, Bastique, Cycn, Denelson83, DerFussi, Fry1989, George McFinnigan, Herbythyme, Homo lupus, Huhsunqu, Infrogmation, K21edgo, Klemen Kocjancic, Ludger1961, Neq00, Nightstallion, Reisio, Rupert Pupkin, Sarang, Sparkve, ThomasPusch, Vzb83, Wikisole, Zscout370, 12 anonymous edits File:Flag of Indonesia.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Indonesia.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp, rewritten by User:Gabbe File:Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Expeditionary_Fighting_Vehicle.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: United States Marine Corps File:EFVDesign.gif Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:EFVDesign.gif License: Public Domain Contributors: Marcus Qwertyus File:EFVP1_Testing.gif Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:EFVP1_Testing.gif License: Public Domain Contributors: Marine Corps File:EFVC1 Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:EFVC1_Expeditionary_Fighting_Vehicle.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Billinghurst, DeFaultRyan, Marcus Qwertyus Image:MCV-80.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:MCV-80.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: davric Image:Warrior Infantry Fighting Vehicle.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Warrior_Infantry_Fighting_Vehicle.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Pud Image:FV 512 DM-SD-04-10592.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:FV_512_DM-SD-04-10592.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: SGT PAUL L. 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