Osteology

Cranium
Dr Iram Iqbal
 sequence
• Skull,
• Cranium
• Anatomical position of skull
• Norma verticalis
• Norma Frontalis
• Norma occipitalis
• Norma Lateralis
• Temporal, infra temporal, &Pterygopalatine fosses
• Norma basali
• Cranial fossae
• Individual bones of skull
• Muscle attachments
• Clinical note
• conclusion
 skull
The skull is the bony skeletal of the head.
It shield the brain ,the organ of special
sense and the cranial part of the
respiratory and digestive system and
providing attachments for many of the
muscles of the head and neck.
Composed of 28 bones
Skull is divided in to 2 main parts
– Calvaria (brain box)
– Fascial skeleton (rest of skull including
mandible)
 Cranium
• Skull without mandible is called cranium
it is divided into
– Neurocranium or cranial vault
• Enclosing brain ,meninges, csf

– Viscerocranium or fascial skeleton

• Houses the organs of special sense
Anatomical
position of skull
 Reid's base line
• Reid's base line . It is
defined as a line drawn
from the inferior margin
of the orbit to the
auricular point (center
of the orifice of the
external acoustic
meatus) and extending
backward to the center
of the occipital bone
• skull is the Frankfurt plane , where the
lower margins of the orbits and the
upper borders of the ear canal s are all
in a horizontal plane. ...also called
 eye-ear plane, Frankfort horizontal,
Frankfort plane
 NORMA VERTICALIS

• CORONAL SUTURE

• SAGITAL SUTURE

• LAMBDOID SUTURE

• BREGMA

• LAMBDA
 NORMA FRONTALIS
• ORBITAL
OPENING

• ANTERIOR
NASAL
APERTURE
ORBITAL OPENING
 ORBIT
ROOF
• Lecrimal fossa
• Optic canal
MEDIAL WALL
• Lecrimal groove
• Forms the lateral wall of ethmoidal sinus
• Lecrimal crest
• Orbital plate of ethmoid
 ORBIT

FLOOR LATERAL WALL

•Formed by greater wing of
• Inferior orbital fissure
sphenoid
• Infra orbital groove • frontal process of zeugmatic
• Infra orbital foramen bone
•Superior orbital fissure
BOUNDRIES
CONTENTS
• Eye boll
• Muscles
• Vessels
• Nerves
• Lecrimal apparatus
ANTERIOR NASAL
APERTURE
 NORMA OCCIPITALIS
• External occipital protuberance
• Inion
• Superior nuchal line
 NORMA LATERALIS
TEMPORAL FOSSA
• Boundaries
• Pterion
ZYGOMATIC ARCH
• Formation
• Roots of arch
• Tubercle of zygoma
• Supra mastoid crest
 NORMA LATERALIS
EXTERNAL
ACOUSTIC
MEATUS
• Upper margin
formed by
squamous part
of temporal
bone
• Tympanic part
• Supra meatal
triangle
MASTOID PART
• Parietomastoid suture
• Occipitomastoid suture
• Asterion
• STYLOID PROCESS

• INFRATEMPORAL
FOSSA
– Anterior
Maxilla

- Medial
Lateral Pterygoid plate
ROOF
• Greater wing of
sphenoid
• Squamous temporal
of bone
Laterally
Ramus of mandible
Posteriorly
Styloid process
It has no anatomical
floor
 INFRATEMPORAL FOSSA
COMMUNICATIONS
• Temporal fossa
• Orbit
• Pterygopalatine
fossa
CONTENTS
• Maxillary nerve
• Maxillary artery
• Pterygopalatine
ganglion
 PTERYGOPALATINE FOSSA
COMMUNICATIONS
– (laterally)
Infratemporal fossa
– (Medial wall)
Nasal cavity by
sphenopalatine
foramen
– (Above)
Orbit by infraorbital
fissure
• Posterior wall has 3
openings
• (Upper)
Foramen rotundum
• (Below)
Pterygoid cannal
• (posterior wall)
Sphenopalatine foramen
 CONTENTS OF CONTENTS OF
SUPERIOR INFERIOR
ORBITAL ORBITAL
FISSURE FISSURE
• Branch of • Infraorbital nerve
ophthalmic artery &Vessels
• Occulomotor nerve • Zygomatic nerve
• Trochlear nerve • Branches from
• Abducent nerve Pterygopalatine
• Lecrimal nerve ganglion
• Frontal nerve
• Nasociliary nerve
• Ophthalmic veins
 NORMA BASALIS
EXTENT
• From incisor teeth
back to superior
nuchal lines
LATERRALLY
• Teeth
• Zygomatic arch
• Mastoid process
ANTERIOR PART
MIDDLE PART
POSTERIOR PART
 POSTERIOR PART

• Hypoglossal canal
• Condylar fossa
• Occipital condayl
• Condylar canal
• Stylomastoid
foramen
• External occipital
crest
• Inferior nuchal line
ANTERIOR CRANIAL
FOSSSA
MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA
POSTERIOR CRANIAL
FOSSA
 Frontal bone
• Half a shallow
irregular cap
forming forehead
• It has
– 3 parts
• Squamous (Main part)
• Nasal
• Orbital
• Zygomatic process
– 2 cavities
• Frontal sinus
 Ossification
• It ossified in fibrous mesenchyme from 2
primary centers
• Appear in 8th wk in utero near each frontal
tuber
• Secondary center for nasal spine appear
about 10th year
• At birth it has 2 halves
• Median suture disappears at about 8th year
• May persist as Metopic suture
 Parietal bone

• 2 bones form most of

cranial roof and side of
the skull
• Irregular quadrilateral
• & it has
• 2 surfaces
• 4 borders
• 4 angles
 Ossification
• Each parietal bone ossified from 2
centres which appear in dense
mesenchyme near the tuberosity,one
above the other at about the 7th wk in
utero.
• Angles are the last part to ossified &
fontanelles occur at these sites
• At birth temporal lines are low down
• Reach at their final position after the
eruption of molar teeth.
 Occipital bone
• Unpaired lies in
posterior part of skull
• Pierced by foramen
magnum
• It has 3 parts
– Squamous part
– Basilar part
– Condylar part
• Occipital condyles
• Hypoglossal &post
Condylar canal. jugular
process ,fossa
&foramen, mastoid
canaliculus ,canaliculus
for tympanic n.
Occipital bone
Ossification
 Maxilla
• 2nd Largest of facial bone
• It has
– Body (4 surfaces)
– Maxillary air sinus
• Ant surface
• Infratemporal ( Jugal crest ,alveolar canals, pos sup alveolar
n&v)
• Orbital (canalis sinuosus ,ant sup alveolar n)
• Nasal
– 4 processes
• frontal
• zyomatic
• Alveolar
• palatine
Maxilla
 Ossification
• From a single center in a sheet of
mesenchyme.
• Appear above the canine fossa at about
the 6th wk in utero and spread to rest of
maxilla and its processes.
• The maxillary sinus appear as a shallow
groove on the nasal aspect at about the 4th
month in utero. (though small at birth)
• After birth it enlarge with growing maxilla
• Fully developed following the eruption of
the permanent teeth.
 Zygomatic bone
• 2 processes . 5 borders
• 3 surfaces . Whitnall,s tubercle
 OSSIFICATION
• From one center
• Appears in fibrous tissues about the
8th wk in utero
• Sphenoid
• Unpaired ,it forms
middle part of base of
skull
• Extend into Lateral
wall of the vault & into
orbit
• It has
– Body(5 surfaces)
– Rt & Lt greater
wings(3 surfaces)
– Rt &Lt lesser wings
– Rt & Lt Pterygoid
processes
sphenoid
 Ossification
• Until the 7th to 8th month in utero the
sphenoidal body has a presphenoidal part, ant
to the tuberculum sellae with which the lesser
wing was continuous .
• Postsphenoidal part consisting of sella turcica
,dorsum sallae, greater wing and Pterygoid
process.
• Much of the bone preformed in cartilage.
• 6 ossification centres for presphenoidal
• 8 for postsphenoidal
Temporal bone
Temporal bone
Temporal bone
Ethmoid bone
Inferior nasal concha &VOMER
 Ossification
• Ethmoidal bone ossifies in the
cartilaginous nasal capsule from 3
centres .1 for perpendicular plate,1 in
each labyrinth. later 2 appear In the
orbital plates b/e 4th and 5th month in
utero.
• Inferior nasal concha ossifies from 1
centre which appear at about the 5th
month in utero.
Palatine bone
 ossification
• Palatine bone ossifies in the
mesenchyme from 1 centre in the
perpendicular plate that appear during
8th wk in utero
 Clinical note
• SCAPHOCEPHALY

• PLAGIOCEPHALY

• OXYCEPHALY

• TRIGONOCEPHALY

• PAN SYNOSTISIS
 SCAPHOCEPHALY

Premature
closure of
sagittal suture.
 PLAGIOCEPHALY

Premature closure
of coronal suture
on one side.
 REFERANCES
• GRAY’S ANATOMY 40th edition

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