in dung

in dung l tnh cht ca mt vt dn in c trng cho kh nng tch in ca n. Mt dng c in t gi l t in c thit k mang li in dung trong mt mch in bng cch cung cp mt phng tin lu tr nng lng trong in trng nm gia hai vt dn.

Nm 1947, John Bevis ci tin dng c bng cch thay nc trong chai bng l kim loi. ng lt song song l kim loi bn trong v bn ngoi chai. Cch ny to ra mt t in vi hai vt dn (hai lp l kim loi bn trong v bn ngoi) cch u nhau bi thnh chai thy tinh cch in. c im thit k ny vn c gi t in hin i. Chai Leyden cn c Benjamin Franklin dng cha in tch thu t tia st v trong cc th nghim khc. Tht vy, hin tng st trong thin nhin gy ra in dung trong nhng in trng khng l pht trin gia cc m my, hoc gia m my v mt t, trc khi tia st phng in. T in c s dng theo nhiu cch trong cc mch in t, v d nh lm vt cn dng in mt chiu, b nh lu tr trong chip my tnh, lu tr in tch cho n flash camera in t, hoc iu chnh mch d sng trong radio. M t t in Mt t in dng n gin nht ca n gm hai bn dn in cch nhau bi mt lp cch in gi l in mi. Khi ni mt t in trong mt mch in vo mt ngun in p, th in p dn cc electron ln trn b mt ca mt bn t v ht cc electron ra khi b mt ca bn t kia, gy ra mt hiu in th gia hai bn. ng dng ca cc t in l np in v phng in khi cn thit. Cc t in khc nhau v kch c v sp xp ca cc bn t v loi cht in mi c s dng. Giy, s, khng kh, mica, v cht in phn c th

Hnh 1. Chai Leyden Kliest v Musschenbroek, khong nm 1745 Vo khong nm 1745, Ewald Christian von Kliest v Pieter van Musschenbroek c lp nhau khm ph ra in dung trong mch in. Trong khi bn bu vi cc nghin cu tnh in, h pht hin thy rng mt in tch c th c lu tr trong mt khong thi gian no . H ang s dng mt dng c khi y gi l chai Leyden gm mt chai thy tinh c nt y cha nc vi mt inh nhn xuyn qua nt y v dm vo trong nc. H ni ci inh vi mt in tch tnh in. Sau khi ngt kt ni ci inh khi ngun tch in, h nhn thy b sc in khi chm tay vo ci inh. iu ny chng minh dng c tr li in tch.

c s dng, ty thuc vo loi in mi cn thit. in dung ca mt t in c th c nh hoc ty chnh c (nh nt chnh i radio). Tch in cho t Khi ni t in vi mt ngun in p, v d nh pin, th in p p cc electron ln trn mt bn t mang li mt bn tch in m. Cc electron ca bn t kia b pin ht ra khi bn li mt bn tch in dng. V in mi nm gia hai bn l cht cch in, nn dng in khng th chy qua n. Mi t in c kh nng cha mt lng in tch hu hn. Khi mt t in t ti gii hn cha ca n th n c np y in. S bn di minh ha s tch in ca mt t in. Hnh 2 th hin mt mch in cha mt dy dn ni vi b ngun, mt cng tc m, v mt t in. T in trong Hnh 2 khng c np in. Khng c hiu in th gia hai bn t.

Khi cng tc ng, nh trong Hnh 3, c mt s trn in tc thi qua dy dn v n hai bn t. Khi dng in i ti bn m ca t in, n b chn li bi lp in mi.

Hnh 3 S trn ca dng in ti t in gy ra mt i sut in ng dy dn v hai bn t. i sut in ng ny c gi l in khng. Khi in khng t ti mc bng vi in p ca pin, th t c np y in. Khng cn dng in chy na. Khi t c np y in, cng tc c th m v t s vn gi c in tch ca n (Hnh 4). Do s khc bit in tch trn hai bn t nn c mt ngun th nng trong t in. Nng lng c d tr l nng lng cn thit tch in cho t. Cc ng sc gia hai bn t biu din trng lc in (xem Hnh 3 v Hnh 4). Trng lc in ny tn ti do cc in tch khng cn bng, dng v m, mt bn trong ca hai bn t. Dng in khng th chy qua trng tnh in do lp in mi cch in. Ni cch khc, hiu in th gia hai bn gy ra bn trong in mi mt trng tnh in ngn in tch li.

Hnh 2

Cc cht in mi Vt liu in mi trong mi t in ngn cn dng in gia hai bn ca n. N cn gi vai tr mt mi trng chu lc tnh in ca t np in. Nhiu vt liu a dng c s dng lam in mi c cho trong bng bn di. Cc cht in mi c xp theo kh nng ca chng chu lc tnh in theo mt con s gi l hng s in mi. Kh nng chu lc tnh in ca mt in mi t l thun vi hng s in mi. Chn khng c ly lm chun xp th hng cc in mi khc. Hng s in mi ca chn khng bng 1. Bn c th thy trong bng bn di s chnh lch rt nh gia hng s in mi ca chn khng v ca khng kh. Do , khng kh thng c xem l c hng s in mi bng 1. Vt liu Chn khng Khng kh Polystyrene Giy Mica Thy tinh flint Hnh 5 T np in l mt ngun in p cho dng in chy. Dng in s ngng chy khi in tch ca hai bn t bng nhau tr li, ngha l t hon ton phng ht in. Ru methyl Glycerin Hng s in mi 1,0 1,00059 2,5 3,5 5,4 9,9 35 56,2

Hnh 4 S phng in ca t T np in v Hnh 4 by gi mt ngun th nng. Th nng ny by gi c sn cho ng dng in t d tnh ca n. Nu cng tc ng, nh Hnh 5, dng in lp tc s bt u chy t bn m sang bn dng. T ang phng in.

Nc nguyn cht 81 o in dung in dung c o theo farad, t theo tn ca nh khoa hc Michael Faraday (17911867). Nu mt in tch 1 coulomb c

np ln hai bn ca mt t in v hiu in th gia chng l 1 volt, th in dung khi c xc nh l 1 farad. Mt coulomb bng in tch ca 6,25 x 1018 electron. Mt farad l mt lng in dung cc ln. Microfarad (10-6 F) v picofarad (10-12 F) thng c s dng hn. in dung ca mt t in t l vi lng in tch c th c tr trong n ng vi mi volt hiu in th gia hai bn t ca n. Mi lin h ny c vit dng ton hc l: C = Q/U Trong C l in dung o theo farad, Q l lng in tch tr c o theo coulomb, v U l hiu in th o theo volt. Do , in tch tr c c th c tnh bng cng thc: Q = CU Hiu in th hay in p ca t in c th c tnh bng cng thc: U = Q/C Cc yu t nh hng ti gi tr ca in dung in dung ca mt t in chu nh hng bi ba yu t: Din tch ca hai bn t Khong cch gia hai bn t Hng s in mi ca vt liu nm gia hai bn t

Hai bn t cng ln mang li kh nng tch cng nhiu in tch. V th, khi din tch ca hai bn t tng th in dung tng. in dung t l thun vi trng lc tnh in gia hai bn t. Trng ny cng mnh khi hai bn t cng gn nhau. V th, khi khong cch gia hai bn t gim, th in dung tng. Khi khong cch gia hai bn t tng, th in dung gim. Nh ni trn, kh nng chu lc tnh in ca in mi t l thun vi hng s in mi. Do , khi hng s in mi tng, th in dung tng. Xt tng hp c ba yu t trn, in dung ca mt t in vi hai bn t song song nhau c th c tnh bng cng thc C = (8,855A) d Trong C l in dung o theo picofarad, l hng s in mi, A l din tch ca mt bn t o theo m2, v d l khong cch gia hai bn t o theo m. Mch RC ni tip v hng s thi gian Khi mt t in np in, th dng in gim v in p hnh thnh bi t in tng theo thi gian v khng li in p ngun. Do , tc np in ca mt t in gim dn theo thi gian. Lng thi gian cn thit np in v phng in mt t in l mt yu t rt quan trng trong thit k mch in t. Cc in tr thng c s dng kt hp vi t in iu khin thi gian np v phng in cn thit cho ng dng mun c. in tr nh hng trc tip n thi gian cn thit np

in cho mt t in. Khi in tr tng, th thi gian np in cho t ko di hn. Lng thi gian cho t c np y in trong mch RC ph thuc vo gi tr ca t in v ca in tr. th bn di biu din tc np in ca mt t in trong mch RC. Lu rng tc np in gim nhiu theo thi gian. Phn sau ca thi gian np in ca t di gp nhiu ln phn thi gian lc u.Tht vy, t in trong cc ng dng thc t thng khng c np y in. T in trong cc mch in thng ch c np n 63,2% dung lng y . Thi gian cn thit cho mt t np in n 63,2% dung lng y ca n c gi l hng s thi gian RC ca n.

t=CR trong t l thi gian o theo giy, C l in dung o bng farad, v R l in tr o bng ohm. Ghp t song song Trong mt mch in, in dung c th tng ln bng cch ghp cc t in song song vi nhau nh minh ha trong s di y:

Hnh 7 Chng ta bit rng in dung ca mt t in c th tng thm bng cch tng kch c cc bn ca n. Ni hai hoc nhiu t in song song nhau ni chung lm tng kch c bn t. Tng din tch bn t gip t c th tr nhiu in tch hn v do to ra in dung ln hn. xc nh in dung ton phn ca mt vi t ghp song song, ta ch vic cng tng gi tr ca chng vi nhau. Sau y l cng thc tnh in dung ton phn trong mt mch in cha cc t in ghp song song: C = C1 + C2 + C3 + ... Ghp t ni tip in dung c th gim trong mt mch in bi cc t ghp ni tip nh th hin trong s di y:

Hnh 6 iu quan trng l bit cch tnh hng s thi gian RC thit k nhiu loi mch in t khc nhau. Hng s thi gian RC ca mt mch in c th c tnh bng cng thc sau y:

T xoay C hai loi t in chnh: t c nh v t xoay. T c nh c mt gi tr nht nh ca in dung. T xoay cho php in dung bin thin trong mt ngng no . Cc t xoay c thit k sao cho in dung c th bin thin thng qua mt phng tin c v d iu chnh mt nt vn hoc xoay mt ci trc. T xoay c s dng khi ng dng cn s iu chnh in dung v d nh b d sng radio. Hnh bn di l mt t xoay in hnh. N c hai b bn t. Mt b gi l rotor v b kia l stator. Rotor thng c ni vi mt nt vn bn ngoi t. Hai b bn t gn nhau nhng khng chm vo nhau. Khng kh l in mi trong t xoay. Khi xoay nt vn, hai b bn t n khp vi nhau t hn hoc nhiu hn, lm tng hoc gim khong cch gia cc bn t. Khi cc bn t n khp vi nhau hn th in dung tng ln. Khi cc bn t n khp hn th in dung gim.

Hnh 8 Chng ta bit rng in dung ca mt t in c th gim i bng cch t cc bn t ra xa nhau. Ghp hai hoc nhiu t in ni tip nhau ni chung lm tng khong cch gia cc bn t v b dy ca lp in mi, do lm gim lng in dung. Sau y l cng thc tnh in dung ton phn trong mt mch in cha nhiu t in ghp ni tip: 1/C = 1/C1 + 1/C2 + 1/C3 + ... in p ti a ca t in Khi la chn mt t in thch hp cho mt ng dng no , bn khng ch xem xt gi tr ca in dung, m c lng in p m t in chu c. Cc t in c thit k chu c mt in p ti a nht nh. Vt qu in p ti a c th gy ra dng in xuyn thng lp in mi v t b hng. in p ti a m mt t in c th chu c gi l in p hot ng ca n. Nh sn xut c ghi ch du in p hot ng. Tuy nhin, khi chn t in dng cho ng dng, tt nht nn chn t c in p hot ng cao hn 50% in p ti a dng trong ng dng .

Hnh 9

ng dng ca t in
B nh my tnh Trong a s trng hp, b nh chnh ca my vi tnh l b nh truy xut ngu nhin tc cao (RAM). C hai loi b nh chnh c th dng vi mch in RAM, b nh truy xut ngu nhin tnh (SRAM0 v b nh truy xut ngu nhin ng (DRAM). Mt con chip my tnh cu to gm vi triu nh. Trong mt chip SRAM, mi nh gm mt mch lt in tr lu tr cc ch s nh phn 1 hoc 0. Trong mt con chip DRAM, mi nh gm mt t in thay cho mch lt in tr. Khi mt t c np y in, ngi ta ni n lu tr ch s nh phn 1, v khi t phng ht in tch, n biu din ch s 0. Hnh 10 bn di minh ha mt phn ca mt con chip my tnh gm 16 nh.

p vo. Mng dao ng kch mt b phn in to ra mt dng in mt tn s t l vi tn s ca sng m. Microphone t in s dng mt t in thc hin nhim v ny. Trong mt microphone t in, mng dao ng l bn tch in m ca mt t tch in. Khi sng m nn mng th mng dch chuyn n gn bn dng hn. Vic gim khong cch gia hai bn t lm tng lc ht tnh in gia chng. iu ny mang li mt dng in chy ti bn m. Khi mng dch chuyn tr ra theo sng m th mng ri xa bn dng hn. Vic tng khong cch gia hai bn lm gim lc ht in gia chng. iu ny mang li mt dng in chy tr v bn dng. Cc dng in lun phin ny mang li nhng tn hiu in t yu truyn ti b trn sng, sau n b khuch i, v cui cng truyn ra loa. My thu radio T xoay c s dng trong mch d sng ca radio. Trong hnh 11, mt t xoay c ni vi mt mch anten-bin th. Sng radio c truyn i gy ra mt dng in cm ng chy trong anten qua cun s cp xung t. Mt dng in th cp chy theo hng ngc li c cm ng trong cun th cp. Dng in ny chy vo t in. Chng ta bit rng s trn in n t cm ng mt i sut in ng. i sut in ng ny c gi l dung khng. Dng in cm ng chy qua cun dy cn gy ra mt i sut in ng na. i sut in ng ny

Hnh 10 Microphone t in Microphone l dng c bin i sng m thnh tn hiu in. Mi microphone u c mt ci mng dao ng khi sng m thanh

c gi l cm khng. V th, chng ta c dung khng ln cm khng.

hc, bao gm sinh hc, ha hc, a cht hc, k thut, khoa hc vt liu, v vt l hc. Nghin cu v t trng cao l thit yu bi v n cho php cc nh khoa hc nghin cu vt cht cp phn t. Mt loi nam chm c s dng l nam chm xung. Nam chm xung c kh nng gy ra nhng t trng mnh n 800 tesla. pht ra nhng t trng cao nh th i hi nhng dng in cc k cao, thng vo c hng chc ngn ampe. Nam chm xung thng c cp in bi mt ngn hng t, mt dng c cha mt s lng ln t in c kh nng lu tr nhng lng in nng khng l. Ngn hng t c gii phng in tch trong mt phn nh ca mt giy qua cun dy ca nam chm. Nng lng tiu biu l vo c 0,5 n 1 megajoule. Theo magnet.fsu.edu

Hnh 11 nhng tn s cao, cm khng ln hn dung khng. nhng tn s thp th ngc li. Mt t xoay c s dng cn bng cm khng v dung khng. iu kin trong cc in khng cn bng c gi l cng hng. Tn s c bit c tch ring bi cc in khng cn bng c gi l tn s cng hng. Mch radio c d sng bng cch iu chnh in dung ca mt t xoay cn bng cm khng v dung khng ca mch in cho tn s cng hng nh mong mun, hay ni cch khc, thu sng ca mt i mun nghe. Nam chm xung Ti Phng th nghim Quc gia T trng Cao M, ngi ta s dng cc nam chm cho cc nghin cu trong mi lnh vc khoa