Deflection Limits
Limits are imposed in AS 1418.18 on vertical and lateral deflections of
the runways for the purpose of obtaining satisfactory service
performance of the crane. The following deflection limits for runways
and monorails under serviceability loads, using dynamic factors of 1.0:
Vertical deflection due to the maximum wheel loads and level supports:
z = L500
but 20 mm
Lc
L500
L c30060 max
Plan View
L c300
L/500
but < 20 mm
Axial shortening
Settlement
43
L
Lb /1000
Lb
L / 600
Fig 28.
Deflection limits
It should be borne in mind that, while the above deflection limits may
appear quite stringent, the deflections and constructive deviations can
be, and often are cummulative. For example if the lateral deflection of
the top flange were +10 mm, and if the construction sweep tolerance
were +6 mm and crane rail eccentricity were +5 mm, the differential
displacement could amount to 42 mm. The crane wheel flange
clearance provided by the crane manufacturer may be only 10 mm and
thus it is easy to see why crane wheel flanges and threads are can bind.
Excessive lateral meandering of the crane rail is a reality in many
installations. Rigby, ref 71, and Wilyman, ref 87 provide results of an
alignment survey showing alignment deviations of up to 40 mm.
eccentricity of
rail head
Rail misalignment
r
Lb + 2 r
r
Section of
One Beam
and Rail
Fig 29.
44
Branko Gorenc
Contents
1.
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.
2.1.
2.2.
2.3.
2.4.
3.
Crane types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Crane runway girders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Monorail beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Building columns and frames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
5
7
8
3.1.
3.2.
3.3.
3.4.
3.5.
3.6.
4.
9
9
10
10
11
11
Crane Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
4.1.
4.2.
4.3.
4.4.
4.5.
4.6.
4.7.
4.8.
5.
Load determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Load combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dynamic factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Long travel acceleration forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wind on crane and hoisted load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Buffer impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Oblique travelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Approximate load determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
12
14
14
15
16
16
17
Structural Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
5.1.
5.2.
5.3.
5.4.
6.
19
19
22
22
Design Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
6.1.
6.2.
6.3.
6.4.
6.5.
6.6.
6.7.
6.8.
6.9.
6.10.
6.11.
24
25
25
26
26
27
27
33
34
35
36
iii
7.
40
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stress analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Number of stress cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fatigue Verification by AS 4100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
40
41
42
8.
Deflection Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43
9.
Detail Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
9.1.
9.2.
9.3.
9.4.
9.5.
9.6.
9.7.
9.8.
9.9.
Detailing practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bolted connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Welded joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Splices in simply supported runways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Avoidance of lamellar tearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Web stiffeners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
End bearing stiffeners and bearing details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Crane columns and corbels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Longitudinal Bracing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
45
45
46
46
47
48
50
51
52
10.1.
10.2.
10.3.
10.4.
52
53
54
54
55
11.1.
11.2.
11.3.
11.4.
Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Workmanship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Welding top hat sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55
55
56
56
57
58
14. Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
67
15. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
69
iv
List of Figures
Fig 1.
Fig 2.
Fig 3.
Fig 4.
Fig 5.
Fig 6.
Fig 7.
Fig 8.
Fig 9.
Fig 10.
Fig 11.
Fig 12.
Fig 13.
Fig 14.
Fig 15.
Fig 16.
Fig 17.
Fig 18.
Fig 19.
Fig 20.
Fig 21.
Fig 22.
Fig 23.
Fig 24.
Fig 25.
Fig 26.
Fig 27.
Fig 28.
Fig 29.
Fig 30.
Fig 31.
Fig 32.
Fig 33.
Fig 34.
Fig 35.
Fig 36.
Fig 37.
Fig 38.
Fig 39.
Fig 40.
Fig 41.
Fig 42.
Fig 43.
Fig 44.
3
4
6
7
8
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
23
27
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
42
44
44
45
46
47
48
49
49
50
51
53
54
54
56
58
58
59
v