(RI.1232)
LECTURE II
Tegangan
Konsep Tegangan Tegangan Tarik dan Tekan Tegangan lentur Tegangan geser dan puntir
Dosen: Fahmi Mubarok, ST., MSc. Metallurgy Laboratory Mechanical Engineering ITS- Surabaya 2008
http://www.its.ac.id/personal/material.php?id=fahmi
Definition
Fahmi Mubarok
V Start with internal system of forces as shown below to get proper signs for V, N and M.
- Tegangan (stress) intensitas gaya persatuan luas - Regangan (strain) deformasi (perubahan bentuk) akibat tegangan yang bekerja
P Ao l = lo
Jenis-jenis tegangan 1. Tegangan tarik dan tekan (Tensile dan compression stress). 2. Tegangan Geser (Shears stress) disini termasuk tegangan puntir (Torsional Stress ). 3. Tegangan Bending / lengkung ( Bending stress ). 4. Tegangan kombinasi ( Combination stress ).
Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS Surabaya I 2
Fahmi Mubarok
Fahmi Mubarok
Untuk membandingkan spesimen dengan berbagai ukuran, maka digunakan konsep tegangan teknik
F = beban yang diberikan tegak lurus terhadap penampang spesimen Ao = luas penampang awal sebelum beban diberikan
Tegangan dan regangan akan memberikan nilai positif pada kondisi tegangan tarik sedang pada kondisi tegangan tekan akan memberikan nilai negatif
Fahmi Mubarok
Key Points: 1. Internal bending moment causes beam to deform. 2. For this case, top fibers in compression, bottom in tension.
Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS Surabaya I 5
Fahmi Mubarok
Internal bending moment, lb-in Bending stress, psi Distance from NA to point of interest, in
My = I
Design of Beams
Fahmi Mubarok
Fahmi Mubarok
Fahmi Mubarok
Forces P and P are applied transversely to the member AB. Corresponding internal forces act in the plane of section C and are called shearing forces. The resultant of the internal shear force distribution is defined as the shear of the section and is equal to the load P. The corresponding average shear stress is,
ave =
P A
Shear stress distribution varies from zero at the member surfaces to maximum values that may be much larger than the average value. The shear stress distribution cannot be assumed to be uniform.
Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS Surabaya I 9
Fahmi Mubarok
Single Shear
Double Shear
P F ave = = A A
Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS Surabaya
P F ave = = A 2A
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Torsion
Fahmi Mubarok
Torque is a moment that tends to twist a member about its longitudinal axis.
4 J=1 c 2
4 4 J=1 c c 2 1 2
Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS Surabaya
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Fahmi Mubarok
Variation of shear and bending moment along beam may be plotted. Determine reactions at supports. Cut beam at C and consider member AC, V = + P 2 M = + Px 2 Cut beam at E and consider member EB, V = P 2 M = + P (L x ) 2 For a beam subjected to concentrated loads, shear is constant between loading points and moment varies linearly.
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Fahmi Mubarok
Treating the entire beam as a rigid body, determine the reaction forces Section the beam at points near supports and load application points. Apply equilibrium analyses on resulting free-bodies to determine internal shear forces and bending couples Identify the maximum shear and bending-moment from plots of their distributions. Apply the elastic flexure formulas to determine the corresponding maximum normal stress.
Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS Surabaya I 13
For the timber beam and loading shown, draw the shear and bend-moment diagrams and determine the maximum normal stress due to bending.
Fahmi Mubarok
Treating the entire beam as a rigid body, determine the reaction forces
from
= 0 = MB :
R B = 46 kN
R D = 14 kN
(20 kN )(0 m ) + M 1 = 0
20 kN V2 = 0
(20 kN )(2.5 m ) + M 2
V3 = + 26 kN V4 = + 26 kN V5 = 14 kN V6 = 14 kN
M 3 = 50 kN m M 4 = + 28 kN m M 5 = + 28 kN m M6 = 0
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Fahmi Mubarok
Identify the maximum shear and bendingmoment from plots of their distributions.
Vm = 26 kN M m = M B = 50 kN m
Apply the elastic flexure formulas to determine the corresponding maximum normal stress.
2 1 (0 .080 m )(0 .250 m )2 S =1 b h = 6 6
m = 60 .0 10 6 Pa
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ELEMEN MESIN
(RI.1232)
LECTURE III
Sambungan
-Sambungan Keling Dosen: Fahmi Mubarok, ST., MSc. Metallurgy Laboratory Mechanical Engineering ITS- Surabaya 2008