PCI 6

th
Edition

Connection Design
Presentation Outline
Structural Steel Design
Limit State Weld Analysis
Strut Tie Analysis for Concrete
Corbels
Anchor Bolts
Connection Examples

Changes
New method to design headed studs (Headed Concrete
Anchors - HCA)
Revised welding section
Stainless Materials
Limit State procedure presented
Revised Design Aids (moved to Chapter 11)
Structural Steel Design Section
Flexure, Shear, Torsion, Combined Loading
Stiffened Beam seats
Strut Tie methodology is introduced
Complete Connection Examples
Structural Steel Design
Focus on AISC LRFD 3
rd
Edition
Flexural Strength
Shear Strength
Torsional Strength
Combined Interaction
Limit State Methods are carried through
examples
Structural Steel Details
Built-up Members
Torsional Strength
Beam Seats
Steel Strength Design
Flexure

|M
p
= |F
y
Z
s

Where:
|M
p
= Flexural Design Strength
F
y
= Yield Strength of Material

Z
s
= Plastic Section Modulus

Steel Strength Design
Shear

|V
n
= |(0.6F
y
)A
w


Where:
|V
p
= Shear Design Strength
A
w
= Area subject to shear

Steel Strength Design
Torsion (Solid Sections)

|T
n
= |(0.6F
y
)oht
2

Where:
|T
p
= Torsional Design Strength
o

= Torsional constant
h

= Height of section
t

= Thickness

Torsional Properties
Torsional Constant, o
Rectangular Sections
Steel Strength Design
Torsion (Hollow Sections)

|T
n
= 2|(0.6F
y
)t


Where:
|T
p
= Torsional Design Strength


= Area enclosed by centerline of walls
t

= Wall thickness

Torsional Properties
Hollow Sections


= wd
Combined Loading Stress
Normal Stress


Bending Shear Stress


Torsion Shear Stress


f
v
torsion
=
Tc
J
,
T
oht
2
,
T
2At

f
n
=
P
A
,
Mc
I
,
M
S

f
v
bending
=
VQ
It
,
V
A
Combined Loading
Stresses are added based on direction
Stress Limits based on Mohrs circle analysis
Normal Stress Limits



Shear Stress Limits


|f
uv
= | 0.60f
y
( )
| = 0.90

|f
un
= | f
y
| = 0.90
Built-Up Section Example
Example



F
x

= 0
T C = 0
A
t
F
y
A
c
F
y
= 0

A
t
= A
c
Determine Neutral Axis Location, y
Tension Area Compression Area



Tension = Compression

A
t
= 4in y

A
c
= 2
3
8
in 1in +
3
8
in y
|
\
|
.
4in
A
c
= 2.25 4 y

4 y = 2.25 4 y
y =
2.25
8
= 0.281 in
Define Plastic Section Modulus, Z
p
Either Tension or Compression Area x
Distance between the Tension /
Compression Areas Centroids



Z
p
= A
t
H y
t
y
c
( )
Determine Centroid Locations
Tension



Compression

y
t
=
y
2
=
0.281
2
= 0.14 in

y
c
=
A y
__

= 0.683 in
Calculate Z
p

Z
p
= A
t
H y
t
y
c
( )
Z
p
= 4 y
( )
H y
t
y
c
( )
Z
p
= 4 0.281
( )
1.375 0.14 0.683
( )
Z
p
= 0.62 in
3
Beam Seats
Stiffened Bearing
Triangular
Non-Triangular
Triangular Stiffeners
Design Strength

|V
n
=|F
y
zbt

Where:
|V
n
= Stiffener design
strength


| = Strength reduction
factor = 0.9

b = Stiffener projection
t = Stiffener thickness
z = Stiffener shape factor
Stiffener Shape Factor

0.75 s
b
a
s 2.0
z = 1.39 2.2
b
a
|
\

|
.
|
+1.27
b
a
|
\

|
.
|
2
+ 0.25
b
a
|
\

|
.
|
3
Thickness Limitation

b
t
s
250
F
y
Triangular Stiffener Example
Given:
A stiffened seat connection
shown at right. Stiffener
thickness, t
s
=
3
/
8
in.
F
y
= 36 ksi
Problem:
Determine the design shear
resistance of the stiffener.
Shape Factor

b
a
=
8
10
+ 0.8 > 0.75 and < 1.0
z = 1.39 2.2
b
a
|
\

|
.
|
+1.27
b
a
|
\

|
.
|
2
+ 0.25
b
a
|
\

|
.
|
3
z = 1.39 2.2 0.8
( )
+1.27 0.8
( )
2
+ 0.25 0.8
( )
3
z = 0.315
Thickness Limitation

b
t
s
250
F
y
8
0.375
= 21.3
250
36
= 41.7
21.3 s 41.7
Design Strength

|V
n
= | F
y
z b t
|V
n
= 0.9 36 ksi
( )
0.315
( )
8 in
( )
0.375 in
( )
|V
n
= 28.9 kips
Weld Analysis
Elastic Procedure
Limit State (LRFD) Design
introduced
Comparison of in-plane C shape
Elastic Vector Method - EVM
Instantaneous Center Method ICM
Elastic Vector Method (EVM)
Stress at each point
calculated by mechanics of
materials principals



f
x
=
P
x
A
w
+
M
z
y
I
p
f
y
=
P
y
A
w
+
M
z
x
I
p
f
z
=
P
z
A
w
+
M
x
y
I
xx
+
M
y
x
I
yy
f
r
= f
x
2
+ f
y
2
+ f
z
2
Elastic Vector Method (EVM)
Weld Area ( A
w
) based on effective throat
For a fillet weld:



Where:
a = Weld Size
l
w
= Total length of weld



A
w
=
a
2
l
w
Instantaneous Center Method (ICM)
Deformation Compatibility Solution
Rotation about an Instantaneous Center
Instantaneous Center Method (ICM)
Increased capacity
More weld regions achieve ultimate strength
Utilizes element vs. load orientation
General solution form is a nonlinear integral
Solution techniques
Discrete Element Method
Tabular Method

ICM Nominal Strength
An elements capacity within the weld group is based
on the product of 3 functions.
Strength
Angular Orientation
Deformation Compatibility

R
n
j
=

g

h
f
Strength, f

f = 0.6 F
EXX
A
w
A
w
- Weld area based on effective throat
Angular Orientation, g
Weld capacity increases as the angle of the force
and weld axis approach 90
o




R
j
= R g
g = 1.0 + 0.5sin u
( )
3
2
Deformation Compatibility, h

h =
A
u
r
r
critical
0.209 u + 2
( )
0.32
a
1.9 0.9
A
u
r
r
critical
0.209 u + 2
( )
0.32
a
|
\

|
.
|
|
|
|
0.3

A
u
= 1.087 u + 6
( )
0.64
a s 0.17a
Where the ultimate element deformation A
u
is:
Element Force
Where: r and u are functions of the unknown location of
the instantaneous center, x and y

R
n
j
= 0.6F
EXX
A
w
{ }
1.0 + 0.5sin u
( )
3
2

`
)

A
u
r
r
critical
0.209 u + 2
( )
0.32
a
1.9 0.9
A
u
r
r
critical
0.209 u + 2
( )
0.32
a
|
\

|
.
|
|
|
|
0.3

Equations of Statics

F
y

= 0 R
n
y
j
j=1
Number of
Elements

P
n
= 0
M
IC

= 0 R
n
j
r
j
j=1
Number of
Elements

P
n
e + r
0
( )
= 0
Tabulated Solution
AISC LRFD 3
rd
Edition, Tables 8-5 to 8-12

|V
n
= CC
1

Dl

Where:
D = number of 16ths of weld size
C = tabulated value, includes |
C
1
= electrode strength factor
l = weld length


Comparison of Methods
Page 6-47:


Corbel Design
Cantilever Beam Method
Strut Tie Design Method
Design comparison
Results comparison of Cantilever
Method to Strut Tie Method
Embedded Steel Sections
Cantilever Beam Method Steps
Step 1 Determine maximum allowable shear
Step 2 Determine tension steel by cantilever
Step 3 Calculate effective shear friction coeff.
Step 4 Determine tension steel by shear
friction
Step 5 Compare results against minimum
Step 6 Calculate shear steel requirements

Cantilever Beam Method
Primary Tension Reinforcement
Greater of Equation A or B






Tension steel development is critical both in the column
and in the corbel

Eq. A A
s
=
1
|f
y
V
u
a
d
|
\

|
.
|
+ N
u
h
d
|
\

|
.
|

(
(
Eq. B A
s
=
1
|f
y
2V
u
3
e
|
\

|
.
|
+ N
u

(
(
Cantilever Beam Method
Shear Steel



Steel distribution is
within 2/3 of d


A
h
> 0.5 A
s
+ A
n

Cantilever Beam Method Steps

Step 1 Determine bearing area of plate
Step 2 Select statically determinate truss
Step 3 Calculate truss forces
Step 4 Design tension ties
Step 5 Design Critical nodes
Step 6 Design compression struts
Step 7 Detail Accordingly
Strut Tie Analysis Steps
Step 1 Determine of bearing area of
plate

A
pl
>
V
u
| 0.85 f`
c
| = 0.75
Strut Tie Analysis Steps
Step 2 Select statically determinate
truss
AC I provides
guidelines for truss
angles, struts, etc.
Strut Tie Analysis Steps
Step 3 Determine of forces in the truss
members
Method of Joints or
Method of Sections
Strut Tie Analysis Steps
Step 4 Design of tension ties

A
s
=
F
nt
|f
y
| = 0.75
Strut Tie Analysis Steps
Step 5 Design of critical nodal zone

where:

n
= 1.0 in nodal zones bounded
by structure or bearing areas
= 0.8 in nodal zones
anchoring one tie
= 0.6 in nodal zones
anchoring two or more ties

f
cu
= 0.85 |
n
f`
c
Strut Tie Analysis Steps
Step 6 Check compressive strut limits
based on Strut Shape

The design compressive
strength of a strut without
compressive reinforcement
|F
ns
= |f
cu
A
c
where:
| = 0.75
A
c
= width of corbel
width of strut
Strut Tie Analysis Steps Compression
Strut Strength
From ACI 318-02, Section A.3.2:



Where:
|
s
function of strut shape / location
= 0.60, bottle shaped strut
= 0.75, when reinforcement is provided
= 1.0, uniform cross section
= 0.4, in tension regions of members
= 0.6, for all other cases

f
cu
= 0.85 |
s
f`
c
Strut Tie Analysis Steps
Step 7 Consider detailing to ensure
design technique

Corbel Example
Given:
V
u
= 80 kips
N
u
= 15 kips
f
y
= Grade 60
f
c
= 5000 psi
Bearing area 12 x 6 in.

Problem:
Find corbel depth and reinforcement based on Cantilever
Beam and Strut Tie methods

Step 1
CBM
Cantilever Beam Method (CBM)
h = 14 in
d = 13 in.
a = l
p
= 6 in.

From Table 4.3.6.1


V
umax
= 1000
2
A
cr
=
1000 1
2
( )
14
( )
14
( )
1000
= 196 kips > 80 kips
Step 2
CBM
Tension Steel
Cantilever Action

A
s
=
1
|f
y
V
u
a
d
|
\

|
.
|
+ N
u
h
d
|
\

|
.
|

(
(
=
1
.75 60
( )
80
6
13
|
\

|
.
|
+15
14
13
|
\

|
.
|

(
(
= 1.18 in
2
Step 3
CBM
Effective Shear Friction Coefficient

e
=
1000 b h
V
u
=
1000 1
( )
14
( )
14
( )
1.4
( )
80
= 3.43 > 3.4
Use
e
= 3.4
Step 4
CBM
Tension Steel
Shear Friction

A
s
=
1
|f
y
2V
u
3
e
|
\

|
.
|
+ N
u

(
(
=
1
0.75 60
( )
2 80
( )
3 3.4
( )
|
\

|
.
|
|
+15

(
(
= 0.68 in
2
Step 5
CBM
A
s
minimum

A
s,min
= 0.4 b d
f`
c
|f
y
= 0.4 14
( )
13
( )
5
60
= 0.61 in
2
A
s
based on cantilever action governs

A
s
= 1.18 in
2
Step 6
CBM
Shear Steel

A
h
= 0.5 A
s
A
n

= 0.5 1.18
15
0.75 60
( )

(
(
= 0.42 in
Use (2) #3 ties = (4) (0.11 in
2
) = 0.44 in
2

Spaced in top 2/3 (13) = 8 in
Step 1
ST
Strut - Tie Solution (ST)
Determination of bearing plate size and protection
for the corner against spalling

Required plate area:





Use 12 by 6 in. plate, area = 72 in
2
> 25.1 in
2


A
bearing
=
V
u
| 0.85f`
c
( )
=
80
0.75 0.85f`
c
( )
= 25.1 in
2
Step 2
ST
Truss Geometry
tan u
R
=N
u
/ V
u
= (15)/(80) = 0.19

l
1
= (h - d) tanu
R
+ a
w
+ (h
c
- c
c
)
= (14 - 13)(0.19) + 6 + (14 - 2.25)
= 17.94 in.

l
2
= (h
c
- c
c
) w
s
/2
= (14 - 2.25) - w
s
/2
= 11.75 - w
s
/2



Step 2
ST
Truss Geometry
Find w
s
Determine compressive force,
N
c
, at Node p:

M
m
= 0
V
u
l
1
+N
u
d N
c
l
2
=0 [Eq. 1]


(80)(17.94) + (15)(13) N
c
(11.75 0.5w
s
) = 0
[Eq. 2]
Step 2
ST
Truss Geometry
Maximum compressive stress at the nodal
zone p (anchors one tie,
n
= 0.8)

f
cu
= 0.85|
n
f`
c
= 0.85(0.8)(5)= 3.4 ksi
A
n
= area of the nodal zone
= bw
s
= 14w
s


Step 2
ST
Determine w
s
, l
2
From Eq. 2 and 3

0.014N
c
2
- 11.75N
c
- 1630 = 0
N
c
= 175 kips

w
s
= 0.28N
c
= (0.28)(175) = 4.9in
l
2
= 11.75 - 0.5 w
s

= 11.75 - 0.5(4.9) = 9.3

Step 3
ST
Solve for Strut and Tie Forces
Solving the truss mnop by
statics, the member forces
are:

Strut op = 96.0 kips (c)
Tie no = 68.2 kips (t)
Strut np = 116.8 kips (c)
Tie mp = 14.9 kips (t)
Tie mn = 95.0 kips (t)
Step 4
ST
Critical Tension Requirements
For top tension tie no
Tie no = 68.2 kips (t)





Provide 2 #8 = 1.58 in
2
at the top

A
s
=
F
nt
|f
y
=
62
0.75 60
( )
= 1.52in
2
Step 5
ST
Nodal Zones
The width `w
s
of the nodal zone p has been chosen in
Step 2 to satisfy the stress limit on this zone
The stress at nodal zone o must be checked against the
compressive force in strut op and the applied reaction,
V
u

From the compressive stress flow in struts of the corbel,
Figure 6.8.2.1, it is obvious that the nodal zone p is
under the maximum compressive stress due to force N
c
.
N
c
is within the acceptable limit so all nodal zones are
acceptable.

Step 6
ST
Critical Compression Requirements
Strut np is the most critical strut at node p.
The nominal compressive strength of a strut
without compressive reinforcement

F
ns
= f
cu
A
c
Where:
A
c
= width of corbel width of strut

Step 6
ST
Strut Width
Width of strut np






Strut Width =
w
s
sin(54.4
o
)
=
4.9
sin(54.4
o
)
= 6.03 in
Step 6
ST
Compression Strut Strength
From ACI 318-02, Section A.3.2:


Where - bottle shaped strut, |
s
= 0.60





161 kips 116.8 kips OK

f
cu
= 0.85 |
s
f`
c

f
cu
= 0.85 0.6 1
( )
5 = 2.55 ksi

|F
ns
= | f
cu
A
c
= 0.75 2.55
( )
14
( )
6.03
( )

= 161.5 kips
Step 7
ST
Surface Reinforcement
Since the lowest value of |
s
was used,
surface reinforcement is not required
based on ACI 318 Appendix A

Example Conclusion
Cantilever Beam Method
Strut-and-Tie Method
Embedded Steel Sections
Concrete and Rebar Nominal Design Strengths
Concrete Capacity



V
c
=
0.85 f`
c
b l
e
1 +
3.6e
l
e
Concrete and Rebar Nominal Design Strengths
Additional Tension Compression
Reinforcement Capacity

V
r
=
2 A
s
f
y
1 +
6e
l
e
4.8s
l
e
1
Corbel Capacity
Reinforced Concrete

|V
n
= | V
c
+ V
R
( )
| = 0.75
Steel Section Nominal Design Strengths
Flexure - Based on maximum moment in
section; occurs when shear in steel section =
0.0




Where:
b = effective width on embed, 250 % x Actual
| = 0.9

|V
n
=
| Z
s
f
y
a +
0.5 V
u
0.85 f`
c
b
Steel Section Nominal Design Strengths
Shear




where:
h, t = depth and thickness of steel web
| = 0.9

|V
s
= | 0.6f
y
h t
Anchor Bolt Design
ACI 318-2002, Appendix D, procedures
for the strength of anchorages are
applicable for anchor bolts in tension.

Strength Reduction Factor
Function of supplied confinement reinforcement

| = 0.75 with reinforcement
| = 0.70 with out reinforcement
Headed Anchor Bolts
N
o
= C
bs
A
N
C
crb
+
ed,N

C
bs
= 2.22
f '
c
h
ef
3
Where:
C
crb
= Cracked concrete factor,
1 uncracked, 0.8 Cracked
A
N
= Projected surface area for a stud or group
+
ed,N
=Modification for edge distance
C
bs
= Breakout strength coefficient
Hooked Anchor Bolts
Where:
e
h
= hook projection 3d
o
d
o
= bolt diameter
C
crp
= cracking factor (Section 6.5.4.1)

N
o
= 126f`
c
e
h
d
o
C
crp
Column Base Plate Design
Column Structural Integrity
requirements 200Ag
Completed Connection Examples
Examples Based
Applied Loads
Component Capacity
Design of all components
Embeds
Erection Material
Welds
Design for specific load paths
Completed Connection Examples
Cladding Push / Pull

Wall to Wall Shear


Wall Tension

Diaphragm to Wall Shear
Questions?