the evaporator may built of plate steel but is usually built of cast iron because of the superior resistance

of cast iron to moderate corrossion. the tube bank is usually shallower than it is wide, and its width is usually at least half the diameter of the body. the liquor level is usually carried slightly above the tubes. they are a number of minor modifications of the horizontal-tube evaporator, but these consist almost exclusively of changes in the shape of the body castings and not all in the general arrangement or interrelationship of parts. the horizontal-tube evaporator is best suited for nonviscous solutions that do not deposit scale or crystals on evaporation. its first cost per square foot of heating surface is usually less than that of the other types of evaporators.

5-6 Tabung Evaporator vertikal The short tube evaporators were the first developed commercially and still represent probably the largest number of unit in operation. Used in sugar factory. Used for non corrosive materials. Advantages Inexpensive Efficient heat transfer at high temperature Easy to descale

Disadvantages Poor heat transfer at low temperature differences or with viscous liquids Require a great deal of floor space

5-7 tipe standard the cross-sectional area of the down take is usually between 75 and 150 per cent of the combined cross section of the tubes. the tubes may range from 1-4 in diameter and from 30 in to 60 ft long, with general practice favoring a tube about 2 in. in diameter and about 5 ft long. basket type

in this evaporator the liquid is inside the tubes, the steam is outside the tubes, but the down take instead of being central is annular. one important feature of the basket-type evaporator is the ease with which a deflector may be added in order to reduce entrainment from spouting. other differences between the standard and the basket-type are mostly details of constructions