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AC inductor circuits
Whereas resistors simply oppose the flow of electrons
through them (by dropping a voltage directly proportional to
the current), inductors oppose changes in current through
them, by dropping a voltage directly proportional to the rate of
change of current.
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Expressed mathematically, the relationship between the
voltage dropped across the Inductor and rate of current
change through the inductor is as such:
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Pure inductive circuit, waveforms.
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Remember, the voltage dropped across an inductor is a
reaction against the change in current through it.
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Things get even more interesting when we
plot the power for this circuit: (Figure below)
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Because instantaneous power is the product of the
instantaneous voltage and the instantaneous current
(p=ie),
p=ie the power equals zero whenever the
instantaneous current or voltage is zero.
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If we expose a 10 mH inductor to frequencies of 60,
120, and 2500 Hz, it will manifest the reactances in
Table below.
Reactance of a 10 mH inductor:
60 3.7699
120 7.5398
2500 157.0796
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In the reactance equation, the term “2πf” is the number of
radians per second that the alternating current is “rotating”
at;
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If the alternator producing the AC is a double-
pole unit, it will produce one cycle for every
full turn of shaft rotation, which is every 2π
radians, or 360o.
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Angular velocity may be represented by the
expression 2πf, or by its own symbol, the
lower-case Greek letter Omega: ω. Thus, the
reactance formula XL = 2πfL could also be
written as
XL = ωL.
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It is not necessarily representative of the
actual shaft speed of the alternator
producing the AC. If the alternator has more
than two poles, the angular velocity will be a
multiple of the shaft speed.
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Any way we express the angular velocity of the
system, it is apparent that it is directly proportional to
reactance in an inductor.
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Inductive reactance
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However, we need to keep in mind that voltage
and current are not in phase here. As was shown
earlier, the voltage has a phase shift of +90o
with respect to the current. (Figure below). If
we represent these phase angles of voltage and
current mathematically in the form of complex
numbers, we find that an inductor's opposition
to current has a phase angle, too:
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Current lags voltage by 90o in an inductor.
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Mathematically, we say that the phase angle of an
inductor's opposition to current is 90o, meaning that an
inductor's opposition to current is a positive imaginary
quantity. This phase angle of reactive opposition to
current becomes critically important in circuit analysis,
especially for complex AC circuits where reactance and
resistance interact. It will prove beneficial to represent
any component's opposition to current in terms of
complex numbers rather than scalar quantities of
resistance and reactance.
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•REVIEW:
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_As the current increases with time, so does the
magnetic flux through the loop (which is due to the
current in the loop).
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_ Faraday’s law: E = - N(ΔΦ/Δt)
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Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction specifies the emf created by
a change in magnetic flux that occurs as time passes. The change in
the flux and the time interval over which it occurs appear in the
statement of the law. The device in the photograph is a prototype of a
ring-pull mobile telephone. Instead of a battery, the phone contains a
generator that provides electric power for over five minutes after the
cord is pulled a few times. Generators depend on Faraday’s law for
their operations.
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Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction
E = - N(ф – ф0)
(t – t0)
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Faraday's Law
Any change in the magnetic environment of a coil of
wire will cause a voltage (emf) to be "induced" in
the coil. No matter how the change is produced, the
voltage will be generated. The change could be
produced by
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Faraday's law is a fundamental relationship which
succinctly summarizes the ways a voltage (or emf) may
be generated by a changing magnetic environment. The
induced emf in a coil is equal to the negative of the rate
of change of magnetic flux times the number of turns
in the coil. Interaction of charge with magnetic field…
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Example 1 The Emf Induced by a Changing Magnetic Field
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Example 2 The Emf Induced in a Rotating Coil
Three orientations of a
rectangular coil (edge view)
relative to the magnetic field
lines. The magnetic field lines
that pass through the coil are
those in the regions shaded in
blue.
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Conceptual Example. An Induction Stove
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How Induction Cooking Works:
2.The element's electronics power a coil that
produces a high-frequency electromagnetic field.
4.The field penetrates the metal of the ferrous
(magnetic-material) cooking vessel and sets up a
circulating electric current, which generates heat.
(But see the note below.)
•The heat generated in the cooking vessel is
transferred to the vessel's contents.
10.Nothing outside the vessel is affected by the
field--as soon as the vessel is removed from the
element, or the element turned off, heat
generation stops.
(Image courtesy of Induction Cooking World)
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Lenz's Law
The induced emf generated by a change in magnetic
flux has a polarity that leads to an induced current
whose direction is such that the induced magnetic
field opposes the original flux change.
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Example The Emf Produced by a Moving Magnet
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