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, 2007

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................51

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(Taylor, 1988, .99).
20 , Guilford
,
.
, , ,
-
(Sternberg Lubart, 1999,
.3-4).


. ,
,
.
, , (.. Plucker Renzulli, 1999)
(.. Gardner, 1988 Simonton, 1999).

, ,
(.. Amabile, 1996). , ,
5


, ,
(.. Ward ., 1999).

.


(Tardif
Sternberg, 1988 Taylor, 1988). , ,
,
.
Taylor (1988, .101-111),

. , ,
, , ,
. , ,
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.
, Taylor (1988, .101),

.
.
,


.


. Oldham Cummings (1996, .607-8),
,


.
Hennessey Amabile (1988, .13)
.
, Amabile (1996, .20-22) ,

,
. , ,


. , Simonton (2004, .15)
, .

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(Mayer, 1999 Simonton, ..). ,
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, .

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, .

.

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.

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, .

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, .

.
,
(..
Hennessey Amabile, 1988 Nickerson, 1999),
.
, , .
(, /)

( . Feist, 1999 Gruber
Wallace, 1999 Hennessey Amabile, 1988 Mayer, 1999 Mumford Gustafson, 1988
Nickerson, 1999 Oldham Cummings, 1996 Shalley .., 2004 Simonton, 1988 Sternberg
Lubart, 1999).
Sternberg Lubart (1999, .3), ,
,
, ,
, . Hennessey Amabile
(1988, .13-14)
, , (valuable)
. (open-ended task)
. Martindale (1999, .137)

. Feist (1999, . 274)
/ . Ford (1995, .18)

8

 . Boden (2004, .1)

, .
, , , , , ,
,

, ,
. , Mayer (1999, .450),
.


. , , Boden
(1995, 2004)
,
. Bruner
(1974, .217), , ,
, ,
. Gruber Wallace (1999,
.94) ,
, .
Feldman (1988, .294-5)

. Simonton (1988, .394)

.
Mayer (1999, .451)

,
, ,

. ,
, ,

 ,
.

1.
Mayer (1999)

: , , (
), , , (
)2.
.
, El-Murad West (2004, .192),
:
.
, Amabile (1996, .22-28)

. ,

measurement assessment.

.
. ,
, ,
(.. . Houtz Krug, 1995 Kerr Gagliardi,
2003).
2
: psychometric, experimental, biographical (historiometric), biological,
computational, contextual (cultural, evolutionary).

10


:
) (personality tests) , ,

( Adjective Check List Cough )

( What Kind of Person Are You? Torrance Khatena)
) (biographical inventories)


( Alpha Biographical Inventory Taylor
Ellison)
) (behavioural tests)
(
Tests of
Creative Thinking Torrance).
,
,
.
.
Kristensson Norlander (2003),

, ,
(.34-35), Guilford
(,
)3.
,
.

Guilford
(
. Guilford, 1967).
(Torrance, 1988, .45-46).

11

 Amabile
(consensual assessment technique).

, ,

. , ,
, ,
, ,
, (Amabile, 1996
Hennessey, 2003 Hennessey Amabile, 1988 Hickey, 2001).
,
, Amabile (1996, .41-43).
,
. ,
,
,

.



(Horn Salvendy, 2006 Plucker Renzulli, 1999).
, ,
(Creative Product Semantic Scale) Besemer OQuin 1989 (..
. OQuin Besemer, 2006 White Smith, 2001).
, ,
.

. Plucker Renzulli (1999, .44),

12

 ,
, .
,

. Horn Salvendy
(2006) .
, Amabile (1996, .32-33),

. , ,


.

,
.
.
, ,
.
, , ;
Lubart (1999, .339), , ,
. Oldham Cummings (1996, .607-8), ,
,
.

13

 ,
, .
:
, ,
, , ;
,
, ,
.
;
,
;
Boden (2004, .2-3)
(P-creativity)
(H-creativity).

,
.

. , ,
(
),
,
, .

( ,
,
)
. , (
. Boden, 2004 Kaufmann, 2004),
.

14


Boden ,
Williamon .. (2006, .162-164 ).
,
.
. ,
, .
Boden Gardner, Nickerson
(1999, .399),
.
.

,

.

,
,
.


. ,

( )
;
Kaufmann (2004, .156)
.
.

( . Williamon .., 2006).
, ,

15

 ,
;

, , , .
, Kaufmann (..),
.
,
(-
) .



. , Mayer (1999, .451),
.
,
. ,
.
Weisberg (1988, .148-9) , ,
.

.

, . ,
(.., .172),
.

.
.
.

16

 ,
.
. ,
Kaufmann (2004, .157),

, , , .


:
, . Feist
(1999, .274)

. Lubart (1999, .339)

, . , ,
, ,
, .

. Williamon .. (2006, .162-164)
, ,
, .

.
; ,
.
, ,
, ,
.
, ,
.
,

17


(Nickerson, 1999, .393).

.
, ,
.
, ,
- ,
. ,
. ,
, .


.
,

,

.

18

,

-
. ,
(Williams Yang, 1999, .377-379).
(..)

,
. ,

, , ,
.
, ,
, .
Simonton, ,
(1999, .124-5) , ,
.

. Csikszentmihalyi (1988, .325) , ,

.

19

 ,
. ,
.

.
, 4.
,

.
, ,
(Oldham Cummings, 1996, .610-11 Williams Yang, 1999,
.381). Hennessey Amabile (1988, .11)
, ,
,
. , ,

.
, ,
. ,
, .


.
.

. , ,

4

: field, domain, individual. ,

(Csikszentmihalyi, 1999, .314-315), .

.
.
.
.

20


.

(Ford Gioia, 2000 Sundgren Styhre, 2003).

, Williams Yang (1999, .379).
, Csikszentmihalyi Sawyer (1995, .167-8),
,
,
.
, , ,
5
. , ,
/
.

.

.
, 21 ,


5

21

 (Janssen .., 2004 Pearce Ensley, 2004 Bommer Jalajas,

2002 Drach-Zahavy .., 2004). ,
, ,
, (West Farr, 1990
Anderson West, 1998 Cumming, 1998 Amabile Conti, 1999).

.
,
(.. Amabile .., 1996 West .., 2004). , ,

(Amabile, 1997 West, 2002 West .., 2004)
(Cumming, 1998 Janssen .., 2004).
, , ,
(Rosenfeld
Servo, 1990 Ford, 1996 Shalley, 2002).
. ,


6 . ,
( . Shalley, 2002 West, 2002),
. , West (2002,
.358)
,
, .

. , (.., .365-366),
, ,
6

. , ,
Ford (1996, .1112), .

22


.
,

.

. Ford (1996, .1113),
,
,

.

(Andriopoulos, 2001 Shalley Gilson, 2004). ,
, ,
, ,


(Borghini, 2005, .19).
, ,
,
(Sundgren .., 2005, .360).

23


, , ,
.
, , (Reiter-Palmon Illies, 2004,
.56 Politis, 2004, .24). Ford (2000, .284), ,

. , Woodman .. (1993, .293),

,
, ,
,
.
,
, .


(Reiter-Palmon Illies, 2004, .56 Politis, 2004, .24).
Woodman .. (1993, .310-314),
,
(
)
. , ,


.
,
, Woodman .. (1993, .301),
, , .
, Shalley Gilson (2004, .35-37),
,

24


,
, .
, , , ,
.

Amabile.

: ) , )
7 )
(Amabile, 1997, .41-44).
Shalley Gilson (2004)
,

.
8 , , ,
,
, .
, (.., .37-42),
.


. ,

.

.
8
Oldham Cummings (1996) . (.610611)
.

.
, , ,
, .

25

 , West (2002, .361-362) 9 ,

,
. , (..)
.
, ,


.

: .
Woodman .. (1993, .304),
, , , , ,
. Shalley Gilson
(2004, .42-44),
,
,
.
West
.
, West (1995, 2002)

, , ,
,
. ,
,

10

, .
9

, ,

.
10
reflectivity West (2002, .376)
,

.

26

 West (1995, .71-72, 76-77) 11

.

- .

. Pirola-Merlo Mann (2004,
.238),

.
, Woodman ..
(1993, .304). , ,
. ,

( )
.
, (.. West, 2002),
.

,


. Woodman .. (1993, .308-309)
-
. , ,
,

(, , , ,
, ).

11

(Team Climate Inventory)

Anderson (.. . Anderson West, 1998).

27

 Sundgren Styhre (2003, .147)

.
,
,
,

. , Amabile
.. (1996, . 1154-1155),

.

.
Andriopoulos (2001), ,
: , , ,
- - .
: ,
, , ,
.
,
.
,
, - ,
,
.
, .
, ,

(.834-838).

28


. ,
( , . Lapierre Giroux, 2003, .1212 Sundgren .., 2005, .361),
.

: CCQ Ekvall KEYS Amabile. ,
Mathisen Einarsen (2004, .121)

,

. ,

. Amabile .. (1996, .1155), ,

.
, CCQ13 : , ,
, , , ,
, , (Ekvall, 1997, .200)14.
,
.
,
.
.

.
.
12

, , (..),

.
.
13
SOQ (Situational Outlook Questionnaire),
CCQ (Isaksen .., 2000-1 Mathisen Einarsen, 2004).
14
: challenge, freedom, idea support, trust, dynamism,
playfulness, debate, risk taking, idea time, conflicts.

29


. ,
.

.
, .
, ,
.
.
,
.
. , ,

.
(Isaksen .., 2000-1, .175
Mathisen Einarsen, 2004, .122).

. ,

Nemeth .
Nemeth Kwan, Nemeth (1987,
.248-9),
, ,
. , Nemeth .. (2004, .367-368), ,
, ,

. , ,
, , ,
. , ,

30

 ,
.

, , KEYS.

: , , ,
, (Amabile 1997, .4447)

15

, Amabile (..),

. ,
,
:
16.
,
.
,
.
, , .

, ,
,
.
, ,
.
,
, ,
,
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15

: positive challenge, freedom, sufficient resources, work group support,

supervisory encouragement, organizational encouragement.
16
: organizational impediments, excessive workload pressure.

31


, , ,
.
, , ,
(Amabile .., 1996, .1166).


.
,
.
,
, , ,
,
( , . Lemaine .., 1999).
, ,
, ,

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.

32

, ,
.
,
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.

( . , 1997 Aldrich, 1999).

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.

, , , , ,
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.


.


.

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.
33


/ .


.

, ,
, .

, . ,


, , ,

( . Ahmed, 1998
Ford, 1995 Williams Yang, 1999).
,

.

.
,
, ,

status quo ,
(
. West, 1995 Nemeth .., 2004).
,
,
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34


.
,
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.

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).
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35

 ( . Shalley
Gilson, 2004).


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Abric (1984) .
17,
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17

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36

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.

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(.. Sundgren Styhre, 2003 Ford Gioia, 2000)


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38

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60
- Thurstone ( 1
7 ).
, ,

.

39


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( , . Hennessey Amabile, 1988 Kristensson
Norlander, 2003). , ,
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40

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41

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20

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21.
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20
, , , 13%
, 87%. 96
13,5%
86,5% .
21

: 1 6%, 2 3%, 3 ( 2%, 1%
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42

,
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1 .

43


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20 (20,8%) , 27
(28,1%) , 30 (31,3%) 16 (16,7%) 25.
43 (44,8%) 51 (53,1%) 26 , 22 58
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20
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44

 55
(57,3%) , 6 (6,3%) 33 (34,4%) 27.


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5-9 . , 71%
5 .

2

40

30

20

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10

17,8%

8,9%
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15+

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(2,1% ) .

45

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100%

2-4
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15 +

80%

60%

100,0%
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40%

70,4%

20%

18,5%

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11,1%

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4,3%

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0%

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46



(. 4).

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100%

2-4
5-9
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15 +

80%

60%

100,0%

40%

75,0%

69,2%

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53,3%
20%

30,8%
21,7%
20,0%

26,7%

21,4%
13,0%

3,6%
4,3%

0%

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47

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51

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31

3,2 1,6.
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32

52

20.
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34 ,
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53

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60

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40

20

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37

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54

 ,

. (64,6%)


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17,7% , 17,7%
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6

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70
60
50
40
30

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20
10

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.

55

 7


70
60
50
40

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30
20
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56

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40
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57

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43

4,4 4,8 1,7 2,1.

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58

 Varimax44
68,5% 45.
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3

21. / -
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46
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59

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60

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40

20

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,
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61

 9


100

80

60

81,1%

40

20

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, ,
(94,7%)

(. 10). 1,1%
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10


100

80

60

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40

20

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.
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62


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63

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50
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