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Translation
THE SHINING CANDLE
In the Name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful
I praise Allah and place blessings upon Muhammad. This is a Shining Candle on
the Science of Arabic. I ask Allah to benefit (people) thereby; Indeed He is the Granter
of Wishes.
Kalam (i.e. Speech) is a utterance intended (by the speaker) and conveys a selfcontained meaning.
Kalimah (i.e. a word) is a single utterance. Moreover, it is an Ism (i.e. noun), Fi'l
(i.e. verb) and Harf (i.e. particle) signifying a meaning.
The Sign of:
the Ism is: Jarr, Tanwin and Isnad Ilayh (i.e. being predicated of or serving as the
nominal or verbal subject of a sentence), and
the Fi'l is: Qad, the Sin & the Ta' (of the Verbal Subject or Femininity), and
the Harf is: its being free (from the signs of the Ism and the Fi'l).
I'rab (i.e. Declension) is a change at the end (of a word) due to an 'Amil (i.e.
governor).
Its types (or cases) are:
Raf' (i.e. Dammah-Declension),
Nasb (i.e. Fathah-Declension) (both these) in the Ism and the Fi'l,
Jarr (i.e. Kasrah-Declension) in the Ism, and
Jazm (i.e. Sukun-Declension) in the Fi'l.
The primary form (of I'rab) is:
Raf' by case-marking with a Dammah,
Nasb by case-marking with a Fathah,
Jarr by case-marking with a Kasrah, and
Jazm by case-marking with a Sukun.
Substituting the Dammah (as a case-marker of Raf') are:

, and , and in (2) the Jam' Muthakkar Salim

the Waw in (1) , , ,
(i.e. sound masculine plural)
the Alif in the Muthanna (i.e. dual),
the Nun in the Af'al Khamsah (i.e. five verbs)
Substituting the Fathah (as a case-marker of Nasb) are:
the Alif in and its brothers,
the Ya' in (1) the Muthanna and in (2) the Jam' (Muthakkar Salim),
the Kasrah in the Jam' Mu-annath Salim (sound feminine plural) and
the Omission of the Nun in the Af'al Khamsah.

Substituting the Kasrah (as a case-marker of Jarr) are:

the Ya' in

and that which follows it, the Jam' Muthakkar Salim and the

Muthanna, and
the Fathah in that which is not fully-declinable (to the Kasrah), and
Substituting the Sukun (as a case-marker of Jazm) is:
the Omission of the Ending of (both) the Mu'tall (i.e. weak-ending verb) and the
Af'al Khamsah.
The Ma'rifah (i.e. definite noun) comprises:
the Mudhmar (i.e. personal pronoun),
the 'Alam (i.e. proper noun),
the Ism Isharah (i.e. indicative pronoun),
the Munada (i.e. vocative or addressee),
the Mausul (i.e. relative pronoun), and

( " i.e. the defined by it)

the Mu'arraf by means of "
The Nakirah is other than that (i.e. the opposite of Ma'rifah).

Af'al (Verbs) comprise:

the Madi (Perfect Form) indeclinable with a Fathah-ending
the Amr (Imperative Form) indeclinable with the Sukun-ending
the Mudari' (Imperfect Form), at whose beginning there is one of the
letters of ([ )i.e. a Nun, Hamzah, Ya' or Ta'], and is in a state of Raf'
(Indicative Mood) when stripped of:
o a Nasib (i.e. Nasb-effector), which comprises:

when manifest (in the sentence)

likewise, and also when suppressed (in the sentence) after

the:
the Lam

the Fa' of expressing a cause or reason

the Waw expressing accompaniment, both of which (i.e.
the Fa' and Waw) when occurring as the complement of
a request or negative clause,
o and a Jazim (i.e. a Jazm-effector) , which comprises:

and the Lam (both i.e.

and the Lam, being used) for the

purpose of requesting

""

( all of these being used) for conditionality.

and

The Marfu'at
(the places in the sentence where a word is declined by means of Sign of Raf')
The Fa'il (Doer or Agent of the Action), is preceded by a Fi'l (verb) or a
Fi'l-like expression,
Its Na'ib (i.e. Deputy) whether (originally) a Maf'ul (Direct Object) or
something else in the case of the former being absent is made to take
its place (i.e. the place of the Fa'il) after the verb has been changed by
marking its initial vowelled letter(s) with a Dammah, and its
penultimate letter with a Kasrah when in the Madi (form), and with a
Fathah (i.e. the penultimate letter) when in the Mudari',
The Mubtada' (Subject of a Nominal Sentence) is an Ism that is stripped
from an Amil that is non-redundant, and it (i.e. the Mubtada) does not
occur as Nakirah (indefinite) as long as it does not convey a selfcontained meaning (as when it is general applicable to all its members or
an single item but qualified by means of descriptive adjective,
annexation, etc.),
Its Khabar (Predicate) which is predicated of it (i.e. of the Mubtada),
and is either a simple / single (noun) or a sentence, in which there is a
Rabit (connector connecting the sentence to its Mubtada), or a quasisentence. Its original status (or position in the sentence) is to placed after

(the Mubtada), and this is necessary in the case of confusion, (it is also
necessary) to front (in the sentence) that which is necessary to be fronted
from the two of them (like when any of them is a interrogative pronoun),

,
,

,

, ,
, , and that which is
The Ism of
conjugated or derived from them, (and so also),
,
,

, and (lastly)

And (the Ism) of ,

And (the Ism) of

, ,

, , and
.

, and the rest of the Afal (verbs) of al-Muqarabah

(Approximation),
The Khabar of
likening,

and ( both of which are) for emphasizing, for

for rectifying (a possible misunderstanding),

expressing a wish , and for expressing hope.

The Khabar of

for

that negates the whole genus (that the noun following

it signifies)
The Mansubat
(the places in the sentence where a word is declined by means of Sign of Nasb)
The Maful bihi (Direct Object), is that upon which the action occurs,
The Masdar (Verbal Noun, Infinitive), is that which comes third in the

conjugation of the Fil (i.e.

) , if it agrees with the form of

its Fil then it is Lafthiy (form-related), and if not, then it is Manawiy

(meaning-related),

The Tharf (Adverb), is (either) a time like: , ,

, ,
,

, , , ( etc.), or a place like the directions, , , ,

(etc.).
The Maful lahu (Object of Reason), is a Masdar (Verbal Noun)
functioning as the cause, reason or motivation for an action which shares
with it (i.e. with the Masdar) in agent and time.
The Maful maahu (Object of Accompaniment), is an Ism following the
Waw of Maa

()

, after a Fil or that which comprises its meaning and

letters,
The Hal (State or Condition), is a descriptive adjective that is a nonessential component (in terms of what minimally constitutes a complete
sentence), clarifying what is vague in terms of state or mode. It should
by right be Nakirah describing a Marifah (as the latters Hal), in the
form of a temporary and transient quality or feature. Moreover, its
Amil (governor) is its Fil or what resembles it (i.e. the Fil).

 The Tamyiz (Specification) is an Ism that is Nakirah clarifying what is

vague in terms of (a) entities, like measurements and number, and (b)
relations (between agent and action) such that it transferred from the
Fail (agent), Maful (Direct Object), or other than these two, or it is not
transferred (at all).
The Mustathna (noun excluded or excepted) by means of Illa (except,
excluding), from a sentence in the affirmative, and then if it (i.e. the
sentence) is negative and complete (because of the presence of the
Mustathna minhu i.e. the class from which the exclusion or exception is
made) then Badal (replacement of the Mustathna minhu by the
Mustathna in terms of meaning) is (also) permissible, or when it (i.e. the
sentence) is free (from the Mustathna minhu such that it is freed for the
Mustathna instead) then (declension of the Mustathna is) in accordance
with the Awamil (governors that precede it). Thereafter the Mustathna
by means of Ghayr and Siwa is Majrur (in the genitive) and by means of
Khala, Ada and Hasha it is permissible to make Mansub or Majrur.
The Munada (Vocative) is Mansub by being other than a single noun or
(by being) a Nikarah that is not intended (to mean someone specific).
Should be an Alam (Proper Noun in the form of a single noun) or a
Nakirah that is intended (to mean someone specific), then it is vowelled
with a Dammah (at its end as an indeclinable noun).
The Ism of La that negates the whole genus or class (is Mansub) if it is
other than a single noun, and if not, it (together with La) is made into a
compound (being marked with Fathah at its end as an indeclinable
noun) should it follow La directly, and should it not, then it is Marfu
compulsorily. If La is repeated (in the sentence) then it is permissible for
the second noun (because it occurs after the second La) to be Marfu,
Mansub or made into a compound, should the first be made into
compound (together La), and should it not (be made into a compound),
then it is not Mansub (but the other two of the three options are
permissible).

,

, , , , , , ,
The Mafulan (two Objects) of
and every Fil performing the function of Tasyir (transformation,
conversion i.e. making the first Object into the second).

and of that which was mentioned after it.

The Khabar of
The Ism of .

The Majrurat
(the places in the sentence where a word is declined by means of Sign of Jarr)
The Majrur by means of Idafah (Annexation) by implying
, the Lam

, or
, by means of the Harf (Particle), it comprises of: , , , ,

, , the Ya, the Kaf, the Lam, , , the Waw and the Ta in

(oaths), and by means of al-Mujawarah (adjacency) in the case of the

Nat and Tawkid.
The Tawabi
(the places in the sentence where a word is declined based on the declension of the word that it
follows)
The Nat is a Tabi that completes that which precedes (it), agreeing with
it in declension, indefiniteness, its derivative (opposite), masculinity,
singularity, and their derivative (opposites) if it is Haqiqi (real), (and in
declension, indefiniteness and its derivative (opposite) if it is Sababi
(relative).
The Atf, (whether) Bayan (explanatory, clarificatory), like the Nat, or

, , and
Nasaq (conjunctive) by means of the Waw, Fa, , , ,

The Tawkid is Manawiy (semantic) by means of (the words) ,

and ) , , , and its followers, or Lafthiy (formal) (by

,(
repeating the first in form or something corresponding).
The Badal (Substitute) is: a thing substituted for a thing, a part
substituted for a whole, constitution, and erring.