Honors Chemistry Period: 5

Name: Jocelyn, Junsung, Jay, Celine

Stoichiometry and Measurements Lab

Stoichiometry Lab As a doctor in the hospital, your patient needs 1.35 g of barium sulfate for the production of his "life saving" medicine. You know that every time you conduct this reaction, you get a 79.5% yield. The chemicals that you have to work with are sodium sulfate and barium nitrate . (they are very expensive, so use the minimum amount needed)
Unit 4:Stoichiometry

Purpose: To apply stoichiometry in order to find the needed amount of barium sulfate (1.35 g) reacted from sodium sulfate and barium nitrate. Materials: -Barium nitrate -Sodium sulfate -Flask -Funnel -Filter paper -Distilled water -Beaker -Stirring rod
Describe fully what you are going to do. Procedure: 1. Obtain the calculated amount of Sodium Sulfate and Barium Nitrate by massing them on a scale 2. Put the salts into a beaker and dissolve with distilled water 3. Pour the mixture into a filter paper in the funnel 4. Filter the mixture and wait for the distilled water on the filter paper to evaporate 5. Mass the precipitate that is left over on the filter paper Draw in the following:

Pre-lab: Questions to address prior to starting lab

1. How much of the reactants will you need to measure out?

2. How much water should you add to the beaker?

At least enough to fully cover the substances, so that they are capable of mixing. the filter paper before hand? Why? After filtering, the substance that remained on the filter paper was the BaSO4, which is the precipitate. It is necessary to mass the filter paper before hand so that the weight of just the precipitate can be determined at the end. Mix the Na2SO4 and Ba(NO3)2 in H2O. Then filter the mixture through filter paper and into a flask. The aqueous solution will end up in the flask. This does not need to be measured. percent yield and minimize your percent error? There are a few scenarios in which one might lose some of the project. When pouring the solution into the filter paper, some may spill or fully transfer onto the filter paper. In addition, if the scale is not tared, then the data would not be accurate. To maximize percent yield and minimize percent error, it is wise to use distilled water to wash down the remainders in the beaker. Before beginning, include all calculations necessary to begin your procedure. Draw a data table necessary to collect the data. Be careful to think of all data necessary to collect and include this in your table. (if you forget something, you can always repeat the lab) Table 1.1: List of materials and their corresponding mass Materials Filter paper Filter paper + precipitate (BaSO4) Precipitate (BaSO4) Na2SO4 Ba(NO3)2 Mass (g) 1.322 2.408 2.408 - 1.322 = 1.086 0.821 1.51

3. To separate the solid from the liquid, you will need to filter. What is in the filter paper? Should you mass

4. How will you collect the aqueous product? Does this need to be measured?

5. Where are some places where you might lose some of your product? How can you maximize your

Analysis and Discussion: As you collect your data, include a calculation of the percent yield and percent error, sources of error, will your patient have enough for his medicine, what improvements would you make to your procedure for next time. Percent Yield Given percent yield: 79.5% 1.35g 1.35g 1.35g 1.70g BaSO4/TY x 100= 79.5% BaSO4/TY= 0.795 BaSO4=0.795TY BaSO4TY

Actual percent yield: AY/TY x 100% = % yield (1.086g BaSO4/1.70g BaSO4) x 100 = 0.638235 x 100 = 63.8% Percent Error Calculations |AY-TY| / TY x 100 |1.086g BaSO4-1.35g BaSO4| = 0.264 0.264/1.086 = 0.195556 = 0.195556 x 100 = 19.6% Sources of Error When massing the precipitate, some happened to fall on the floor. As a result, it was difficult to obtain accurate data because some precipitate was lost in the process. Furthermore, the scale would not tare to zero. This inhibited the ability for precise data. Will patient have enough for his medicine? No, the patient needed 1.35 grams of BaSO4, however the precipitate obtained was 1.086 grams, making the percent yield too low. Thus, another 0.264 grams of precipitate is required to fulfill the patients need, so unfortunately, the patient passed away. Improvements for the Future:

To improve the lab in the future, there should be less errors. The scale used should tare properly and when moving the precipitate from one place to another, one must be very careful. Moreover, to improve the lab, distilled water should be used to hose down the beaker because some of the precipitate may happen to be on the sides. Conclusion: In this lab, through experimentation, it was determined that because the mass of the precipitate ( a ) was 1.086 grams, the percent yield is 63.8%. However, our results are less than the anticipated yield, which is 79.5%. Discussion 1:

What was the theory behind your lab? The theory behind the lab was that more reactants should have been added. This was because a 79.5% yield was necessary for the patient to survive. So the goal was to achieve 1.35 grams of barium sulfate which is the amount needed to heal the patient. What techniques were used? Why? Stoichiometry was used to figure out how much sodium sulfate and barium nitrate was needed. Filtration was used to separate the precipitate and the aqueous solution. What chemical concepts helped you to produce the products? A double replacement reaction between sodium sulfate and barium nitrate helped produce the products, which were barium sulfate and sodium nitrate. Did you get close to 100% yield? Will your patient survive? Is your yield too high or low? No, the percent yield we obtained was 63.8%. The patient will not survive because the yield was too low. What affected your yield for each? (be specific in your error analysis to coincide with your results (high or low). As a result of the errors made in the lab, there was less precipitate than it should have been, so the percent yield was lower. (see above - ources of Error) Discussion 2: What would you differently next time? Propose three feasible improvements to this lab.
1. The scale used should tare properly 2. When moving the precipitate from one place to another, one must be very careful. 3. Distilled water should be used to hose down the beaker because some of the precipitate may happen to be on the sides.

What did you learn from the lab? To find the percent yield, you must first find the theoretical yield using equations. Then you have to find the actual yield by separating the precipitate from the mixture. The mass of the completely dried precipitate should get you the actual yield. Then you must put the data into the equation (Actual yield/Theoretical Yield) 100. Therefore, in conclusion, stoichiometry can be used to find purities of substances. What other real life application can you apply this to? This is very useful because in situations where you have to get a mixture with an exact yield, you can use this experiment to find out. Some examples would be finding the exact yield for a type of medicine, or this can also be applied to find yield of a certain substance in a mixture like concrete. Therefore,

stoichiometry is necessary in many aspects of our lives, because it contributes daily in the making of mixtures with certain purities and yields.
Honors Chemistry Lab Stoichiometry and Measurement LAB BLOG RUBRIC Group Members ____________________________________________________________________________ Title/purpose Materials Conclusion statement your lab findings and refers Lab clean _____/ 1 _____/ 1 _____/ 1 Concluding statement at the end of the report summarizes back to purpose. _____/ 2
Excellent 5 Very Good 4.5 Good 4 Average 3.5 Below Averag e 3-0

Procedure: (past tense, number/bullet format, no use of I or we) - with rationale related to the Questions to be addressed from pre -lab Show all calculations in your logic of the masses of reactants used Is the amount of water important? Why not? Why did you mass the filter paper and/or the beaker? Data tables with titles and labels eg) Table 1: Masses of ONLY relevant data provided in the data table (for example, do you need the mass of the beaker that you mixed the reactants in? Did you use that mass in your calculations? If not, dont include it!) Reaction described (reactants and products) Analysis of data Show calculations of actual yield Calculations to determine percent yield and percent error for each product. (with attention to sig figs from data) Discussion 1: What was the theory behind your lab? What techniques were used? Why? What chemical concepts helped you to produce the products? Did you get close to 100% yield? Will your patient survive? Is your yield too high or low? What affected your yield for each? (be specific in your error analysis to coincide with your results (high or low)).

Discussion 2: What would you differently next time. Propose three feasible improvements to this lab. What did you learn from the lab? What other real life application can you apply this to?

/35 points