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HonorsChemistrySemester1Project 1.Climatechange Climatechangeisthechangeinglobalclimatepatternsduetotheincreasedlevelsof atmosphericcarbondioxideproducedbytheuseoffossilfuels.Theincreasinglevelsofcarbon dioxideinouratmospherehavecausednumerousproblemstoappear.Suchastheincreaseof globaltemperature,changesinlandscape,risingseas,andwildlifeendangerment.The increasedlevelsofheattrappingcarbonmoleculesinouratmospherehavecausedtheearth's surfacetemperaturetoincrease,whichinturnwilldisrupttheinteractionsofthebiosphere. Risingseasisanotherthreatthatclimatechangeposes.Duetothetemperatureincreasefrom theheattrappingcarbondioxidemoleculesinouratmosphere,theearth'ssealevelwillincrease duetothefactthatwarmwatertakesupmorespacethancoldwaterdoes.Thisispossibledue tothethermalexpansiontheory.Alsoduetothehighertemperature,themeltingofglacierswill causethesealeveltogoup.Problemsthatwilloccurduetorisingsealevelsarethepossible destructionofcoastalcitiesandecosystemssuchaswetlandsandmangroves.

Equation 4C12H23(l)+71O2(g)48CO2(g)+46H2O(l) Combustion

TypeofReaction

Oxidized/Reduced

C12H23isoxidizedO2isreduced

Numberofetransferred

NetIonicEquation

Observations

BrownLiquidcombustswithOxygenGas,to formagasandwatervapor.

Proposedsolution: Aproposedsolutiontothepersistentproblemofclimatechangeistheuseofhydrogenfuelcells insteadoffossilfuelslikediesel.Withtheuseofthesehydrogenfuelcells,wecanreducethe amountofCO2weemitintoouratmosphere.Thisoccurswithhydrogenfuelforexample becausethecombustionofhydrogenfuelcellsresultsintheformationofwaterandnotthe formationofCO2.Theequationforthecombustionofhydrogenfuelcellsisasfollows:2H2+O2 2H2O.Asyoucanseetheproductofthecombustionofhydrogenfuelcellsdonotcontain carbondioxide.Withtheuseofhydrogenfuelcellsincars,wecandecreasetheamountofCO2 emissioninouratmosphere.

2.Waterpollution Waterpollutionisthecontaminationofbodiesofwatersuchaslakes,oceans,seasandrivers. Waterpollutioncancauseanumberofproblemswithinourbiosphere,suchasthedestruction ofmarinelife,damaginghumanhealth,andacidrain.Withthepollutionofwaterscontaining crucialmarinelifesuchasalgaecancausesomethingcalledanalgaebloom.Duringthese algaeblooms,thepopulationofalgaewillrapidlygrow,butwithaconsequence,anincreasein deadlytoxinsproducedfromalgaeandphytoplankton.Thisexcessiveincreaseoftoxinswill causethewatersaroundthealgaetobecometootoxicforthemarineanimalstoliveincausing themtodie.Thedeathofthemarineanimalswilldisruptthefoodchainoftheecosystemand ultimatelyhurtthebiodiversityofthebiosphere.Withtheconstantinputofpollutantsintoour oceansandotherbodiesofwatercancauseaninfluxofmildacidiccompoundsinourseas. Thismildacidiccompoundnotonlydamagesthebodyofwaterbutalsowhenevaporatedand raineddown,cancausedamagestoourtrees. Equation
2NO+O22NO2

TypeofReaction

Synthesis

Oxidized/Reduced

Numberofetransferred

NetIonicEquation

Observations

AgasreactswithWaterforminganaqueous solution.Thataqueoussolutionthen dissociatedintohydrogenandanacid

Proposedsolution: Aproposedsolutiontowaterpollutionistouserenewableenergysuchassolargenerated energy.TheuseofsolargeneratedenergycangreatlydecreasetheamountofNO2we contributetoouratmospherebecauseusingenergyfromthesunwillnotincreasetheamountof nitrogendioxideinouratmosphere.Thishappensbecausetheuseofsolargeneratedenergywill notcreatenitrogendioxide,duetotheabsencesofnitrogeninthereaction.Solarenergyisvery uniqueinthefactthatitconvertsenergygivenoffbythesunintoelectricalcurrentsofwhichwe canharnessintouseableenergy.Withtheutilizationofthesunsenergyweareabletofurther reducethelikelihoodofacidrainpollutingourwaters.

3.ToxinsinFood&Soil ToxinsinFoodandSoilrefertothecontaminationoffoodorsoilfromeithersolidorliquid hazardoussubstances.Toxinsinfoodorsoilmainlyaffecttheorganismsthatlivearoundthe contaminatedsoilsoringestthecontaminatedfood.Toxinsinthesoilcancausetheplantswho areattemptingtogrowinthesoiltobecomeinoperative.Besidestheplantswholiveinthesoil, organismswhoingestthecontaminatedsubstancecanalsoobtainthetoxinsthroughtheir digestiveenzymeswithintheirstomachs. 4.Depletingozonelayer Thedepletingozonelayerreferstothesteadydestructionofalayeroftheatmospherecalledthe Ozone.ThedepletionoftheOzonelayerisnolaughingmatter,itcancauseahandfulofharmful consequences,suchasharmingthehumanhealth,ecosystems,marinelife,andotherliving organisms.TheOzonelayer'smainfunctionistofilteroutmostofthesun'sharmfulUV radiation.WiththeincreasedamountsofUVradiationreachingearth'ssurfaceduetothe depletionoftheOzonelayercancausehumanstobecomemoresusceptibletoskincancer, blindnessandotherdiseases.Withregardstomarinelife,theincreaseofUVradiationcan inducealossofbiodiversityinouroceans,lakes,andrivers,withtheendangermentofa keystonespeciesinplankton. Equation Cl+O3>ClO+O2 Singlereplacementreaction

TypeofReaction

Oxidized/Reduced

Oxidized:Cl Reduced:OfromO3

Numberofetransferred

2etransferred

NetIonicEquation

Cl+O>Cl(2+)O(2)

Observations

Proposedsolution:UsingsaturatedlighthydrocarbonsasopposedtoCFCspreventsozone depletionbecausethereisnochlorinetoseparateandreactwiththeozone.Insteadthe synthesisofhydrocarbonssuchaspropaneshouldbeused.3C+4H2=C3H8

5.Airpollution Airpollutionisthecontaminationofairwithpollutants.Themainpollutantsofairarecarbon monoxideandsulfuroxide.Airpollutioncancauseanumberofproblemswithinourbiosphere, mainlyacidrain,globalwarmingandsmog.Smogisactuallyatoxinthatcandamagethehealth andsafetyofbothhumansandanimals.Acidraincanalsocausedamagetovegetation,animals andbuildingsmakingitathreattothebiosphere.Airpollutionismainlyduetotheexcessof carbonmonoxideduetotheconstantburningoffossilsfuels,pollutingtheair. Usingtheinternet,libraryreferencebooksoryourtextbookyouwillexploretheenvironmental threatsabove,outliningwhatproblemstheypose,themainidea/definitionofeachthreat,giving someexplanationsofsomebutnotallvariationsthatexistwithineachthreatcategory.(include picofeachthreat) Equation C3H8(l)+O2(g)>3CO2(g)+4H2O(l) Combustion

TypeofReaction

Oxidized/Reduced

OxygenisReduced/EtheneisOxidized

Numberofetransferred

NetIonicEquation

QualitativeObservations

Liquidcombustswithgastoformagasand watervapor.

Proposedsolution: Aproposedsolutionforairpollutionistoplantmoretrees.Treesareamajorsourceofoxygen.

Part4(below)isnotduethissemester.
Designanexperimentthattestseffectivenessofoneproposedsolution: Choose1chemicalsolutionto1ofthe5environmentalproblemsthatyoucanconductinthe HKISlabanddesignanexperimentaroundit.Yourexperimentmusthavethefollowing: A.Hypothesis,Materials B.ProposedProcedure(thiscanchangeasIgiveyouinputonyourdesign) C.IndependentVariable D.DependentVariable E.ControlVariables F.SafetyConcerns

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