CHAPTER 1

PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

A partial differential equation is an equation involving a function of two or
more variables and some of its partial derivatives. Therefore a partial differential
equation contains one dependent variable and one independent variable.
Here z will be taken as the dependent variable and x and y the independent
variable so that
( ) y x f z ,
.
e will use the following standard notations to denote the partial derivatives.

, , q
y
z
p
x
z

t
y
z
s
y x
z
r
x
z

!
! !
!
!
, ,
The order of partial differential equation is that of the highest order derivative
occurring in it.
Formation of partial differential eqation!
There are two methods to form a partial differential equation.
"i# $y elimination of arbitrary constants.
"ii# $y elimination of arbitrary functions.

Pro"lem#
Formation of partial differential eqation "$ elimination of ar"itrar$
%on#tant#%
&1'Form t(e partial differential eqation "$ eliminatin) t(e ar"itrar$ %on#tant#
from
! !
b a by ax z + + + *
Soltion!
&iven
! !
b a by ax z + + + '''''... "(#
(
Here we have two arbitrary constants a ) b.
*ifferentiating equation "(# partially with respect to x and y respectively we get

a p a
x
z

'''''' "!#

a q b
y
z

''''''. "+#
,ubstitute "!# and "+# in "(# we get

! !
q p qy px z + + + , which is the required partial differential equation.
&+' Form t(e partial differential eqation "$ eliminatin) t(e ar"itrar$ %on#tant#
a, ", % from (
!
!
!
!
!
!
+ +
c
z
b
y
a
x
*
Soltion!
e note that the number of constants is more than the number of independent
variable. Hence the order of the resulting equation will be more than (.
(
!
!
!
!
!
!
+ +
c
z
b
y
a
x
.................. "(#
*ifferentiating "(# partially with respect to x and then with respect to y, we get


# + .." .......... .......... -
! !
# ! ." .......... .......... -
! !
! !
! !
+
+
q
c
z
b
y
p
c
y
a
x

*ifferentiating "!# partially with respect to x,
# "
( (
!
! !
p zr
c a
+ + '''''..".#
here
!
!
x
z
r

.
/rom "!# and ".# ,
# 0 .." .......... ..........
# 1 .." .......... ..........
!
!
!
!
!
p zr
a
c
x
zp
a
c
+

.
/rom "1# and "0#, we get
!

x
z
z
x
z
x
x
z
xz

,
_

!
!
!
, which is the required partial differential
equation.
&-' Find t(e differential eqation of all #p(ere# of t(e #ame radi# % (a.in) t(eir
%enter on t(e $o/0plane* *
Soltion!
The equation of a sphere having its centre at
( ) b a, , -
, that lies on the
yoz
2
plane
and having its radius equal to c is

! ! ! !
# " # " c b z a y x + + '''''. "(#
3f a and b are treated as arbitrary constants, "(# represents the family of spheres
having the given property.
*ifferentiating "(# partially with respect to x and then with respect to y, we
have

( ) - ! ! + p b z x
''''' "!#
and
( ) ( ) - ! ! + q b z a y
'''''."+#
/rom "!#,
p
x
b z
'''''.".#
4sing ".# in "+#,
p
qx
b y
'''''.."1#
4sing ".# and "1# in "(#, we get

!
!
!
!
! !
!
c
p
x
p
x q
x + +
. i.e. ( )
! ! ! ! !
( p c x q p + + , which is the required partial differential equation.

Pro"lem#
Formation of partial differential eqation "$ elimination of ar"itrar$
fn%tion#!
+
&1'Form t(e partial differential eqation "$ eliminatin) t(e ar"itrar$ fn%tion 1f2
from
( ) by x f e z
ay
+
#oltion% &iven ( ) by x f e z
ay
+
i.e. ( ) by x f z e
ay
+

'''''"(#
*ifferentiating "(# partially with respect to x and then with respect to y, we
get
( ) ( . 5 u f p e
ay

''''."!#
( ) b u f z ae q e
ay ay
. 5

'''''."+#
where
by x u +
6liminating f7"u# from "!# and "+#, we get

b
p
az q

i.e.
bp az q +
&+' Form t(e partial differential eqation "$ eliminatin) t(e ar"itrar$ fn%tion 1

2

- ,
!

,
_

z
x
xy z
Soltion! &iven
- ,
!

,
_

z
x
xy z
''''''"(#
8et xy z u
!
,
z
x
v
Then the given equation is of the form
( ) - , v u
.
The elimination of

from equation "!#, we get,

-

y
v
y
u
x
v
x
u
i.e.
-
!
!
!
!

z
xq
x zq
z
px z
y zp
.
i.e
( ) ( ) - ! !
! !

,
_

,
_

x zq
z
px z
z
xq
y zp
i.e ( ) zx z xy q px
! !
!

&-' Form t(e partial differential eqation "$ eliminatin) t(e ar"itrar$ fn%tion 1f2
from

( ) ( ) y x g y x f z + + + !
Soltion! &iven
( ) ( ) y x g y x f z + + + !
.''''"(#
*ifferentiating "(# partially with respect to x,

( ) ( ) + . ! . v g u f p + ''''."!#
here
y x u + !
and
y x v +
*ifferentiating "(# partially with respect to y,

( ) ( ) # ( " ( . + v g u f q ''''. "+#
*ifferentiating "!# partially with respect to x and then with respect to y,

( ) ( ) 9 . . . v g u f r +
''''. ".#
and ( ) ( ) # + ." ! . + v g u f s ''''.. "1#
*ifferentiating "+# partially with respect to y,

( ) ( ) ( . ( . v g u f t + ''''.. "0#
6liminating
( ) u f
and
( ) v g
from ".#, "1# and "0# using determinants,
we
have

t
s
r
( (
+ !
9 .

: -
i.e. - +- 1 1 + t s r
or
- 0
!
! !
!
!

y
z
y x
z
x
z

&3' Form t(e partial differential eqation "$ eliminatin) t(e ar"itrar$ fn%tion 1

2
from

( ) ( ) x y x y
x
z +
(
*
Soltion! &iven
( ) ( ) u u
x
z +
(
''''..."(#
1
here
x y u
*ifferentiating partially with respect to x and y, we get
( ) ( ) ( ) # ( "
(
# ( "
(
!
+ u u
x
u
x
p ''''"!#

( ) ( ) ( . ( .
(
u u
x
q +
''''."+#
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( .
! !
( .
(
+ !
u u
x
u
x
u
x
r + + + '''..".#
( ) ( ) ( ) # ( "
( (
!
+ u u
x
u
x
s ''''"1#

( ) ( ) ( . ( .
(
u u
x
t +
''''.."0#
/rom ".# and "0#, we get
( ) ( ) u
x
u
x
t r
+ !
! !
+
:
( ) ( )

'

+ u u
x x

( !
!
: z
x
!
!
i.e.
z
y x
z
x
z
!
!
!
!
!
!

,
_

Soltion# of partial differential eqation#

;onsider the following two equations

by ax z +
'''.."(#
and
,
_

x
y
xf z
'''.."!#
6quation "(# contains arbitrary constants a and b, but equation "!# contains only one
arbitrary function f.
3f we eliminate the arbitrary constants a and b from "(# we get a partial differential
equation of the form
z yq xp +
. 3f we eliminate the arbitrary function f from "!# we get
a partial differential equation of the form
z yq xp +
.
0
Therefore for a given partial differential equation we may have more than one type of
solutions.
T$pe# of #oltion#!
"a# A solution in which the number of arbitrary constants is equal to the number of
independent variables is called Complete Inte)ral &or' Complete #oltion*
"b# 3n complete integral if we give particular values to the arbitrary constants we get
Parti%lar Inte)ral*
"c# The equation which does not have any arbitrary constants is known as Sin)lar
Inte)ral*
To find t(e )eneral inte)ral!
,uppose that
( ) - , , , , q p z y x f
'''...."(#
is a first order partial differential equation whose complete solution is

( ) - , , , , b a z y x
'''.."!#
here a and b are arbitrary constants.
8et
( ) a f b
, where <f7is an arbitrary function.
Then "!# becomes
( ) ( ) - , , , , a f a z y x '''."+#
*ifferentiating "+# partially with respect to <a7, we get


( ) - .

a f
b a

'''.".#
The eliminant of <a7 between the two equations "+# and ".#, when it exists, is called the
general integral of "(#.
4et(od# to #ol.e t(e fir#t order partial differential eqation!
T$pe 1!
Eqation of t(e form
- # , " q p f
'''..."(#
i.e the equation contains p and q only.
,uppose that
c by ax z + +
''....."!#
=
is a solution of the equation

b
y
z
a
x
z

,

b q a p ,
substitute the above in "(#, we get

- # , " b a f
on solving this we can get
( ) a b
, where

is a known function.
4sing this value of b in "!#, the complete solution of the given partial differential
equation is

( ) c y a ax z + +
''''"+#
is a complete solution,
To find the singular solution, we have to eliminate <a7 and <c7 from

( ) c y a ax z + +

*ifferentiating the above with respect to <a7 and <c7, we get

( ) y a x + -
,
and -:(.
The last equation is absurd. Hence there is no singular solution for the equation of
Type (.
Pro"lem#!
&1' Sol.e (
! !
+q p *
Soltion!
&iven% (
! !
+q p ''''."(#
6quation "(# is of the form
- # , " q p f
.
Assume
c by ax z + +
''''."!#
be the solution of equation "(#.
/rom "!# we get
b q a p ,
.
"(# (
! !
+ b a

!
( a b t '''."+#
,ubstitute "+# in "!# we get
>
c y a ax z + t
!
( ''....".#
This is a complete solution.
To find the general solution%
e put
( ) a f c
in ".#,where <f7 is an arbitrary function.
i.e. ( ) a f y a ax z + t
!
( ''''"1#
*ifferentiating "1# partially with respect to <a7, we get

( ) -
(
!
+

a f y
a
a
x
'''''"0#
6liminating <a7 between equations "1# and "0#, we get the required general solution.
To find the singular solution%
*ifferentiate ".# partially with respect to <a7 and <c7, we get

!
(
-
a
a
x

t
,
-:(."which is absurd#
so there is no singular solution.
&+' Sol.e
pq q p +
Soltion!
&iven%
pq q p +
'''.."(#
6quation "(# is of the form
- # , " q p f
Assume
c by ax z + +
'''"!#
be the solution of equation "(#.
/rom "!# we get
b q a p ,
"(# ab b a +

(

a
a
b
''....."+#
,ubstituting "+# in "!#, we get

c y
a
a
ax z +

+
(
'''".#
9
This is a complete solution.
To find the general solution%
e put
( ) a f c
in ".#, we get

( ) a f y
a
a
ax z +

+
(
''.."1#
*ifferentiating "1# partially with respect to <a7, we get

( )
( ) a f y
a
x +

!
(
(
'''.."0#
6liminating <a7 between equations "1# and "0#, we get the required general solution
To find the singular solution%
*ifferentiating ".# with respect to <a7 and <c7.

( )
,
(
(
-
!
y
a
x

and -:( "which is absurd#.
,o there is no singular solution.
T$pe +! &Clairat2# t$pe'
T(e eqation of t(e form

# , " q p f qy px z + +
'''"(#
i# 5no6n a# Clairat2# eqation.
Assume
c by ax z + +
''''"!#
be a solution of "(#.

b
y
z
a
x
z

,

b q a p ,
,ubstitute the above in "(#, we get

# , " b a f by ax z + +
'''.."+#
which is the complete solution.
(-
Pro"lem!
&1' Sol.e
pq qy px z + +
Soltion!
&iven%
pq qy px z + +
'''."(#
6quation "(# is a ;lairaut7s equation
8et
c by ax z + +
'''.."!#
be the solution of "(#.
?ut
b q a p ,
in "(#, we get
ab by ax z + + '''."+#
which is a complete solution.
To find the general solution%
e put
( ) a f b
in "+#, we get

( ) ( ) a af y a f ax z + +
'''".#
*ifferentiate ".# partially with respect to <a7, we get

( )
( )
( ) ( ) [ ] a f a f a
a af
y a f x + + +
!
(
-
'''.."1#
6liminating <a7 between equations ".# and "1#, we get the required general solution
To find singular solution,
*ifferentiate "+# partially with respect to <a7, we get

b
ab
x .
!
(
- +

a
b
x
!
'''.."0#
*ifferentiate "+# partially with respect to <b7, we get

a
ab
y .
!
(
- +

b
a
y
!
'''.."=#
@ultiplying equation "0# and "=#,we get
((

,
_

,
_

b
a
a
b
xy
! !

.
(
xy

( . xy
&+' Sol.e
p
p
q
qy px z + +
Soltion!
&iven%
p
p
q
qy px z + +
'''."(#
6quation "(# is a ;lairaut7s equation
8et
c by ax z + +
'''..."!#
be the solution of "(#.
?ut
b q a p ,
in "(#, we get

a
a
b
by ax z + +
'''."+#
which is the complete solution.
To find the general solution%
e put
( ) a f b
in "+#, we get
( )
( )
a
a
a f
y a f ax z + + ''..".#
*ifferentiate ".# partially with respect to <a7, we get
( )
( ) ( )
( -

+ +
a
a f a f a
y a f x ''.."1#
6liminating <a7 between equations ".# and "1#, we get the required general
solution
To find the singular solution%
*ifferentiate "+# partially with respect to <a7,
( -
!

a
b
x
(
!
+
a
b
x
(!
(
!
+ b x a
(
!
x a b .............. ".#
*ifferentiate "+# partially with respect to <b7,

a
y
(
- +

y
a
(

''''."1#
,ubstituting equation ".# and "1# in equation "+#, we get


( )
( )

,
_

+ +

,
_

y
y
x a
y x a x
y
z
(
(
(
(
(
!
!

y
y xy a y yx a
y
x
z
(
! !
+ + +

y y
x
z
(
+

x yz (
T$pe -!
Eqation# not %ontainin) 7 and $ e7pli%itl$, i*e* eqation# of t(e form

( ) - , , q p z f
'''."(#
/or equations of this type ,it is known that a solution will be of the form

( ) ay x z +
'''."!#
here <a7 is the arbitrary constant and

is a specific function to be found out.

?utting
u ay x +
, "!# becomes
( ) ( ) u z or u z

du
dz
x
u
du
dz
p

.
and
du
dz
a
y
u
du
dz
q

.
3f "!# is to be a solution of "(#, the values of p and q obtained should satisfy "(#.
i.e.
- , ,
,
_

du
dz
a
du
dz
z f
''.."+#
/rom "+#, we get
(+

( ) a z
du
dz
,
'''.".#
Aow ".# is a ordinary differential equation, which can be solved by variable separable
method.
The solution of ".#, which will be of the form
( ) ( ) b ay x a z g or b u a z g + + + , ,
, is the
complete solution of "(#.
The general and singular solution of "(# can be found out by usual method.
Pro"lem#!
&1'Sol.e
! !
q p z + .
Soltion!
&iven%
! !
q p z + ''''"(#
6quation "(# is of the form
( ) - , , q p z f
Assume
( ) u z
where,
ay x u +
be a solution of "(#.

du
dz
p
du
dz
x
u
du
dz
x
z
p

.
''."!#

du
dz
a q
du
dz
a
y
u
du
dz
y
z
q

.
''"+#
,ubstituting equation "!# ) "+# in "(#, we get


!
!
!

,
_

+
,
_

du
dz
a
du
dz
z
( )
!
!
( a
du
dz
z +
,
_

!
!
( a
z
du
dz
+

,
_

( )
!
!
(
( a
z
du
dz
+

$y variable separable method,

( )
!
(
!
!
(
( a
du
z
dz
+

(.
$y integrating, we get

( )

+
+
c du
a
z
dz
+
(
!
!
(
(
(

( )
( )
c
a
ay x
z +
+
+

!
(
!
(
!

( )
( )
!
( !
!
(
!
c
a
ay x
z +
+
+

( )
( )
k
a
ay x
z +
+
+

!
(
!
( !
'''.".#
This is the complete solution.
To find the general solution%
e put
( ) a f k
in ".#, we get

( )
( )
( ) a f
a
ay x
z +
+
+

!
(
!
( !
''.."1#
*ifferentiate "1# partially with respect to <a7, we get

( )
( ) a f
a
xa y
+
+

!
+
!
( !
-
'''.."0#
6liminating <a7 between equations ".# and "1#, we get the required general
solution.

To find the singular solution%
*ifferentiate ".# partially with respect to <a7 and <k7, we get

( )
!
+
!
( !
-
a
xa y
+

'''.."=#
and ( - "which is absurd#
,o there is no singular solution.
(1
&+'Sol.e ( ) . 9
! !
+ q z p *
Soltion!
&iven% ( ) . 9
! !
+q z p '''"(#
6quation "(# is of the form
( ) - , , q p z f
Assume
( ) u z
where ,
ay x u +
be a solution of "(#.

du
dz
p
du
dz
x
u
du
dz
x
z
p

.
''."!#

du
dz
a q
du
dz
a
y
u
du
dz
y
z
q

.
''"+#
,ubstituting equation "!# ) "+# in "(#, we get

. 9
!
!
!

,
_

,
_

+
,
_

du
dz
a z
du
dz
[ ] . 9
!
!
+
,
_

a z
du
dz

[ ]
!
!
9
.
a z du
dz
+

,
_

!
(
.
+
!
a z
du
dz
+
t

du dz a z
+
!
!
t +
3ntegrating the above, we get
( ) c du dz a z + t +

+
!
!
(
!

( ) c u a z + t +
+
!
+
!
!
+
!
( ) ( ) c ay x a z + + t +
+
!
+
!
!
+
!

( ) ( ) k ay x a z + + t +
!
+
!
'''..".#
This is the complete solution.
To find the general solution%
(0
e put
( ) a f k
in ".#, we get

( ) ( ) ( ) a f ay x a z + + t +
!
+
!
''.."1#
*ifferentiate "1# partially with respect to <a7, we get

( ) ( ) a f y a z a + t
!
(
!
+
''.."0#
6liminating <a7 between equations ".# and "1#, we get the required general
solution.
To find the singular solution%
*ifferentiate ".# partially with respect to <a7 and <k7, we get

( ) y a z a t +
!
(
!
+
'''.."=#
and ( - "which is absurd#
,o there is no singular solution.
T$pe 3!
Eqation# of t(e form

( ) ( ) q y g p x f , ,
'''.."(#
i.e. equation which do not contain z explicitly and in which terms containing p and x can
be separated from those containing q and y.
To find the complete solution of "(#,
e assume that
( ) ( ) a q y g p x f , ,
.where <a7 is an arbitrary constant.
,olving
( ) a p x f ,
,we can get
( ) a x p ,
and solving
( ) a q y g ,
,we can get
( ) a y q ,
.
Aow

qdy pdx or dy
y
z
dx
x
z
dz +

i.e.
( ) ( )dy a y dx a x dz , , +

3ntegrating with respect to the concerned variables, we get

( ) ( )

+ + b dy a y dx a x z , ,
'''."!#
The complete solution of "(# is given by "!#, which contains two arbitrary constants <a7
and <b7.
The general and singular solution of "(# can be found out by usual method.
(=
Pro"lem#!
&1'Sol.e
xy pq
.
Soltion!
&iven%
xy pq

q
y
x
p

'''.."(#
6quation "(# is of the form
( ) ( ) q y g p x f , ,
8et
a
q
y
x
p

"say#

a
x
p

ax p
''''."!#
,imilarly,
a
q
y

a
y
q
''''"+#
Assume
qdy pdx dz +
be a solution of "(#
,ubstitute equation "!# and "+# to the above, we get

dy
a
y
axdx dz +

3ntegrating the above we get,

c ydy
a
xdx a dz + +

(
c
a
y ax
z + +
! !
! !
k
a
y
ax z + +
!
!
! '''..".#
This is the complete solution.
The general and singular solution of "(# can be found out by usual method.

&+' Sol.e
y x q p + +
*
Soltion!
&iven%
y x q p + +

y q x p
''''.. "(#
6quation "(# is of the form
( ) ( ) q y g p x f , ,
8et
a q y x p
"say#
(>

a x p

a x p +
''''. "!#
,imilarly,
a q y

a y q
'''''"+#
Assume
qdy pdx dz +
be a solution of "(#
,ubstitute equation "!# and "+# to the above, we get

( ) ( )dy a y dx a x dz + +

3ntegrating the above we get,

( ) ( ) c dy a y dx a x dz + + +


( )
( ) c y x a
y x
z + +
+

!
! !
( ) c y x a y x z + + + ! !
! !
'''''".#
This is the complete solution.
The general and singular solution of "(# can be found out by usual method.
Eqation# red%i"le to #tandard t$pe#0tran#formation#!
T$pe A!
Eqation# of t(e form ( ) ( ) - , , - , z q y p x f or q y p x f
n m n m
*
here m and n are constants, each not equal to (.
e make the transformations Y y and X x
n m

( (
.
Then
( )
X
z
P where P x m
x
X
X
z
x
z
p
m

, ( .
and

( )
Y
z
Q where Q y n
y
Y
Y
z
y
z
q
n

, ( .
Therefore the equation ( ) - , q y p x f
n m
reduces to ( ) ( ) { } , - ( , ( Q n P m f .which is
a type ( equation.
The equation ( ) - , , z q y p x f
n m
reduces to ( ) ( ) { } , - , ( , ( z Q n P m f .which is a
type + equation.
Pro"lem!
&1'Sol.e
! ! . !
!z zq y x p + .
Soltion!
&iven%
! ! . !
!z zq y x p +
(9
This can be written as
( ) ( )
! !
!
!
!z z qy px + .
hich is of the form ( ) - , , z q y p x f
n m
, where m:!,n:!.
?ut
y
y Y
x
x X
n m
(
B
(
( (



( )
! !
. px x p
X
x
x
z
X
z
P

( )
! !
. qy y q
Y
y
y
z
Y
z
Q

,ubstituting in the given equation,

! !
!z qz P .
This is of the form
( ) - , , z q p f
.
8et
( ) aY X f Z +
, where aY X u +

du
dz
a Q
du
dz
P ,
6quation becomes, .
,olving for
du
dz
,
du
a a
z
dz
z z a az
du
dz
z
du
dz
az
du
dz
!
>
!
>
- !
!
! ! !
!
!
+ t

+ t

,
_

( ) b aY X
a a
z + +
+ t

!
>
log
!
b
y
a
x
a a
z +

,
_

+
+ t

(
!
>
log
!
is a complete solution.
The general and singular solution can be found out by usual method.
T$pe 8!
Eqation# of t(e form ( ) ( ) - , , , - , y x q z p z f or q z p z f
k k k k
*
here k is a constant, which is not equal to 2(.
e make the transformations
( +

k
z Z
.
Then
( ) p z k
x
Z
P
k
( +

and
!-

( ) p z k
y
Z
Q
k
( +

Therefore the equation ( ) - , q z p z f

k k
reduces to
, -
(
,
(

,
_

+ + k
Q
k
P
f
which is a type
( equation.
The equation ( ) - , , , y x q z p z f
k k
reduces to
, - , ,
(
,
(

,
_

+ +
y x
k
Q
k
P
f
which is a
type . equation.
Pro"lem#!
&1'Sol.e! . (
! ! .
p z q z
Soltion!
&iven% . (
! ! .
p z q z
The equation can be rewritten as ( ) ( ) (
!
!
!
p z q z '''"(#
hich contains q z and p z
! !
.
Hence we make the transformation
+
z Z

+
+
!
!
P
p z
p z
x
Z
P

,imilarly
+
!
Q
q z
4sing these values in "(#, we get
9 +
!
P Q '''.."!#
As "!# is an equation containing ? and C only, a solution of "!# will be of the form

c by ax Z + +
''''."+#
Aow
, b Q and a P
obtained from "+# satisfy equation "!#
9 +
!
a b
i.e. 9 + + t a b
Therefore the complete solution of "!# is c y a ax Z + + t 9 +
i.e complete solution of "(# is c y a ax z + + t 9 +
+
,ingular solution does not exist. &eneral solution is found out as usual.
T$pe C!
!(
Eqation# of t(e form ( ) - , q z y p z x f
k n k m
, 6(ere
( B ( , k n m
e make the transformations

( ( (
,
+

k n m
z Z and y Y x X
Then
dX
dx
x
z
dz
dZ
X
Z
P . .

( )
m
x
p z k
m
k

+
(
. (
and ( )
n
y
q z k Q
n
k

+
(
. (
Therefore the given equation reduces to

-
(
(
,
(
(

'

,
_

,
_

Q
k
n
P
k
m
f
This is of type ( equation.
Pro"lem!
&1'Sol.e
(
!
!
!
!
!

,
_

+
y
q
x
p
z
Soltion!
&iven%
(
!
!
!
!
!

,
_

+
y
q
x
p
z
3t can be rewritten as ( ) ( ) (
!
(
!
(
+

zq y zp x '''.."(#
which is of the form ( ) ( ) (
! !
+ q z y p z x
k n k m
we make the transformations

( ( (
,
+

k n m
z Z and y Y x X
i.e.
! ! !
, z Z and y Y x X
Then
x P
z dx
dX
X
Z
dZ
dz
x
z
p ! . .
!
(
. .

zp x P
(
,
,imilarly, zq y Q
(
,
4sing these in "(#,it becomes
(
! !
+Q P ''''"!#
As "!# contains only ? and C explicitly, a solution of the equation will be of the
!!
form
c bY aX Z + + ''''."+#
Therefore
, b Q and a P
obtained from "+# satisfy equation "!#
i.e.
!
! !
(
, (
a b
b a
t
+
Therefore the complete solution of "!# is
c Y a aX Z + t
!
(
Therefore the complete solution of "(# is
c y a ax z + t
! ! ! !
(
,ingular solution does not exist. &eneral solution is found out as usual.
T$pe D!
Eqation of t(e form
- ,
,
_

z
qy
z
px
f
$y putting
z Z and y Y x X log log , log
the equation reduces to
( ) , - , Q P f
where
Y
Z
Q and
X
Z
P

.
Pro"lem#!
&1'Sol.e
!
z pqxy *
Soltion!
&iven%
!
z pqxy . '''''."(#
Dewriting "(#,

(
,
_

,
_

z
qy
z
px
. '''''."!#
As "!# contains
,
_

,
_

z
qy
and
z
px
, we make the substitutions

z Z and y Y x X log log , log

Then
x
P z
dx
dX
X
Z
dZ
dz
x
z
P
(
. . . .

i.e.
P
z
px

!+
,imilarly,
Q
z
qx

4sing these in "!#, it becomes

( PQ
''''.."+#
which contains only ? and C explicitly. A solution of "+# is of the form
c bY aX Z + + ''''".#
Therefore
, b Q and a P
obtained from ".# satisfy equation "+#
i.e.
a
b or ab
(
(

Therefore the complete solution of "+# is
c Y
a
aX Z + +
(
Therefore the complete solution of "(# is
c y
a
x a z + + log
(
log log
''.."1#
&eneral solution of "(# is obtained as usual.
9eneral #oltion of partial differential eqation#!
?artial differential equations, for which the general solution can be obtained
directly, can be divided in to the following three categories.
"(# 6quations that can be solved by direct "partial# integration.
"!# 8agrange7s linear equation of the first order.
"+# 8inear partial differential equations of higher order with constant coefficients.
Eqation# t(at %an "e #ol.ed "$ dire%t &partial' inte)ration%
Pro"lem#!
&1'Sol.e t(e eqation , cos
!
x e
t x
u
t

if - u 6(en
- -

t
u
and t
6(en
. - x
Al#o #(o6 t(at
, sin x u
6(en t *
Soltion!
&iven% , cos
!
x e
t x
u
t

'''''."(#
3ntegrating "(# partially with respect to x,

( ) t f x e
t
u
t
+

sin
'''''."!#
!.
hen
- -

t
u
and t
in "!#, we get
( ) - t f
.
6quation "!# becomes
x e
t
u
t
sin

'''''."+#
3ntegrating "+# partially with respect to t, we get
( ) x g x e u
t
+

sin '''''".#
4sing the given condition, namely - u when
, - t
we get

( ) ( ) x x g or x g x sin sin - +
4sing this value in ".#, the required particular solution of "(# is
( )
t
e x u

( sin
Aow
( ) ( ) { }
t
t t
e x u


( lim sin lim
x sin
i.e. when
x u t sin ,
.
&+' Sol.e t(e eqation
y x
y
z
and y x
x
z
cos + +

#imltaneo#l$*
Soltion! &iven

# ( ......" .......... + y x
x
z

# ! ........" .......... cos y x
y
z
+

3ntegrating "(# partially with respect to x,

( ) y f yx
x
z +
!
+
!
''''.."+#
*ifferentiating "(# partially with respect to y,

( ) y f x
y
z
+

''''...".#
;omparing "!# and ".#, we get

( )
( ) # 1 ........." .......... sin
cos
c y y f
y y f
+


Therefore the required solution is
c y yx
x
z + + sin
!
+
!
, where c is an arbitrary constant.
!1
La)ran)e2# linear eqation of t(e fir#t order!
A linear partial differential equation of the first order , which is of the form

R Qq Pp +

where
R Q P , ,
are functions of
z y x , ,
is called 8agrange7s linear equation.
6or5in) rle to #ol.e
R Qq Pp +
"(#To solve
R Qq Pp +
, we form the corresponding subsidiary simultaneous equations

.
R
dz
Q
dy
P
dx


"!#,olving these equations, we get two independent solutions
b v and a u
.
"+#Then the required general solution is
( ) ( ) ( ) u v or v u or v u f - ,
.
Soltion of t(e #imltaneo# eqation#
.
R
dz
Q
dy
P
dx

4et(od# of )ropin)!
$y grouping any two of three ratios, it may be possible to get an ordinary
differential equation containing only two variables, eventhough ?BCBD are in
general, functions of x,y,z. $y solving this equation, we can get a solution of the
simultaneous equations. $y this method, we may be able to get two independent
solutions, by using different groupings.
4et(od# of mltiplier#!
3f we can find a set of three quantities l,m,n which may be constants or
functions of the variables x,y,z, such that
- + + nR mQ lP
, then the solution of the
simultaneous equation is found out as follows.

nR mQ lP
ndz mdy ldx
R
dz
Q
dy
P
dx
+ +
+ +

,ince
. - , - + + + + ndz mdy ldx nR mQ lP
3f
- + + ndz mdy ldx
is an exact
differential of some function
( ) z y x u , ,
, then we get . - du 3ntegrating this, we get
a u
, which is a solution of
.
R
dz
Q
dy
P
dx

,imilarly, if we can find another set of independent multipliers
, , , n m l
we can get
another independent solution b v .
!0
Pro"lem#!
&1'Sol.e
x yq xp +
*
Soltion!
&iven%
x yq xp +
.
This is of 8agrange7s type of ?*6 where
x R y Q x P , ,
*
The subsidiary equations are
.
x
dz
y
dy
x
dx

Taking first two members
y
dy
x
dx

3ntegrating we get
(
log log log c y x +
i.e.
y
x
u
c
y
x

(
''''."(#
Taking first and last members
x
dz
x
dx

.
i.e. dz dx .
3ntegrating we get
z x v
c z x


!
'''......"!#
Therefore the solution of the given ?*6 is
( ) - , . . - ,

,
_

z x
y
x
e i v u
.
&+'Sol.e t(e eqation
( ) ( ) . ! ! x y q y z p z x +
Soltion!
&iven%
( ) ( ) . ! ! x y q y z p z x +
This is of 8agrange7s type of ?*6 where
x y R y z Q z x P , ! , !
*
The subsidiary equations are
.
! ! x y
dz
y z
dy
z x
dx

'''."(#
4sing the multipliers (,(,(, each ratio in "(#:
-
dz dy dx + +
*

- + + dz dy dx
*
3ntegrating, we get
a z y x + +
'''''"!'
4sing the multipliers y,x,!z, each ratio in "(#:
-
!zdz xdy ydx + +
*

( ) - ! + zdz xy d
*
3ntegrating, we get b z xy +
!
'''''"+#
!=
Therefore the general solution of the given equation is ( ) - ,
!
+ + + z xy z y x f .
&-'S(o6 t(at t(e inte)ral #rfa%e of t(e PDE ( ) ( ) ( ) z y x q z x y p z y x
! ! ! !
+ + *
:(i%( %ontain# t(e #trai)(t line - ! ! ! ( , -
! !
+ + + + z xyz y x is z y x *
Soltion!
The subsidiary equations of the given 8agrange <s equation are

( ) ( ) ( )
.
! ! ! !
z y x
dz
z x y
dy
z y x
dx

+
'''''"(#
4sing the multipliers
,
(
,
(
,
(
z y x
* each ratio in "(#:
-
( ( (
dz
z
dy
y
dx
x
+ +
*

-
( ( (
+ + dz
z
dy
y
dx
x
*
3ntegrating, we get
a xyz
'''''"!'
4sing the multipliers y,x,2(, each ratio in "(#:
-
dz ydy xdx +
*

- + dz ydy xdx
*
3ntegrating, we get b z y x + !
! !
'''''"+#
The required surface has to pass through

(
-

+
z
y x
'''''".#
4sing ".# in "!# and "+#, we have

b x
a x


! !
!
!
'''''"1#
6liminating x in "1# we get,
- ! ! + + b a '''''."0#
,ubstituting for a and b from "!# and "+# in "0#, we get
- ! ! !
! !
+ + + z xyz y x , which is the equation of the required
surface.
Linear P*D*E*S of (i)(er order 6it( %on#tant %oeffi%ient#%
The standard form of a homogeneous linear partial differential equation of the

th
n order with constant coefficients is
!>
( ) y x R
y
z
a
y x
z
a
y x
z
a
x
z
a
n
n
n n
n
n
n
n
n
, ...
! ! ! ( ( -

+ +

'''''."(#
where a7s are constants.
3f we use the operators
y
and
x

, we can symbolically write equation "(#

as

( ) ( ) y x R z a a a
n
n
n n
, ...
(
( -

+ +

+

'''''."!#
( ) ( ) y x R z f , ,
'''''."+#
where ( ) f , is a homogeneous polynomial of the
th
n degree in
and
.
The method of solving "+# is similar to that of solving ordinary linear differential
equations with constant coefficients.
The general solution of "+# is of the form z : "complementary function#E"particular
integral#,where the complementary function is the D.H., of the general solution of
( ) - , z f and the particular integral is given symbolically by
( )
( ) y x R
f
,
,
(

.
Complementar$ fn%tion of ( ) ( ) y x R z f , ,
%
;./ of the solution of ( ) ( ) y x R z f , ,
is the D.H., of the solution of
( ) - , z f . ''''"(#
3n this equation, we put
( , m
,then we get an equation which is called the
a7iliar$ eqation.
Hence the auxiliary equation of "(# is
- ...
(
( -
+ + +

n
n n
a m a m a ''''."!#
8et the roots of this equation be n
m m m ,... ,
! ( .
Ca#e 1!
The roots of "!# are real and distinct.
The general solution is given by

( ) ( ) ( ) x m y x m y x m y z
n n
+ + + + + + ...
! ! ( (
Ca#e +!
!9
Two of the roots of "!# are equal and others are distinct.
The general solution is given by

( ) ( ) ( ) x m y x m y x m y z
n n
+ + + + + + ...
( ! ( (
Ca#e -!
<r7 of the roots of "!# are equal and others distinct.
The general solution is given by
( ) ( ) ( ) x m y x x m y x x m y z
r r
r
+ + + + + +


(
( ! ( (
...
To find parti%lar inte)ral!
Rle &1'% 3f the D.H., of a given ?*6 is ( )
by ax
e y x f
+
, , then

( )
by ax
e
f
! P
+

,
(
.
?ut
b a ,

( )
( ) - ,
,
(
.
+
b a f if e
b a f
! P
by ax
3f
( ) , - , b a f
refer to Dule ".#.
Rle &+'% 3f the D.H., of a given ?*6 is
( ) ( ) ( ) by ax or by ax y x f + + cos sin ,
, then

( )
( ) ( ) by ax or by ax
f
! P + +

cos sin
,
(
.
Deplace
( ) f in ab and b a , ,
! ! ! !
provided the
denominator is not equal to zero.
3f the denominator is zero, refer to Dule ".#.
Rle &-'% 3f the D.H., of a given ?*6 is ( )
n m
y x y x f , , then

( )
( ) { } ( )
n m
n m
y x f
y x
f
! P
, ,
,
(
.
(

6xpand ( ) { }
(
,

f by using $inomial Theorem and then operate on
n m
y x .
Rle &3'% 3f the D.H., of a given ?*6
( ) y x f ,
is any other function Fother than Dule"(#,
"!# and"+#G resolve ( ) f , into linear factors say ( ) ( ) m m
! (
etc. then the

( )( )
( ) y x f
m m
! P ,
(
.
! (

+-
Note! 3f the denominator is zero in Dule "(# and "!# then apply Dule ".#.
:or5in) rle to find P*I 6(en denominator i# /ero in Rle &1' and Rle &+'*
3f the D.H., of a given ?*6 is of the form ( ) ( )
by ax
e or by ax or by ax
+
+ + cos sin
Then
( )
( ) ( ) by ax f
n b
x
by ax f
a b
! P
n
n
+ +

H
.
(
.
This rule can be applied only for equal roots.

Pro"lem#!
&1' Sol.e
( )
y x y x
e e z
+
+

! + ! +
! +
Soltion!
&iven%
( )
y x y x
e e z
+
+

! + ! +
! +
The auxiliary equation is - ! +
+
+ m m

! , ( , ( m

( ) ( ) ( ) x y f x y f x y xf " # ! .
+ ! (
+ + + +

( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
y x y x
y x y x
e

e

e e

! P
+
+
+
+
+

+
+

!
(
!
(
! +
(
.
!
!
!
!
+ ! ! +

( )

'

+

+
+

+
+
y x y x
y x y x
e
x
xe
e

e

! 9
(
(
.
9
(
!
(
.
9
(
!
!
!
!
The general solution of the given equation is
( ) ( ) ( )
y x y x
e
x
e
x
x y f x y f x y xf z
+
+ + + + + +
(> 9
!
!
!
+ ! (
+(
&+'Sol.e
( ) ( ) y x xy z + ! sin 1 .
! !
+ +

+
Soltion!
&iven%
( ) ( ) y x xy z + ! sin 1 .
! !
+ +

+
The auxiliary equation is - 1 .
!
+ m m

1 , ( m
( ) ( ) x y x y " # + +
! (
1 .

( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) xy

xy

xy

xy

! P

'

'

'

... 1 . (
(
1 . (
(
1 . (
(
1 .
(
.
! !
(
! !
!
!
! !
(

( ) ( )
( )
1 +
.
+
. !
+-
(
0
(
.
(
0
. .
( (
x y x
x

y x
xy

xy

( ) ( ) y x

! P + ! sin
1 .
(
.
! !
!
+

( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) y x
y x
+ ! sin
(=
(
+ ! sin
+ 1 + . ! . . !
(
! !
+
+
+

Therefore the general solution is

+!

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) y x x y x x y x y z + ! sin
(=
(
+-
(
0
(
1
1 +
! (
+ + + + +

&-'Sol.e
( )
y x
e y x z
+

! ! ! !
!
Soltion!
&iven%
( )
y x
e y x z
+

! ! ! !
!
The auxiliary equation is - ( !
!
+ m m

( , ( m
( ) ( ) x y f x y xf " # + + +
! (
.

( )
( )
( ) ( ) { }
! !
!
! !
!
( (
(
(
.
y x

e
y x e

! P
y x
y x
+ +

+
+

( )
! !
!
(
y x

e
y x

+

( )
( )
! !
!
!
!
! !
!
!
+
!
(
(
(
(
y x

e
y x

e
y x
y x

,
_

,
_

+
++

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
y x
y x
y x
e x y x y x
x

y x

y e
x

y x

y x

e
+
+
+

,
_

+ +

'

+ +

'

+ +
0 1 ! .
!
.
!
+
!
!
!
!
!
! ! !
!
0-
(
(1
(
(!
(
(
. 0
(
. .
(
!
+
!
! (
Therefore the general solution is

( ) ( )
y x
e x x xy y x y f x y xf z
+

,
_

+ + + + + +
. ! !
! (
0-
(
(1
(
(!
(

+.
4A3T (
?art A
"(#/orm a partial differential equation by eliminating arbitrary constants a and b from

( ) ( )
! !
b y a x z + + +
An#!
&iven ( ) ( )
! !
b y a x z + + + ''. "(#

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) + !
! !


b y
y
z
q
a x
x
z
p
+

,ubstituting "!# ) "+# in "(#, we get

. .
! !
q p
z +
"!# ,olve% ( ) - !
! !
+ z
An#!
Auxiliary equation

( )
( ) ( ) x y xf x y f z
m
m
m m
+ + +

+
! (
!
!
( , (
- (
- ( !
"+#/orm a partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary constants a and b from
the equation( ) ( )
! ! ! !
cot z b y a x + .
An#!
&iven% ( ) ( )
! ! ! !
cot z b y a x + '.. "(#
?artially differentiating with respect to <x7 and <y7 we get
( )
!
cot ! ! zp a x '.. "!#
( )
!
cot ! ! zq b y '... "+#
"!#
!
cot zp a x '' ".#
"+#
!
cot zq b y '.. "1#
,ubstituting ".# and "1# in "(# we get

! ! . ! ! . ! !
cot cot cot z q z p z + .

! ! !
tan + q p .
".#/ind the complete solution of the partial differential equation . - .
! !
+ pq q p
An#!
&iven%

. - .
! !
+ pq q p
''.. "(#
8et us assume that

c by ax z + +
''' "!#
be the solution of "(#
?artially differentiating with respect to <x7 and <y7 we get
+1


b
y
z
q
a
x
z
p

''.. "+#
,ubstituting "+# in "(# we get

- .
! !
+ ab b a
/rom the above equation we get,

!
. (0 .
! ! !
b a b b
a
t

!
. a b b a t
'''. ".#
,ubstituting "1# in "!# we get

( ) c by x a b z + + t
!
. (
"1#/ind the ?*6 of all planes having equal intercepts on the x and y axis.
An#!
The equation of such plane is


( + +
b
z
a
y
a
x
'''. "(#
?artially differentiating "(# with respect to <x7 and <y7 we get


a
b
p
b
p
a
+ -
(
'''.. "!#

a
b
q
b
q
a
+ -
(
'''.. "+#
/rom "!# and "+#, we get

q p

"0#/ind the solution of
! ! !
z qy px + .
An#!
The ,.6 is

! ! !
z
dz
y
dy
x
dx


Taking first two members, we get

! !
y
dy
x
dx

3ntegrating we get

(
( (
c
y x
+

i.e
(
( (
c
x y
u

,
_

Taking last two members, we get

! !
z
dz
y
dy

3ntegrating we get

!
( (
c
z y
+

+0
i.e
!
( (
c
y z
v

,
_

The complete solution is

-
( (
,
( (

,
_

y z x y

"=#/ind the singular integral of the partial differential equation .

! !
q p qy px z + +
An#!
The complete integral is

.
! !
b a by ax z + +


!
- !
!
- !
y
b b y
b
z
x
a a x
a
z

Therefore


z x y
y x y x y x
z
.
. . . . ! !
! !
! ! ! ! ! !

+ + +

">#,olve%
.
! ! !
m q p +
An#!

! ! !
m q p $iven +
''.. "(#
8et us assume that

c by ax z + +
'' "!#
be the solution of "(#
?artially differentiating with respect to <x7 and <y7 we get


b
y
z
q
a
x
z
p

''.. "+#
,ubstituting "+# in "(# we get

! ! !
m b a +
This is the required solution.
"9#/orm a partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary constants a and b from

.
n n
by ax z +
An#!

.
n n
by ax z $iven +
''' "(#
?artially differentiating with respect to <x7 and <y7 we get
+=


(
(
(
(
.
.

n
n
n
n
ny
q
b ny b
y
z
q
nx
p
a nx a
x
z
p

''.. "!#
,ubstituting "!# in "(# we get

n
n
n
n
y
ny
q
x
nx
p
z
( (
+

( ) qy px
n
z +
(
This is the required ?*6.
"(-#,olve%

( ) . -
+ ! ! +

+ z
An#!
Auxiliary equation

( )
( ) ( ) ( ) x y f x x y xf x y f z
m
m
m m m
+ +

+
+ + +
+
!
! (
+
! +
( , ( , (
- (
- (
"((#/orm a partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary constants a and b
from


( )( ).
! ! ! !
b y a x z + +
An#% &iven ( )( )
! ! ! !
b y a x z + + ''. "(#

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) +
!
!
!
!
!
! ! ! !
! ! ! !


y
q
a x a x y
y
z
q
x
p
b y b y x
x
z
p
+ +

+ +

,ubstituting "!# ) "+# in "(#, we get

x
p
y
q
z
!
.
!

xyz pq .
"(!#,olve%

( ) - (
!
+ z
An#!
The given equation can be written as

( )( ) - ( ( + z
e know that the ;./ corresponding to the factors

( ) ( ) is z m m -
! ! ( (


+>

( ) ( ) x m y f e x m y f e z
x x
! ! ( (
! (
+ + +

3n our problem

( , - , ( , (
! ( ! (
m m

( ) ( ) x y f e x y f e " #
x x
+ + +

! (
.

( ) ( ) x y f e x y f e z
x x
+ + +

! (

"(+#/orm a partial differential equation by eliminate the arbitrary function f from

.
,
_

z
xy
f z
An#!
. %
,
_

z
xy
f z $iven

# ( .." ..........
.
..
!
z
p xy zy
z
xy
f p

,
_

# ! .." ..........
.
..
!
z
q xy zx
z
xy
f q

,
_

/rom "(#, we get

# + ..." ..........
!
xyp zy
pz
z
xy
f

,
_

,ubstituting "+# in"!#, we get

!
!
.
.
z
p xy zy
xyp zy
pz
p

"(.#,olve%

( ) . - ! !
+ ! ! +

+ z
An#% Auxiliary equation

( ) ( ) ( ) x y f x y f x y f z is %olution
m
m m m
!
! , ( , (
- ! !
+ ! (
! +
+ + +

+
"(1#Ibtain partial differential equation by eliminating arbitrary constants a and b from

( ) ( ) . (
! ! !
+ + + + z b y a x
An#!
&iven ( ) ( ) (
! ! !
+ + z b y a x ''. "(#

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) + - ! !
# ! ........." - ! !
zq b y zq b y
zp a x zp a x
+
+
,ubstituting "!# ) "+# in "(#, we get
+9

!
! !
! ! ! ! !
(
(
(
z
q p
z q z p z
+ +
+ +
"(0#/ind the general solution of

. - 9 (! .
!
! !
!
!

y
z
y x
z
y
z
An#!
Auxiliary equation is

- 9 (! .
!
+ m m

>
(.. (.. (! t
m

!
+
,
!
+
m

&eneral solution is

,
_

+ +
,
_

+ x y xf x y f z
!
+
!
+
! (
"(=#/ind the complete integral of

. , ,
y
z
q
x
z
p where pq q p

+
An#% 8et us assume that

c by ax z + +
''' "(#
be the solution of the given equation.
?artially differentiating with respect to <x7 and <y7 we get


b
y
z
q
a
x
z
p

''.. "!#
,ubstituting "!# in "(# we get

(
+
a
a
b ab b a
,ubstituting the above in "(# we get

c y
a
a
ax z +
,
_

+
(

This gives the complete integral.
"(>#,olve%

( ) - ! +
+ ! +

z
.-
An#!
Auxiliary equation

( ) ( ) ( ) x y f x y xf x y f z is %olution
m
m m
!
! , ( , (
- ! +
+ ! (
+
+ + + +

+
"(9#/ind the ?*6 of the family of spheres having their centers on the line x:y:z.
An#% The equation of such sphere is
( ) ( ) ( )
! ! ! !
r a z a y a x + +

?artially differentiating with respect to <x7 and <y7 we get

( ) ( ) # ( ." .......... - ! ! + p a z a x


( ) ( ) # ! ." .......... - ! ! + q a z a y

/rom "(#,

# + ." ..........
( p
zp x
a
+
+

/rom "!#,

# . ." ..........
( q
zq y
a
+
+

/rom "+# and ".#, we get

q
zq y
p
zp x
+
+

+
+
( (

This is the required ?*6.
"!-#,olve%

. - > . !
+
+
!
+
!
!
+
+

y
z
y x
z
y x
z
x
z
An#%
Auxiliary equation

( ) ( ) ( ) x y f x y xf x y f z is %olution
m
m m m
! ! !
! , ! , !
- > . !
+ ! (
! +
+ + + +

+
?art $
"(#"i# /orm a partial differential equation by eliminating arbitrary functions from
( ) ( ) y x g y x xf z + + + ! !
"ii# ,olve% ( )
! ! !
( qx x y p +
"!#"i# ,olve% ( ) ( ) ( )
! ! ! ! ! !
x y z q z x y p y z x +
"ii# ,olve%
( ) y x e
y x
z
x
z
y x
+ +

+
sin . !
!
!
+
+
+
"+#"i# ,olve% ( ) - ! !
! ! !
+ xz xyq p z y x
.(
"ii# ,olve%
( )
y x
e y x z
. + ! !
+ ! !
+
+ +

".#"i# ,olve% ( )
! ! ! ! !
y x q p z + +
"ii# ,olve%
( ) y z sin . +
! !

+
"1#"i# ,olve% ( ) ( ) ( ) y x z q xz y x p yz y x + + + + +
! ! ! !
"ii# ,olve%
( ) ( ) y x e z
y x
+

+
. sin !-
1 ! !
"0#"i# ,olve%
! !
q p z +
"ii# ,olve%
( )
y x
e y x z
+
+

+
+ ! ! !
0
"=#"i# ,olve% ( ) -
! !
+ + xz xyq p z y
"ii# ,olve%
( ) y e xy z
x
sinh 1 0
! !
+

">#"i# ,olve% ( ) ( ) z q q p ( (
!
"ii# ,olve%
( )
y x
e xy z
+
+

! ! !
. .
"9#"i# ,olve% ( ) ( ) xy z q zx y p yz x +
! ! !
"ii# ,olve%
( ) ( ) ( ) y x z q x z y p z y x +
"(-#"i# ,olve%
! ! ! ! ! !
z x q y x p +
"ii#,olve%
( ) xy z + + +
! !
.!
"((#"i# /orm the partial differential equation by eliminating
and f
from
( ) ( ) z y x y f z + + +
"ii# ,olve%
( )
x
e y x z
! + !
! +
"(!#"i# /ind the complete integral of
y x q p + +
"ii# ,olve% ( ) y z x xyq p y !
!

"(+#"i# ,olve%
( ) ( ) x y q z x p y z + ! ! . . + +
"ii# ,olve%
( ) ( )
!
! + ! !
! ! + + !
y x
e e z

+ + + +
"iii# ,olve%
( ) ( )
y x
e y x z

+

+
! ! !
! sin 1 .
"(.#"i# ,olve
! ! !
( q p z + +
"ii# ,olve%
( ) ( ) z x q y x p z y + + ! !
"(1#"i# /orm a partial differential equation by eliminating arbitrary functions f and g in
( ) ( ) x g y y f x z
! !
+
"ii# ,olve%
( ) ( )
y x
e y x z
+
+

1 ! !
. sin !-
"(0#"i# /orm a partial differential equation by eliminating arbitrary functions f and g in
( ) ( ) y x g y x f z ! !
+ +
+ +
"ii# ,olve%
( ) ( ) ( )( ) y x y x q x yz p xy y + +
"(=#"i# /ind the singular solution of (
! !
+ + + + q p qy px z
"ii# ,olve%
( )
y x
e xy z
+
+

0 ! !
+-
"(># "i# ,olve%
( ) ( )
y x
e y x z
+
+ +

! + ! +
! sin 0 =
"ii# /ind the singular integral of a partial differential equation
! !
q p qy px z + +
"(9#"i# ,olve%
( ) ( ) y x z ! log (0 . .
! !
+

.+
"ii# /orm a partial differential equation by eliminating arbitrary functions <f7 from
( ) - ,
! !
+ y x xy z f
"!-#"i# ,olve%
( ) ( ) y x y x z + +

+
! ! !
sin ! + sin ! sin
"ii# ,olve%
! ! ! ! ! !
z x q y x p +
..