B mn Cng ngh phn mm- Khoa CNTT- HCN

Email: vynv@coltech.vnu.vn
K ngh phn mm
Software Engeneering
B mn Cng ngh phn mm HCN
2
NguynVnV
Ni dung
Bi 10: D n, xc nh d n
Khi nim v qun l d n
Xc nh d n
Cc c lng d n
B mn Cng ngh phn mm HCN
3
NguynVnV
TI LiU THAM KHO
1. Nguyn Vn V, Nguyn Vit H. Gio trnh k ngh phn
mm. Nh xut bn i hc Quc gia H ni, 2008
2. Grady Booch, James Rumbaugh, Ivar Jacobson. The Unified
Modeling language User Guid. Addison-Wesley, 1998.
3. M. Ould. Managing Software Quality and Business Risk, John
Wiley and Sons, 1999.
4. Roger S.Pressman, Software Engineering, a Practitioners
Approach. Fifth Edition, McGraw Hill, 2001.
5. Ian Sommerville, Software Engineering. Sixth Edition, Addison-
Wasley, 2001.
6. Nguyn Vn V. Phn tch thit k h thng thng tin hin i.
Hng cu trc v hng i tng, NXB Thng k, 2002, H
Ni.
B mn Cng ngh phn mm HCN
4
NguynVnV
Khi nim d n (project)
nh ngha
D n l 1 nhim v cn hon thnh c c
1 sn phm/dch v duy nht, trong 1 thi hn
cho, vi kinh ph d kin.
Sn phm xc nh & duy nht
Rng buc - thi hn nh
- kinh ph cho
Theo PMI: d n l mt s c gng nht thi c
tin hnh to ra sn mt phm hay dch v.
B mn Cng ngh phn mm HCN
5
NguynVnV
Cc c trng ca d n
Cc hot ng c: mc tiu xc nh
Mang tnh thi im: c bt u, kt thc
C cc rng buc xc nh: vi khung kh cng
C nhiu ri ro: thnh cng-tht bi
Hot ng d n khc mi
hot ng thng thng khc.
B mn Cng ngh phn mm HCN
6
NguynVnV
c trng ca d n phn mm
Sn phm phn mm l v hnh
Khng c xc nh duy nht (vi cng yu cu)
Khng chp nhn nh cc nguyn tc k ngh thng
thng khc (c, in,.)
Tin trnh pht trin ty bin, khng chun ha.
D n nhiu bin ng theo tnh cht ca sn phm
v mi trng pht trin
p dng qun l d n thng thng kh thnh cng
B mn Cng ngh phn mm HCN
7
NguynVnV
Thc trng cc d n phn mm
Cc vn thng xy ra:
Sn phm khng t yu cu
Khng hon thnh ng hn
Chi ph vt d ton
Ri ro l tt yu kh trnh
ngn sch
thi gian
thc hin
d n
B mn Cng ngh phn mm HCN
8
NguynVnV
Mc tiu, phng chm qun l d n
Mc tiu: to ra sn phm bn giao cht lng
ng thi hn (thi gian)
Trong phm vi chi ph d ton (chi ph)
ph hp vi yu cu ca khch hng (cht lng)
Phng chm:
Theo quy trinh, lch biu, nhng linh hot
Hng kt qu, khng hng nhim v
Huy ng, pht huy mi ngun lc
Lm r nhim v, trch nhim tng ngi
Ti liu c ng, cht lng
B mn Cng ngh phn mm HCN
9
NguynVnV
Tin trnh tng qut trin khai d n
xng
thng qua
cng b
d n
iu chnh
k hoch
phn tch
nh gi
theo di,
gim st
tin
trin khai
k hoch
lp lch
biu
c lng
ngun lc
CV
lp
xut d
n, k kt
lp bng
cng vic
lp cc
k hoch
sa i
cn thit
kt thc
d n
lp t d
n
lp ti liu
d n,
qun l
lp b
phn
qun l
Xc nh
T chc Lp k hoch iu hnh, gim st Kt thc
B mn Cng ngh phn mm HCN
10
NguynVnV
Cc chc nng qun l
Qun l chnh
Qun l b tr
Cng c
Phng
php
Tch hp
Khch hng
yu cu
Ri ro Cu hnh Nhn s Mua sm
Phm vi,
sn phm
Thi gian Chi ph Cht lng
Thnh
cng
B mn Cng ngh phn mm HCN
11
NguynVnV
Xc nh d n
Xc nh d n l bc u tin ca qun l d n.
N c th hin qua bn xut d n
d n c thng qua phi tha mn:
p ng cc yu cu ca ngi a ra: bao gm cc
chc nng v rng buc, p ng s mong i ca h.
V vy cn a ra 1 s phng n v la chn phng
n thch hp
Sau khi c phng n, cn lp lun tnh kh thi trn
cc mt: kinh t, thi gian, hot ng, php l
B mn Cng ngh phn mm HCN
12
NguynVnV
Vit bn xut d n
Ngi qun l t chc xy dng bn xut d
n(project proposal) (BXDA) nhng ngi c
thm quyn thng qua & k kt. Bn xut cha
c thng qua, th khng th trin khai d n.
Ngi tham gia xy dng BXDA l nhng ngi
c chuyn mn cao, kinh nghim: bit vic, c
phng php v kinh nghim, tc l c nng lc
Vi d n ln, vic xy dng
BXDA c th l 1 d n.
Project
proposal
B mn Cng ngh phn mm HCN
13
NguynVnV
Tin trnh xc nh d n
vit/sa
xut d n
gi ly
kin
ng

hp thng
qua
xng
cng b
d n
kho st
no
yes
bn cng b
thng
qua
k hp
ng
yes
no
Project
proposal
B mn Cng ngh phn mm HCN
14
NguynVnV
Ni dung bn xut d n
Ni dung chnh ca bn xut :
1. Mc tiu ca d n (p ng y/cu t chc)
2. Vn v c hi (s cp thit, li ch)
3. Gii php xut (gii php cng ngh)
4. Cc tiu chun & la chn d n (cch tip cn)
5. Phn tch li nhun v chi ph (kh thi kinh t)
6. Cc yu cu v nghip v (s cng tc)
7. Phm vi d n (hot ng chnh, b phn-ngi lin
quan) v trch nhim
B mn Cng ngh phn mm HCN
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NguynVnV
Ni dung bn xut d n gm:
8. Nhng cn tr v kh khn chnh (lng ht)
9. Phn tch cc ri ro (kh thi khc)
10. Tng quan lch trnh thc hin (thi hn kt thc,
cc mc ln)(kh thi thi gian)
11. Ma trn trch nhim (quan h /trch nhim)
12. K hoch truyn thng (m bo thng tin) .
2 Ti liu cui cng ch cn khi d n c trin
khai (khng cn khi d n mi xut)
Ni dung bn xut d n
B mn Cng ngh phn mm HCN
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NguynVnV
Mc tiu ca d n
Mc tiu d n thng gm:
Mc tiu chung: hng lu di, ph hp vi
mc tiu chin lc ca t chc.
Mc tiu c th: gii quyt nhng vn ,
nhim v hin ti ca t chc
D n nh thng ch c mc tiu c th
Xc nh mc tiu cn kinh nghim & ly chin lc
v nhim v ca t chc lm c s.
Mc tiu cn r rng, ng n l c s xy dng
ti liu khc: phm vi, m t cng vic, l yu
t quyt nh thnh cng d n
B mn Cng ngh phn mm HCN
17
NguynVnV
Phn tch vn v c hi l c s thuyt phc nh
ti tr hay khch hng u t
Vi 1 nh u t, li ch c phm vi rng: kinh t,
x hi, khoa hc.. Ty thuc vo d n
Cn ch r cc kh khn tr ngi ang lm nh
hng ti mc tiu ca t chc, gy thit hi n
li ch ca t chc.
Cng ch ra c hi c c nh thc hin d n, v
cui cng l li ch m n mang li tht xng ng,
k diu vi u t b ra
Phn tch vn v c hi
B mn Cng ngh phn mm HCN
18
NguynVnV
Gii php xut thng cho tng vn , sau tng
hp c gii php tng th. V d:
xut gii php
Vn Gii php
S n hng ng tng ln T ng ha vic cp nht
X l theo l nn rt chm X l theo thi gian thc
T l thay th nhn vin cao T ng c gii quyt
Pht trin 1 h thng cp nht n hng c t ng ha
(vi 1 s mc) & x l d liu t ng ngay sau khi cp
nht c kt qu cho khch (nu cn).
C 1 s phng n tng ng vi tng mc t ng
B mn Cng ngh phn mm HCN
19
NguynVnV
Phng n v chn phng n d n
Xy dng mt s phng n la chn, sao cho
1. p ng yu cu khch hng:
Mc gii quyt vn t ra:
Ti thiu
C bn
Trit
Cc rng buc:
Thi gian
Chi ph
Khc
2. Ph hp vi nh pht trin
Ci thin tnh th
Gim chi ph/ tng hiu qu
t li nhun/u th cnh tranh
B mn Cng ngh phn mm HCN
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NguynVnV
Phng php chn phng n DA
Khi c gii php cng ngh, cn xy dng 1 s
phng n ng vi cc yu cu khch hng t ra
(ti thiu, c bn, trit ) v:
1. Tin hnh tnh ton chi ph kim tra s tha mn
cc rng buc
2. Cho im tng tiu chun (theo mc u tin)
nh gi nh lng phng n
3. Phn tch, so snh c tnh n cc iu
kin khc chn phng n chp
nhn c
B mn Cng ngh phn mm HCN
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NguynVnV
c lng chi ph pht trin
c lng phn cng c th da trn m hnh cu
hnh v gi thit b tnh ra.
c lng chi ph pht trin phn mm lun l bi
ton kh. c lng lc ny mc gp/cao
Ba i lng cn c lng:
Chi ph cng lao ng: s ngithng, S ngi-
tun, s ngi-ngy
vn bng tin = s ngy/gi cng x gi
S lao ng: ngi
Chi ph thi gian: ngy, tun, thng
B mn Cng ngh phn mm HCN
22
NguynVnV
Nguyn tc chung: phn nh nhim v, c lng
tng phn t di ln,ri cng li.
Cch phn nh:
Theo sn phm chn vn: 1 m un
Theo giai on: c t, thit k, m, ci t
Mt s phng php thng gp:
Phng php chuyn gia
Tng t - kinh nghim
im chc nng
COCOMO
c lng chi ph pht trin
B mn Cng ngh phn mm HCN
23
NguynVnV
Phn nh nhim v c lng
mc gp, phn nh c th c 3 cch: theo cc h
con, theo giai on pht trin, hoc kt hp c 2
H
thng
H con 1
c lng h1
c lng h2
c lng h3
c lng
h thng
H con 1
H con 1
H
thng
UL xc
nh
UL pht
trin
UL thm
nh
UL ci t,
tin ha
c lng ton h
B mn Cng ngh phn mm HCN
24
NguynVnV
Phng php chuyn gia
Cc bc tin hnh:
1. Cc chuyn gia cng ngh phn mm nghin
cu ti liu, a ra cc c lng.
2. Nu c s khc bit ng k, tit hnh tho
lun, a ra nh gi mi
3. Nu nh gi mi khng sai khc nhiu th
dng. Ngc li, quay v 2
u: r, nhanh
Nhc: chnh xc ph
thuc vo trnh chuyn
gia v bi ton c th
B mn Cng ngh phn mm HCN
25
NguynVnV
Phng php tng t
Cc bc tin hnh:
1. So vi d n tng t lm, ly c lng ca
n (tng phn) nhn vi h s iu chnh.
2. Mt trong loi ny l suy lun hp l theo ca kinh
nghim(khoa CNTT, HCN)
u: chnh xc khi c d liu c th
Nhc: Khng th thc hin khi khng c d n
tng t
B mn Cng ngh phn mm HCN
26
NguynVnV
V d: Phng php kinh nghim
Bi ton: trin khai 1 phn mm cp nhp 4 loi bo co sai
hng trong sn xut ca cc c s v a ra 4 bo co: tng
hp, phn loi v phn tch sai hng theo k.
Bng phn tch c lng
Giai on
Xc nh yu
cu
Phn tch
thit k
Lp trnh
k.th
Ci t,
bo tr
Tng
cng
Kinh nghim
20% 30% 30% 20% 100%
D n
10% 40% 40% 10% 100%
Ngy cng
68 24 24 6 62
lng bnh qun 6tr/thng, lm 20 ngy 300.000/ngy
Chi ph d n: 300ng x 62ngy x 130% = 24.180.000
B mn Cng ngh phn mm HCN
27
NguynVnV
Phn tch im chc nng (FPA)
A. Albrecht thuc IBM pht trin phng php phn tch
im chc nng (FPA- function point analysys)
Mc ch: c lng s dng lnh - LOC (lines of code) ca
h thng:
LOC ca h thng
= FPs ca h thng x LOC/FP ca ngn ng
Trong : FPs- im chc nng
LOC/FP: s dng lnh cho
1 chc nng theo ngn ng
B mn Cng ngh phn mm HCN
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NguynVnV
Phng php im chc nng (FPs)
Bao gm cc bc:
1.Tnh im chc nng ca 5 loi tiu biu:
S kiu ngi dng nhp vo: I
S kiu ngi dng xut ra: O
S kiu ngi dng yu cu: E
S giao din ngoi vi: F
S files lin quan: L
B mn Cng ngh phn mm HCN
29
NguynVnV
V d: tnh im chc nng
Mt thnh phn ca h thng qun l kho bao gm chc nng
thm 1 bn ghi, xa 1 bn ghi, hin th 1 bn ghi, sa 1
bn ghi, in 1 bn ghi, nh vy c:
3 kiu nhp vo
1 kiu xut ra (hin th)
1 giao din ngoi (in)
cc im chc nng ny c gn vi phc tp tng ng
cho mi loi chc nng
B mn Cng ngh phn mm HCN
30
NguynVnV
2. Vi mi kiu chc nng, c lng phc tp & nhn vi s
c trng ri cng li.
phc tap c 3 mc: n gin, Trung bnh, Phc tp
Xc nh v tnh trng s iu chnh cho mi loi (F
i
)
Tnh tng ton b s iu chnh im chc nng (F
i
)
Phng php im chc nng
H s phc tp
Cc kiu chc nng Thp Tr.bnh Cao
kiu nhp vo 3 4 6
kiu xut ra 4 5 7
File chng trnh 7 10 15
Giao tip ngoi 5 7 10
Tm kim 3 4 6
B mn Cng ngh phn mm HCN
31
NguynVnV
Tnh tng cc im chc nng ca v d:
V d: tnh im chc nng
Kiu chc nng s lng h s phc tp im ch.nng
kiu nhp vo 3 x 3
4
7
5
Tm kim 0 x 3 = 0
= 9
kiu xut ra 1 x = 4
File chng trnh 1 x = 7
Giao tip ngoi 1 x = 5
Tng FPs 25
B mn Cng ngh phn mm HCN
32
NguynVnV
3. tnh FPs, trc ht xc nh cc F
i
. Khi tr li cu
hi i vi v d, ta xc nh c: F
4
= 4, F
10
= 4, cc
F
i
cn li gn gi tr 0, nn: F
i
= 4 + 4 = 8
4. Tnh im chc nng theo cng thc
FPs = tng im x (0,65+0.01xF
i
)
Trong 0.65 v 0.01 l h s theo kinh nghim.
Phng php im chc nng
Nu h thng s dng ngn ng C (h s= 128), ta c c
lng s dng lnh:
LOC = 128 x { 25(0,65+0.01x 8)} = 128x18,25 = 2336
B mn Cng ngh phn mm HCN
33
NguynVnV
im i tng (OP:object point)
OP thay cho im chc nng khi dng 4GL i tng
y ngn ng hng i tng
L s nh gi tng hp ca cc yu t (i tng) trong
phn mm, s mn hnh c lp (giao din), s cc bo co
cn to (yu cu), s cc module cn phi pht trin bng
4GL
N d dng nh gi t c t yu cu, nn c th c
lng t giai on sm ca d n
B mn Cng ngh phn mm HCN
34
NguynVnV
M hnh c lng COCOMO
COCOMO (COstructive COst Model) dng c
lng cng sc, thi gian, s ngi pht trin da
trn kch c phn mm (LOC).
S dng cho cc phn mm ln
C s ca m hnh:
Cng sc: E = a * L
b
Thi gian: T = c * E
d
S ngi : N = E/T
Trong :
L: s dng lnh (KLOC)
a, b, c, d: tham s
B mn Cng ngh phn mm HCN
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NguynVnV
COCOMO: cc bc tin hnh
1. Xc nh kiu d n (c s chn tham s):
organic: cu trc r rng, mi trng quen: d
semi-detached: nhiu rng buc chc nng, mi trng
& ng dng l: kh hn
embeded: h thng gm c cng-mm, phc tp, rng
buc cht ch, cn nhiu kinh nghim: kh
2. Phn r mun chc nng & c lng s dng
lnh tng mun
3. Tnh li s dng lnh trn c s ti s dng
4. Tnh n lc pht trin E cho tng m un
B mn Cng ngh phn mm HCN
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NguynVnV
5. Tnh li E da trn phc tp ca d n, tin
cy, ln CSDL & yu cu v tc , b nh
6. Tnh thi gian v s ngi tham gia
c trng ng dng
a b c d
organic 3.2 1.05 2.5 0.38
semi-detached 3.0 1.12 2.5 0.35
embeded 2.8 1.2 2.5 0.32
Bng
tham s
c s
COCOMO: cc bc tin hnh
B mn Cng ngh phn mm HCN
37
NguynVnV
V d v COCOMO
V d: Phn mm c kch c 33.3 KLOC, mc
kh l tng i (semi-detached), nn
Chn: a = 3.0 b = 1.12 c = 2.5 d = 0.35
Tnh ton ta c:
E = 3.0 * 33.31.12 = 152 ngi-thng
T = 2.5 * E0.35 = 14.5 thng
N = E/T = ~ 11 ngi
B mn Cng ngh phn mm HCN
38
NguynVnV
Kh khn trong c lng
p dng cc m hnh khc nhau
tin hnh c lng nhiu ln
c lng li khi d n tin trin
tho lun, ly kin chung
Cc thng s khng trc quan
Kh nh gi tnh ng n ca tham s
Khng c m hnh tng qut
Cc k thut c lng ang thay i
Thiu tham s tham kho (s thng k)
B mn Cng ngh phn mm HCN
39
NguynVnV
chnh xc ca c lng
4x
.
.
Xut phm
x..yu cu
Thit k
Kh thi
M ho
2x
0.25x
0.5x
B mn Cng ngh phn mm HCN
40
NguynVnV
nh gi kh thi v kinh t
Phn tch kh thi v kinh t c thc
hin thng qua phn tch chi ph - li
nhun ca d n c chn.
Qu trnh phn tch tin hnh qua 3 bc:
Nhn bit v c lng cc khon mc chi
ph v thu nhp ca vic thc hin d n
Biu din bng n v c th so snh c
Tnh cc ch tiu hiu qu, so snh & nh
gi
B mn Cng ngh phn mm HCN
41
NguynVnV
Phn tch chi ph v li nhun
Thu nhp h thng mang li ch khi n vn hnh. nn
cn tnh cho mi nm (5 nm).
Thu nhp chia lm 3 loi:
Thu nhp trc tip thy c (tangible)
Thu nhp gin tip c th nh gi c v
Thu nhp tim nng (khng nhn thy-intangible)
Khi phn tch hiu qu kinh t thng ch c th
tnh c 2 loi u tin.
Li nhun = thu nhp chi ph
B mn Cng ngh phn mm HCN
42
NguynVnV
Mt ch tiu quan trng ca u t l h s hon
vn (return on investment ROI)
ROI =
hay thi gian hon vn:
T (hon vn) = nm
Cc s ny c em so snh vi s trung bnh
tng ng ca ngnh. Nu ln hn hoc bng th
d n u t l c hiu qu
1
ROI
H s hon vn
Li nhun bnh qun nm
Tng u t
B mn Cng ngh phn mm HCN
43
NguynVnV
V d: phn tch chi ph-li nhun
Loi hnh Cng vic thc hin S tin($)
Chi ph 1 ln Pht trin 65.000
Chi ph 1 ln Phn cng 50.000
Chi ph hot ng Bo tr 2.000/nm
Tit kim (thu) Lin quan n t ng t hng 12.000/nm
Tit kim (thu) Tnh ton chnh xc chuyn ch 15.000/nm
Tit kim (thu) Qun l thng tin, ti nguyn tt hn 12.000/nm
Bng chi ph v thu nhp ca d n la chn
B mn Cng ngh phn mm HCN
44
NguynVnV
V d: phn tch chi ph- li nhun
Nm
Ch tiu
0 1 2 3 4 5
- Thu nhp
- H s chuyn i
(t l chit khu 12%)
Thu nhp quy i
0
1
0
39,000
0.89286
34,821
39,000
0.79719
65,912
39,000
0.71778
93,671
39,000
0.63552
118,457
39,000
0.56759
140,586 140,586
- Chi ph 1 ln
- Chi ph bo tr
- h s chuyn i
(t l chit khu 12%)
- Chi ph quy i nm
Tng chi ph tch lu
115,000
0
1
115,000
2,000
0.89287
1,786
116,786
2,000
0.79714
1,594
118,380
2,000
0.71178
1,424
119,804
2,000
0.63352
1,271
121,075
2,000
0.56743
1,135
122,210 122,210
Thu nhp rng/nm 33,04 64,32 92,25 117,2 139,5 446,237
H s hon vn 0.24
tng cng
B mn Cng ngh phn mm HCN
45
NguynVnV
nh gi hiu qu kinh t
Nh vy, sau hn 4 nm ha vn (ROI =0,24).
Li ch thy c cha a vo l gim lao ng
Li ch khng thy c: tng cht lng qun l, p ng
c vi quy m tng ln khng cn u t
BIU TNH IM HA VN
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1 2 3 4 5
nm
$
thu nhp
chi ph t.ly
B mn Cng ngh phn mm HCN
46
NguynVnV
Nhng mc ln lch trnh d n
Mc ln lch trnh cn ch ra:
Thi gian kt thc d n
Cc giai on chnh nh du bng vic kt thc 1 giai on
vi sn phm ca n v thi gian lch tng ng
Cc mc ln thng c chn lp lch l:
K ngh h thng
Xc nh yu cu
Thit k
Lp trnh-kim th n vi
Kim th thm nh
Ci t v vn hnh
B mn Cng ngh phn mm HCN
47
NguynVnV
V d: lch trnh d n
Lch trnh pht trin h thng qun l kho(bn u tin)
Thit k vt l
2 12 tun
28/7/97 17/10/97
M ho
3 6 tun
20/10/97 28/11/97
Kim th
4 3 tun
1/12/97 19/12/97
Lm ti liu
5 1 tun
o to
6 1 tun
Chuyn i/vn hnh
7 4 tun
21/12/97 17/01/98
Thit k lgic
1 4 tun
30/6/97 25/7/97
B mn Cng ngh phn mm HCN
48
NguynVnV
Cu hi n tp
1. D n l g? cc c trng?
2. Mc tiu, phng chm qun l d n l gi?
3. Cc hot ng v cc chc nng qun l d n?
4. Nu tin trnh xc nh d n - bn xut d n?
5. Ni dung ca bn xut d n?
6. Cc bc chn d n?
7. Nu cc c lng ca d n v phng php xc nh
chng?
8. nh gi kh thi gm nhng kh thi no?
9. Cng c v ch tiu g lun chng kh thi kinh t?
10. Cng c g lun chng t kh thi thi gian?
B mn Cng ngh phn mm HCN
49
NguynVnV
Cu hi v tho lun