Emirates Journal for

Research, (2008) (Regular Pa er)

Engineering 13 (3), 19-26

ANALYSIS OF LIQUID-LIQUID TWO PHASE FLOW SYSTEM A.A. Al-Moosawy, T.A. Al-Hattab and T.A. Alo!bo!"# !e artment of "echanical Engineering, #ollege of Engineering, $ni%ersit& of 'a(&lon, )ra* E-"ail+ a,il-almoos.a&/&ahoo0co m
(Recei%e, 1o%em(er 2002 an, acce te, 3ugust 2008)

"# ! . ! 34 *), 12 ' ),- .#/ 0 + *) ( $%&' 6 )'5 .>?< 1= 6 )'+ :& ;, 9*) ! - 8 *7 ( 34 + ( 34 ,&B ( 'C5: B& '.. @A - G1@ A 9F E5 51 & + + 54 5D,& , K! F , 8J %. + :&I +5 H/;& , '-,,3' # G1 ( ON&/ M ( L& , L& , ,212 ( 5&H '6 9 LF LF I0 . E12 + 7 )5 'PB !S&'.%, 6: R, 5 'PB F %Q G1( U) U:&I O, 'T, Z /< A XY $N W?IA C5D' %& 'F ,JV ( 8*- 8* The stratified configuration is one of basic and most important distribution during two phase flow through horizontal pipes. A number of studies have been carried out to understand gas-liquid stratified flows. However not much is !nown regarding the simultaneous flow of two
"#

immiscible liquids. Therefore the present wor! attempts a detailed investigation of liquid-liquid stratified flow through horizontal conduits. $%perimental apparatus has been built to simulate gas oil&water flow with constant flow rate of gas oil. The single phase procedures have been achieved for the two liquid separatel' to find the friction factor and pressure drop as testing for the s'stem. The results which are found are comparable with that found in (ood' chart results. Two&phase procedures observation and photographic technique have been used to !now the flow patterns. )o the regimes encountered were smooth stratified wav' stratified three la'er flows plug flow and oil dispersion in water and water flow patterns. )o the flow patterns which are found differ from that found in gas-liquid two-phase flow and also the stratified flow pattern is present in wide range for patterns are e%tracted from this research which must be ta!en into the consideration to understand the relationships and principles of liquid-liquid flow.
4e&.or,s* two phase liquid- liquid flow flow regime

$. INT%ODU&TION +lows of two immiscible liquids were encountered in a diverse range of processes and equipments. ,articularl' in the petroleum industr' where mi%tures of oil and water are transported in pipes over long distances accurate prediction of oil&water flow characteristics such as flow pattern water holdup and pressure gradient is important in man' engineering applications. However despite of their importance liquid&liquid flows have not been e%plored to the same e%tent as gas&liquid flows. -n liquid&liquid s'stems the densit' difference between the phases is relativel' low. However the viscosit' ratio encountered e%tends over a range of man' orders of magnitude .(oreover oils and oil&water emulsions ma' show a .ewtonian or non&.ewtonian rheological behavior. Therefore the various concepts and results related (gas&liquid) phase laws cannot be readil' applied to liquid&liquid s'stems. /iverse flow patterns were observed in liquid& liquid s'stems. -n most of the reported studies the

identification of the flow pattern is based on visual observations photographic0video techniques or on abrupt changes in the average s'stem pressure drop. -n some recent studies the visual observation and pressure drop measurements are bac!ed up b' conductivit' measurements high frequenc' impedance probes or 1amma densitometers for local hold-up sampling or local pressure fluctuations and average holdup measurements2"3. The flow patterns can be classified into four basic protot'pes* )tratified la'ers with either smooth or wav' interface4 5arge slugs elongated or spherical of one liquid in the other4 A dispersion of relativel' fine drops of one liquid in the other4 Annular flow where one of the liquids forms the core and the other liquid flows in the annulus. -n man' cases however the flow pattern consists of a combination of these basic protot'pes. 6hen the water is the continuous phase oil viscosit' seems to have a minor effect on the flow patterns. However the oil viscosit' affects the location of the phase invasion dispersion oil in water or vice versa (/w 0o to /o0w). The input water-cut Uws0 Um

"#

3030 3l-"oosa.& et0 al0

required inverting the dispersion decrease with increasing the oil viscosit'. 7ore flow (water annulus) is usuall' not obtained in oil-water s'stems of relativel' low oil viscosit' and relativel' high 89 2:3. As in gas-5iquid s'stems the flow pattern depends on the liquids flow rates and ph'sical properties tube diameter and inclination. However due to the relativel' low densit' differential between the two- fluids the role of gravit' in liquid&liquid s'stems diminishes. Therefore wall-wetting properties of the liquid and surface tension forces become important and ma' have a significant effect on the flow pattern. However for specified operational conditions different flow patterns ma' result b' changing the tube material h'drophobic or h'drophilic. The start-up procedure (oil flowing in the pipe and then introducing water or vice versa) which affects the effective liquids-wall adhesion or entr' conditions (t'pe of nozzle used to introduction the two-liquids) is also an important factor in controlling the flow pattern2>3. )tratified flow is considered as a basic flow pattern in horizontal or slightl' inclined liquid&liquid s'stems of a finite densit' differential since for some range of sufficientl' low flow rates the two liquids phases tend to segregate. The modeling of liquid&liquid stratified flows requires the consideration of additional aspects in comparison to gas&liquid stratified flows. /ue to the variet' of ph'sical properties that ma' be encountered it is not a priori evident which of the phases is the faster (or specified operational conditions). Therefore the ambiguit' concerning the appropriate closure law for representing the interfacial shear is even greater than in the case of gas& liquid flows. (ultiple solutions can be obtained for specified operation conditions in co&current and counter& current inclined flows which are relevant in practical applications. (oreover as a result of the relativel' low densit' difference surface tension and wetting effects become important and the interface shape (conve% concave plane) is an additional field that has to be solved b' ?liemans 2>3.
:B Emirates Journal for Engineering Research, 5ol0 13, 1o03, 2008

$.) $;) ( <:

(anometer U-Tube /,T

T) <" 7#

7= 7> 7: 7" ,"

1T 6T

) '. E(PE%IMENTAL SET-UP The e%perimental wor! was performed on the liquid@liquid flow facilit' shown in +igure ". The main purpose of the e%perimental wor! is to design build up and operate a simple and eas' circulation loop in order to e%amine and stud' the single and two phase phenomena of liquid-liquid flow. -t was built after several changes in the rig. The test section pipes are horizontal and the length of each section was ":A cm. The location of the test section is change for more accurac' readings of pressure and for better flow pattern observation. Also the entrance region of water in gas oil flow changes to reduce the turbulence direction in the entrance region. The one wa' valve was used in wa' of water flow to prevent the mi%ing between gas oil and water flow.

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the experimental setup.

). E(PE%IMENTAL P%O&EDU%ES ).$. E*+,"#-,ntal S#n.l, P/as, P"o0,d!", After calibration was achieved the single phase flow process begins b' flow gas oil onl' and ta!ing the readings for pressure drop and flow rates. The readings of the pressure drop ta!ing after stead' state for the flow. The readings ta!e with change in the flow rate of gas oil. Also the single phase process performed for water flow in pipe then ta!ing the readings for the pressure drop and flow rate. The pressure drop and flow rates which are measuring for water and gas oil used for calculation the friction factor and other parameters so that the pressure drop increasing with increase flow rate of an' liquid for all sections pipe. The velocit' can be calculated from flow rates for liquids and cross section area of the pipe also Ce'nolds number evaluated from other parameters. The purpose from this process is testing for the s'stem and to be sure that the all parts of

s'stem wor!ing in a true wa' b' mapping the relations between friction factor with Ce'nolds number and comparison it with relation in (ood' chart. ).'. E*+,"#-,ntal P"o0,d!",s Two P/as,

After the single phase flow process was finished and the all parts of the s'stem wor! in s'stematic wa' the two phase processes are beginning to ta!e the pressure drop readings and flow patterns in the test section. The first step is pumping of gas oil from reservoir to the pipes b' constant flow rate. The gas oil flow at first in the metallic tube (galvanize tube) and then enters to the transparent tube (plastic tube). The amount of flow which has been pumped to the s'stem are (= A "B ": and "=) liter per minute. After the stabilit' of readings for manometers the pump of the other less viscous liquid begins in the mi%ing section. The amount of water flow rates "-"= liter per minute with constant the flow rate of gas oil. 6hen the water pumping in the presence of the other liquid (gas oil )

:B Emirates Journal for Engineering Research, 5ol0 13, 1o03, 2008

3nal&sis of 6i*ui,-6i*ui, 7.o Phase 8lo. 9&stem

the reading of U tube manometer and the pressure meter will change as reading ta!ing occur after a period differs according to the amount of flows in the s'stem. After the stabilization of reading the t'pe of flow should be observed through the transparent pipe and record photographicall' flow. Also a pointer will be placed at the limiting line between high viscosit' liquid and the low viscosit' liquid on the ,erspe% pipe to !now the magnitude of the height of water la'er toward the gas oil la'er and also recording that height. After that pumping of a new amount of gas oil with stabilizing the amount of water from "-"= liter per minute at a specific and ta!ing the preceding readings R(pressure suppl' pressure losses and the observation
flow patterns). After recording all the required data the

6hich are derived from empirical observations and application of ,randtls mi%ing length formula2D3. -n engineering literature the fanning friction factors fw and fo are function of the Ce'nolds number of the flow and are usuall' chosen to be the same as the friction factor for the corresponding single phase flow. +rom e%perimental studies this is a complicated function of the Ce'nolds number and the pipe roughness that was indicated b' )under2=3. However or turbulent flow in smooth pipe the simpler modified <lasius correlation is usuall' used for stratified two- phase flow* fE7Ce-m (#)

E
e.

Du33

("B)

flow liquids are separated to start another test.

F.

9
.

1. E(PE%IMENTAL ANALYSIS
1.$ 2,o-,t"#0 &ons#d,"at#ons

3)3 DF("G R E
c

("")

9H9 Fo ( o ) )

-n order to find the other parameters li!e stresses and pressure drop it is necessar' to e%press )w )o h- in term of A. This is done b' introducing the angle I as shown in +igure : which is the angle subtended b' the interface in a normal cross section at the center of the pipe then b' simple geometr' 2D3 described as* I 9: E: J :J GI 9o E :J
I
9 ) E sin : I G sinI 3 E :J
" h E) G :

The increasing of water stresses due to the increasing in water velocit' at high water flow rate but the stresses of gas oil be less than in water due to the lower velocit' of gas oil at high section area of gas oil also the high Ce'nolds number led to decreasing in friction factor. The stresses on the phases and Ce'nolds numbers are deal with more detailed in (=)

(" ) (: ) (> ) (D )

I cos:

Emirates Journal for Engineering Research, 5ol0 13, 1o03, 2008 :"

pred ictio n of the pres sure drop calc ulati ons. 1

. ) P " , d # 0 t # o

n o3 Hold!+ Having estimated the range of stable stratified flow attempts have ne%t been made to predict the in-situ volume fraction occupied b' either of the phases in the conduit .This is an important parameter because the h'drod'namics heat and other transport characteristics of such flow depend upon of the distribution and proportion of the two phase in the flow passage .-t is often equal to the input volume fraction. The parameter has showed b' 7ha!rabarti 2K3 as* L (":) 5 H E : 5
L

All these parameters depending on angle I which are limited b' e%perimental determination b' observations on the ,erspe% pipe which give our the limits for each phase also the increase in water flow rate led to decrease in )o and increase in )w due to the increasing in hold-up of water in the pipe. 1.' St",ss,s on t/, +/as,s The shear stress due to viscous effects on the walls of the pipe and at the interface between the two fluids is usuall' modeled 2"3 as in the form* M. E" . . (K) 9 f u : u Mo E " (A) : 9 o f o% %

5"

5:
and L

where L volumes 5"

5:

are the respective

occupied b' the lighter and the heavier liquids. Here water is the heavier phase and gas oil is the lighter phase. A further attempt has been made to note the difference between the in-situ and input volume fraction of the two phases in order to note whether the input volume fraction can be used to anal'ze liquidliquid flows in the absence of data on in-situ volume fractions. The input volume fraction has been e%pressed in as*
Psw OEP
sw

M) E 9; f)
:

"

(N)

(%Gu)%Gu

HP
)?

(">)

Emirates Journal for Engineering Research, 5ol0 13, 1o03, 2008 :"

3030 3l-"oosa.& et0 al0

-f

Uw R Uo . " R< E 3 2M:

:

then* RI G M
o.

I 'R sin ' 3 I 'R sin ' 3

("#) (:B)

R o " R('J R< E 3o2M o

o.

GI)HM

where the relation of velocit' with shear stress can be e%pressed as*
'

M. E f.9 . $: ' M oE f 9 o

(:") (::)
'

$;' '

Figure 2. Cross sectional view of the two phases.

($: G $ ; )

(:>)

M o. E f o. 9o

where P)6 and P)? are the respective volume flow rates of water and gas oil. )o the hold-up of water increasing with increasing in superficial water flow rate. 1.1 P",d#0t#on o3 t/, +",ss!", d"o+ The prediction is given in such a wa' that the s'stem will stabilize to its minimized total energ' and at the same time the s'stem will have same pressure drop in both the phases. The consideration of a flat interface during two phase flow through a circular conduit was ta!en into account b' )under 2=3. +rom a geometrical consideration of +igure : where W area occupied A E b' water phase* : ("D W C (I G sin I) A E ) : where C is the inner radius of the conduit and is the I angel subtended b' the water at the center. A? is the area occupied b' the oil phase and* :

'

4. %ESULTS AND DIS&USSION 4.$. S#n.l, +/as, 3low The purpose of the single- phase liquid e%perimental wor! was done to determine the pressure losses for each phase alone and to estimate the friction factor. -t is noted that the pressure gradient increase with distance % for gas oil flow this increasing is linear with distance %. ?ther relations for friction factor with Ce'nolds number for gas oil indicated to decrease linearl' for friction factor with increase Ce'nolds number as illustrated in +igure :.The comparison between friction factor for e%perimental calculations and friction factor for (ood' chart indicate to converge between them as shown in +igures : and >. -n +igure > the gradient of the friction factor for water flow is more than in +igure : for water flow because of the limits of Ce'nolds number for water flow which are between NBBB to :BBBB be high than in
.ER

3S E JR G :: Emirates Journal for Engineering Research, 5ol0 13, 1o03, 2008

:

(: ) J G I H sinI

("=)

: The s'stem shall stabilize to its minimized total energ' corresponding to . o

I

Additionall' the s'stem will have the same pressure drop in both phases & oil phase pressure drop per unit length E water phase pressure drop per unit length*

gas oil flow between DBBB to #BBB. Also when comparison was done with values of friction factor of (ood' chart with those get from e%perimental calculation we note the converge is valid in all cases.
Moody chart friction factor Experimental friction factor

R< Friction factor (f) -f water velocit' is more than the oil velocit' then force e%erted b' water phase (per unit length) E shear stress of water perimeter of ( M)
(Uw Uo)
Q

RP. R<

0.040 ("K) 0.036

perimeter of the interface* E

wall occupied b' water Hshear stress at the interface

I Mw CI H Mow :C sin(: )

0.032

)o that*

R . " 2M RI H M 'R sin ' 3 : R< E 3

: o

("A )

4000

8000

12000

16000

20000

And similarl'*

Reynold n!m"er (Re) GI)GM

I
' R sin '3
o.

R o " R('J R= E 3o 2M o

("N )

Figure 2. Comparison between Moody chart friction factor and experimental friction factor for water flow.

:: Emirates Journal for Engineering Research, 5ol0 13, 1o03, 2008

3nal&sis of 6i*ui,-6i*ui, 7.o Phase 8lo. 9&stem

0.044
Moody chart friction factor Experimental friction factor

0.042

Friction factor (f) 0.040

4000 #000

Reynold n!m"er (Re)

6000

$000

8000

%000

the water phase .This mar! the onset of dispersed flow (oil dispersed in water ) bounding the stratified flow regime. At lower gas oil flow rate (=-A l0min) and water flow rate (A-# l0min) the wav' interface occasionall' tend to touch the upper wall thus presenting a flow regime similar in appearance to the plug regime of gas liquid flow. However the plugs are irregular deformed and often appear as larger drops agglomerates of drops .This flow pattern does not e%ist at higher gas oil flow rate where the wav' stratified patter gives wa' to three la'er flows. 6hen the e%periments are performed at higher mi%ture flow rate the smooth stratified flow ceases to e%ist see appendi% A. The flow regime for low gas oil and high water

0.038

0.036 Figure . Comparison between Moody chart friction factor and experimental friction factor for gas oil flow. 4.'. Two P/as, Flow %,s!lts 4.'.$. Flow ",.#-, o3 two+/as, At the outset it was felt necessar' to estimate the range of stratified flow. +or this e%periment was performed for different combination of flow rates of the two fluids ranging from = l0min to "= l0min for gas oil and "-"= l0min for water since stratified flow has been observed to e%ist within these range of the flow rate of the two phases. <oth photographic techniques and visual observations have been used to identif' the flow patterns for both the mi%ture. The regimes observed are as follows* At low flow rates of water ("- >l0min) and flow rate of gas oil (=-A l>min) the flow is smooth stratified with complete separation of the two fluids. ?n increasing the gas oil flow rate (= A "B ": and "= l0min) and water flow rate (D-K l0min) the gas oil tends to sweep past the water thus causing waves to form. The wav' stratified pattern has been observed for an inlet gas oil superficial flow rate Pso of around
Emirates Journal for Engineering Research, 5ol0 13, 1o03, 2008 :>

=-"=l0min and )uperficial water flow rate P around sw D-K l0min .A further in P cause an increase in the

amplitude of the water waves .As a result the' brea! down to form fine drop which are dispersed in the continuous gas oil medium. ?n the other hand an increase of water flow rate from the wav' stratified regime shifts the flow to a unique stratified appearance .-n this pattern the region between the two liquids is occupied b' a third mi%ed la'er containing drops of gas oil and water. -t has been termed three-la'er stratified flow and e%ists in the ranges of around =-A l0min for gas oil with "B": l0min for water and "B-"= l0min for gas oil with A-# l0min for water. Upon a further increase in water flow rate the stratified appearance continues with water and oil droplets dispersed in water as the two la'ers as shown in. The stratified flow regime finall' terminates at gas oil flow rate be'ond "= l0min and also for water "= l0min when the gas oil droplets disperse uniforml' in

so

flow rates or vice versa e%hibits wav' stratified characteristics .A pictorial representation of the different flow regime is present in +igure D. 7omparing the most widel' used maps of )under 2=3 for liquid- liquid flow in +igure = it can be seen that the transitions boundaries and the phase inversion limits appear to be ver' close for all cases so the stratified flow patter appear in vast range of flow rate for both liquids also the direction of developing of flow patterns denotes to the same wa'. -t can be concluded that distribution of the two phases are distinctl' different for gas&liquid and liquid-liquid cases and the regimes of the gas&liquid flow cannot be e%tended to liquidliquid mi%tures merel' b' substituting the phase ph'sical properties in the transitions equations. The reason behind the e%istence of the stratified flow over a wider range of phase flow rates can be attributed to a greater tendenc' of liquids to remain as spherical drops at the interface rather than to form elongated plug li!e bubbles characterizing gas&liquid flow. 4.'.'. P",ss!", d"o+ o3 two

+/as,s Cesults of pressure losses measurements for the different flow pattern were plotted against the superficial flow rate of one phase !eeping the other phase flow rate as a fi%ed parameter. The effect of the variation in water superficial flow rate that an increase in the water flow rate (at constant gas oil flow rate ) led to substantial increase in the measured pressure drop see +igures K and A even for ver' low flow rates of water. The reason behind this can be attributed to the fact that when the flow rate of water increase the greater fraction of the pipe wall covered b' the rough interface formed between the water and oil ad 2K3 leads to an increased fraction factor and pressure gradient. An increase in the oil flow rate also leads to an increase in the losses. (ost of this increase is simpl' due to the scaling of the pressure drop with the square of the velocit' where gas should be replaced b' gas oil .However the' ma' be an additional increase due to the splattering of water around a greater portion of the pipe perimeter. This increase area of rough surface increases the pressure drop.

Emirates Journal for Engineering Research, 5ol0 13, 1o03, 2008 :>

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Flo& pattern 'mooth tratified (a)e tratified *hree+ayer ,l!.i per ion

Figure !. "he construction of a flow pattern map for hori#ontal oil$ water flow %!&. 32 flo& rate of -a oil 0.0001166 m3/
28 0.0000833 m3/

, re

!re d rop (, a/m ) 2 4

Figure '(. )hotographs of different flow regimes.

2 0
'mooth tratified (a)y tratified ,l!*hree +ayer .i per ino oil in &ater

*.+1 *.,2 ' ! p e rfic ia l & a te r ) e lo c ity (m / ) *.:D Emirates Journal for Engineering Research, 5ol0 13, 1o03, 2008

16

12 *..' *.!! *.'. *. . *.2*.1, *.** *.1, *.*+ *.20.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 3 0.0# 0.06

(ater flo& rate 10 (m / )

Figure .. )ressure losses in wavy stratified flow.

100

*. . '!perficial oil )elocity (m/ ) ,re !re drop (,a/m) # 0

Figure '/. "he velocity regime map.

The pressure drop 2=3 becomes follows* -t is evident from the observation that for smooth stratified flow or in the other words for a ver' low flow rate wall fraction predominates to give a lower pressure drop with increasing flow rate of water but approaching dispersion velocit' effects predominate to give a higher pressure drop. As the friction factors in

3 0.08 flo& rate of -a oil

0.12

0.0000833 m3/ 0.0002 m3/ 0.0002# m3/ 0.0001666 m3/

0.00

0.04
3

turbulent dispersed flows are less than in other flows there is a drug reduction in dispersion. (oreover the pressure gradient during dispersed flows rises sharpl' with increasing water flow rate because of the water contribution).

(ater flo& rate 10 m /

Figure -. )ressure losses in smooth stratified flow.

:D Emirates Journal for Engineering Research, 5ol0 13, 1o03, 2008

3nal&sis of 6i*ui,-6i*ui, 7.o Phase 8lo. 9&stem

Flo& rate of -a oil

0.000083

m /
3

3 0.0001166 m

3 0.0001666 m 3 0.0002 m

/ /

0.0002#

m /
3

0.80

01 0.60 4.). Mat/,-at#0al %,s!lts 4.).$. P",d#0t#on o3 /old-!+ The water hold-up is plotted versus superficial water flow rate in +igure N. -t indicate a similar trend of variation of H with phase velocit' as given b' .H
5 5

0 .

increase with increase Ce'nolds number of (Cew) see +igure #. This reason can be the increase in height of water lead to an increase in area of water and decease in area of gas oil. 4.).'. P",d#0t#on o3 +",ss!", d"o+ The calculated pressure drop for different velocities is compared with e%perimental data in presence +igure "B. At stratified range of flow rate the of phases separatel' enables the s'stem to be both potentiall' stable and the prediction agree closel' with the e%perimental data .This ma' be attributed to

0 . 2

0 .

0.00

0.0#

0.10

0.1#

0.20

0.2#

0& 103 (m / ) Figure ,. 2ffect of the flow rate of water on hold$up.

Emirates Journal for Engineering Research, 5ol0 13, 1o03, 2008 :=

Flo& rate of -a oil

3 0.000083 m

3 0.0001166 m

/ /

0.000166

m/
3

3 0.0002 m

3 0.0002# m

/ /

0.8

0.6

01 0.4

0.2

0.0 (minimization of energ').At a higher oil fraction the model cannot predict adequatel' since the pressure gradient dose not behave normall' during interfacial dispersion or for dispersion oil in water. That indicated to more effect for water percentage on pressure gradient so the effect of lubricating film of water is clear at high gas oil flow rate (high viscous oil flow rate). The decrease in pressure gradient at a higher oil fraction could be due to the drag reduction phenomenon. -t has been observed that the degree of drag reduction increases with the dispersed phase fraction while drag reduction is higher in oil- continuous than in water continuous flows. /rag reduction results in a greater reduction in pressure drop for an oil dominated s'stem than that of a water dominated s'stem. -n gravit'- dominated s'stem e.g. a stratified wav' pattern at a lower phase velocities energ' minimization pla's a maTor role in producing a good prediction. #000 10000 20000 2#000 3e w Figure +. "he relation between holdup and 3eynolds number of water.
Flow rate of gas oil

0 1#000

4s *.***11.. m 4s *.***1... m 4s *.***2 m 4s *.***2! m 4s

*.****, m
3 3 3 3 3

Emirates Journal for Engineering Research, 5ol0 13, 1o03, 2008 :=

2**

No-,n0lat!", The following s'mbols are used generall' throughout the te%t. Sy-bol Un#t D,s0"#+t#on
:

1.*

A A6

7ross sectional area of pipe gas oilphase phase 7ross sectional area of water

m: m:

5p predict ed 6)a4m7
12*

< -

-nput volume fraction of heavier phase

,* '* * * 12* 2**

5p measured 6)a4m7

'* 1.*

,*

Figure 1*. Comparison of prediction pressure drop with experimental pressure drop.

7 7A+ -/ m /p ,a0m f g m0s: H5 - hm5 m Ce p ,a P m 0s C m

7onstant in equation (>."#) 7ore- annular flow H'draulic diameter /ifferential pressure +iction factor Acceleration due to gravit' Hold-up Height of interface region 5ength of test section Ce'nolds number ,ressure +low rate Cadius of the pipe
>

Emirates Journal for Engineering Research, 5ol0 13, 1o03, 2008 :=

3030 3l-"oosa.& et0 al0

) )) )6 T) , T5 /o06 u v L
5

,erimeter of the tube )mooth )tratified flow 6av' )tratified Test section for s'stem ,lug flow Three la'ers flow /ispersion oil in water and water flow Lelocit' of water phase Lelocit' of gas oil phase Lolume occupied b' phase

m ,hase ,henomena* 5iquid-5iquid Two-,hase )'stems )chool of $ngineering Telwww.eng.tau.ac.il0brauner0ll+low. Lalle A. and Uvandal H.U. ("##A). ,ressure drop :. and dispersion characteristics of separated oil-water m0s flow. -n 7elata 1.,. and )hah C.U. $dizioni $T) m0s > m

%EFE%EN&SES .eima <. (:BB:). (odeling and 7ontrol of Two".

eds. -n ,roceedings of the -nternational )'mposium on Two-,hase +low (odeling and $%perimentation

2",,5 sy-bols
I V 9 X M Y , Angle subtended b' water at the center /'namic viscosit' ,hase densit' )urface tension )heer stress ,ressure drop /egre !g0 m.s !g0 .0m !g 0m.s: ,a0m
>.

D.

=. K.

S!bs0"#+t

?ct. #-"" Come -tal' =N>-=#". ?liemans C.L.A. ("#NK). The 5ubricating +ilm (odel for 7ore-Annular flow. ,h/. /issertation /eflt Universit' ,ress. +ozard W. (:BB"). Terrain )lugging in .ear Horizontal oil wells Thesis (aster of )cience from Universit' of ?%ford. :BB". )under T. CaT /.,. 7ha!rabarti /.,. and /as 1. (:BB=). 5iquid-liquid through horizontal conduit. 7ha!rabarti /.,. /as 1. and Ca' ). (:BB=). ,ressure drop in liquid-liquid two phase horizontal

" Heavier phase : 5ighter phase o ?il phase w 6ater phase ow ?il-water interfacial condition s )uperficial flow and 5iquid-liquid stratified flow through a horizontal conduit 6ebsite* www.google.com.

:K Emirates Journal for Engineering Research, 5ol0 13, 1o03, 2008