Bonding between atoms

Instructor: Yi, Chongku PhD, PE

Outline :
1. Introduction 2. Primary bond (Bond energy) 3. Secondary bond (Characteristics) 4. Bonds and states of matter 5. Interatomic forces (physical origin of Hookes law) 6. Example

INTRODUCTION :
Two main factors that influence the modulus

The forces that hold the atoms together (interatomic bond) The ways in which atoms pack together (atom packing)

INTRODUCTION :
Types of interatomic bond 1) Primary bond : relatively strong (e.g.) ionic, covalent, metallic (Tm 1000~4000K) 2) Secondary bond : relatively weak (e.g.)Van der Waals, hydrogen bond (Tm 100~500K) 3) Mixed bonds rimary + secondary.

Primary Bond :
1) Ionic bond (e.g. NaCl, LiF, and other alkali halides)

Primary Bond (ionic bond contd):

Total work to ionize the atoms:

Attractive force bet. two opposite point charges:

Primary Bond (ionic bond contd):

Work do to bring the

ions from to a separation r :

Total energy in the bond is then,

Primary Bond (ionic bond contd):

U ( r ) Ui q2 4 0 r

(typically n ~ 12)

Primary Bond :
2) Covalent Bond (e.g. Diamond, Silicon typical in materials with large moduli) Hydrogen gas has the Simplest form of covalent bonding

H : 1S1

Primary Bond :

Diamond C : 2S22P2 (hybridize) 2SP3

(Note) carbon in diamond, it forms very directional bonds

Primary Bond :
Energy level of covalent bond can be described by empirical equation
A B U m n (m n ) r r

Primary Bond :
3) Metallic Bond (e.g. most metal, alloys)

(Note) Metallic bond has no directionality Because electrons are not associated with any specific pair of atoms Explains malleability and ductility of most metals

Secondary Bonds :

1) Van der Waals bond

2) Hydrogen bond

Secondary Bonds :
1) Van der Waals bonding dipolar attraction between uncharged atoms ( e.g. Liquid nitrogen at -198 oC)

Dipoles attract such that energy varies as

A B U = 6 n (n 12) r r

Secondary Bonds :
2) Hydrogen bond slightly positive -charged hydrogen atom attracts slightly negative-charged oxygen atom ( e.g. Water, Polymer)

(cf) Density of ice < Density of liquid water

Condensed states of matter :

Primary and secondary may form as the gaseous matter condenses to yield liquids and solids. In addition, the presence of different states of bond is reflected in its magnitudes of modulus. (e.g.) Liquid resists compression but has no shear resistance because bonds between molecules are in molten state

Condensed states of matter :

State Liquids Liquid crystals Rubbers Glasses Crystals

Bonds Molten Solid

Moduli K G and E Large Zero Large Very small or 0 Large Large Large Small (EK) Large (EK) Large (EK)

Interatomic Forces :
Force between the atoms

Interatomic Forces :
a. F=0 at r=r0 ( lowest energy state, stable state) b. For small (r-r0), F is proportional to (r-r0) in both tension and compression c. The stiffness, S , of the bond Physical origin of Hookes Law

Examples :
The potential U of a pair of atoms in a solid can be written as

A B U m n r r
Where r is the separation of the atoms, and A, B, m, n are positive constants. Indicate the physical significance of the two terms in this equation .

Examples :
The potential U of two atoms, a distance r apart, is

A B U m n , r r

m 2, n 10

Given that the atoms form a stable molecule at a separation of 0.3nm with an energy of -4eV, calculate A and B. Also find the force required to break the molecule, and the critical separation at which the molecule breaks. You should sketch an energy / distance curve for the atom, and sketch beneath this curve the appropriate force / distance curve.