Morfogenesis Tumbuhan 2013

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PENDAHULUAN
Definisi Morfogenesis: Morfo berarti bentuk dan genesis berarti asal mula Asal mula terjadinya suatu bentuk Beberapa pendapat: Menurut Strasburger (1978): Morfogenesis adalah proses pembentukan organisme yang dipengaruhi faktor internal (endogen)dan fektor eksternal (exogen).
Menurut Hill (1982) : Morfogenesis adalah proses pertumbuhan dan perkembangan bentuk, diferensiasi suatu organisme.
Strassburger (1978), menyatakan bahwa pengertian morfogenesis

ada 2 kelompok, yatu: 1. AUTOMORFOSE Proses pembentukan yang dipengaruhi gen, a.l perkembangan organ generatif Angiospermae , yaitu selama pembentukan bunga yang dilengkapi dengan polen, maka kemudian dapat terbentuk biji, sedangkan yang tidak dilengkapi oleh pembentukan polen, kemudian tidak berbiji. 2. HETEROMORFOSE Proses pembentukan yang dipengaruhi oleh adanya induksi dari luar, a.l oleh adanya cahaya fotomorfose; adanya air hidromorfose dan oleh pengaruh panas termomorfose. Berdasarkan kedua kelompok ini maka tumbuhnya organisme mengikuti konsep morfogenesis.
MORPHOGENESIS AND DIFFERENTIATION

Morphogenesis-
the development of form. Differentiation- a process by which a relatively unspecialized cell undergoes a progressive change to form a more specialized cell.
INTERNAL ORGANIZATION OF THE PLANT BODY

Tissue- a group of similar cells organized into a structural and functional unit. Tissue System- a tissue or group of tissues organized into a structural and functional unit; larger units of the plant body. There are 3 Tissue Systems
Ground Vascular Dermal
GROUND TISSUE
Parenchyma
Polyhedral to round in shape. Occur throughout the plant body. Photosynthesis, storage, and secretion.
Collenchyma
Elongate in shape. Occur beneath the epidermis in young stems. Support young growing tissues.
Sclerenchyma
fibers and sclereids.
Long or stellate in shape. Occur throughout the plant body. Support (strengthen) and storage.
VASCULAR TISSUE
Xylem-
principal waterconducting tissue in vascular plants; dead at maturity; lignified. Tracheary Elements
Tracheid- elongate and tapering; pits, but no perforations; seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms, and some angiosperms. Vessel element- elongate; pits and perforations; angiosperms.
VASCULAR TISSUE #2
Phloem-
principal food-conducting tissue in vascular plants; living at maturity; not lignified. Gymnosperm Sieve Elements
Sieve cell- elongate & tapering; with sieve areas. Albuminous cell- elongate & tapering; delivers substances to sieve cells.
Angiosperm Sieve Elements Sieve-tube element- elongate &
tapering; with a sieve plate. Companion cell- variable; delivers substances to sieve-tube elements.
DERMAL TISSUE
Epidermis
outermost cell layer of the primary plant body.

Variable in shape; guard cells and trichomes. Outermost layer of plant body. Protective (cuticle and water loss) and aeration (stomata).
Periderm-
tissues.

secondary protective
Rectangular in shape; cork cells. Beneath the epidermis. Protective and aeration (lenticels); replaces epidermis.
TAHAP PROSES PERTUMBUHAN

Ada 3 tahap proses pertumbuhan 1. Tahap seluler 2. Tahap organ 3. Tahap individu
TAHAP SELULER Pertumbuhan serta perkembangan sel, terdiri dari 4 tahap, yaitu: -Tahap pembelahan sel, -pertambahan plasma, -perpanjangan sel -dan diferensiasi.
Pembelahan sel
- Terbatas pada daerah meristem, - Mitosis atau amitosis dan meiosis
Pertambahan plasma, dan perpanjangan sel.

Selama sel masih hidup dan dalam pembelahan sel, akan terjadi pertambahan plasma. Salah satu pembuktian adanya pertambahan plasma dapat diukur dari berat kering, atau dengan adanya penambahan volume serta oleh adanya perpanjangan sel. -Pengukuran pertumbuhan, dari adanya pertambahan protoplasma dapat diukur melalui berat kering (Karena kandungan bahan hidup dari sel adalah: karohidrat, lemak dan protein, sebagai hasil metabolisme).
Pertambahan plasma, dan perpanjangan sel.

Bagaimana dengan pengukuran berat kering biji yang sedang berkecambah? Tepatkah mengukur pertambahan protoplas dari berat keringnya?. Pengukuran apakah yang lebih tepat?
Diferensiasi
Setelah pembelahan sel, akan terjadi perubahan-perubahan, a.l: pembentukan organel-organel sel seperti mitokondria, kloroplas, yang kemudian akan terjadi pembentukan jaringan-jaringan khusus perubahan ukuran sel ,bentuk dan fungsi sel. BAGAIMANA HUBUNGAN PERTUMBUHAN DENGAN DIFIRENSIASI : 1. Adakah pertumbuhan tanpa diferensiasi ? 2. Adakah diferensiasi tanpa pertumbuhan ?
BAGAIMANA HUBUNGAN PERTUMBUHAN DENGAN DIFIRENSIASI : 1. Adakah pertumbuhan tanpa diferensiasi ? 2. Adakah diferensiasi tanpa pertumbuhan ? 1. Pertumbuhan tanpa diferensiasi: - terbentuknya endosperm biji - terbentuknya kalus Diferensiasi tanpa pertumbuhan: - Pembentukan sporocarp pada jamur lendir: Pembentukan agregasi myxoamoeba membentuk pseudoplasmodium sorus
Proses diferensiasi dapat dipelajari dari: 1. Struktur /Konfigurasi : sel --- jaringan --- diferensiasi. 2. Aspek ontogeni: perubahan dari tumbuhan muda ke dewasa. 3. Faktor lingkungan : perubahan struktur. 4. Faktor fisiologi. STRUKTUR /KONFIGURASI DIFERENSIASI Ada 2 macam diferensiasi : - Diferensiasi external Pembentukan bagian vegetatif yang diteruskan menjadi pembentukan bagian generatif. - Pembentukan bunga dari primordial bunga yang kemudian membentuk pola dengan terbentuknya sepal, stamen dan karpel. - Metagenesis
STRUKTUR /KONFIGURASI DIFERENSIASI Ada 2 macam diferensiasi : - Diferensiasi external

- Diferensiasi internal - Mitosis dan meiosis - Pembentukan jaringan (teori Hanstaein).
DIFERENSIASI SECARA ONTOGENI Secara umum akan terjadi diferensiasi adalah karena adanya proses ontogeni yang dipengaruhi faktor genetis. Perkembangan batang : Batang primer yang berkembang dari protoderm, prokambium dan meristem dasar. Pucuk batang, umumnya terdiri atas axis dengan ruas-ruasnya serta primordia daun, yang akan tersusun pada batang dengan sebutan filotaksis.
DIFERENSIASI KARENA LINGKUNGAN Adanya perubahan struktur, akibat adanya pengaruh faktor lingkungan seperti cahaya, air, temperatur dan zat kimia. Sebagai contoh perkecambahan biji kacang hijau, akan cepat apabila dalam keadaan tidak ada cahaya. Biji Bayem harus ada cahaya untuk berkecambah. Temperatur yang cukup tinggi dapat mempengaruhi perubahan fase vegetatif menjadi fase pembentukan organ generatif. Pada musim panas, maka fase pembungan akan cepat terbentuk.
DIFERENSIASI KARENA FISIOLOGI Umumnya proses diferensiasi, akibat adanya proses fisiologi.
Seperti pembentukan akar pada kultur jaringan memerlukan penambahan zat pengatur tumbuh golongan auxin
The shoot meristem of dicotyledons, which gives rise to the stalk and leaves, is comprised of three layers: L1 (outermost layer, 1 cell thick) L2 (lies beneath L1, 1 cell thick) L3 (inner most layer) L1 & L2 comprise the tunica and divide by anticlinal divisions (perpendicular to layer). L3 cells divide in any plane and make up the corpus.
Cell fate has been determined by generating chimeric tissues. Chimeras are composed of cells of different genetoypes and are made by treatment with radiation or chemicals (colchicine). Periclinal chimeras have one of the three layers marked differently.
In angiosperms, L1 becomes the epidermis while L2 & L3 produce cortex and vascular tissue. Occassionly L1 or L2 cells divide periclinally, invade a new layer and adopt the fate of the new layer (regulative).
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GENETIC CONTROL OF FLOWERING
Flower formation
Involves a phase change from vegetative growth to reproductive growth Is triggered by a combination of environmental cues and internal signals
The transition from vegetative growth to flowering Is associated with the switching-on of floral meristem identity genes
Plant biologists have identified several organ identity genes
That regulate the development of floral pattern
Ca
St Pe
Pe
Se
Se
(a) Normal Arabidopsis flower. Arabidopsis normally has four whorls of flower parts: sepals (Se), petals (Pe), stamens (St), and carpels (Ca).
Pe Pe
Figure 35.30a,
(b) Abnormal Arabidopsis flower. Reseachers have identified several mutations of organ identity genes that cause abnormal flowers to develop. This flower has an extra set of petals in place of stamens and an internal flower where normal b plants have carpels.
Se
The ABC model of flower formation
Identifies how floral organ identity genes direct the formation of the four types of floral organs
(a) A schematic diagram of the ABC hypothesis. Studies of plant mutations reveal that three classes of organ identity genes are responsible for the spatial pattern of floral parts. These genes are designated A, B, and C in this schematic diagram of a floral meristem in transverse view. These genes regulate expression of other genes responsible for development of sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels. (b) Sepals develop from the meristematic region where only A genes are active. (c) Petals develop where both A and B genes are expressed. Stamens arise where B and C genes are active. (d) Carpels arise where only C genes are expressed.
Sepals Petals Stamens A B Carpels C
A+B B+C gene gene activity activity A gene activity
C gene activity
Figure 35.31a
An understanding of mutants of the organ identity genes
Depicts how this model accounts for floral phenotypes
Active genes: Whorls:
BB B B A ACCCC AA
BB BB CCCCCCCC
A ACCCCA A
AA AA ABBAABBA
Carpel Stamen Petal
Sepal Wild type Mutant lacking A Mutant lacking B Mutant lacking C
(b) Side view of organ identity mutant flowers. Combining the model shown in part (a) with the rule that if A gene or C gene activity is
missing, the other activity spreads through all four whorls, we can explain the phenotypes of mutants lacking a functional A, B, or C organ identity gene.
Figure 35.31b
Flower Development Flowers develop from the shoot meristem and contain the reproductive cells of higher plants. In most plants, environmental controls (day length and temperature) drive the transition from shoot meristem to floral meristem. Complex mechanisms pattern the flower to form the sepals, petals, stamens & carpels. Three classes of genes are involved in basic flower patterning. 1) Organ genes identify different floral organs (much like homeotic selector genes in animals). 2) Cadastral genes set boundaries of organ gene expression. 3) Meristem identity genes convert shoot into floral meristem.
Homeotic
genes control organ identity Shoot meristem converts to inflorescence meristem which can form one or more floral meristems. The floral organ primordia arise from floral meristem by cell differentiation and enlargement. 4 concentric whorls reflect the order within the floral meristem. Sepal (whorl 1) from the outer ring. Petals (whorl 2) from the next ring. Stamens (whorl 3; male reproduction) from the inner ring. Carpels (whorl 4; female reproduction) from the centre. In Arabidopsis there are 15 separate primordia (4 sepals, 4 petals, 6 stamens and 1 pistil [with 2 carpels]).
Model of gene activity in floral organ development. The floral meristem is divided into three overlappng regions, A, B and C. Region A contains whorls 1 & 2, B contains whorls 2 & 3, and C covers whorls 3 & 4, This combination of a, b and c regulatory functions give each whorl an unique identity. In addition, the aand c regulatory functions must be mutually exclusive such that a prevents c activity and vise versa. A floral meristem region with ... a function only produces sepals, a & b functions produce petals, b & c functions produce stamens and c function only produces carpels. Homeotic mutants eliminate either a, b or c function.
The
transition to a floral meristem is under environmental and genetic control Flowering in Arabidopsis is controlled by internal and external factors. The apical meristem generates leaves during the vegetative phase but undergoes a transition to a floral meristem in one of two ways. Determinate transition: the inflorescence meristem becomes the terminal flower. Indeterminate transition: the inflorescence meristem becomes a number of floral meristems (as in Arabidopsis). Leafy and apetala1 are floral meristem identity genes. Mutants in these partially transform flowers into shoots.
13. DESCRIBE HOW THE STUDY OF TOMATOES HAS

CONTRIBUTED TO THE UNDERSTANDING OF FLOWER DEVELOPMENT.
Environmental cues (ex: day length) initiate processes that convert shoot meristems to flower meristems This induction is exemplified by tomato flowers Mixing mutant and wild-type plants resulted in floral meristems in which the three cell layers did not all arise from the same parent These layers sources were traced and it was determined that the number of organs/flowers depended on genes in the L3 cell layer (the innermost)
14. DESCRIBE HOW THE STUDY OF
ARABIDOPSIS HAS CONTRIBUTED TO THE

UNDERSTANDING OF ORGAN IDENTITY IN PLANTS.
Organ-identity genes determine the type of structure that will grow from a meristem - they are analogous to homeotic genes - they are divided into 3 classes: A, B, and C these 3 genes direct the formation of four types of organs They appear to be acting like master regulatory genes that control the transcription of other genes directly involved in plant morphogenesis - do Not contain the homeobox sequence

Morfogenesis Tumbuhan 2013

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http://www.mun.ca/biology/desmid/brian/BIOL3530/DB_Ch07/fig7_7.

Strassburger (1978), menyatakan bahwa pengertian morfogenesis

MORPHOGENESIS AND DIFFERENTIATION

INTERNAL ORGANIZATION OF THE PLANT BODY

Ground Vascular Dermal

fibers and sclereids.

Angiosperm Sieve Elements Sieve-tube element- elongate &

outermost cell layer of the primary plant body.

TAHAP PROSES PERTUMBUHAN

Pertambahan plasma, dan perpanjangan sel.

Pertambahan plasma, dan perpanjangan sel.

STRUKTUR /KONFIGURASI DIFERENSIASI Ada 2 macam diferensiasi : - Diferensiasi external

GENETIC CONTROL OF FLOWERING

Plant biologists have identified several organ identity genes

That regulate the development of floral pattern

The ABC model of flower formation

Sepals Petals Stamens A B Carpels C

A+B B+C gene gene activity activity A gene activity

An understanding of mutants of the organ identity genes

Depicts how this model accounts for floral phenotypes

Active genes: Whorls:

Carpel Stamen Petal

Sepal Wild type Mutant lacking A Mutant lacking B Mutant lacking C

13. DESCRIBE HOW THE STUDY OF TOMATOES HAS

14. DESCRIBE HOW THE STUDY OF

ARABIDOPSIS HAS CONTRIBUTED TO THE

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