Chapter #20: Girding for War: The North and the South Big Picture Themes 1. After Ft.

. Sumter started the war, keeping the border states were Abes top concern. These were slave states that hadnt left the nation. Throughout the war, Abe would make concessions to keep them happ .! The border states never left. ". All along the South felt that #ngland would help them. The idea was that $ing %ottons dominance would force the #nglish into helping the Southerners. This never happened, largel because &ncle Toms %abin had convinced the #nglish people of slaver s horrors. '. The (orth had the advantage in almost ever categor ) population, industr , mone , nav . *. +oth sides turned to a draft, the nations first. The draft was ver unpopular and man riots broke out. I !NTI"IC#TI$NS: !%ection of &'(0 Election between Republican Abraham Lincoln, Northern Democrat Stephen Douglas, Southern Democrat John Breckinridge, and Constitutional nion John Bell! Lincoln "on! ,illiam Seward Nickname #$igher Law% Seward, he was going to be nominated &or the Republican Candidate, instead, John C! 'remont became the candidate!

#dwin -. Stanton S Secretar( o& "ar during the beginning o& the Ci)il "ar! *he Alabama *he Con&ederate commerce+raider, a Con&ederate ship, it was indirectl( supplied b( the British, and indirectl( commanded b( them as well!

#mancipation .roclamation

,ssued b( Lincoln, sa(ing that all sla)es in seceded territor( were &reed &rom sla)er(, but not those in Border states, or Con&ederate states captured b( the nion! Trent Affair A crisis with Britain, two Con&ederate diplomats were remo)ed &rom a British -ail steamer that was stopped b( a nion Na)( ship! *his outraged the British!

-errimack and -onitor *he &irst iron+clad warships! *he SS -errimack was captured and renamed CSS .irginia, was co)ered in iron railroad rails, and the nion responded with the SS -onitor, their iron clad ship, that was built in /00 da(s! Anaconda .lan "in&ield Scott1s nion Ci)il "ar plan! *he plan was to surround the South, take control o& the -ississippi Ri)er, and slowl( take o)er the entire south! +order States Sla)e owning states that did not secede &rom the nion! -issouri, 2entuck(, -ar(land, Delaware, and "est .irginia! Appomatto/ Appomatto3 Court $ouse, Last battle o& the Ci)il "ar, Lee )s! 4rant, Robert E! Lee Surrenders and the North "ins! #lection of 101* Lincoln )s! -cClellan, Lincoln was the nion 5art( 6"ar Democrats 7 Republican8 and -cClellan was 5eas Democrat! Lincoln won!

G)I ! *!# ING +)!STI$NS:

The ,enace of Secession 1. ,hat practical problems would occur if the &nited States became two nations2 "hat nion properties will be returned to the nion, and which ones will be taken b( the Con&ederates! *he nion and Con&ederac( were side b( side, and with high tensions, an(thing could happen! $ow will the nation9s debt and mone( be split: South Caro%ina #ssai%s "ort Sumter $now) Fort Sumter, %ol. 3obert Anderson ". ,hat action did 4incoln take that provoked a %onfederate attack on Fort Sumter2 ,hat effects did the South5s attack have2 Lincoln sent an unarmed suppl( ship to 'ort Sumter to pro)ide nion Col! Robert Anderson and his men with supplies and pro)isions, but no ammunition, arms, or rein&orcements! *he south )iewed pro)isions as the same as rein&orcements! "hen the ships arri)ed, the South opened &ire, pro)oking the South to &ire &irst! Brothers- B%ood and Border B%ood $now) +order States, +ill 6ank, 7ohnn 3eb '. 8ow did the border states affect northern conduct of the war2 Lincoln sent nion soldiers to some o& the Border States! ,n -ar(land, -artial Law was declared! ,n "est .irginia, and -issouri, nion troops &ought alongside nionists in a miniature ci)il war within the states! The Ba%ance of "orces $now) 3obert #. 4ee, Thomas 9Stonewall9 7ackson *. ,hat advantages did the South have2 The (orth2 *he South had man( great generals such as Robert E! Lee, and *homas #Stonewall% Jackson! Robert E! Lee was a great nion commander be&ore ;oining the South because his home state o& .irginia seceded and turned to the Con&ederates!

ethroning .ing Cotton $now) $ing %otton, $ing ,heat, $ing %orn :. ,h did $ing %otton fail the South2 2ing Cotton was the supplier, not the bu(er or producer, thus industr( was not as strong in the South! *he North9s 2ing "heat and 2ing Corn was much more power&ul, since it was able to &eed the North, and the( were able to make mone( o&& o& importing "heat and Corn to the British during their bad har)est! The ecisi/eness of ip%omac0 $now) *rent, Alabama 1. ,hat tensions arose with ;reat +ritain during the %ivil ,ar2 Se)eral tensions rose during the Ci)il "ar! *he *rent incident, where the $-S *rent was stopped b( the nion, and two Con&ederate diplomats were remo)ed &rom the ship! Another incident was with the CSS Alabama, the British built the ship #&or% the Con&ederates! *he Alabama was le&t at the ship(ard a&ter being completed, it was picked up b( the South to a)oid British in)ol)ement, and armed with British weapons, and crew! *he Alabama in a wa(, was commanded b( the British, but it &lew the Con&ederate Colors, and crewed b( them as well! "oreign "%are1)ps $now) 4aird 3ams, (apoleon <<<, -a/imilian :. ,hat other circumstances led to serious conflict with ;reat +ritain during the %ivil ,ar2 *he British were constructing Laird Rams, which were Con&ederate war ships that had iron rams and large+calibre guns that could hea)il( damage the nion blockade! During this time, Napoleon ,,, in)aded -e3ico Cit(, and then he installed his #puppet% -a3imilian as their emperor o& -e3ico, )iolating the -onroe Doctrine! Napoleon said that the nion will collapse! President a/is 2ersus President 3inco%n $now) 7efferson =avis, States 3ights, Abraham 4incoln 0. =escribe the weaknesses of the %onfederate government and the strengths of the &nion government2 Je&&erson Da)is had troubles uniting the south and satis&(ing their States Rights! Abraham Lincoln howe)er, had the nion, Northerners who were against sla)er(, so the North< nion was much more united!

3imitations on Wartime 3i4erties $now) 8abeas %orpus >. ;ive e/amples of constitutionall ?uestionable actions taken b 4incoln. ,h did he act with arbitrar power2 During the Ci)il "ar, Lincoln re)oked the writ o& $abeas Corpus, sa(ing that an( anti+ nionists could be arrested! $e also de&ied a Supreme Court ruling sa(ing that onl( Congress could set aside the writ o& habeas corpus! 2o%unteers and raftees: North and South $now) Three@hundred@dollar@men, bount Aumpers 1B. ,as the %ivil ,ar 9a rich man5s war but a poor man5s fight29 #/plain. 5eople were pro&iteering or a)oiding &ighting in the war! *hree+hundred+dollar+men were ones who paid their wa( to a)oid being dra&ted and &ighting in the Ci)il "ar! Bount( Jumpers were those who made mone( b( deserting his post, ;oining the war e&&ort again, and made more mone( each time! The !conomic Stresses of War $now) <ncome Ta/, -orrill Tariff Act, ;reenbacks, (ational +anking Act, inflation 11. ,hat was the effect of paper mone on both (orth and South2 *he -orrill *ari&& Act increased e3isting ta3es b( = to /0 percent! 4reenback paper mone( was issued b( the "ashington *reasur(! *he National Banking Act established a standard bank+note currenc(! ,n&lation rose in the South due to their attempts to print out Con&ederate paper mone(! The North-s !conomic Boom $now) 9Shodd 9 ,ool, #liCabeth +lackwell, %lara +arton, =orthea =i/ 1". #/plain wh the %ivil ,ar led to economic boom times in the (orth2 Northern &actories created #Shodd(% wool which were made into uni&orms that did not last &or a long time! *hese &actories made mone( o&& o& this wool! Eli>abeth Blackwell, the &irst American &emale ph(sician, helped organi>e the S Sanitar( Commission to assist nion armies in the war! Clara Barton and Dorothea Di3 were superintendent o& nurses, and helped open up a new ma;or ;ob &or women!

# Crushed Cotton .ingdom 1'. ;ive evidence to prove that the war was economicall devastating to the South. 2ing Cotton was useless because the south was not able to e3port cotton and make mone( o&& o& it! *he South9s transportation had collapsed! -an( things were melted down and used as bullets!

Chapter #2&: The "urnace of the Ci/i% War Big Picture Themes 1. The (orth thought the could win in a ?uick war. After the lost at +ull 3un, the ?uick@victor approach seemed to have been a mistake. A northern loss on the .eninsula! at 3ichmond reinforced that this would be a long war. ". The South started the war winning. Turning point battles, which the (orth won, took place at DaE Antietam Aust before 4incolns #mancipation .roclamation!, DbE ;ett sburg which effectivel broke the Souths back, and DcE Ficksburg which helped the (orth control the -ississippi 3iver. '. 4incoln won a hard@fought reelection in 101*. 8e did so b starting the &nion .art ! made of 3epublicans and pro@war =emocrats and on the simplicit of the slogan, 6ou dont change horses midstream.! *. ;eneral Sherman marched across ;eorgia and the South and reaped destruction. And the South began to lose battle after battle. These events drove the South to surrender at Appomatto/ %ourthouse. I !NTI"IC#TI$NS raft riots of &'(5 *he New ?ork Cit( Dra&t Riots, the riot was caused b( man( ,rish Americans that did not want to &ight! Char%es "rances #dam *he American minister to the British, he warned the British that i& the rams were built, it would be war against the British!

Sherman-s ,arch *otal war was used, the areas where nion 4eneral "illiam *ecumseh Sherman went across! $e teared o&& railroad tracks and twisted them up, destro(ed supplies, raided homes, and stole &rom Southern houses! C%ement 36 2a%%andigham $e was a copperhead congressman &rom @hio! $e demanded that the war to end, and he was con)icted b( a militar( tribunal &or treasonable acts! $e was banished to the south, but returned a&ter a while!

#ndre7 8ohnson Lincoln9s .ice president, later became S 5resident a&ter Lincoln9s assassination! 8ohn Wi%9es Booth *he man who assassinated Lincoln at 'ord9s theatre! C6S6S6 #%a4ama CSS Alabama was built in a British ship(ard, it &lew the Con&ederate &lag, and crewed b( the Con&ederates, but secretl(, it was commanded b( the British and supplied b( them as well! Nationa% Ban9ing #ct Established a uni)ersal green paper currenc( &or the nion! )nion Part0 'ormed b( the "ar Democrats and Republicans, *he nion 5art( was partiall( responsible &or Lincoln9s reelection!

G)I ! *!# ING Bu%% *un !nds the :Ninet0 a0 War; $now) +ull 3un, Stonewall 7ackson 1. ,hat effect did the +attle of +ull 3un have on (orth and South2 The +attle of +ull 3un at first seemed to be an eas victor for the (orth. There were spectators at this battle. ,hen the (orth had the advantage, the Southern troops retreated to Stonewall 7acksons line and pushed up and gained victor . :Tard0 George: ,cC%e%%an and the Peninsu%a Campaign $now) ;eorge -c%lellan, .eninsula %ampaign, 3obert #. 4ee, 97eb9 Stuart, Seven =a s5 +attles, Anaconda .lan ". =escribe the grand strateg of the (orth for winning the war. 4eorge -cClellan was in charge o& the Arm( o& the 5otomac, he was )er( cautious, and did not dare take an( risks during the war! the 5eninsula Campaign was led b( -cClellan, his arm( was surrounded b( #Jeb% Stuart9s ca)alr(, and then Robert E! Lee launched a counterattack, which was known as the Se)en Da(s9 Battles! A&ter this battle, the nion established the Anaconda 5lan, created b( "in&ield Scott, it was to surround the Con&ederac(, take the -ississippi Ri)er, and slowl( dr( out the South! The War at Sea $now) +lockade, %ontinuous Fo age, -errimac, -onitor '. ,hat was ?uestionable about the blockade practices of the (orth2 ,h did +ritain honor the blockade an wa 2 *he blockade was problematic because Britain ruled the seas, howe)er, the( warned an(one who were to cross it to do it at their own risk! *he CSS -errimac and the SS -onitor were the &irst ,ron clad ships, the( were co)ered in iron railroad rails! Cannonballs could not penetrate the armour! The Pi/ota% Point: #ntietam *. ,h was the battle of Antietam 9...probabl the most decisive of the %ivil ,ar29 ,t was the bloodiest battle in a single da(! Robert E Lee9s attack plans were &ound wrapped along with cigars b( nion scouts! -cClellen was able to bring )ictor( to this battle, but with hea)( losses on both sides! Antietam was the )ictor( that Lincoln needed to bring about his Emancipation 5roclamation!

# Proc%amation Without !mancipation $now) #mancipation .roclamation, +utternut 3egion

G.

The #mancipation .roclamation had important conse?uences. #/plain.

Abraham Lincolns decision on this proclamation caused him some risks in his popular )otes in the south, which &reed all sla)es in the Con&ederate states! -an( o& the South was not happ( with the &reeing o& the ma;orit( o& sla)es, which was a&ter all their li)elihood! B%ac9s Batt%e Bondage $now) Frederick =ouglass, :*th -assachusetts, Fort .illow 0. African@Americans were critical in helping the (orth win the %ivil ,ar. Assess. E)er since the A&rican Americans ;oined the nion side to &ight &or their &reedom, the nion gained a considerable amount o& able bodies in their numbers, e)en though the( were superior! *he Blacks also knew the land better than the Notherners, since the( used to be down there, gi)ing them another ke( a)antage to balance themsel)es with the hea)il( de&ended South Con&ederac(! 3ee-s 3ast 3unge at Gett0s4urg $now) Ambrose +urnside, 7oe 8ooker, ;eorge -eade, ;ett sburg, .ickett5s %harge, ;ett sburg Address 1. ,h was ;ett sburg a significant battle2 4ett(sburg was a ke( battle because it was one o& the biggest turning points o& the nion arm(, in which their great )ictor( led to the recession o& the Con&ederate troops to once again &ight a de&ensi)e war, and no longer across the Northern boundar(! Also, &oreign assists came to not the South and to the north, in recognition o& their )ictor(! The War in the West $now) &l sses S. ;rant, Fort 8enr , Fort =onnelson, Shiloh, =avid Farragut, Ficksburg 1B. =escribe ;eneral ;rant as a man and a general. 4eneral 4rant was a hard and cold man, in which man( o& his militar( tactics relied on a &ull assault and caused man( casualties! *hough some skirmishes he led pro)ed e&&ecti)e, the loss o& the nion side was )er( se)ere and cost the North! $e was a diligent man, with man( &riends and had a n impeccable memor(!

Sherman Scorches Georgia $now) ,illiam T. Sherman, -arch to the Sea 11. 8ow did Sherman attempt to demoraliCe the South2 4eneral Sherman tried to demorali>e the South b( using a concept o& total war, in which he burned down Southern &arm lands, homes, plantation, homes, )illages and towns! *his wa( the South9s econom( and necessities would be demolished and ra>ed! The Po%itics of War $now) ,ar =emocrats, .eace =emocrats, %opperheads, %lement 4. Fallandingham 1". =escribe 4incolns political difficulties during the war. Lincoln was electedA and his goal was to reunite the nation, not conBuer the South and make them #pa(%! *his ga)e him issues to attempt to unite the nation, o& C parties, and C perspecti)es and sides o& the war! $e wished to reunite but also, this entire problem took up his time! The !%ection of &'(< $now) Andrew 7ohnson, ;eorge -c%lellan, -obile, Atlanta 1*. ,hat factors contributed to 4incoln5s electoral victor 2 Lincoln was success&ul in his electoral )ictor( due to the &act that he progressed the nion arm( ten&old, and he rooted out man( Democratic supporters o& the South! Grant $ut%asts 3ee $now) The ,ilderness, %old 8arbor, ;rant the +utcher, 3ichmond, Appomatto/ %ourthouse 1:. ,hat strateg did ;rant use to defeat 4ee5s arm 2 4rant used a larger regiment attack in the "ilderness and his numerical superiorit( guaranteed his )ictor(, and ultimatel( de&eated him completel( in the Battle o& Appomatto3, where Lee surrenders! The ,art0rdom of 3inco%n $now) Ford5s Theater, 7ohn ,ilkes +oothe 11. ,as 4incoln5s death good or bad for the South2 #/plain. Lincoln was good &or the SouthA since Lincoln was willing to N@* punish the south but as he Buoted, #*he war is o)er, we are brothers again%! $e was willing to help the south be rebuilt and aided them &inanciall( and with goods! An( other leader waould ha)e

considered them as a conBuered nation and in&licted harsh punishmentsA contra a Lincoln! The #ftermath of the Nightmare $now) 4ost %ause 1G. ,hat was the legac of the %ivil ,ar2 *he Lost Cause was a reconciliation o& the North and South to be a nion once more, and reconstruction was the ke( and goal o& this Cause! 2ar0ing 2ie7points: What Were the Conse=uences of the Ci/i% War> 10. =o ou agree with those historians who sa that the importance of the %ivil ,ar has been e/aggerated2 ,h or ,h not2 No! *he Ci)il war had created man( de)astating historical e)ents and a hea)( loss o& American citi>ens! *his howe)er, created a great culture in the countr( and led to a stronger nit( between the states as the reconstruction begins! /D,/E, and =th amendments are added, and is now part o& America9s greatest mo)e &orward and its ke( principles o& #all men created eBual%

Chapter #22: The $rdea% of *econstruction Big Picture Themes 1. After the war, the ?uestion was, ,hat to do with the southern states2! The more moderate 3epublicans, like 4incoln and his successor Andrew 7ohnson, lost out to the 3adical 3epublicans who desired to punish the South. ". The South was divided up into militar districts. The southern states were not allowed to reenter the &.S. until the (orths stipulations were met. '. For Southern blacks, these ears were good politicall . Since whites wanted nothing to do with the &.S., blacks voted and were often elected to state legislatures and %ongress. *. #conomicall , freed blacks fared worse. The were no longer slaves, but with little other options, the largel became sharecroppers. The end result was little different and little better than slaver . :. <n 10GG, a presidential election was essentiall a tie. A compromise was worked out, and the South got the &.S. Arm to pull out. This left the southern blacks on their own Hsouthern whites reasserted their power. G)I ! *!# ING

The Pro4%ems of Peace $now) 3econstruction 1. 9=ismal indeed was the picture presented b the war@wracked South when the rattle of musketr faded.9 #/plain. "hen the war subsided, the South was completel( ra>ed and there was little hope into &i3ing it and reuniting it into the nation once more! $owe)er, the willpower o& the people ga)e thme hope and man( (ears later, the South was now bigger and better than e)er! "reedmen efine "reedom $now) #/odusters, American -ethodist #piscopal %hurch, American -issionar Association ". 8ow did African@Americans respond to emancipation in the decade following the war2 *he A&rican Americans were glad the( were &ree, but the( were scaredA the( knew nothing about societ( and was mostl( illiterate! *he( knew nothing but &arming and sla)er(, as a li&e o& ser)itude, in which led them to sulk back into similar patterns o& their old li&e, as the( did in their ancestors 6generations be&ore8! The "reedmen-s Bureau $now) Freedmen5s +ureau, ;eneral Iliver I. 8oward '. Assess the effectiveness of the Freedmen5s +ureau. *his was not a )er( e&&ecti)e agenc(, in which the( had &ailed to gi)e all emancipatedA E0 acres and a mule! *he sla)es were now &ree, but nowhere in this bureau stated the( were to be helped, and the( were out in societ( to star)e and &ail! 8ohnson: The Tai%or President $now) Andrew 7ohnson *. #/plain the strengths and weaknesses of Andrew 7ohnson. Andrew Johnson was a decent president with &lawsA Presidentia% *econstruction $now) 4incoln5s 91B percent plan,9 ,ade@=avis +ill, 3adical 3epublicans :. 8ow did the .residents5 plan for reconstruction differ from the plan of the 3adical 3epublicans2 /0Fplan stated that i& at least /0F o& a post Con&ederate state wishes to re;oin the nion, the state must ;oinA /0F is a e3treme minorit(!

The Ba%efu% B%ac9 Codes $now) +lack %odes, 4abor %ontracts, Sharecropping, =ebt .eonage 1. 8ow were +lack %odes used to keep the freedmen down2 Black Codes were basicall( ideas that told the e3+sla)es to work &or the plantations, but as &ree man, and as emplo(ers and with sharing their landA sharecropping! Congressiona% *econstruction G. ,h did northern congressmen refuse to seat the southerners when the came to take their seats2 D8int) there are two reasons @@ one moral and one practicalE *he South did not want to be reunited as ideall( as the( wish the( couldA bitter resentments lasted &or themG Also that the North was also demonstrating a congress di)ision, who needs help, and who needs to help! 8ohnson C%ashes 7ith Congress $now) %ivil 3ights +ill, 9And Feto,9 Fourteenth Amendment 0. 8ow did 3epublicans use their dominance of %ongress2 ,hat did .resident 7ohnson do in response2 Republicans used their superiorit( in congress b( proposing and passing bills, where e)en i& the Democratic president, Johnson )etoes, the( would o)erride it! Johnson responded with the C!R Bill! S7inging ?*ound the Circ%e 7ith 8ohnson >. 8ow did 7ohnson5s campaigning during the 1011 congressional elections backfire2 ,h did it backfire2 Johnson stumped the countr( in a public speaking tour known as the Swing Around the CircleA he generall( supported Democrats but his speeches were poorl( recei)ed!*he Republicans won in a landslide, capturing enough seats to o)erride Johnson1s )etoes! @nl( the border states o& Delaware, -ar(land, and 2entuck( )oted &or Democrats! *epu4%ican Princip%es and Programs $now) %harles Sumner, Thaddeus Stevens, 7oint %ommittee on 3econstruction, -oderate 3epublicans 1B. 8ow did the views of -oderate 3epublicans about reconstruction differ from the views of 3adical 3epublicans2 -oderates wanted to take things slow and politicall( &air! *he Radicals wanted immediate action to address all issues o& the reconstruction and work towards it!

*econstruction 40 the S7ord $now) 3econstruction Act, Fifteenth Amendment, -ilitar 3econstruction, 3edeemers, 8ome 3ule 11. =escribe militar reconstruction. *he south was split into = districts o& di&&erent militar( leadership, and it which the /=th amendment is said to gi)e &ree black men su&&rage! No Women 2oters $now) #liCabeth %ad Stanton, Susan +. Anthon , ,oman5s 4o al 4eague, Fourteenth Amendment 1". ,h did some women feel that the did not receive their due after the %ivil ,ar2 "omen were a ke( &igure in the war, but a&ter the war, the( were not gi)en their &air share and conseBuence o& the war e&&orts, both south and north! The *ea%ities of *adica% *econstruction in the South $now) &nion 4eague, Suffrage, 8iram 3evels, +lanche $. +ruce, Scalawags, %arpetbaggers 1'. <n what wa s did African@Americans become politicall involved in the ears immediatel following the %ivil ,ar2 8ow did ,hite southerners view their involvement2 *he( were gi)en right to su&&rage, and the 'ree A!A males became a dominant percentage in the South! *he south saw it in mi3ed &eelings! 5oliticall(, it ma( help them, but the( could alwa(s )ote against the South, and it would lead to southern &ailure de to minorit(! The .u .%u@ .%an $now) $u $lu/ $lan, Force Acts, =isfranchise 1*. <n what wa s did Southern whites attempt to keep former slaves down2 *he 222 was a e3tremist group o& a political &orce that segregated to AA9s and whites, since the( did not appreciate the AA9s as eBuals to the whites! *he( sought them as in&erior still and terrorism was their tactic in scaring the Blacks! 8ohnson Wa%9s the Impeachment P%an9 $now) 3adical 3epublicans, +en ,ade, Tenure of Iffice Act, #dwin Stanton 1:. 8ow did the 3adical 3epublicans 9manufacture9 an impeachment of Andrew 7ohnson2

*he( went against the Secretar( o& "ar with Lincoln9s cabinet! *his &orced Johnson to appear incapable o& national leadership! ,t was a set up! # Not1Gui%t0 2erdict for 8ohnson $now) +enAamin F. +utler, Thaddeus Stevens 11. ,h were the 3adicals unsuccessful in removing 7ohnson from office2 Johnson was impeached, but the court ruled him not guilt( and he was returned! According to the *enture o& @&&ice Act, he had not committed a crime! The Purchase of #%as9a $now) ,illiam Seward, 3ussia 1G. #/plain wh Alaska was called 9Seward5s Foll ,9 but was purchased an wa . ,t was belie)ed that the Sec! o& State had made a mistake in purchasing a land that seemed it could not eb occupied, incapable o& agriculture and no land )alue! ,t was purchased &or si>e and western dominance! The Aeritage of *econstruction 10. Assess the success of 3epublican reconstruction. *he reconstruction plan had gi)en all the sla)es to be &ree, and under the /Dth, /Eth and /=th amendments, the( AA9s were beginning to be accepted into the white societ(! *he( punished, but not cruell( the e3+Con&ederac(, and began to ph(sicall( rebuild the Congress and the Southern states9 territories! ,t &orced the South to be reconciled to the nation!