Ac To DC Conversion (Rectifier) : Power Electronics and Drives (Version 3-2003), Dr. Zainal Salam, 2003 1

Power Electronics and
Drives (Version 3-2003),

Dr. Zainal Salam, 2003
1
Chapter 2
AC to DC CONVERSION
(RECTIFIER)
Single-phase, half wave rectifier
Uncontrolled: R load, R-L load, R-C load
Controlled
Free wheeling diode
Single-phase, full wave rectifier
Uncontrolled: R load, R-L load,
Controlled
Continuous and discontinuous current mode
Three-phase rectifier
uncontrolled
controlled
2
Rectifiers
DEFINITION: Converting AC (from
mains or other AC source) to DC power by
using power diodes or by controlling the
firing angles of thyristors/controllable
switches.
Basic block diagram
Input can be single or multi-phase (e.g. 3-
phase).
Output can be made fixed or variable
Applications: DC welder, DC motor drive,
Battery charger,DC power supply, HVDC
AC input DC output
3
Single-phase, half-wave, R-load
( )
m
m
m RMS o
m
m
m avg o
V
V
t d t V V
V
V
t d t V V V
5 . 0
2
) sin(
2
1
,
(rms), tage Output vol
318 . 0 ) sin(
2
average), or (DC tage Output vol
2
0
0
1
= = =
= = = =
}
}
+
v
s
_
+
v
o
_
v
o
i
o
v
s
t
2
4
Half-wave with R-L load

tan
) (
: where
) sin( ) (
: is response forced diagram, From
response, natural response; forced :
) ( ) ( ) (
: Solution eqn. al differenti order First
) (
) ( ) sin(
: KVL
1
2 2
|
.
|
\
|
=
+ =

|
.
|
\
|
=
+ =
+ =
+ =
R
L
L R Z
t
Z
V
t i
i i
t i t i t i
t d
t di
L R t i t V
v v v
m
f
n f
n f
m
L R s

+
v
s
_
+
v
o
_
+
v
R
_
+
v
L
_
i
5
R-L load
[ ]

t
m
m m
m
t
m
n f
t
n
e t
Z
V
t i
Z
V
Z
V
A
Ae
Z
V
i
A
Ae t
Z
V
t i t i t i
R L Ae t i
t d
t di
L R t i
+
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
+
|
.
|
\
|
=
+
|
.
|
\
|
= + =
= =
= +
=
) sin( ) sin( ) (
as, given is current the Therefore
) sin( ) sin(
) 0 sin( ) 0 (
: i.e , conducting starts diode the before zero is
current inductor realising by solved be can
) sin( ) ( ) ( ) (
Hence
; ) (
: in results which
0
) (
) (
0, source when is response Natural
0
6
R-L waveform

: i.e , decreasing is current the because negative is
: Note
dt
di
L v
v
L
L
=
t
v
o
v
s,
2
i
o
v
R
v
L
3
4 0
7
Extinction angle
[ ]
[ ]

+
|
.
|
\
|
=
= +
= +
|
.
|
\
|
=
otherwise
0
0 for
) sin( ) sin(
) (
load, L - R ith rectfier w the summarise To
and 0 between conducts diode the Therefore,
y. numericall solved be only can
0 ) sin( ) sin(
: to reduces which
0 ) sin( ) sin( ) (
. angle, tion theextinc as known is point This
OFF. turns whendiode is zero reaches current
point when he duration)T that during negative
is source the (although radians n longer tha
biased forward in remains diode that the Note

t
e t
Z
V
t i
e
e
Z
V
i
t
m
m
8
RMS current, Power
( )
( )( )
( )( )
RMS RMS s
RMS RMS s
RMS
RMS
o
I V
P
pf
I V S
S
P
S
P
pf
R I
t d t i t d t i I
t d t i t d t i I
.
.
i.e source,
by the supplied power apparent the is
load. by the absorbed power the to equal which
source, by the supplied power real the is where
: definition from computed is Factor Power
P
: is load by the absorbed Power
N CALCULATIO POWER
) (
2
1
) (
2
1
: is current RMS The
) (
2
1
) (
2
1
: is current (DC) average The
,
,
2
o
0
2
2
0
2
0
2
0
=
=
=
=
= =
= =
} }
} }


9
Half wave rectifier, R-C Load
( )
sin
OFF is diode when
ON is diode hen w ) sin(
/
m
RC t
m
o
V v
e V
t V
v
=
=

+
v
s
_
+
v
o
_
i
D

2
3 4
V
m
V
max
v
s
v
o
V
min
/2
i
D
3 /2
V
o
10
Operation
Let C initially uncharged. Circuit is
energised at t=0
Diode becomes forward biased as the
source become positive
When diode is ON the output is the same
as source voltage. C charges until V
m
After t=/2, C discharges into load (R).
The source becomes less than the output
voltage
Diode reverse biased; isolating the load
from source.
The output voltage decays exponentially.
11
Estimation of
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
m m
m
m
RC
m m
RC t
m
RC t
m
m
m
V V
RC
RC RC
RC
RC V
V
e
RC
V V
t
e
RC
V
t d
e V d
t V
t d
t V d
=
= + = + =
+ = =
=
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
|
.
|
\
|
=

sin and
Therefore wave. sine the of peak the to close very is
2 2
-tan
: then large, is circuits, practical For
tan tan
1
tan
1
1
sin
cos
1
sin cos
equal, are slopes the , At
1
sin
) (
sin
and
cos
) (
sin
: are functions the of slope The
1 1
/
/
/
12
Estimation of

for y numericall solved be must equation This
0 ) (sin sin(
or
) sin ( ) 2 sin(
, 2 t At
) 2 (
) 2 (
=
= +
+ =
+
+
RC
RC
m m
e
e V V
13
Ripple Voltage
fRC
V
RC
V V
RC
e
e V e V V V
e V e V v
t
V V
V V V V
V V V
t
V
m
m o
RC
RC
m
RC
m m o
RC
m
RC
m o
m
m m m m
o
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
= = +
+ =
= =
= + =
=
+ =
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
2
2
1 : expansoin Series Using
1
: as ed approximat is voltage ripple The
) 2 (
: is 2 at evaluated tage output vol The
2. then constant, is tage output vol DC
such that large is C and 2, and If
sin ) 2 sin(
2 at occurs tage output vol Min
. is tage output vol Max
2
2 2
2 2 2 2
min max
max
14
Capacitor Current
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
+

+ +
=
=
=
=

) 2 ( t ) ( i.e
OFF, is diode when
sin
) 2 ( t ) (2 i.e
ON, is diode when
) cos(
), ( ng substituti Then,
OFF is diode when sin
ON is diode when ) sin(
) (
But
) (
) (
: , of In terms
) (
) (
: as expressed be can capacitor in the current The
/
/

RC t
m
m
c
o
RC t
m
m
o
o
c
o
c
e
R
V
t CV
t i
t v
e V
t V
t v
t d
t dv
C t i
t
t d
t dv
C t i
15
Peak Diode Current
R
V
CV i
R
V
R
V
i
CV CV I
i i i i
m
m peak D
m m
R
m m peak c
C R D s

sin
cos
: is current peak diode The
sin ) (2 sin
) (2
.
: obtained be can ) (2 at current Resistor
cos ) (2 cos
Hence. . ) (2 at occurs current diode peak The
: that Note
,
,
+ =
=
+
= +
+
= + =
+
+ = =
16
Example
A half-wave rectifier has a 120V rms source at 60Hz. The
load is =500 Ohm, C=100uF. Assume and are calculated
as 48 and 93 degrees respectively. Determine (a) Expression
for output voltage (b) peak-to peak ripple (c) capacitor
current (d) peak diode current.
( )
( )
=
=
= =
= =
= =
= =

(OFF) 5 . 169
(ON) ) sin( 7 . 169

(OFF) sin
(ON) ) sin( 7 . 169 ) sin(
) (
: tage Output vol (a)
; 5 . 169 ) 62 . 1 sin( 7 . 169 sin
843 . 0 48
; 62 . 1 93
; 7 . 169 2 120
) 85 . 18 /( 62 . 1
/
t
RC t
m
m
o
m
o
o
m
e
t
e V
t t V
t v
V rad V
rad
rad
V V
2
3 4
V
m
V
max
v
s
v
o
V
min
/2
i
D
3 /2

V
o
17
Example (cont)
( )
( )
( )
A
rad
rad u
R
V
CV i
e
t
e
R
V
t CV
t i
V
u fRC
V
RC
V V
V V V V V V
V V V
m
m peak D
t
RC t
m
m
c
m
m o
m m m m o
o
50 . 4 ) 34 . 0 26 . 4 (
500
) 62 . 1 sin( 7 . 169
) 843 . 0 cos( 7 . 169 ) 100 )( 60 2 (
sin
cos
: current diode Peak (d)
(OFF) A 339 . 0
(ON) A ) cos( 4 . 6
(OFF)
) sin(
(ON) ) cos(
: current Capacitor (c)
7 . 56
100 500 60
7 . 169 2
: ion Approximat Using
43 sin ) 2 sin(
: Using
: (b)Ripple
,
) 85 . 18 /( 62 . 1
) /(
min max
= + =
+ =
+ =

=
=

= =
|
.
|
\
|
=
= = + =
=

18
Controlled half-wave
+
v
o
_
+
v
s
_
i
g
i
a
( ) [ ]
( ) [ ]
( )
2
2 sin
1
2
] 2 cos( 1 [
4
sin
2
1
voltage RMS
cos 1
2
sin
2
1
: voltage Average
2
2
,
+ = =
=
+ = =
}
}
}
m m
m RMS o
m
m o
V
t d t
V
t d t V V
V
t d t V V
t
v
v
o
i
g
t
v
s
19
Controlled h/w, R-L load
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )

|
.
|
\
|
=
+
|
.
|
\
|
= =
=
+
|
.
|
\
|
= + =
e
Z
V
A
Ae
Z
V
i
i
Ae t
Z
V
t i t i t i
m
m
t
m
n f
sin
sin 0
, 0 : condition Initial
sin ) ( ) ( ) (
+
v
s
_
i
+
v
o
_
+
v
R
_
+
v
L
_
t
v
s
2
v
o
i
o

20
Controlled R-L load
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) [ ]
( )
( )
R I P
d t i I
d t i I
V
t d t V V
e
Z
V
i
e t
Z
V
t i
A
RMS o
RMS
o
m
m o
m
t
m
=
=
=
= =
=
(
(

|
.
|
\
|
= =

(
(

|
.
|
\
|
=
}
}
}

2
2
) (
) (
: load by the absorbed power The

2
1

: current RMS

2
1
: current Average
cos cos
2
sin
2
1
: voltage Average
. angel conduction the called is Angle
sin sin 0
y numericall solved be must angle Extinction
otherwise 0
t for sin sin
g, simplifyin and for ng Substituti

21
Examples
1. A half wave rectifier has a source of 120V RMS at 60Hz.
R=20 ohm, L=0.04H, and the delay angle is 45 degrees.
Determine: (a) the expression for i(t), (b) average
current, (c) the power absorbed by the load.
2. Design a circuit to produce an average voltage of 40V
across a 100 ohm load from a 120V RMS, 60Hz supply.
Determine the power factor absorbed by the resistance.
22
Freewheeling diode (FWD)
Note that for single-phase, half wave rectifier
with R-L load, the load (output) current is
NOT continuos.
A FWD (sometimes known as commutation
diode) can be placed as shown below to make
it continuos
+
v
s
_
i
o
+
v
o
_
+
v
R
_
+
v
L
_
+
v
s
_
+
v
o
_
D
1
is on, D
2
is off
i
o
v
o
= v
s
i
o
+
v
o
_
i
o
D
2
is on, D
1
is off
v
o
= 0
23
Operation of FWD
Note that both D
1
and D
2
cannot be turned
on at the same time.
For a positive cycle voltage source,
D
1
is on, D
2
is off
The equivalent circuit is shown in Figure (b)
The voltage across the R-L load is the same as
the source voltage.
For a negative cycle voltage source,
D
1
is off, D
2
is on
The equivalent circuit is shown in Figure (c)
The voltage across the R-L load is zero.
However, the inductor contains energy from
positive cycle. The load current still circulates
through the R-L path.
But in contrast with the normal half wave
rectifier, the circuit in Figure (c) does not
consist of supply voltage in its loop.
Hence the negative part of v
o
as shown in the
normal half-wave disappear.
24
The inclusion of FWD results in continuos
load current, as shown below.
Note also the output voltage has no
negative part.
FWD- Continuous load current
2 3
4
i
D1
i
o
output
Diode
current
i
D2
v
o
0
t
25
Full wave rectifier
Center-tapped
D
1
i
s
+
v
s
_
v
o +
i
D1
i
D2
i
o
+
v
s1
_
+
v
s2
_
D
2
+ v
D1
+ v
D2
Center-tapped
(CT) rectifier
requires
center-tap
transformer.
Full Bridge
(FB) does not.
CT: 2 diodes
FB: 4 diodes.
Hence, CT
experienced
only one diode
volt-drop per
half-cycle
Conduction
losses for CT
is half.
Diodes ratings
for CT is twice
than FB
( )
m
m
m o
m
m
o
V
V
t d t V V
t t V
t t V
v
637 . 0
2
sin
1
: voltage (DC) Average
2 sin
0 sin
circuits, both For
0
= = =

=
}

+
v
s
_
i
s
i
D
1
+
v
o
_
i
o
Full Bridge
D
1
D
2
D
4
D
3
26
Bridge waveforms
+
v
s
_
i
s
i
D
1
+
v
o
_
i
o
Full Bridge
D
1
D
2
D
4
D
3
2
3
4
V
m
V
m
-V
m
-V
m
v
s
v
o
v
D1
v
D2
v
D3
v
D4
i
o
i
D1
i
D2
i
D3
i
D4
i
s
27
Center-tapped waveforms
Center-tapped
D
1
i
s
+
v
s
_
v
o +
i
D1
i
D2
i
o
+
v
s1
_
+
v
s2
_
D
2
+ v
D1
+ v
D2
2
3
4
V
m
V
m
-2V
m
-2V
m
v
s
v
o
v
D1
v
D2
i
o
i
D1
i
D2
i
s
28
Full wave bridge, R-L load
+
v
s
_
i
s
i
D
1
+
v
o
_
i
o
+
v
R
_
+
v
L
_
v
o
v
s
i
o
i
D1
, i
D2
i
D3
,i
D4
i
s
t
2
29
Approximation with large L
( ) , for ,
2
: i.e. terms, harmonic the
all drop to possible is it enough, large is If
. increasing ry rapidly ve decreases Thus
decreases. harmonic increases, As
: currents harmonic The

curent DC The
1
1
1
1 2
terms harmonics the and
2
term DC the where
) cos( ) (
Series, Fourier Using
... 4 , 2
R L
R
V
R
V
I t i
L
n I
V n
L jn R
V
Z
V
I
R
V
I
n n
V
V
V
V
t n V V t v
m o
o
n
n
n
n
n
n
o
o
m
n
m
o
n
n o o
>> = =
+
= =
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
=
+ + =

30
R-L load approximation
v
o
v
s
i
o
i
D1
, i
D2
i
D3
,i
D4
i
s
t
2
( )
R I P
I I I I
R
V
R
V
I
RMS o
o RMS n o RMS
m o
o
2
2
,
2
: load the to delivered Power
,
2
current e Approximat
=
= + =
= =

31
Examples
Given a bridge rectifier has an AC source V
m
=100V at
50Hz, and R-L load with R=100ohm, L=10mH
a) determine the average current in the load
b) determine the first two higher order harmonics of the
load current
c) determine the power absorbed by the load
32
Controlled full wave, R load
( ) [ ]
( ) [ ]
( )
R
V
P
V
t d t V V
V
t d t V V
RMS
o
m
m
RMS
o
m
m o
2
2
,
: is load R by the absorbed power The
4
2 sin
2 2
1
sin
1
Voltage RMS
cos 1 sin
1
: voltage (DC) Average
=
+ =
=
+ = =
}
}
+
v
s
_
i
s
i
D
1
+
v
o
_
i
o T
1
T
4
T
2
T
3
33
+
v
s
_
i
s
i
D
1
+
v
o
_
i
o
+
v
R
_
+
v
L
_
Controlled, R-L load
2
v
o
Discontinuous mode
+
i
o
2
v
o
Continuous mode
+

i
o
34
Discontinuous mode
[ ]
zero. an greater th be must ) ( t
at current operation continous For
). ( is expression current output the
in when is mode current us discontino
and continous between boundary The
0 ) (
: condition y with numericall solved be must
and angle extinction the is that Note
) (
: ensure to need mode, us discontino For
; tan and
) (
for
) sin( ) sin( ) (
: load L - R
with wave half controlled similar to Analysis
1
2 2
) (

+ =
+
=
+ <
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
+ =

|
.
|
\
|
=

o
t
m
i
R
L
R
L
L R Z
t
e t
Z
V
t i
35
Continuous mode
[ ]
( )

cos
2
sin
1
: as given is tage output vol (DC) Average
tan
mode, current continuous for Thus
tan
for Solving
, 0 1 ) sin(
), sin( ) sin(
: identity ry Trigonomet Using
0 ) sin( ) sin(
0 ) (
1
1
) (
) (
m
m o
V
t d t V V
R
L
R
L
e
e
i
= =
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

= +
+ +
+
}
+
+
36
Single-phase diode groups
In the top group (D
1
, D
3
), the cathodes (-) of the two
diodes are at a common potential. Therefore, the
diode with its anode (+) at the highest potential will
conduct (carry) i
d
.
For example, when v
s
is ( +), D
1
conducts i
d
and D
3
reverses (by taking loop around v
s
, D
1
and D
3
).
When v
s
is (-), D
3
conducts, D
1
reverses.
In the bottom group, the anodes of the two diodes
are at common potential. Therefore the diode with
its cathode at the lowest potential conducts i
d
.
For example, when v
s
(+), D
2
carry i
d
. D
4
reverses.
When v
s
is (-), D
4
carry i
d
. D
2
reverses.
+
v
s
_
+
v
o
_
v
p
v
n
i
o
D
1
D
3
D
4
D
2
v
o
=v
p
v
n
37
Three-phase rectifiers
D
1
v
o
=v
p
v
n
+
v
o
_
v
pn
v
nn
i
o
D
3
D
2
D
6
+ v
cn
-
n
+ v
bn
-
+ v
an
-
D
5
D
4
2 0
4
V
m
V
m
v
an
v
bn
v
cn
v
n
v
p
v
o
=v
p
- v
n
3
38
Three-phase waveforms
Top group: diode with its anode at the
highest potential will conduct. The other
two will be reversed.
Bottom group: diode with the its cathode at
the lowest potential will conduct. The other
two will be reversed.
For example, if D
1
(of the top group)
conducts, v
p
is connected to v
an.
. If D
6
(of the
bottom group) conducts, v
n
connects to v
bn
.
All other diodes are off.
The resulting output waveform is given as:
v
o
=v
p
-v
n
For peak of the output voltage is equal to
the peak of the line to line voltage v
ab
.
39
Three-phase, average voltage
[ ]
phase. - single
a of n higher tha much is rectifier phase - three a
of component voltage DC output that the Note
955 . 0
3

) cos(
3

) sin(
3
1
: voltage Average
radians. 3 or degrees 60 over average its
Obtain segments. six the of one only Considers
,
,
3 2
3
,
3 2
3
,
L L m
L L m
L L m
L L m o
V
V
t
V
t d t V V
= =
=
=
}
v
o
0
/3 2/3
V
m, L-L
v
o
/3
40
Controlled, three-phase
V
m
v
an
v
bn v
cn
T
1
+
v
o
_
v
pn
v
nn
i
o
T
3
T
2
T
6
+ v
cn
-
n
+ v
bn
-
+ v
an
-
T
5
T
4
v
o
41
Output voltage of controlled
three phase rectifier

cos
3

) sin(
3
1
: as computed be can voltage Average
SCR. the of angle delay
the be let Figure, previous the From
,
3 2
3
,
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
+
+
}
L L m
L L m o
V
t d t V V
EXAMPLE: A three-phase controlled rectifier has
an input voltage of 415V RMS at 50Hz. The load
R=10 ohm. Determine the delay angle required to
produce current of 50A.

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