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eee ST] Tod \o7L.0 tandard Specifications MSHA ANMER for Highway Bridges ot 17th Edition — 2002 LIBRARY Upper right-hand and lower left-hand pictures courtesy of the National Stee! Bridge Alliance. Lower “ght-hand picture courtesy of Wiliam Oliva and Scott Becker. ‘Adopied and Published by ine ‘American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 444 North Capitol Street, N.W., Suite 249 Washington, D.C. 20001 © Copyright 2002 by the Ameriean Assocation of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Al fights lecerved. Printed inthe United Slatos of America. This Book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any orm without pesmssion of the publishers Code ie-t7 Son eenst-T710 c a Et NESPAE © MSH CPrtsond Gly) NPRAS LIBRARY NESPAN CENTRAL HIGHWAY SUBCOMMITTEE ON BRIDGES AND STRUCTURES 2002 ‘TOM LULAY, Oregon, Chairman SANDRA LARSON, Vice Chairman JAMES D. COOPER, Federal Highway Administration, Secretary ALABAMA, William F. Conway, George H. ‘Connor : ALASKA, Richard A. Pratt ARIZONA, F. Daniel Davis ARKANSAS, Phil Brand CALIFORNIA, Richard Land COLORADO, Mark A. Leonard CONNECTICUT, Gordon Barton DELAWARE, Doug Finney, Dennis O'Shes Donald Cooney FLORIDA, William N. Nickas GEORGIA, Paul Liles, Brian Summers HAWAI, Paul Santo IDAHO, Matthew M. Farrar ILLINOIS, Ralph E. Anderson INDIANA, Mary Jo Hamman IOWA, Norman L. MeDonald KANSAS, Kenneth F, Hurst, Loren R. Risch KENTUCKY, Stephen E. Goodpaster LOUISIANA, Hossein Ghara, Mark J. Morvant MAINE, James E, Tukey MARYLAND, Earle S. Freeéman MASSACHUSETTS, Alexander K. Bardow MICHIGAN, Steve Beck MINNESOTA, Dan Dorgan, Kevin Western ‘MISSISSIPPI, Harry Lee James ‘MISSOURI, Shyara Gupta MONTANA, William S, Fulleron NEBRASKA, Lyman D, Freemon NEVADA, William C. Crawford, Jr. NEW HAMPSHIRE, Mark Richardson NEW JERSEY, Hany A. Capers, Jr, Richard W. Dunne NEW MEXICO, Jimmy D. Camp NEW YORK, James O'Connell, George Christian NORTH CAROLINA, Gregory R. Perfettie NORTH DAKOTA, Terry Udland ‘OHIO, Timothy Keller OKLAHOMA, Rober J. Rusch, Veldo Goins ‘OREGON, Mark E, Hirota PENNSYLVANIA, R. Scott Christie PUERTO RICO, Jaime Cabre RHODE ISLAND, Kazem Farhoumand NESPAK CENFRAL SOUTH CAROLINA, Randy R. Cannon, Jeff Sizemore SOUTH DAKOTA, John C. Cole ‘TENNESSEE, Edward P, Wasserman ‘TEXAS, Mary Lou Ralls USS. DOT, Nick E. Mpras UTAH, David Nazare ‘VERMONT, James McCanhy VIRGINIA, Malcolm T. Kerley WASHINGTON, Jerry Weigel, Tony M. Allen WEST VIRGINIA, James Sothen WISCONSIN, Stanley W. Woods WYOMING, Gregg C. Fredrick, Keith R. Fulton ALBERTA, Dilip K. Dasmohapatra MANITOBA, Ismail Elkholy NORTHERN MARIANA ISLANDS, John C. Pangalinan NEW BRUNSWICK, David Cogswell NORTHAMPTON, R. T. Hughes NORTHWEST TERRITORIES, Jobn Bowen ‘NOVA SCOTIA, Alan MacRae, Mark Pertus ONTARIO, Vacant SASKATCHEWAN, Hervé Bachelu FHWA, Shoukry Elnahal MASS, METRO. DIST. COMM. David Lenhardt NJ. TURNPIKE AUTHORITY, Richard Raczyaski NY STATE BRIDGE AUTHORITY, William Moreau PORT AUTH. OF NY AND NJ, Joseph J. Kelly, Joseph Ziteli BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, Wade Casey ‘MILITARY TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT COMMAND, RobertD. Franz” US. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS-DEPT. ‘OF THE ARMY, Paul Ten US. COAST GUARD, Jacob Patnaik US. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE- FOREST SERVICE, Nelson Hernandez ili LIBRARY ry PREFACE to Seventeenth Edition ‘Major changes and revisions to this edition areas follows: 1. The Interim Specifications of 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002 and 2003 have been adopted and are included. 2. The commentaries from 1996 through 2000 are provided and have been cross-referenced with each other. where appropriate, * 3. In 1997, Section 15, "TFE Bearing Surface.” Division I, was replaced by Section 14, “Bearings.” 44: In 1997, Seetion 19, "Pot Bearings." ‘5: In 1997, Seetion 20, "Dise Bearings,” Division, was replaced by Section 14,"Bearings.” 6. In 2002, Section 16, “Stel Tunnel Liner Plates." Division I, became Section 15. 7, In 2002, Section 17, “Soil Reinforced Concrete Structure Imeraction Systems,” Divs 1, became Section 16. £8, In 2002, Section 18, “Soil-Thermoplastic Pipe Ineraction Systems, 017, 9, Anew companion CD-ROM with advance search features is included with each book. 10, The Federal Highway Aéministration and the States have established 2 goal thatthe LRED standards be used on all new bridge designs after 2007; only edits related to technical errors in the seventeenth edition will be made hereafter. These Standard Specifications are ap- plicable to new structure designs prior to 2007 and for the maintenance and rehabilitation of, existing structures. vision I, became See é INTRODUCTION “The compilation of these specifications began in 1921 with the organization of the Committee on Bridges and Structures of the American Association of State Highway Officials, During the period from 1921, until printed in 1931, the specifications were sradually developed, and as the several divisions were approved from time to time, they were made available in mimeographed form for use of the State Highway Deparments and other organizations. A complete specification was available in 1926, and it was revised in 1928, Though notin printed form, the specifications were valu able tothe bridge engineering profession during the period of development. “The first edition of the Standard Specifications was published in 1931, and it was followed by the 1935, 1941, 1944, 1949, 1953, 1957, 1961, 1965, 1969, 1973, 1977, 1983, 1989, 1992, and 1996 revised editions. The present seventeenth edition consti- tutes «revision of the 1996 specifications, including those changes adopted since the publication ofthe sixteenth edition and those through 2002, In the past, Interim Specifications were usually published in the middle ofthe cal endar year, and a revised edition of this book was generally published every 4 years. However, since the Federal Highway Administration andthe States have established 2 ‘oa thatthe LRED standards be used on all new bridge designs after 2007, ony edits elated to technical errors in the seventeenth edition will be made hereafter. These Standard Specifications sre epplicable to new structure designs prior to 2007 and for the maintenance and rehabilitation of existing structures. Future revisions will have the same status as standards of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and are approved by at Jest wwo-thirds of the Subcommittee on Bridges and Structures. These revisions are voted on by the “Assocation Member Departments prior to the publication of a new edition ofthis book, and if approved by at east two-thirds of the members, they are included in a new edition as standards of the Association, Members of the Association are the 50 State Highway or Transportation Departments, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. Each mem- ber has one vote. The U.S. Department of Transporation is 2 nonvoting member. Future revisions will be displayed on AASHTO’s website via a link from the title's book code listing, HB-17, inthe Bookstore of www.ransportation.org. An e-mail rotification will also be sent to previous purchasers notifying them that a revision is ivailable for download. Please check the site periodically to ensure that you have the ‘most up-to-date and accurate information. "The Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges are intended to serve as 2 stan- dard or guide for the preperation of State specifications and for reference by bridge engineers. Primarily, the specifications set forth minimam requirements which are consistent ‘with current practice, and certain modifications may be necessary to suit local condi- tions. They apply to ordinary highvvay bridges and supplemental specifications may be required for unusual types and for bridges with spans longer than 500 feet. ‘Specifications of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), the ‘American Welding Society, the American Wood Preservers Association, and the National Forest Products Association are referred to, or are recognized. Numerous re- search bulletins are noted for references. “The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials wishes to express is sincere appreciation to the above organizations, as well sto those univer- sities and representatives of industry whose research efforts and consultations have ‘been most helpfal in continual improvement ofthese specifications. Extensive references have been made to the Standard Specifications for Transportation Materials and Methods of Sampling and Testing also published by ‘AASHTO, including equivalent ASTM specifications which have been reproduced in the Astociation’s Standard Specifications by permission of the American Society for Testing and Materials as o Attention is also directed to the following publications prepared and published by the Bridge Subcommittee: AASHTO Guide for Commonly Recognized (CoRe) Structural Elemerts—1998 Edition AASHTO Guide Specifications for Horizontally Curved Steel Girder Highway Bridges with Design Examples for I-Girder and Box-Girder Bridges—2002 Ezition AASHTO Guide Specifications-Thermal Effects in Concrete Bridge Super- structures—1989 Edition AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications—1998 Edition AASHTO LRED Bridge Design Specifications, 2nd Edition, SI—1998 Edition AASHTO LRED Bridge Design Specifications, 2nd Edition, US—1998 Edition AASHTO LRFD Movable Highway Bridge Design Specifications, Ist Edition— 2001 Edition AASHTO/AWS-D1.SM/DI.5:200] An American National Standard: Bridge Welding Code and its Commentary—2002 Edition Bridge Data Exchange (BDX) Technical Data Guide—1995 Edition Construction Handbook for Bridge Temporary Works—1995 Edition Guide Design Specifications for Bridge Temporary Works—1995 Edition Guide for Painting Steel Structures—1997 Edition Guide Specifications and Commentary for Vessel Collision Design of Highway Bridges—1991 Edition Guide Specifications for Alternative Load Factor Design Procedures for Steel ‘Beam Bridges Using Braced Compact Sections —1991 Edition Guide Specifications for Aluminum Highway Bridges—1991 Edition Guide Specifications for Design and Construction of Segmental Concrete Bridges, 2nd Edition—1999 Edition Guide Specifications for Design of Pedestrian Bridges, 1997 Edition Guide Specifications for Distribution of Loads for Highway Bridges—1994 Edition Guide Specifications for Fatigue Evaluation of Existing Steel Bridges—1990 Edition Guide Specifications for Highway Bridge Fabrication with HPSO70W Sieel— 2000 Edition Guide Specifications for Seismic Isolation Design, 2nd Edition—-1999 Edition Guide Specifications for Strength Design of Truss Bridges (Load Factor Design}—1985 Edition Guide Specifications for Strength Evaluation of Existing Steel and Concrete Bridges—1989 Edition Guide Specifications for Structural Design of Sound Barriers—1989 Edition Guide Specification for the Design of Stress-Laminated Wood Decks—1991 Edition - Guidelines for Bridge Management Systems—1993 Edition Manual for Condition Evaluation of Bridges—2000 Edition NESPAK CENTRAL LIBRARY a Movable Bridge inspection, Evaluation and Maintenance Manual-—1998 Edition Standard Specifications for Movable Highway Bridges—1988 Edition Standard Specifications for Structural Supports for Highway Signs, Luminaires ‘and Traffic Signals, 4th Edition—2001 Edition Additional bridges and structures publications prepared and published by other AASHTO committees and task forces are as follows: Guide Specifications for Cathodic Protection of Concrete Bridge Decks—1994 Edition : Guide Specifications for Polymer Concrete Bridge Deck Overlays—1995 Edition Guide Specifications for Shotcrete Repair of Highway Bridges—1998 Edition Inspectors’ Guide for Shorcrete Repair of Bridges—1999 Edition Manual for Corrosion Protection of Concrete Components in Bridges—1992 Edition Two Parts: Guide Specifications for Concrete Overlay Pavements and Bridge Decks—1990 Edition AASHTO Maintenance Manual: The Mainenance and Management of Roadways and Bridges—1999 Edition “The following have served as chairmen of the Committee since its inception in 1921 Messrs, EF. Kelley, who pioneered the work of the Committee, Albin L. Gemeny, R. B. MeMinn, Raymond Archiband, G. S. Paxson, E. M. Johnson, Ward Goodman, Charles Matlock. Joseph S. Jones, Sidney Poleynard, Jack Freidenrich, Henry W. Derick, Robert C. Cassano, Clellon Loveall, James E, Siebels. David Pope, and Tom Lulay. The ‘Commitee expresses its sincere appreciation of the work of these men and of those ac- tive members of the past, whose names, because of retirement, are no longer on the rll ‘Suggestions for the improversent ofthe specifications are welcomed. They should bbe sent 10 the Chairman, Subcommittee on Bridges and Structures, AASHTO. 444 North Capitol Street, N.W., Suite 249, Washington. D.C. 20001. Inquiries as to the intent or application of the specifications should be sent tothe same address ABBREVIATIONS AASHTO —American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ACI —American Conerete Institute AISC —American Institute of Steel Construction ‘AITC —- —American Institute of Timber Construction ‘ASCE —American Society of Civil Engineers ‘ASME —American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASTM — —American Society for Testing and Materials ‘ANSI —American National Standards Institute AWS —American Welding Society AWPA — —American Wood Preservers Association RSI —- —Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute cs —Commercial Standards NDS National Design Specifications for Stress Grade Lumber end Its Fastenings NFPA —National Forest Products Association RMA —Rubber Manufacturers Association SAE —Society of Automotive Engineers SSPC - —Steel Structures Painting Council WPA Westen Pine Association wri —Wire Reinforcement Institute WWPA — —Westem Wood Products Association vii ry AASHTO STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS DIVISION I DESIGN SECTION 1—GENERAL PROVISIONS ul DESIGN ANALYSIS AND GENERAL STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY FOR BRIDGES .....-- +++ pee La Design Anal : Si. 112 Structural Integrity 3 12 BRIDGE LOCATIONS ...... a 13 WATERWAYS ... eee 3 13.1 General 3 132 Hydraulic Studies 4 1321 Site Data ae ital 13.22 Hydrologic Analysis «2-02-0070 ua 1323, Hydraulic Analysis... 4 14 CULT LOCATION, LENGTH, AND WATERWAY OPENINGS . 4 15 ROADWAY DRAINAGE aA 16 RATLROAD OVERPASSES 4 16.1 Clearances eee 4 162 Blast Protection ...-.. ftbtbedee 4 7 SUPERELEVATION 5 18 FLOOR SURFACES 5 19 UTILITIES ce] SECTION 2—GENERAL FEATURES OF DESIGN GENERAL Notations .... Width of Roadway and Sidewalk... ‘| STANDARD HIGHWAY CLEARANCES GENERAL Navigational . ta Roadway Width Vertical Clearance Other : : Curbs and Sidewalks HIGHWAY CLEARANCES FOR BRIDGES Width : Vertical Clearance .. HIGHWAY CLEARANCES Fi FOR UNDERPASSES .- Width Vertical Clearance - Roadway Width eee Clearance between Walls cieceed Vertical Clearance Curbs ...-- HIGHWAY CLEARANCES FOR DEPRESSED ROADWAYS - as 2721 2722 273 2731 27.3.2 274 CONTENTS Roadway Width Clearance between Walls Curbs ... RAILINGS Vehicular Railing General Geometry .. Loads Bicycle Railing General Geometry and Loads Pedestrian Railing General. a Geometry and Loads... Structural Specifications and Guidelines SECTION 3—LOADS 3 32 33 34 35 36 37 371 3.7.2 373 314 3.15 3.76 38 381 38.1.1 3812 3.8.2 39 3.10 31 BALL a2 3.13 34 312 313 3.14 3141 3.142 3143 31S PART A—TYPES OF LOADS NOTATIONS GENERAL DEAD LOAD LIVE LOAD OVERLOAD PROVISIONS TRAFFICLANES «00.0.0... HIGHWAY LOADS . 22... Standard Truck and Lane Loads Classes of Loading a Designation of Loadings «0.0.2.0... Minimum Loading ace HLoading ‘| HS Loading Pa . IMPACT i é Application . Group A—Impect shall be included... Group B—Impact shall not be included Impact Formula on LONGITUDINAL FORCES CENTRIFUGAL FORCES ........ APPLICATION OF LIVE LOAD . Traffic Lane Units ............. : Number and Position of Traffic Lane Units ‘Lane Loads on Continuous Spans... Loading for Maximum Stress . REDUCTION IN LOAD INTENSITY ELECTRIC RAILWAY LOADS «2.2.0.0... ‘SIDEWALK, CURB, AND RAILING LOADING - Sidewalls Loading . q Curb Loading Railing Loading .. WIND LOADS....... Division 1 at Division 1 CONTENTS 3.15.1 ‘Superstructure Design . 3.15.11 (Group Il and Group V Loadings 3.15.12 Group Ill and Group Vi Loadings - 3.15.2 Substructure Design ....-- 3.15.21 Forces from Superstructare «+ 3.15.22 Forees Applied Directly to the Substructure 3.15.3 (Overturning Forces : . 3.16 THERMAL FORCES... 317 UPLIFT . 38 FORCES FROM STREAM CURRENT AND FLOATING ICE, AND DRIFT CONDITIONS « 3.181 Force of Stream Current on Piers 318.11 Stream Pressure. 3.1811. Pressure Components 3.18.13 Drift Lodged Against Pier 3.182. Force of Iee on Piers ..- 3.18.21 General 3.1822 Dynamic Iee Force « 3.1823 Static Ice Pressure Se : 3.19 BUOYANCY ..-..--- Se eee tt 320 EARTH PRESSURE it 3.21 EARTHQUAKES - PART B—COMBINATIONS OF LOADS 322 COMBINATIONS OF LOADS . 7 30 PART C—DISTRIBUTION OF LOADS 323, DISTRIBUTION OF LOADS TO STRINGERS, LONGITUDINAL BEAMS, AND FLOOR BEAMS ...... 32 3.231 Position of Loads for Shear... : 2 3.232 Bending Moments in Stringers and Longitudinal Beams 32 3.2321 General ....-- : 32 3.23.22 Interior Stingers end Beams . 2 3.23.23 Outside Roadway Stringers and Beams . 32 3.23.23. Steel-Timber-Concrete T-Beams .. 32 3.23232 Concrete Box Girders Rainier 33 323.233 ‘Foul Capacity of Stringers and Beams ...-.c..cscscceeseo00033 3233 Bending Moments in Floor Beams (Transverse) faa. 3234 Precast Concrete Beams Used in Multi-Beam Decks ..........--34 324 _ DISTRIBUTION OF LOADS AND DESIGN OF CONCRETE SLABS : 35 3.24.1 Span Lengths . 35, 3.242 Eage Distance of Wheel Loads . 235 * 3.243 Bending Moment . ... : 35 3243.1 Case A~-Main Reinforcement Perpendicular to Traffic (Spans 2 to 24 Feet Inclusive) : 22 36 3.2832 case Be-Main Reinforcement Parallel Traffic a6. 3244 Shear and Bond : Sea 236 3.245 Cantilever Slabs St 36 3245.1 Truck Loads «++ eae 3245.11 Case A~Reinforcement Perpendicular to Traffic... .++++++-36 2 ‘Case B—Reinforcement Parallel to Traffic « 36 xi ry xii CONTENTS: Division I Railing Loads 36 Slabs Supported on Four Sides 37 Median Slabs... eae 37 Longitudinal Edge Beams... a7 ‘Unsupported Transverse Edges ee 37 Distribution Reinforcement ..... 37 DISTRIBUTION OF WHEEL LOADS ON TIMBER FLOORING 38 ‘Transverse Flooring ceeeeeeeee BB Plank and Nail Laminated Longitudinal Flooring 39 Longitudinal Glued Laminated Timber Decks . 239 Bending Moment critter fee 9 Shear... ao Deftections .. 40 Stiffener Arrangement +40 Continuous Flooring ...... er) DISTRIBUTION OF WHEEL LOADS AND DESIGN OF COMPOSITE WOOD-CONCRETE MEMBERS ..........40 Distribution of Concentrated Loads for Bending Moment ‘and Shear . 3.262 Distribution of Bending Moments in Continuous Spans : 3.263 Design ... 3.27 DISTRIBUTION OF WHEEL LOADS ON STEEL GRID FLOORS : 7 Al 3274 General Musee teats Ha te aL 3.272 Floors Filled with Conerete .........cccsvsvssesseceesvevesess@l 3.273 Open Floors 4l 3.28 DISTRIBUTION OF LOADS FOR BENDING MOMENT IN SPREAD BOX GIRDERS Al Interior Beams ..... pers ee Al Enterior Beams ...-- Al . MOMENTS, SHEARS, AND REACTIONS Teal 3.30 TIRE CONTACT AREA Saeed 42 SECTION 4—FOUNDATIONS PART A~GENERAL REQUIREMENTS AND MATERIALS. 4a GENERAL ..... 243 42 FOUNDATION TYPE AND CAPACITY . 43 424 Selection of Foundation Type . . 243 422 Foundation Capacity 43 4221 Bearing Capacity 43 Settlement . AB 4223 Overall Stability eet cece AB 423 Soit, Rock, and Other Problem Conditions ..............cs00.-43 43 SUBSURFACE EXPLORATION AND TESTING PROGRAMS ......0.20s0cc00cseccesseseeeseeeessee MB 43. General Requirements 7 43 43.2 Minimum Depth . 244 433 ‘Minimum Coverage pede eerreeee 434 Laboratory Testing ............ 7 Ha 435 Scour : : 45 ry Division 44. 44d 4add 4412 4al3 aad 4d 442 443 44a 45 445.1 4a5.2 4453 4s 486 447 442) 442.14 447411 4A IA12 4A D113 44d. id 4aT lds 4471.16 4a td 447118 44712 4AT2 44721 44222 44125 4A724 48725 4473 448 4481 44.8.1.) 448.12 448.13 4482 448.21 448.22 44823 449 4.4.10 44.01 44.111 4adl.l 44.1112 ‘CONTENTS: xiii PART BSERVICE LOAD DESIGN METHOD "ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN ‘SPREAD FOOTINGS... General ... ‘Applicability .....--- : ee Footings Supporting Non-Rectangular Columns or Piers Footings in Fill... : Footings in Sloped Portions of Embenkments Distribution of Bearing Pressure . Notations Design Terminology Soil and Rock Property Selection Depth “Tinimum Embedment and Bench Width Scour Protection Footing Excavations Poet Piping ....c-ceceeerereceeee a ‘Anchorage 5 Geotechnical Design on Soil .. Bearing Capacity Factors Affecting Bearing Copacty - Eccentric Loading Footing Shape - Inclined Loading Ground Surface Slope Embedment Depth Ground Water Layered Soils Inclined Base Factors of Safety Seatlement Suess Distibution Elastic Settlement «+++ Consolidation Settlement... Secondary Settlement Tolerable Movement . Dynamic Ground Stability Geotechnical Design on Rock Bearing Capacity - . Footings on Competent Rack «.. +++ Footings on Broken of Jointed Rock Factors of Safety Settlement Footings on Competent Rock Footings on Broken or Jointed Rock... Tolerable Movernent ae Overall Stability ....6-2002028+ Dynamie/Seismie Design Structural Design . Loads and Reactions ... ‘Action of Loads and Reactions +++ Isolated and Multiple Footing Reactions * xiv CONTENTS Division 1 4412 Moments 412A Critical Seetion 4A1L22 Distribution of Reinforcement 44113 Shear : 44.1131 Critical Section « 44.11.32 Footings on Piles or Drilled Shafts | 4A ld Development of Reinforcement 444d Development Length 441d? Critical Section . 44115 Transfer of Force at Base of Column... 44.115. ‘Transfer of Force... 44.1152 Lateral Forces... 44.1153 Bearing 44114 Reinforcement .. 4411355 Dowel Size ..... 44.1156 Development Le 4AM5.7 Splicing : 44116 Unreinforeed Conerete Footings .... 44.116. Design Suess...... 4411.62 Pedestals . 45 DRIVEN PILES 451 General 431d ‘Application . Materials Penetration Lateral Tip Restraint Estimated Lengths ... : Estimated and Minimum Tip Elevation Piles Through Embankment Fill Test Piles . Pile Types .... Friction Piles End Bearing Piles Combination Friction and End Bearing Piles Batter Piles ...... Notations Design Terminology Selection of Soil and Rock Properties Selection of Design Pile Capacity ‘Ultimate Geotechnical Capacity Factors Affecting Axial Capacity .. Axial Capacity in Cohesive Soils ‘Axial Capacity in Cohesionless Soils ‘Axial Capacity on Rock «2+... Factor of Safety Selection . Setlement : Group Pile Loading .. Lateral Loads on Piles Uplift Loads on Piles ‘Single Pile Pile Group spray ‘Vertical Ground Movement Negative Skin Friction ......., ( ” Division | 45.151 45.15.11 45.15.12 45.152 4.5.16 45.16.) 45.162 45.163 45.164 45.165 45.166 45.167 45168 45.169 4517 4.171 45172 45.173 45174 ASAT 45.176 4547.7 45.178 45.18 45.18.1 45.182 45.183 45.184 45.185 45.19 45.19.1 4519.2 45.193 45.194 CONTENTS aw Expansive Soil DynamiciSeismic Design - Structural Capacity of Pile Section ‘Load Capacity Requirements But Piles Extending Above Ground Surface .- ‘Allowable Stress in Piles Cross-Section Adjustment for Corrosion Scour... ‘i Protection Against Corrosion and Abrasion Wave Equation Analysts Dynamic Monitoring - Maximum Allowable Driving Stresses Tolerable Movement Buoyancy Protection Against Deterioration Steel Piles Concrete Piles ‘Timber Piles Spacing Clearances, and Embedment « Pile Footings Pile Spacing Minimum Projection into cop Bent Caps -...eseceeeseeeeees Precast Concrete Piles Size and Shape... -..sseeeseeee Minimam Area... Minimom Diameter of Tapered Piles Driving Points fa Vertical Reinforcement «+... .+++-+ Spiral Reinforcement ...... Reinforcement Cover Splices a Handling Stesses « Castin-Place Concrete Pies Materials - Shape imum Area General Reinforcement Requirements « Reinforcement into Superstructure - Shell Requirements . Splices Reinforcement Cover Steel HePHles 4... + Metal Thickness. Splices ....e--cseceeeeseees Caps eects Traps, Scab and Core Stoppers - Point Attachments ees Unfilled Tubular Steel Piles ....--- Metal Thickness aoe Splices Driving Columa Action Py 465.13 465.14 4632 465.241 46.5.2.42 46526 465.3 4653.1 4653.2 46533 46.5.33.1 46.53.32 465.333 465.4 463.5 4.65.5.1 4635.11 4655.12 4655.13 4655.2 CONTENTS Division 1 Prestressed Concrete Piles. Size and Shape ..... Main Reinforcement Vertical Reinforcement Hollow Cylinder Piles Splices .-..... ‘Timber Piles. Materials «2.0... : 7 Limitations on Untreated Timber Pile Use . Limitations on Treated Timber Pile Use ....... DRILLED SHAFTS General ...... ‘Application . Materials . Construction Embedment Shaft Diameter Batter Shafis Shafts Through Embankment Fill... o Notations Peart Design Terminology Selection of So and Roc Propertiss «........ Presumptive Values : Measured Values eee Geotechnical Design : Axial Capacity in Soil. Side Resistance in Cohesive Soil . Side Resistance in Cohesionless Soil Tip Resistance in Cohesive Soil Tip Resistance in Cohesionless Soil Factors affecting Axial Capacity in Soil. Soil Layering and Variable Soi Strength with Depth Ground Water . ae Enlarged Bases a Grovp Action sae Cohesive Soil... Cohesionless Soil : Group in Strong Soil Overlying Weaker Soil Vertical Ground Movement : Method of Construction .. ‘Axial Capacity in Rock Side Resistance . Tip Resistance ....... Factors Affecting Axial Capac in Rock” Rock Stratification ..... : Rock Mass Discontinuities Method of Construction . Factors of Safety : Deformation of Axially Losded Shafts Shatis in Soi Cohesive Soil Cohesionless Soil Mixed Soil Profle... Shafts Socketed into Rock at Division f 46553 4656 4656.1 4.6.5.6.1.1 46.56. 465.613 46.5.6.1.4 46.5.6.1.5 46.5.6. 48 49 4.10 4.10.1 4.10.2 4.103 4.104 4.105 4.106 4 4a 4111 4112 4u3 41s ans ALLL 47 4M 49 an2 CONTENTS ‘Tolerable Movement .... + Lateral Loading - actors atecting Laterally Loaded Shafts - Soil Layering : Ground Water Scour - Group Action Cyclic Loading... : Combined Axial and Lateral eating : Sloping Ground . “Tolerable Lateral Movements « Dynamic/Seismie Design -.-+2.-00++ Se rarerpesign and General Shaft Dimensions. General Reinforcement ‘Longitudinal Bar Spacing Splices 7 Transverse Reinforcement. Handling Suresses ..-- ees Reinforcement Cover «- : Reinforcement into Supersuctre Enlarged Bases Cenert-Center Shai Spacing Load Testing, General « Load Testing Procedures Load Test Method Selection NOTE: Article Number Intentionally Not Used PART C-STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD LOAD FACTOR DESIGN SCOPE . DEFINITIONS. DIMIT STATES, LOAD FACTORS, AND RESISTANCE FACTORS - General Serviceabilty Limit States. Strength Limit States . Strength Requirement Fund Combinations and Load Factors «+. Performance Factors . eee SPREAD FOOTINGS .- General Considerations General Depth Scour Protection Frost Action Anchorage... .20.-+ Groundwater . Uplift.....e. cee Deterioration ‘Nearby Structures Notations . avi CONTENTS Division 1 43 Movement Under Serviceability : 4113.1 General ‘ 41132 Loads .. : 4.133 Movement Criteria v2.00. 4n34 Settlement Analyses 4.13.41 ‘Settlement of Footings on Cohesionless Soils 4113.42 Settlement of Footings on Cohesive Soils 4113.43 Settlement of Footings on Rock . ana Safety Against Soil Failure . i 4M4t Bearing Capacity of Foundation Soils .. 4a14id ‘Theoretical Estimation coat 4412 ‘Semi-empirical Procedures 4ML413 Plate Loading Test aula Presumptive Values .. AMS Effect of Load Eccentricity 411d.16 Effect of Groundwater Table 4 M42 Bearing Capacity of Foundations on Rock 411421 ‘Semi-empirical Procedures ......... 4422 Analytic Method 4114.23 Load Test. ee 4 Ala Presumptive Bearing Valves «........00..01 & 411425 Effect of Load Eocentricity : 44143 Failure by Sliding . 44a Loss of Overall Stability 4s Structural Capacity ane Construction Considerations for Shallow Foundations 46 General 411.62 Excavation Monitoring 411.63 Compaction Monitoring 412 DRIVEN PILES ....... 4121 General ....... 4122 Notations... 4123 Selection of Design Pile Capacity... 4123.1 Factors Affecting Axial Capacity . 4123.11 Pile Penetration . 4123.12 Groundwater Table and Buoyancy ....... 4123.13 Effect of Setting Ground and Downdrag Forces . 4123.14 Uplift .. ‘ 4123.2 Movement Under Servicesbiity Limit Sta 4123.21 General ee 4123.22 ‘Tolerable Movement . 4123.23 Settlement .. : 4.123.238 Cohesive Soil... 4.123.236 Cohesionless Soil ........- eae + 4123.24 Lateral Displacement... aia 41233 Resistance at Strength Limit States. 412331 ‘Axial Loading of Piles... 412332 ‘Analytic Estimates of Pile Capacity 4.12333 Pile of Capacity Estimates Based on In Situ Tests 412334 Piles Bearing on Rock ........0ccsecseesene 4123.35 Pile Load Test «......2++ 4123.36 Presumptive End Bearing Capacities. 412337 Uplift... eee a” Division L 4123378 4123.3.70 4123.38 4.12339 4,1233.10 4,12.3.3.108 4.12.33.100 4123.3.100 4423311 42 4 A241 4125 433 4.131 4.13.2 4133 44331 413311 433312 41332 4133.21 4133.22 4.13323 4.133.238 4133, 433324 4.1333 4.133. 4133. 1 CONTENTS: Single Pile Uplift Capacity Pie Group Uplit Capacity +0. Lateral Load : Batter Pile... +. Group Capacity - Cohesive Soil Cotiesionless Soil - Pile Group in Strong Soil Ovenying a Weak ‘or Compressible Soil Dynamic/Seismic Design ... Structural Design ...... Buckling of Piles ......++ Construction Considerations - DRILLED SHAFTS General Notations : Geotechnical Design... actors Affecting Axial Capacity - Downdrag Loads Uplif . Movement Under Services Limit State General. Tolerabie Movement Settlement .... Bee Settlement of Single Drilled Shafts ...... ae Group Settlement ....ee4eecereee Lateral Displacement Resistance at Strength Limit Staves ‘Axial Loading of Drilled Shafts “Analytic Estimates of Drilled St in Cohesive Soils Capacity 413333 Estimation of Died Shaft Capacity in Cokesoniess Sails 413334 ‘Axial Capacity in Rock . 4.133. Load Test : 4.13336 Uplift Capacity... 4.13.3.3.6 ‘Uplift Capacity ofa Single Drilled Shaft 41333. Group Uplit Cape 413337 Lateral Load 4.13338 Group Capacity . 4.1333.8a Cohesive Soil. 4.133.3.85 Cohesionless Soil... 4.1333.8¢ Group i Strong Soil Overlying Weaker Compressible S Soil 4.13339 DyamifSesmie Design «-- : 434 Structural Design... 4341 Buckling of Drilled Shafts. SECTION S—RETAINING WALLS PART AGENERAL REQUIREMENTS AND MATERIALS Sa GENERAL... 52 WALL TYPE AND BEHAVIOR 521 Selection of Wall Type « Rigid Gravity and Semi-Gravity Walls 105 old 108 104 104 S04 104 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 106 107 107 307 = 107 2107 107 107 107 107 107 2107 107 Mm MI HL am my sw CONTENTS Division! 52.12 Nongravity Cantilevered Walls eect 52.13 ‘Anchored Walls, daa ia 5214 Mechanically Stabilized Barth Walls ene 5215 Prefabricated Modular Walls : 13 522 Wall Capacity 115 5221 Bearing Capacity 3 52.22 Seitlement =5 5223 Overall Stability ce 115 3224 ‘Tolerable Deformations .... : 116 523 Soil, Rock, and Other Problem Condit LH6 53 ‘SUBSURFACE EXPLORATION AND TESTING PROGRAMS 116 531 General Requirements ...... nT 332 Minimum Depth 27 533 Minimum Coverage ont 534 Laboratory Testing 17 535 Scour... 17 54 NOTATIONS ma auaiSeeaeaaee pe ty PART B—SERVICE LOAD DESIGN METHOD ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN 35 RIGID GRAVITY AND SEMI-GRAVITY WALL DESIGN ....... 121 53.1 Design Terminology 1Z1 552 Barth Pressure and Surcharge Loadings 0.0... 0..scssesc0.s121 553 Water Pressure and Drainage Fiiiteree es 16 354 Seismic Pressure 126 355 Structure Dimensions and External Stability . 126 536 Structure Design ...2...ccscceseseseeseesssseensesscses e126 5361 Base or Footing Slabs : oe 116 55.62 Wall Stems ; Geirsre eeeeetreteeeaog 5563 CCounterforts and Burwesses ae 128 53.64 Reinforcement 2128 55.65 Expansion and Contraction Joints v19 357 Backfill . PSI ee Rei eeie ate seeds a eee eedas: 558 Overall Stability.) ere 36 NONGRAVITY CANTILEVERED WALL DESIGN .2.00.00.2...129 36.1 Design Terminology = 129 362 Earth Pressure and Surcharge Loadings - 129 5.63 Water Pressure and Drainage .........2020c-cceeeeeseeeeeesdB2 564 Seismic Pressure . 132 565 Structure Dimensions and External Stability 132 566 Structure Design .......2.2.2+0+ aide "132 567 Overall Stability TH Ss 5.68 Corrosion Protection - Tee 133 ANCHORED WALL DESIGN 133 Design Terminology... ; 2133 Earth Pressure and Surcharge Loadings - 133 = Water Pressure and Drainage ..... “136 Seismic Pressure ..... 136 Structure Dimensions and External Stability 0.0.0.0. 0000.....136 Structure Design... 136 General ... 136 ‘Anchor Design 136 Overall Stability 138 Corrosion Protection .... : 138 ‘Anchor Load Testing and Stressing 138 my Division 1 CONTENTS , 38 MECHANICALLY STABILIZED EARTH WALL DESIGN 138 i 7 58.1 Structure sions... ea 138 582 External Stability . a 138 583 Bearing Capacity and Foundation Stability - 2143 584 Caleulation of Loads for Internal Stability Design 144 584.1 CClctlation of Maximum Reinforcement Loads 146 5842 Determination of Reinforcement Tensile Load atthe Connection to the Wall Face... 147 585 3.10 Sa 5.2 5.13 Determination of Reinforcement Length Req Internal Stability ..... i Location of Zone of Maximum Stress Soil Reinforcement Pullout Design Reinforcement Strength Design ..... pee Design Life Requirements i ‘Steel Reinforcement Geosynthetic Reinforcement .. Allowable Stresses ‘steel Reinforcements Geosynthetic Reinforcements . Soil Reinforcement/Facing Connection Strength Design Connection Strength for Steel Soil Reinforcements . Connection Strength for Geosynthetic Reinforcements Design of Facing Elements . ‘Design of Stiff or Rigid Concrete, Stel, and Timber Facings, Design of Flexible Wall Facings ........++ ite Corosion Issues for MSE Facing Design.» Seismic Design ‘| : External Stability ..--.600.2005 Internal Stability Facing/Soil Reinforcement Connection Design for Seismic Loads...» tata 164 Determination of Laterat Wall Displacements e 164 Drainage Boe eae 164 Special Loading Conditions... atti 165 Concentrated Dead Loads ..... oe 165 ‘Traffic Loads and Barriers... “169 Hydrostatic Pressures... 170 Design for Presence of Obstructions in the Reinforced Soll Zone 0... seeeeeseee PREFABRICATED MODULAR WALL DESIGN ‘Structure Dimensions . External Stability 7 Bearing Capacity and Foundation Stability Allowable Stresses : Drainage... PART C—STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD LOAD FACTOR DESIGN SCOPE ea weld DEFINITIONS ........-. aia 174 NOTATIONS .. arrests ga: LIMIT STATES, LOAD FACTORS AND RESISTANCE FACTORS 175 ab xxii CONTENTS Division 1 5.13.1 Serviceability Limit States seit eeeeeteeeeeee ITS 5.132 Strength Limit States... 2.0... 0.cscceeeeeeeeeeeeeee dS) 5.133 Strength Requirement AIS 5.13.4 Load Combinations and Load Factors... sees dT 5.13.5 Performance Factors ...... seve dT5: 5.14 GRAVITY AND SEMI-GRAVITY WALL DESIGN, AND | CANTILEVER WALL DESIGN eeea yo 5.14.1 Earth Pressure Due to Backfill ..... teat seil tS 5.14.2 Earth Pressure Due to Surcharge ....... 7 176 3.143 ‘Water Pressure and Drainage . a 176 5144 Seismic Pressure ......- 176 14.5 Movement Under Serviceability Limit States 2176 5.146 Safety Against Soll Failure : 176 5146.1 Bearing Capacity Failure . a7 3.1462 Sliding . aura oe eelTT 51463 Overturing errr a7 314.64 Overall Stability (Revised Article 5.2.2.3) . sees TT 5.14.7 Safety Against Structural Failure . i oneal a2 5.14.7.1 Base of Footing Slabs cee dT $14.72 Wall Stems ... 79 5.14.73 Counterforts and Butresses 179 5.14.74 Reinforcement peerenccctetys] 179 5.14.75 Expansion and Contraction Joins ...........- ‘ 179 5.148 Backfill ...... aan 179 SECTION 6—CULVERTS. 61 CULVERT LOCATION, LENGTH, AND WATERWAY ‘OPENINGS ..... ft : 181 DEAD LOADS . Culvert in trench, or culvert untrenched on yielding foundation Culvert untrenched on unyielding foundation ............. FOOTINGS | DISTRIBUTION OF WHEEL LOADS THROUGH EARTHFILLS . ceveeeesee ee dB 65 DISTRIBUTION REINFORCEMENT 181 66 DESIGN . 7 cee 181 SECTION 7—SUBSTRUCTURES PART A—GENERAL REQUIREMENTS AND MATERIALS 7 GENERAL ‘| +183 Td Definition ....2......+ : errr oo 183 712 Loads ......-. Bateeereeyssreceeery sere ctet ish 183 13 Settlement ... eae seeeee ee 183 14 Foundation and Retaining Wall Design ceeeeeese se eA]83) 12 NOTATIONS .....-...-+ i 2183 PART B—SERVICE LOAD DESIGN METHOD ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN 13 PIERS eee 183 734 Pier Types... ...0. 0-2 183 ” Division CONTENTS, Solid Wall Piets Double Wall Piers Bent Piers ‘| Single-Column Piers Pier Protection... Collision ~. Collision Walls Scout Facing... ‘TUBULAR PIERS Materials Configuration . ABUTMENTS ‘Abutment Types ..- ‘Stub Abutment... Panial-Depth Abutment Full-Depth Abutment... Integral Abutment ... Loading Stability ‘ Reinforcement for Temperature Drainage and Backfilling Integral Abutments “Abutments on Mechanically tabi ‘Abutments on Modular Systems ‘Wingwalls . Length Reinforcement PART C—-STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD LOAD FACTOR DESIGN 16 GENERAL, SECTION 8 REINFORCED CONCRETE PART A—GENERAL REQUIREMENTS AND MATERIALS 81 APPLICATION all General... 8.1.2 Notations 813 Definitions ... 82 CONCRETE . 83 REINFORCEMENT .... PART B—ANALYSIS 84 GENERAL 85 EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION 86 STIFFNESS . 87 MODULUS OF ELASTICITY AND POISSON'S RATIO. 88 SPAN LENGTH .... 89 CONTROL OF DEFLECTIONS: 89.1 General 187 189 189 189 = 192 1192" 2193 my wiv 892 893 8:10 8.101 8.10.2 8.11 812 813 815.212 8152.13 81522 8.153 8154 8.15.5 8155.1 815.52 815.521 8.15. 815323 8155.24 815.33 81554 815.543 815.55 815555 8.1556 81557 81558 816 8.16.1 816.11 8161.2 816.2 8163 81631 8.1632 81633 8163.4 81635 8.164 CONTENTS: Superstructure Depth Lit ns Superstructure Deflection Limitations COMPRESSION FLANGE WIDTH T.Girder .. Box Girders .... SLAB AND WEB THICKNESS DIAPHRAGMS 7 COMPUTATION OF DEFLECTIONS PART C—DESIGN GENERAL... Design Methods fae ‘Composite Flexural Members Concrete Arches SERVICE LOAD DESIGN METHOD (Allowable Stress Design General Requirements Allowable Stresses Conerete ..... Flexure Shear Bearing Stress Reinforcement iets Flexure : Compression Members ........400000000 Shear -......-. : ‘Shear Stress Shear Stress Carried by Concrete ‘Shear in Bears and One-Way Slabs and Footings - Shear in Compression Members - 7 Shear in Tension Members Shear in Lightweight Concrete .. i" Shear Suess Carried by Shear Reinforcement fl Shear Friction Shear-Friction Design Method .... Horizontal Shear Design for Composite Concrete Flexural Members aa Ties for Horizontal Shear Special Provisions for Slabs and Footings ‘Special Provisions for Slabs of Box Culverts Special Provisions for Brackets and Corbels STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD (Lond Factor Design) Strength Requirements .. Required Strength Design Strength . Design Assumptions .. Flexure ‘Maximum Reinforcement of Flexural Members Rectangular Sections with Tension Reinforcement Only Flanged Sections with Tension Reinforcement Only Rectangular Sections with Compression Reinforcement Other Cross Sections . ‘Compression Members . 194 194 194 2194 194 194 195 S195 -195 195 196 196 197 197 2197 A197 ag7 197 197 197 2197 197 198 198 198 198 198 198 198 199 19 199 200 200 201 201 202 202 + 202 202 203, 203 203, 203, 204 204 Division I my Division | 8164.1 8.1642 8164.21 8.16.4.2.2 8164.23 8164.24 81643 8164.4 8165 8165.1 8165.2 8.16.6 816.6. 8.16.62 8.16.62.1 816.622 816.623 8.16.6.2.4 8.16.63 816.64 8.16644 81665 8166.55, 8.16.66 8.16.67 81668 8.16.7 8.168 3168.1 81682 81683 81684 8.17 8.17.1 8172 81721 817. 81723 8173 8174 8.18 818.1 8.182 81821 8.1822 81823 81824 819 CONTENTS xxv General Requirements 7 Compression Member Strengths Pure Compression ...- Pure Flexure Balanced Strain Conditions Combined Flexure and Axial Load .. Biaxial Loading Hollow Rectangular Compression Members Slenderness Effects in Compression Members . General Requirements ‘Approximate Evaluation of Slendemess Effect: Shear : Shea Strength - Shear Strength Provided by Concrete... Shear in Beams and One-Way Slabs and Footings «. Shear in Compression Members Sheer in Tension Members Shear in Lightweight Concrete .. Provided by Shear Reinforcement Shear Friction ‘Shear-Friction Design Method . : Horizontal Shear Swength for Composite Concrete Flexural Members : ‘Ties for Horizontal Shear... .+-+0++ Special Provisions for Slabs and Footings Special Provisions for Slabs of Box Culverts ‘Special Provisions for Brackets and Corbels Bearing Strength . Serviceability Requirements Application Service Load Stresses Fatigue Stress Limits Distribution of Fewural Reinforcement PART D—REINFORCEMENT REINFORCEMENT OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS - 213 jinimum Reinforcement cee 23 Distribution of Reinforcement ...... 213 Hen Tcasion Reinforcement in Zones of Msximura Tension. 213 Transverse Deck Slab Reinforcement in T-Girders ‘and Box Girders . ae Bottom Slab Reinforcement for Box Girders . Lateral Reinforcement of Flexural Members . Reinforcement for Hollow Rectangular Compression Members REINFORCEMENT OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS . ‘Maximum and Minimam Longitudinal Reinforcement Lateral Reinforcement oa 7 General. Spirals Ties : Seismic Requirements LIMITS FOR SHEAR REINFORCEMENT ny 8324.2 83243 8325 8.326 CONTENTS Minimum Shear Reinforcement ‘Types of Shear Reinforcement . Spacing of Shear Reinforcement ...... SHRINKAGE AND TEMPERATURE REINFORCEMENT SPACING LIMITS FOR REINFORCEMENT PROTECTION AGAINST CORROSION HOOKS AND BENDS Standard Hooks . Minimum Bend Diameters ..... DEVELOPMENT OF FLEXURAL REINFORCEMENT General Positive Moment Reinforcement . Negative Moment Reinforcement ..... DEVELOPMENT OF DEFORMED BARS AND DEFORMED ~ WIRE IN TENSION . on DEVELOPMENT OF DEFORMED BARS IN COMPRESSION .- DEVELOPMENT OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT DEVELOPMENT OF BUNDLED BARS DEVELOPMENT OF STANDARD HOOKS IN TENSION DEVELOPMENT OF WELDED WIRE FABRIC IN TENSION Deformed Wire Fabric aeeeteeee Smooth Wire Fabric .. oe MECHANICAL ANCHORAGE .. SPLICES OF REINFORCEMENT Lap Splices . Welded Splices and Mechanical Connections. Splices of Deformed Bars and Deformed Splices of Bars in Compression Lap Splices in Compression End-Bearing Splices ‘Welded Spices or Mechanical Connections : Splices of Welded Deformed Wire Fabric in Tension Splices of Welded Smooth Wire Fabric in Tension . . SECTION $—PRESTRESSED CONCRETE 9a 941 9.12 913 92 93 931 93.2 94 95 96 97 PART A—GENERAL REQUIREMENTS AND MATERIALS APPLICATION General .. Notations... Definitions Eee CONCRETE 22.0.0... ae REINFORCEMENT Prestressing Steel Non-Prestressed Reinforcement ... PART B—ANALYSIS GENERAL... a EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION |... SPAN LENGTH ..... FRAMES AND CONTINUOUS CONSTRUCTION 228 228 28 Division 1 my Division T 921 972 97.23 94.22 91.23 913 9731 9.73, 9733 98 981 932 983 99 99.1 992 993 9.10 9.10.1 9.10.2 9.103 9. 9.1 9.11.2 9.113 912 9421 9.12.2 913 9.131 9.13.2 9.13.3 914 95 9.15. 9152 915.21 9.15.22 9.15.23 9.15.24 9.16 9.16.1 9.162 9.1621 9.16211 916.212 9.16213 9.16214 9.1622 CONTENTS avi Cast-in-Place Post-Tensioned Bridges... .. Bridges Compesed of Siple-Span Precast Prestressed Girders ‘Made Continuous : General. : Positive Moment Connection at Piers . Negative Moments ..... ‘Segmental Box Girders General -....es ee Flexure Torsion +. EFFECTIVE FLANGE WIDTH . ‘T-Beams . ae Box Girders Precast Prestressed Concrete Beams with Wide Top Flanges FLANGE AND WEB ‘THICKNESS—BOK GIRDERS . ‘Top Flange .. ‘| . Bottom Flange Web .. DIAPHRAGMS General ‘T-Beams Box Girders DEFLECTIONS General ..... 7 ‘Segmental Box Girders .. Superstructure Deflection Limitations DECK PANELS ... : General ‘| Bending Moment -.....2...-+ PART C—DESIGN GENERAL ..... Design Theory and General Considerations Basic Assumptions Composite Flexural Members . LOAD FACTORS ‘i ALLOWABLE STRESSES Prestressing Steel . Conerete . “Temporary Siresses Before Losses Due to Creep ‘and Shrinkage .... Suess a Service Load After Losses Have Occurred Cracking Stress ..... Anchorage Bearing Stress .- ‘LOSS OF PRESTRESS Friction Losses .....260-0000eeeccscsee Prestress Losses... ‘| aa General ‘Shrinkage Elastic Shortening Creep of Concrete Relaxation of Prestressing Steel - Estimated Losses... ny 9a7 aT 9472 9.173 9.174 9.18 9.48.1 9.18.2 9.19 9.20 9.20.1 9.202 9.203 9.204 9.2045 921 9.211 9212 92124 9.21.22 9.21.23 9213 92131 9.21.32 9.2133 9.2134 9.21.35 9.2136 9213.7 9214 9.21.42 9.2143 921d 9.215 9216 9216.1 9.21.62 921.63 92164 9.21.7 92174 9217.2 9.21.73 9.22 9.23 9.24 9.25 9.26 CONTENTS Division t FLEXURAL STRENGTH « General Rectangular Sections... Flanged Sections Steel Stress DUCTILITY LIMITS . “Maximum Prestressing Steel ‘Minimum Steel: : NON-PRESTRESSED REINFORCEMENT .. SHEAR... 2... .0se General Shear Strength Provided by Concrete 7 ‘Shear Strength Provided by Web Reinforcement Horizontal Shear Design—Composite Flexural Members Ties for Horizontal Shear . eres POST-TENSIONED 4NCHORAGE ZONES .- Geometry of the Anchorage Zone : General Zone and Local Zone General Zone eee Local Zone Responsibilities Design of the General Zone Design Methods Nominal Material Suengths Use of Special Anchorage Devices . General Design Principles and Detailing Reqiremens Intermediate Anchorages 7 Diaphragms ‘Multiple Slab Anchorages Application of Strut-and-Tie Models to the Design of Anchorage Zones a General Nodes Surus cece Ties. pee saa taeeht Blast Stress Analysis | a Approximate Methods Limitations Compressive Stresses Bursting Forces Edge-Tension Forces Design of the Local Zone Dimensions of the Local Zone. Bearing Strength .-..-...0200++ Special Anchorage Devices PRETENSIONED ANCHORAGE ZONES ... CONCRETE STRENGTH AT STRESS TRANSFER... DECK PANELS eee PART D—DETAILING FLANGE REINFORCEMENT COVER AND SPACING OF STEEL . 247 a Division 1 CONTENTS 9.26.1 : 9.26.2 Minimum Spacing 9.263 Bundling . fees 9.264 Size of Ducts....... 9.27 POST-TENSIONING ANCHORAGES AND COUPLERS 9.28 EMBEDMENT OF PRESTRESSED STRAND 929 BEARINGS.........-.... aa SECTION 10—STRUCTURAL STEEL PARTA—GENERAL REQUIREMENTS AND MATERIALS 10.1 APPLICATION .........- ..251 10.11 Notations . Ee eee eee tere oSI. 102 MATERIALS fe ee eee ete lS7 1021 General... a eee eraon 1022 Structural Steels : 257 302. Steels for Pins, Rollers, and Expansion Rockers ..........+..++.257 102. Fasteners—Rivets and Bolts ..........ceesesceseeseeeeeses e257 10.2.5 Weld Metal ......... 257 1026 Cast Steel, Ductile Iron Castings, Malleable Castings, Cast Iron, and Bronze or Copper Alloy Saba: 10.2.6.1 Cast Steel and Ductile Iron 257 10.2.6.2 Malleable Castings : Heerost 10263 Cast ron ee eeeeseee fae eee oar PART B—DESIGN DETAILS 10.3 REPETITIVE LOADING AND TOUGHNESS CONSIDERATIONS . 10.3.1 Allowable Fatigue Stress Ranges ...-. 103.2 Load Cycles : 1033 Charpy V-Notch Impact Requirements 103.4 Shear...... 104 EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF SPAN 105 DEPTH RATIOS ............ 106 DEFLECTION .. 107 LIMITING LENGTHS OF MEMBERS 10.8 MINIMUM THICKNESS OF METAL . 10.9 EFFECTIVE AREA OF ANGLES AND TEE SECTIONS IN TENSION eee 10.10 OUTSTANDING LEGS OF ANGLES - 10.11 EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION . 10.12 FLEXURAL MEMBERS ... 10.13. COVER PLATES 10.14 CAMBER... 1015 HEAT-CURVED ROLLED BEAMS AND WELDED PLATE GIRDERS we 267 10.15.1 Scope a 267 10.152 Minimum Radius of Curvature 267 10.153 Camber 267 10.16 TRUSSES oo 268 xxix st wx CONTENTS Division I 10.16. General ... 10.162 Truss Members 10.163 Secondary Stresses ..... 10.164 Diaphragms . 10.165 Camber. 10.166 Working Lines and Gravity Axes - 10.167 Portal and Sway Bracing 10.168 Perforated Cover Plates 10.169 Stay Plates. 10.16.10 Lacing Bars . 10.16.11 Gusset Plates, Pa 101612 Half-Throwgh Truss Spans... 10.1613 Fastener Pitch in Ends of Compression Members . 1046.14 Net Section of Riveted or High-Strength Bolted Tension Members : 10.17 BENTS AND TOWERS 10.171 General... 1017.2 ‘Single Bents 10.173 Batter 10174 Bracing : 1017.5 Bottom Struts 10.18 SPLICES . 10181 General... seeesseeeeeee 10.18.11 Design Strength... ses ssee 10.18.12 Fillers... 10.18.13, Design Force for Flange Splice Plates .- 10.18.14 Truss Chords and Columns 10.182 Flexural Members .....- 10.382.1 General 10.18.2.2 Flange Splices 10.18.23, Web Splices oh 10.183 Compression Members eereeesreere 10.184 Tension Members : 10.185 Welded Splices ..... 1019 STRENGTH OF CONNECTIONS 10.191 General 10192 End Connections of Floor Beams and Stringers... 10.193 End Connections of Diaphragms and'Cross Frames... 1020. DIAPHRAGMS AND CROSS FRAMES a 10201 General... 10202 Stresses Due to Wind Loading When Top Flanges Are Continously Supported 102021 Flanges .. Diephragms and Cross Frames « Stresses Due to Wind Load When Top Flanges Are Not Continuously Supported 1021 LATERALBRACING ....... 1022 CLOSED SECTIONS AND POCKETS - 1023 WELDING ae 1023.1 General .... ae 10.232 Effective Size of Fillet Welds... 10.2321 ‘Maximum Size of Fillet Welds 10.2322, imum Size of Fillet Welds .. 10.233 Minimum Effective Length of Fillet We ry Division f CONTENTS xxi 10.234 Fillet Weld End Returns ....00.0..0ccccsecceceeeeeeeeeseee 81 10235 Seal Welds ......- SMa Reuse 1024 FASTENERS (RIVETS AND BOLTS) a 281 1024.1 General ee Hee OR 10242 Hole Types 282 10243 Washer Requirements . Peet ate 10.244 Size of Fasteners (Rivets or High- Strength Bats) « 283 10245 Spacing of Fasteners bee 283 10.245.1 Pitch and Gage of Fasteners «2... 283 102452 Minimum Spacing of Fasteners... cat 283 102453 Minimum Clear Distance Between Holes ve 283 1024.54 Maximum Spacing of Fasteners veneers BBB 10.246 Maximum Spacing of Sealing and Stitch Fasteners ...........-. 283, 10246.1 Sealing Fasteners ......-+ 5 283 102462 per 283 1024.7 Edge Distance of Fasteners 284 10.247.1 Genera! aa ESE et ta eeiete tae 288 10248 Long Rivets ae re 284 1025. LINKSAND HANGERS ...... Dette nseeeeese DBM a 1025.1 Net Section .. eee ease 284 Size of Pins SES CeEEHiTtaereieoes Pin Plates teeta : 284 . Pins and Pin Nuts ...... : 285 1026 © UPSET ENDS veer e 285 1027“ EYEBARS : oe ee 285 1027.1 Thickness and Net Section 2.2... 2.0. 2 85 1027.2 Packing of Eyebars cee SAcRiee 1028 FORKED ENDS : 285 1029 FIXED AND EXPANSION BEARINGS : cose DBS 10.291 General... 285 10.292 Bronze or Copper Sing Expansion Barings bee 285 1029.3 Rollers SEE as 1029.4 Sole Plates and Masonry Plates ied vies 286 1029.5 ‘Masonry Bearings Pe Lea 10.296 Anchor Bolts ..... SOS ea 1029.7 Pedestals and Shoes 286 1030 FLOOR SYSTEM 286 3030.1 Stringers 286 10302 Floor Beams 1-286 1030.3 Cross Frames 286 30304 Expansion Joints PELE oa 1030.5 ‘End Floor Beams ...... seater ae 30306 End Panel of Skewed Bridges ....2........ 287 * 1030.7 ‘Sidewalk Brackets press a fone 287 10308 ‘Stay-in-Place Deck Forms. -.....22+2.200+ cise DB 10308.1 Concrete Deck Panels... 02002 2 287 103082 Metal Stay-in-Place Forms 287 PART C—SERVICE LOAD DESIGN METHOD ‘ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN 1031 SCOPE....... Pe Soar aar 1032 ALLOWABLE STRESSES... : : 287 a wx CONTENTS, Division I 10321 Steel 287 1032.2 Weld Metal... 287 1032.3 Fasteners (Rivets and Bolts). 290 1032.3.1 General ...... 290 103233 Applied Tension, Combined Tension, and Shear 292 10.3234 Fatigue. : cola 292 10324 Pins, Rollers, and Expansion Rockers. 292 10325 Cast Ste, Duce Ion Castings, Malleable Castine, and Cast Iron... ee 293 10.32.5.1 Cast Stee! and Ductile Iron 293 10.3252 Malleable Castings, 293 103253 Cast Iron 2293 1032.54 Bronze or Copper-Alloy 293 10326 Bearing on Masonry 7 294 10.33 ROLLED BEAMS 294 10.331 General a 294 10.33: Bearing Stiffeners 294 1034 PLATE GIRDERS 294 10.34.) General 294 10342 Flanges 294 103421 Welded Girders - 7294 1034.22 Riveted or Bolted Girders . 2 295 10343 Thickness of Web Plates 296 10.343.1 Girders Not Stffened Lonsitudinaly - 296 10.343.2 Girders Stiffened Longitedinally 296 10.344 ‘Transverse Intermediate Stiffeners ... 297 10.345 Longitudinal Stiffeners 298 10.346 Bearing Stiffeners . 1038.6. Welded Girders 1034.62 Riveted or Bolted Girders 10.35 TRUSSES 1035.1 Perforated Cover Plates and Lacing Bars 10.352 _ Compression Members—Thickness of Metal 10.36 COMBINED STRESSES 1037 SOLID RIB ARCHES 1037.1 ‘Moment Amplification and Allowable Stress 10.37.2 Web Plates 10.37.3 Flange Plates 1038 COMPOSITE GIRDERS 10.381 General . F 10.38.2 Shear Connectors 10.383 Effective Flange Width 10384 Stresses . ee 10385 Shear 10.38.5.1 Horizontal Shear 1038.5.1.1 Fatigue 10.38.5.1.2 Uhimate Strength... 10,385.13 [Additional Connectors to Develop Slab Stresses 1038.52 Vertical Shear 7 7 10.386 Deflection 1039 COMPOSITE BOX GIRDERS . 1039.1 General 10392 Lateral Distribution of Loads for Bending Moment 1.302 1303 303 203 303 305 121305 120306 1307 307 307 307 - 307 307 Division | 1039.3 10.39.3.1 1039.32 10.3.4 10:39.4.1 1039.42 10.39.43, 10.39.44 1039.45 1039.5 10.39.6 1038.7 1.39.8 10.40 10.40.1 1040. 104021 104022 10.4023, 10.40.3 10.404 1041 1041.1 10.41.2 10.413 1041.31 10.41.32 10.414 104141 1041.42 10.41.43 104144 10.41.45 10.41.45.1 10.41.4.5.2 10.41.46 10.41.47 10.41.48 10.41.4.8.1 10.41.4.8.2 1041.4.9 10.41.4.10 30.42 10.43 10.44 10.45 10.46 1047 10.48 CONTENTS xxiii Design of Web Plates Vertical Shear Secondary Bending Stresses Design of Bottom Flange Plates ‘Tension Flanges Compression Flanges Unstiffened Compression Flanges Stffened Longiudinally - Compression Flanges Stffened Longitudinally and Transversely Compression Flange Stiffeners, General aad Design of Flange to Web Welds ...- Diaphragms . iti Lateral Bracing ‘Access and Drainage .. HYBRID GIRDERS General ...- Allowable Stresses Bending . Shear Fatigue Plate Thickness Requirements Bearing Stiffener Requirements... ORTHOTROPIC-DECK. SUPERSTRUCTURES General : Wheel Load Contact Area Effective Width of Deck Plate Ribs and Beams Girders : Allowable Stresses Local Bending Stesss in Deck Plate Bending Stresses in Longitudinal Ribs Bending Stresses in Transverse Beams Intersections of Ribs. Beams and Girders Thickness of Plate Elements vie Longitudinal Ribs and Deck Plate Girders and Transverse Beams Maximum Slenderness of Longitudinal Ribs Diaphragms see zi Stiffness Requirements ..... be Defiections . Vibrations : ‘Wearing Surface Closed Ribs PART D—STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD R LOAD FACTOR DESIGN “ SCOPE 316 LOADS ... 316 DESIGN THEORY : cieae TS 6, ASSUMPTIONS ..... sey 316 DESIGN STRESS FOR STRUCTURAL STEEL .. 316 MAXIMUM DESIGN LOADS .... arate 317 FLEXURAL MEMBERS ... : BIT 1048.1 10.482 10.483 10.484 10.485 1048.6 10.48.7 10.488 10.49 10.49.1 10.49.2 1049.3, 10.494 1049.5 10.50 10.50.1 10.50.1.1 10.50.12 1050.2 10.50.21 10.502.2 1031 1031.1 10512 10513 lost 1051.5 1051.6 10.53.1.1 10.53.1.2 10.53.13, 1053.2 1053.3 10.54 1054.1 1054.11 1054.12 1054.2 10.54.21 10.54.2.2, 10.55 10.551 1055.2 1055.3 10.56 10.56. CONTENTS Division 1 ‘Compact Sections Braced Noncompact Sections. ‘Transitions Partially Braced Members .. ‘Transversely Stiffened Girders Longitudinally Stiffened Girders Bearing Stiffeners Shear... SINGLY SYMMETRIC SECTIONS General Singly Symmetric Sections with Transverse Stiffeners Longitudinally Stiffened Singly Symmetric Sections ‘Singly Symmetric Braced Noncompact Sections .... : Partially Braced Members with Singly Symmetcic Sections COMPOSITE SECTIONS i ey Positive Moment Sections oa Compact Sections Noncompact Sections eet Negative Moment Sections ......2.-+.+ i Compact Sections Noncompact Sections... COMPOSITE BOX GIRDERS ‘Maximum Strength ... Lateral Distribution Web Plates Tension Flanges Compression Flanges Diaphragms Design of Flange to Web Welds SHEAR CONNECTORS General Design of Connectors : Maximum Spacing .... z HYBRID GIRDERS Noncomposite Hybrid Sections ‘Compact Sections . areca Braced Noncompact Sections - eae : Panially Braced Members... : oe Composite Hybrid Sections Shear... COMPRESSION MEMBERS Axial Loading ‘Maximum Capacity Effective Length Combined Axial Load and Bending Maximum Capacity... ieee Equivalent Moment Factor... SOLID RIB ARCHES Moment Amplification and Allowable Stresses. Web Plates ... Flange Plates SPLICES, CONNECTIONS, AND DETAILS Connectors . ab Division 1 CONTENTS 10.56.1.1 General 10.56.1.2 Welds 10.56.13 Bolts and Rivets 10.56.14 Slip-Critcal Joints - : 10552 Bolts Subjected to Prying Action by Connected Paris 10.563 Rigid Connections Siete 1057 OVERLOAD, 1057.1" Noncomposite Sections a 10.572 Composite Sections .. 10.573 _Slip-Critical Joints 1058 ‘FATIGUE. 1058.1 General... i 10.582 Composite Construction 105821 Stab Reinforcement . 1058.2 Shear Connectors. 10583 Hybrid Beams and Girders 1059 DEFLECTION 10.60 ORTHOTROPIC SUPERSTRUCTURES .. 10.61 CONSTRUCTIBILITY . 1061.1 Web Bend Buc! ae 10.61.2 Web Shear Buckling ... 10613 Lateral-Torsional Buckling of the Cross Section 10.614 Compression Flange Local Buckling . : SECTION 1]—ALUMINUM DESIGN nt GENERAL 337 n2 BRIDGES ...... eres na SOJL-METAL PLATE INTERACTION SYSTEMS .0........... 337 114 STRUCTURAL SUPPORTS FOR HIGHWAY SIGNS, LUMINAIRES, AND TRAFFIC SIGNALS ...........-- 337 nS BRIDGE RAILING . tere 337 SECTION 12~SOIL-CORRUGATED METAL STRUCTURE INTERACTION SYSTEMS 124 GENERAL 330 1214 Scope... 339 121.2 Notations 339 1213 Loads . 339 1214 Design 340 i215 Materials 2340 1216 Soil Design Siesta 340 121.61 Soil Parameters a 340 121.62 Pipe Arch Design 340 12.163 Arch Design ..... : 340 121.7 Abrasive or Corrosive Conditions 121.8 ‘Minimum Spacing 1219) End Treatments... 00. .cccccecsee at 121.10 Construction and Installation 3a 122 SERVICE LOAD DESIGN 341 1221 Wall Area vee Al ” xaxvi CONTENTS Buckling ..........scccc0es ee ceeeeee SAL Seam Strength 341 Handling and Installation Strength 341 LOAD FACTOR DESIGN 2342 Wall Area i = 342 Buckling . 32 ‘Seam Strength 1342 Handling and Insallation Strength 2342 CORRUGATED METAL PIPE 342 General . 2342 Service Load Design—safey facior. SF - cess BMD Load Factor Design-—capacity modification factor, 342 Flexibility Factor. : 2348 Minimum Cover 38 Seam Strength Sie catia 343 Section Properties . 134 Steel Conduits St 344 ‘Aluminum Conduits « i 234 Chemical and Mechanical Requirements... 00... 345 Smooth-Lined Pipe : 345 SPIRAL RIB METAL PIPE... .....000000ce0ceececsereese se o3345 General .. Rue 345 Soil Design . : 345 Pipe-Arch Design 345 Special Conditions PES eee erat ees Construction and Installation : 345 Design Se re ttre aa Flexibility Factor cara 346 Minimum Cover ...- uae 346 Section Properties Seas Steel Conduits 2... Bee 346 Aluminum Conduits : : 346 Chemical and Mechanical Requirements 346 Stee! Spiral Rib Pipe and Pipe-Arch Requirements— AASHTO M 218 346 1255.2 ‘Aluminum Spiral Rib Pipe nd Pipe-Arch Reqremens— ‘AASHTO M 197 veces 346 126 STRUCTURAL PLATE PIPE STRUCTURES: tise BMT 126.1 General . : 347 126.12 Service Load Design—safew facior. SF 2347 12.613 Load Factor Design—capacity modification FACIOG see eeseeeeeeeeeeteeeere 387 126.14 Flexibility Factor 2.0.2.0. a od. 126.15 Minimum Cover 347 12.6.2 Seam Strength .. 347 1263 Section Properties 387 12631 Steel Conduits . 347 1263.2 ‘Aluminum Conduits ete CUS: 1264 Chemical and Mechanical Properties : 348 1264.1 ‘Aluminar Structural Pate Pipe, Pipe-Arch, and Arch Material ‘Requirements—AASHTO M 219, Alloy 5052....... 348 12642 ‘Stee! Structural Plate Pipe, Pipe-Arch, and Arch Material ‘Requirements—AASHTO M 167 ...-..20-200e0cee0se0+ 348 Division 1 Division 1 CONTENTS: xxvii 1265 Structural Plate Arches... 348 127 LONG-SPAN STRUCTURAL PLATE STRUCTURES . = 348 127.1 General : eae 12.7.2 Structure Design 12.721 General 12.722 ‘Acceptable Special Features : 12.73 Foundation Design 12.73.1 Settlement Limits 12732 Footing Reactions (Arch Structres) 127.33 Footing Design : See 12.7.4 Soil Envelope Design ..- eee 12744 Soil Requirements 12.742 Construction Requirements, 12.743 Service Requirements, 12.75 End Treatment Design 1275.1 ‘Standard Shell End Types 1275.2 Balanced Support 12.753 Hydraulic Protection 127.53.) Backfill Protection 1275.32 Cut-Off (Toe) Walls 7 ae 127.533 Hydraulic Uplift - eat 12.7534 Scour it 12.76 ‘Multiple Structures 128 STRUCTURAL PLATE BOX CULVERTS 81 General wee 2811 Scope =... ++ 12.82 Structural Standards 1283 Structure Backfill 284 Design 12.8.4.1 ‘Analsticel Bass for Design 128.42 Lead Factor Method 128.43 Plastic Moment Requirements Footing Reactions ‘Manufacturing and Installation SECTION 13-WOOD STRUCTURES 134 GENERAL AND NOTATIONS «2.220000 000000000 131d General it telat te 1342 Net Section 7 cae 13.13 Impact eeeeey ae 1314 Notations ... ii B2 MATERIALS .. 13.2.1 Sawn Lumber .......ceccscce0eesceeeeeesseteneeeses 13211 General : 13.212 Dimensions 13.22 Gived Laminated Timber ee z 132.21 General Eee eee et 13222 Dimensions Bae Structural Composite Lumber ss ...s.sesces General : Laminated Veneer Lumber Parallel Strand Lumber at soil 13.234 132.4 133 133.1 1332 1333 1334 134 1B 135.1 135.2 135.22 135.3 1354 135.5 135.52 13.55. 135.53 136 136.1 13.62 13.63 1364 1364.1 136.42 136.43 136.44 13645 13.65 1365.1 13652 13.653 13.6.6 13.661 13.662 13.663 136.7 137 13.7.1 13.7.2 13.73 13.734 13.732 13.733 13.734 13.735 1374 138 Bal 1382 139 13.9.1 139.2 CONTENTS Dimensions Piles PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT Requirement for Treatment : ‘Treatment Chemicals ....... Seat eeeaets Field Treating Fire Retardant Treatments - DEFLECTION DESIGN VALUES General . : ‘Tabulated Values for Sawn Lumber ‘Stress Grades in Flexure ‘Tabulated Values for Glued Laminated Timber ... ‘Tabulated Values for Structural Composite Lumber Adjustments to Tabulated Design Values . ‘Wet Service Factor, Cy ade Load Duration Factor. Cp... ‘Adjustment for Preservative Treatment BENDING MEMBERS General .......- Notching Modulus of Elasticity Bending Allowable Stress Size Factor. Cr. ‘Volume Factor, Cv Beam Stability Factor, Ck Form Factor, Cy. .- ++ Shear Parallel to Grain General Actual Stress . Allowable Stress . : Compression Perpendicular to Grain .........0++ General : Allowable Stress Bearing Area Factor, C, Bearing on Inclined Surfaces COMPRESSION MEMBERS ... General ... Eccentric Loading or Combined Stresses Compression z Net Section... 2002 Allowable Stress Column Stability Factor,C, ‘Tapered Columns Round Colurnns Bearing Parallel to Grain ‘TENSION MEMBERS .... ‘Tension Parallel to Grain . ‘Tension Perpendicular to Grain ...... MECHANICAL CONNECTIONS .... General... ee see a Corrosion Protection Division 1 at r \ Division | CONTENTS: 13.93 Fasteners 13.94 Washers SECTION 14—BEARINGS 141 SCOPE .. 142‘ DEFINITIONS . 143 NOTATIONS ...... 144 MOVEMENTS AND LOADS - 440 Design Requirements . 125. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR BEARINGS .. 145.1 Load and Mavement Capabilities iH 1452 Characteristics 1453 Forces inthe Structure Caused by Restraint of Movement at the Bearing 14531 Horizontal Force 14532 Bending Moment. 46. SPECIAL DESIGN PROVISIONS FOR BEARINGS 146.1 Metal Rocker and Roller Bearings : 1461.1 General Design Considerations ...- 146.12 Materials 146.13 Geometric Requirements 146.14 Contact Stresses 146. PTFE Sliding Surfaces 1462.1 PTFE Surface 14622 Mating Surface 146.23 Minimum Thickness Requirements 146.231 PIFE 146232 Stainless Stee! Mating Surfaces 146.24 Contact Pressure 1462. Coefficient of Friction 146.262 1463 1463.1 14632 1464 1464.1 4.6.4.2 146.43 46.4.8 146.45 14.6.45.1 146.452 146.46 146.47 146.48 146.5 Attachment : : PTFE... ie Mating Surface Bearings with Curved Sliding Surfaces Geometric Requirements. ...eeeese0se+ Resistance to Lateral Load Pot Bearings .- General Materials Geometic Reguiemen eee Elastomeric Disc - Sealing Rings... +--+ ‘Rings with rectangular cross-sections . Rings with circular cross-sections Pot... : Piston... Lateral Loads =... Steet Reinforced Elastomeric earings Method B. General ieee Material Properties Design Requirements Scope 383 383 385 xaxix Py Division T 146532 146.533 146534 4653.5 146.536 146.537 14.66 1466.1 1466.2 14663 146.63.1 14.66.32 1466.33 146.6.3.4 14.6.6.3.5 14.6.6.3.5a 14.6.6.3.50 146636 1466.37 146.64 1467 146.2.1 146.7.2 146.73 146.74 146.8 1468.1 1468.2 146.83 146.84 146.85 1468.6 14.69 1469.1 1469.2 14693 14694 1469.5 1469.5.1 1469.52 1469.6 146.10 147 14.7.1 1472 1473 148 154 15.21 CONTENTS ‘Compressive Stress --396 Compressive Deflection oe... ..cceeceeeeeeeereeeeeeeees B97 Shear ....2.++ Preece Combined Compression and Rotation... een. 397 Stabitity 398 Reinforcement . 398 Blastomeric Pads and Steel Reinforced Elastomeric Bearings — Method A. Reade te 398 General a ae 398 Material Properties 398 Design Requirements EEA et tas 08 ‘Scope. se se apace z Ceerrassiccecer sc] Compressive Stress ae 399 Compressive Deflection ...- 399 Shear 399 Rotation etait oo 399 PEP and CDP 399 FGP and Steel Reinforced Elastomeric Bearings .........++.+.399 Stability 2. eee eee : 400 Reinforcement a : 400 Resistance to Deformation .. 00 Bronze or Copper Alloy Sliding Surfaces . Beat 400 Materials « SAE fy - 400 Coefficient of Friction ett 400 Limits on Load and Geometry ........ cee 400 Clearances and Mating Surface . 400 Dise Bearings : Pei bese 400 General eee Pee 400 Materials ae we M00 Overall Geometric Requirements. = 400 Elastomeric Dise oat 2.401 Shear Resisting Mechanism ......... 401 Steel Plates Guides and Restraints . General... Design Loads Materials . Geometric Requirements eae a Design Basis ........ Steet Ad Load Location : Ao ‘Contact Stress : 401 ‘Anuachment of Low-Friction Material. 401 Other Bearing Systems veces MOD LOAD PLATES AND ANCHORAGE FOR BEARINGS .. = 402 Plates for Load Distribution . i ‘Tapered Plates Anchorage : CORROSION PROTECTION 15—-STEEL TUNNEL LINER PLATES GENERAL AND NOTATIONS .....0.2000.000c000seee2eeee2 01408 General ..... Te eeeieteeet 403 af r XY Division L CONTENTS ali 15:2 Notations 403 152 LOADS = 403 153 DESIGN 404 153.1 Criteria. 404 1532 Joint Strength 404 1533 Minimum Stiffness for Installation 405 153.4 Critical Buckling of Liner Plate Wall 1 a05; 153.5 Deflection or Flattening .. = 405 ia) CHEMICAL AND MECHANICAL REQUIREMENTS 406 1341 ‘Chemical Composition seve + 406 15.42 Minimum Mechanical Properties of Flat Pipe Before Cold Forming .. fa 405 15.43 Dimensions and Tolerances eae 406 155 SECTION PROPERTIES .....2....0200000serseseeees 406 156 COATINGS ae “405 157: BOLTS... : sae at 0 158 SAFETY FACTORS pea 406 ‘SECTION 16—SOIL-REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURE INTERACTION SYSTEMS 16.1 GENERAL . 1644 Scope - 16.12 Notations 16.13 Loads 1614 Design : 16.15 Materials ea 16.16 Soil 1617 “Abrasive or Corrosive Conditions 1618 End Structures 16.19 Construction and Installation 16.2 SERVICE LOAD DESIGN 163 LOAD FACTOR DESIGN ...... 16.4 REINFORCED CONCRETE PIPE, 16.4.1 Application . 16.4.2 ‘Materials airerstmeoeteneastn 164.21 Concrete ieee 164.22 Reinforcement 16423 Concrete Cover for Reinforcement - ‘ 16.43 Installations 1643.1 Standard Installations 16.432 Soils -. 1644 Design 164.41 General Requirements - 164.42 Loads 16.4.4.2.1 ‘Earth Loads and Pressure Distribution 16.44.21. ‘Standard Installations 1644212 Nonstandard Installations 16.44.22 Pipe Fluid Weight 16.44.23 Live Loads 16.443 Minimum Fill asd Design Methods 16.4.5 Indirect Design Method Based on Pipe Strength ‘and Load-Carrying Capacity ceveeveeeseene MZ ” stil CONTENTS 1645.1 Loads... 1645.11 Ultimate D-load 1645.2 Bedding Factor 16.4521 Earth Load Bedding Factor for Circular Pipe . 16.45.22 Earth Lond Being Factor for Arc and Elita Pipe « 16.45.23 Live Load Bedding Factor : Intermediate Trench Widths Direct Design Method for Precast Reinforced Concrete Circular Pipe a Application General Strength-Reduction Factors. Process and Material Factors Orientation Angle Reinforcement ieee 164.6.6.1 Reinforcement for Flexural Steength 16.46.62 Minimum Reinforcement... 164.663 Maximum Flexural Reinforcement Without Sirops 16.4.6.6.3.1 Limited by Radial Tension ..........c.005 164.6632 Limited by Concrete Compression... 164.664 Crack Width Control (Service Load Design) 16.46.65 Shear Strength ete 16.46.66 Radial Stinups oo... cteceeeeee 1646661 Radial Tension Stirups 164.6662 Shear Stirrup oe 16.4.6663 Stimup Reinforcement Anchorage... 16.4.66.6.3.1 Radial Tension Stimup Anchorege 16.4.666.32 Shear Stirrup Anchorage 16.4.66633 Stirrup Embedment 16.46.6634 Other Provisions 1647 Development of Quadrant Mat Reinforcement 165 REINFORCED CONCRETE ARCH, CAST-IN-PLACE 165.1 Application : 165.2 Materials 16521 Concrete Pr eeeeee 165.22 Reinforcement . ce 1653 Design 1653.1 General Requirements 16532 Minimum Cover 16533 Strength-Reduetion Factors. 16534 Splices of Reinforcement 16535 Footing Design .. 166 REINFORCED CONCRETE BOK, CASTIN-PLACE 166.1 Applic 16.62 Materials 16624 Concrete i 1662.2 Reinforcement 1663 Concrete Cover for Reinforcement 16.64 Design . 1664.1 General Requirements 1664.2 Modification of Earth Loads for Soil Structure Imeraction .. pee 166421 Embankment installations - 1664.22 Trench Installations «2.2. esc. ‘ Division 1 ao a Division T CONTENTS aii 16643 Distribution of Concentrated Load Effects to Bottom Slab ....-.. 425 16644 Distribution of Concentrated Loads in Skewed Culverts ... 425 16645 Span Length ree eee 2 AOS 166.46 Swengih-Reduction Factors. fet fee ABS 166.47 Crack Control ....4.se+e+ 425 166.48 Minimam Reinforcement 426 167 REINFORCED CONCRETE BOX, PRECAST . 426 167.1 ‘Application .....++.+ . 426 167.2 Materials 2426 167.21 Concrete 46 16.7.2.2 Reinforcement cea 426 1673 Conerete Cover for Reinforcement . 426 16.74 Design .. re 426 1674.1 General Requirements... fie A26 16.742 Modification of Earth Loads for Soil‘Srveture Interaction .-..... 26 167.421 Embankment Installations : : 426 16.7.4.2.2 ‘Trench Installations oe 426 167.43 Disuibution of Concentrated Loed Effects in Sides and Bottoms @ 16.744 Distibution of Concentrated Loads in Skewed Culverts % 167.45 Span Length eee 16.746 ‘Strength-Reduction Factors 16.747 Crack Control : 16.748 Minimum Reinforcement... 168 PRECAST REINFORCED ConcnerE THREE-SIDED STRUCTURES . ae we 42 168.1 Application a 1682 Materials 1682.1 Concrete... 168.22 Reinforcement 1683 Conerete Cover for Reinforcement 16.84 Geometric Properties 1685 Design zi 1685.1 Genera Requirements... 16.852 Distbution of Concentated Loud Effects in Sides 16853 Distribution of Concentrated Loads in Skewed Culverts ......-. +428 16854 Shear Transfer in Transverse Joints Between Culvert Sections a zi a8 168.55 Span Length i 428 1685.6 Strength-Reduction Factor . 28 1685.7 ‘Crack Control : 428 16858 Minimum Reinforcement . 428 1685.9 Defiection Control 228, 1685.10 Footing Design 429% 1685.11 Structure Backfill. se Dict M9 1685.12 ScourProtection ......+.e0+eere00e von 29 ‘SECTION 17—SOIL-THERMOPLASTIC PIPE INTERACTION SYSTEMS ma GENERAL .. 431 Wad Scope 431 17.12 Notations 431 1113 Loads... : 431 oO NESPAK CENTRAL LIBRARY my liv CONTENTS Division FA. W214 Design ILS Materiats a Rey 17.16 Soil Design... ead 1716.1 Soil Parameters 47 Abrasive or Corrosive Conditions . 4 718 Minimum Spacing erate 19 End Treatment... ae et 17.10 Construction and Installation . 172 SERVICE LOAD DESIGN .......... 1721 Wall Area : Buckling Handling and Installation Strength 17.3. LOAD FACTOR DESIGN 173.1 Wall Area 1732 Buckling 1733 Handling and Installation Strength . 174 PLASTIC PIPE. ete 174. General VWAL2 Service Load Design—sefety factor, SF 174.13 Load Factor Design—capacity modification factor, 6 41s Flexibility Factor 1415 Minimum Cover... ..00cccces 74.1.6 Maximum Strain . 14.17 Local Buckling 1742 Section Properties 7421 PE Corrugated Pipes 17422 PE Ribbed Pipes 174.23 Profile Wall PVC Pipes 1743 Chemical and Mechanical Requirements .. 1743.1 Polyethylene 1743.11 Smooth wall PE pipe requirements aha 1743.12 Corrugated PE pipe requirements . 4 1743.13 Ribbed PE pipe requirements . 17432 Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) . i 1743.21 ‘Smooth wall PVC pipe requirements 1743.22 Ribbed PVC pipe requirements... DIVISION L-A. & SEISMIC DESIGN. SECTION 1=INTRODUCTION li PURPOSE’AND PHILOSOPHY ........... 439 12 BACKGROUND 2 0.......0c00 cco 439 : 13 BASIC CONCEPTS See pees M0, La PROJECT ORGANIZATION ...... eae 440 1s QUALITY ASSURANCE REQUIREMENTS 440 16 FLOW CHARTS ......... Bee As SECTION 2=SYMBOLS AND DEFINITIONS : 24 NOTATIONS : : Ae a5 as Division FA, CONTENTS, xv SECTION 3=GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 3 APPLICABILITY OF SPECIFICATIONS . 32 ACCELERATION COEFFICIENT ......-- : 33 IMPORTANCE CLASSIFICATION .....- ere 34 SEISMIC PERFORMANCE CATEGORIES « 35 SITE EFFECTS a 35.1 Site Coefficient .. 36 ELASTIC SEISMIC RESPONSE COEFFICIENT 36.1 asic Seismic Response Coefficient for Single Mode Analysis. 3.62 Elastic Seismic Response Coefficient for Multimodal Analysis... 450 37 RESPONSE MODIFICATION FACTORS ... Sees 38 DETERMINATION OF ELASTIC FORCES AND DISPLACEMENTS . ... 39 COMBINATION OF ORTHOGONAL S 3.10 MINIMUM SEAT-WIDTH REQUIREMENTS ..... Bul DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR SINGLE SPAN BRIDGES - 312 REQUIREMENTS FOR TEMPORARY BRIDGES AND STAGED ‘CONSTRUCTION ee AS2 2 SECTION 4ANALYSIS REQUIREMENTS 2 4d GENERAL ..... 2 A338 42 SELECTION OF ANALYSIS METHOD .000 002.2... 200005 000+ 453 421 Special Requirements for Single-Span Bridges and Bridges in SPC... we M53 422 Special Requirements for Curved Bridges 453 423 Special Requirements for Critical Bridges ......... Dae 43 UNIFORM LOAD METHOD—PROCEDURE 1 tee ASM 44 SINGLE MODE SPECTRAL ANALYSIS METHOD— PROCEDURE? .. cece MSA 45 MULTIMODE SPECTRAL ANALYSIS METHOD— PROCEDURE 3 : 455 45.1 General ore 455 452 Mathematical Model .. 456 4524) Superstructare 456 43.208) Substructure i 456 433 Mode Shapes and Periods ......seccsseeeseseesss 2456 454 Multimode Spectral Analysis Poceeee ress A568 455 ‘Combination of Mode Forces and Displacements Dineen A56 46 ‘TIME HISTORY METHOD--PROCEDURE 4 ......... 456 ‘SECTION S—DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR BRIDGES IN SEISMIC PERFORMANCE CATEGORY 4 34 GENERAL... ca 457 52 DESIGN FORCES FOR SEISMIC PERFORMANCE, CATEGORY A... sreeeese AST 53 DESIGN DISPLACEMENTS FOR SEISMIC PERFORMANCE, CATEGORY A... 457 SA FOUNDATION AND ABUTMENT DESIGN REQUIREMENTS. FOR SEISMIC PERFORMANCE CATEGORY A 457 53 STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR SEISMIC PERFORMANCE CATEGORY A... 498 2) s xlvi CONTENTS 56 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR SEISMIC PERFORMANCE CATEGORY A SECTION 6—DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR BRIDGES IN SEISMIC PERFORMANCE CATEGORY By 61 GENERAL... a 62 DESIGN FORCES FOR SEISMIC PERFORMANCE CATEGORY B 621 Desiga Forces for Structural Members and Connections "622 Design Forces for Foundations . 623 Design Forces for Abutments and Retaining Walls ...... 63 DESIGN DISPLACEMENTS FOR SEISMIC PERFORMANCE CATEGORY B a 63.1 ‘Minimum Support Length Requirements for Seismic Performance Category B .... 64 FOUNDATION AND ABUTMENT DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR SEISMIC PERFORMANCE CATEGORY B 641 General .....cccccceeeeeseeeeseeeteee - 6 Foundations... 642(A) Investigation 6428) Foundation Design bee 64.210) Special Pile Requirements ...0....20cccsee+ 643 Abutments : 6.4304) Free-Standing Aburments 6438) Monolithic Abutments .... ; 65 STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR SEISMIC PERFORMANCE CATEGORY B 651 General ....... ee : 652 Padelta Effects... 20022 ee ecco 66 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR SEISMIC PERFORMANCE CATEGORY B 661 General .. : 662 Minimum Transverse Reinforcement Reguremenis for Seismic Performance Category B 66.21) ‘Transverse Reinforcement for Confinement ...... 66.208) Spacing of Transverse Reinforcement for Confinement . SECTION 7—DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR BRIDGES IN SEISMIC PERFORMANCE CATEGORIES C AND D 2a GENERAL . 72 DESIGN FORCES FOR SEISMIC PERFORMANCE | CATEGORIES C AND D areal 724 Modified Design Forces ...... TLMA) Modified Design Forces for Structural Members and Connections z at 7.2.18) Modified Design Forces for Foundations . 722 Forces Resulting from Plastic Hinging in the Columns, Piers, or Bents eet 438 459 59 459 459 460 - 460 460 460 460 360 460 461 461 461 461 462 462 462 462 462 462 462 462 463 465 = 465 465 465 466 Division LA at Division FA. 725 T25(A) 7258) 7250) 126 129 13 731 1a 14d TAL TAAL 74.28) TAC 143 T43(Ad 74.308) Tad TAMA 7448 745 7S 752 782 16 761 7162 16.XA) 7.6.28) 76.C) 7.6.20) 7.6.28) 7.6.20) 163 164 765 CONTENTS: Single Colurnns and Piers seeeee e466 Bents with Two or More Columns ‘ ceese es M66 Column and Pile Bent Design Forces Paneeeereererter Pier Design Forces . ae 467 Connection Design Forces ........+- ete 467 Longitudinal Linkage Forces cesses AGT Hold-Down Devices feces M67 Column and Pier Connections to Cap Beams and Footings -.......467 Foundation Design Forces ......-... zt 467 ‘Abutment and Retaining Wall Design Forces ....... = 468 DESIGN DISPLACEMENT FOR SEISMIC PERFORMANCE CATEGORIES CAND D .... : 468 Minimura Support Length Requirements for Seismic Performance Categories C and D .. 468 FOUNDATION AND ABUTMENT DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR SEISMIC PERFORMANCE CATEGORIES CANDD oo. sees eee ceessee M68 General : 468 Foundation Requirements for Seismic Performance Category C ie . ee 469 Investigation eet ade 469 Foundation Design -..--2..0++ oe 469 Special Pile Requirements cee 469 Abutment Requirements for Seismic Performance Category Co... eee coves 870 Free-Standing Abutments « ae : 470 Monolithic Abutments 470 Additional Requirements for Foundations for Seismic Performance Category D ...-.0+..000025.-470 Investigation parerrePreeee 470 Foundation Design See eeree agli Additional Requirements for Abutments for Seismic Performance Category D an STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR SEISMIC PERFORMANCE CATEGORIES CAND D an General ..... : Pat cear Padelta Effects : 471 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR SEISMIC PERFORMANCE CATEGORIES CANDD eer ae an General : an Column Requirements - : wan Vertical Reinforcement .......... pai ree an Flexural Strength 747 Column Shear and Transverse Reinforcement. an Transverse Reinforcement for Confinement at Plastic Hinges ....- 472 Spacing of Transverse Reinforcement for Confinement ... AT Splices : cee AB Pier Requirements : 2 ABB Column Connections ati 474 Construction Joints in Piers and Columns... At xh at CONTENTS DIVISION It CONSTRUCTION INTRODUCTION SECTION I—STRUCTURE EXCAVATION AND BACKFILL 1 12 13 14 141 142 1424 14.22 1423 1424 14.25 143 15 15.1 1 GENERAL ...... : WORKING DRAWINGS |... MATERIALS aint bed CONSTRUCTION 0.2.0... eee eee Depth of Footings . Foundation Preparation and Control of Water General Excavations Within Channels . Foundations on Rock Other Foundations Approval of Foundation Backfill 7 7 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT... ‘Measurement 7 Payment SECTION 2—REMOVAL OF EXISTING STRUCTURES 21 22 23 231 232 233 234 24 DESCRIPTION 22... .e0.c. WORKING DRAWINGS CONSTRUCTION General Salvage Partial Removal of Structures Disposal ...... MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT | SECTION 3—TEMPORARY WORKS GENERAL... Description ‘i Working Drawings Design . Construction Removal ... FALSEWORK AND FORMS General , Falsework Design and Construction Loads... ee eeseeceee Foundations... Deflections Clearances .... Construction ...... Forrivwork Design and Construction . General . 416 47 417 an 41 47 478 418 4B 478 4B 48 ATB 479

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