PROSES PENGOLAHAN AIR LIMBAH

Pengurangan bahan tersuspensi dan terapung Pengurangan bahan organik (BOD,COD) Pengurangan kandungan bahan anorganik dan logam berat Pengurangan kandungan nutrient (N dan P) Penghilangan mikroorganisme patogen. Pengurangan minyak dan lemak.

TARGET PENGOLAHAN AIR LIMBAH

PENGOLAHAN AIR LIMBAH UNTUK MENGHILANGKAN BAHAN PENCEMAR BERSENYAWA ORGANIK MAUPUN AN-ORGANIK

Macam Proses
1.

Pengolahan Secara fisik:

pengolahan dengan menggunakan gaya atau kerja secara fisik yang meliputi : pengendapan, penyaringan, pengadukan, flokulasi, pengapungan, filtrasi.

2.

Pengolahan secara kimiawi

pengolahan dengan penambahan bahan kimia atau melalui reaksi-reaksi kimiawi antara lain : Presipitasi (koagulasiflokulasi), adsorpsi, pertukaran ion dan disinfeksi.

3. Pengolahan secara biologis:

Metoda pengolahan biologis secara aerobik bertujuan untuk mengkonversikan senyawa organik yang terlarut, tersuspensi dan koloid dalam air limbah menjadi sel sel mikroorganisme baru yang berkoloni membentuk biofloc sehingga dapat dipisahkan melalui proses pengendapan

Tahapan Pengolahan
1. 2.

3.

Pengolahan tahap pertama (Primary Treatment): umumnya pengolahan secara fisik. Pengolahan tahap kedua (Secondary Treatment): berupa pengolahan fisik kimia dan atau biologis Pengolahan tahap ketiga (Tertiary Treatment, advanced treatment): umumnya untuk mereduksi kandungan nutrien, pestisida atau logam-logam yang masih terkandung di dalamnya.

URAIAN PROSES
PROSES
FISIK/MEKANIK

KETERANGAN
Proses untuk menghilangkan benda kasar/sampah dan partikel kasar screening, grit chamber, bak pengendap, filtrasi Proses untuk menghilangkan partikel tersuspensi menggunakan bahan kimia dan pengadukan koagulasiflokulasi-sedimentasi, presipitasi Proses untuk menghilangkan pencemar organik yang biodegradable menggunakan mikroorganisme activated sludge (conventional & extended), biofilter (trickling filter), RBC, lagoon, stabilization pond. Proses biologis dapat bersifat aerobic maupun anaerobic

FISIK-KIMIA

BIOLOGIS

PENGOLAHAN LANJUT

Proses untuk menghilangkan bahan pencemar yang lebih sulit dihilangkan dengan cara biasa. Pengolahan lanjut dapat menggunakan proses fisik-kimia maupun biologis nitrifikasi-denitrifikasi, adsorpsi, stripping, presipitasi, mikrifiltrasi, ion exchange, koagulasi-flokulasi
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TEKNOLOGI PENGOLAHAN AIR LIMBAH

No. 1 Bahan pencemar Padatan tersuspensi Sistem pengolahan Penyaringan kasar Pengendapan Filtrasi Koagulasi/Sedimentasi Natural system (land treatment) Activated sludge Biofilter Aerated lagoon Natural system Chlorinasi Ozonasi Radiasi UV Natural system Nitrifikasi-denitrifikasi Ammonia stripping Pertukaran ion Natural system Presipitasi Pengolahan biologis Pengolahan biologis-kimiawi Natural system

Organik

Pathogen

Nutrient Nitrogen

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Nutrient - Fosfor

PEMILIHAN TEKNOLOGI PENGOLAHAN AIR LIMBAH

Faktor yang berpengaruh: karakteristik air limbah kualitas efluen yang diharapkan

Kompleksitas pengolahan

Biaya investasi dan O-M

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METODE PENGOLAHAN BIODEGRADABLE ORGANIC DISSOLVED POLLUTANT

1.
2.

PROSES FISIK KIMIA PROSES BIOKONVERSI AEROBIK DAN AN-AEROBIK:

1.

POLA PERTUMBUHAN TERSUSPENSI :

1.

2.

SISTIM LUMPUR AKTIF : TANKI AERASI; OXYDATION DITCH. KOLAM AERASI DAN KOLAM STABILISASI BIOFILTER ROTATING BIOLOGICAL CONTACTOR (RBC)

2.

POLA PERTUMBUHAN TERLEKAT :

1. 2.

PENGOLAHAN SEDERHANA
SASARAN: untuk limbah industri berpotensi pencemaran rendah BENTUK: tangki pengendapan

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PENGOLAHAN MENENGAH
SASARAN: untuk limbah industri berpotensi pencemaran sedang BENTUK: tangki pengendapan + pengolahan biologis sederhana / fisik-kimia

Pengendap I

Pengolahan Biologis

Pengendap II

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PENGOLAHAN KOMPLEKS
SASARAN: untuk limbah industri berpotensi pencemaran tinggi BENTUK: pengolahan fisik + fisik-kimia + biologis + pengolahan lanjutan + pengolahan lumpur

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PENGOLAHAN KOMPLEKS
anaerobik bioreaktor

settling tank 1 Aerobik Bioreator settling tank 2

holding tank

Pengolahan lanjut

Treated Water

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Diagram Alir

PROSES FISIK

Screens
The removal of large objects that may damage pumps or block channels

Fixed or mechanical

Velocity in channels about 0.3 - 0.4 m/s

Design for PWWF All screenings to be removed/buried Location of strong odour from decomposition
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Mechanical bar screen

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Rotating drum screen

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Comminutors

These are mechanical cutting screens that reduce the size of large objects Shredded matter are returned to the flow stream A by-pass may be included

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Comminutor

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Grit Chambers

Purpose is to remove inorganic grit/sand 0.2 1 mm size through differential settling Aim is to prevent damage to pumps, blockage of channels and cementing of sludge in settling tanks
Two types of grit chambers, namely constantly velocity and aerated/spiral flow tanks
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Constant Velocity Grit Chamber

Class I settling - horizontal flow

Uniform velocity at 0.25 - 0.35 m/s

Ideal parabolic shape or approximation Width:depth ratio 1:1

Length 18 x max. depth

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Constant Velocity Grit Chamber

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Aerated or Spiral Flow Grit Chamber

Flexibility of control; more efficient grit removal and can assist pre-aeration
Air supply or spiral flow controls the amount of silt removed

Suitable for larger population > 10 000 ep

HRT of about 3 min at PWWF
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Aerated or Spiral Flow Grit Chamber

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Vortex Flow Grit Chamber

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Primary Sedimentation
Solids separation by gravity

Aim is to remove gross suspended solids (organic matter) Largely class II settling of flocculent matter and natural coalescence or flocculation occurs

Surface skimmers remove floating matter (scum, grease etc)

The settled solids are pumped to an anaerobic digestion tank. The effluent (settled sewage) from primary treatment flows to the next stage ie. secondary32 treatment

Some Features of Primary Settling

Design to accept 2 to 3 x ADWF

Removal of 40 - 75% suspended solids Some incidental BOD5 reduction 25 - 40% Hydraulic loading Q/A 30 m3/m2.d Hydraulic retention time (HRT) 1.5 to 3 h; depth 2.5 to 5 m
Also act as flow/strength equalisation basins
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Sludge scrapers should not cause re-suspension

Primary settling % removed vs time

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Types of Primary Settling tanks

Rectangular horizontal-flow

Tanks use less space

Forward velocity 10 - 15 mm/s

Weir loading rate < 300 m3/m.d Length:width ratio 3:1
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Rectangular horizontal-flow

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Types of Primary Settling tanks

Up-flow tank

Square with 60o sludge hopper

No moving parts as sludge is removed hydrostatically Some possible particle carry over

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Up-flow settling tank

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Types of Primary Settling tanks

Circular radial flow tank

Inflow to a central stilling box

Radial-horizontal flow Uses radial scrapers to remove sludge

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Circular Radial Flow Tank

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Circular Radial Flow Tank

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PROSES BIOLOGIS

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A E R O B I C P R O C E S S
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SUSPENDED MICROORGANISM GROWTH 1. ACTIVATED SLUDGE (CSTR) 2. EXTENDED AERATION 3. SEQUENCING BATCH REACTOR 4. OXYDATION DITCH 5. AERATED LAGOON
ATTACHED MICROORGANISM GROWTH

1. TRICKLING FILTER 2. ROTATING BIOLOGICAL CONTACTOR

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MODEL PROSES LUMPUR AKTIF

SETTLING TANK

AERATION TANK

Oxydation Ditch

Kolam Stabilisasi

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Kolam Fakultatif

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TRICKLING FILTER
Proses pengolahan biologis dengan prinsip pemanfaatan mikroba dengan pertumbuhan terlekat pada suatu media.

Unsur Pencemar yang dihilangkan : BOD, Nitrogen

amonia,dan zat padat tersuspensi.
Biofilm Media Distributor air limbah Ventilator udara Desludging Tangki pemisah lumpur

Komponen penting :

Trickling Filter

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Jenis Jenis Media:

Batu Kali Keramik Plastik Kayu

Ukuran: Diameter rata-rata: 2 10 cm

Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC)

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PENGOLAHAN SECARA ALAMIAH

PROSES BIODEGRADASI SECARA ALAMIAH

PENYARINGAN PENGENDAPAN BIODEGRADASI

WET LAND

SEPTIC TANK