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> ?A@BCBEDFGHGJI9KAF@MLCNPOJQNRLTSCDVUWNLXOK@QLXOJDZY
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jlk5mJnporq8sutwvyxzq8suk5mlt{kp|$t{}mukpq8sukq8sJ~zkmgk,ortus{mgknor}muxo2qR$vyqmJqXmuor~zxzk8$x|ktukps^sukq8s
~zv&vs{xtuk t{}muxzm^suktvymuor~z~zxznpxswvsuxzorqmp
jlk5mnporq8sutwvyxzq8suk5mamuorq8sxmumu$k5m= xzq2s{kptwvrnsuxzorqkpq8s{tuk&kmd|;ksuxsuk5md|vytusuxzkmdkR~vvysuxzpt{k
nptuxm^s{vy$,o2~k5n$~zkmPzks{n&z
j }8$xzvy~zkpq8skP~zvnporq8sutwvyxzq8sukd|o2$t$qC$xk|vrt^vrxsk5m0s~v|$tuk5mumuxzorql
C2g7
o2xsP$qnort{|m muor~z~xnxsu}&|vrtdqEkqm^kR$~zk= v2ns{xo2qmd&}5npvrq$xz8$k5mdkskpq.}8$xz~xz$t{k
$vrqm$qtu}p}pt{kpq8suxzkp~$Jors{kd|vytusuxzkP$k k5m0skpq}52x~zxtuk2

z
y
x

ll ll ll ll
+

xo2q&npor$|;k |vrtgqX|$~vyqnp&ort{vy~zk |vrm{muvrq2s|vrtg~zk|o2xq8s y~zkm kR|vrt^s{xk5m

muxs{$}pknpysu}kP~vq$ort{vy~zkkps muxs{$}pnknrsu}o2|$|o8m^}2$m^o2q8skq}58$x~zxz$tuk2

n
z

P
y

T(P,n)

k5m0skq}8$xz~xz$t{kPmuorm~ k,ksR
k5km~vk,norortuq8s{s{mt{vr8x$q8xlsuk~z$xmuorq8skkkptwnkp}5twmpn}kkqCsuor$s|o2xq8s|$~vyqkno2$|$$t{kr
k5m0s~vkpqmuxsu}Tmu$(P,t^v2nnx8)$kkmkp;o2t^swmkkptwn}5m|vyt mu$t

T (P,
n)
9$=g9
jlkrknsuk$tnporq8sutwvyxzq8sukkm^soror2pq$k qk,ortus9|vrt9$q$xsu}.kEmu$tuvrnpkor$qk
|$t{km{m^xzorq8xz~m kp|$tuxzkPkpq vrm{npvy~m
+

1P a = 1N/m2 , 1M P a = 106 P a, 1kP a = 103 P a, 1GP a = 109 P a

~=kxm0s{kvym{mux,$km$qxs{}m|$~zmkporsux8$kmP

1T /m2 ' 10kP a, 1kg/cm2 ' 100kP a, 1bar = 100kP a, 1P SI ' 6, 9M P a

j kp|$~zorxl$knkmq$xs{}mk5m0sxzrkpkq2s}5no2qm^kx~z~z}r
xWkpq$q|;orxzq2so2qk,knsu$kCkp$|$~zvrqm&knpor$|$tukCk9q$o2tuvr~k5m kps Jo2q
or$suxzkpq8sakp$9rk5nsuk$twmnorq8s{t{vrxq8suk5m T (P, n) ks T (P, n) 8$xlmuorq8s |$t{xo2tunx=x;}ntukq8s{m
qk|;orxzq2swmPksXHl $qpk|$~vyqknpor$|$tukkq$o2tuvy~zk orq.ors{xkq8s
k2kns{kp$twmno2q2s{t{vrxq8s{km T (P, n )ks T (Q, n ) 8$xmuorq8s |$t{xo2tuxlx,}pt{kpnq8s{m
jlkCs{ortwm^k$tXt{}mu$~s{vrq2sk5mvrnsuxzorqmk mu$t |;or$t$q|$~vyqkno2$|$$t{k $k
q$o2tu(vy~zk n k5m0s
)
1

R R
T (P, n)ds
F+ / =

R
R

MA,+ / =
AP T (P, n)ds

hJ8c;f$\0h`_aA`Jc;fJ c,h`_f e\u_fi

,$,58J$7885$g,7
jkrk5nsuk$tnporq8sutwvyxzq8sukmukR}5nor|;o2muk
kpq$qkPnporq8sutwvyxzq8sukPq$o2tuvy~zk ks$q$knporq8sutwvyxzq8suks{vrq$rkq2s{xk~~zk
A

T(P,n)

XX XX XX XX XX
XXXX XX XX XX
XXXX XX XX XX

nn

qC|ks}nptuxztuk = T(P,n) n = T(P,n) n n

jjvvnno2o2q2q2s{s{t{t{vrvrxxq8q8s{s{kakswq$vyo2q$tu2kpvrq8~suk xzkp~z~k k5m0s$k5qm0sq$$o2qR2$kt{nkrs{ kp$t5

|$t{vyoyq0kpmdsu~zkpktn~vyvrkPmdr=k5 $ns{qEkp$t|;nporoyq8susutwvymuxzk&q8sukPkm^n$vyt~n~z$km~r|$k~vynqsuk$ |$t ~vyq.kq$s ort{vy~ ~ vk z q$orm|;orrorqm

n
t =
z
n
n

tuvrn~k5)mksts{vrq$rkq2s{xk~~zkmmuorq8sk5mq$orX$t{km
yv qmnpkPnvrm~zkmnporq8sutwvyxzq8suk5=m`q$To2(P,
P85y5;5RgPy5g$5 orxs
$qkvrmuk o2t^s{$orqort{&}k
xztuk5ns{k9swvyq8s8l vyxztukorqq$ork~k5mX|tuor0kns{xo2(qxm&,ykm&, rzk5)ns{kp$twmXnporq8sutwvyxzq8suk5mXkC~v
vyq$xzpt{km^xvyq8s{k&

n = T (P,
n)
n

xz
T(P,x)

xy

xx

x)
x
xx = T (P,

xy = T (P,
x)
y

xz = T (P, x ) z

y)
x
yx = T (P,

yy = T (P,
y)
y

yz = T (P, y ) z

z )
x
zx = T (P,

zy = T (P,
z )
y

zz = T (P, z ) z

_a8 c,h`_f e\u_fJi

o2xs 8~7 vy||$~xnpvysuxzorq9$}q$xzkvr|;orxzq2s P 8$x $q$kq$ort{vy~zk n vrm{m^onpxk~zka2knsukpt
k5mnorq8s{t{vrxq8suk5m T(P,n)

T (P,
n ) = (
n)
5
k
0
m
l
s
$

q
`
k
y
v
$
|

x
p
n
vysuxzorqd~xzq$}vrxt{k t{kp|$t{}mukpq8su}|vrt=$q$kvysut{xznpk$vyqml~zvv2m^k (x , y , z )

xx
P : yx
zx

xy
yy
zy

xz
yz
zz (

x ,
y ,
z)

qorq8sut{kR8$k km^sm^}s{tux8$k
;kp~z~kRkm^sorqnxvyro2qvy~zxmuvr$~k2jlkm
vy~zkp$twm|$t{or|$t{kmk muorq8s~zkmno2q8sutwvyxzq2s{kmW=|$t{xqnxz|vy~zkm~k5mrk5nsuk$twm|tuo2|$tuk5mort{&kq8s
~zktuk|tukd|$t{xqnpx|vy~lk5mno2q2s{t{vrxq8s{km
DKUWFDSDNK
o2xkq2s kps
~zkmXno2q2s{t{vrxq8s{kmP|$t{xqnxz|vy~zkm ks ~k5mrk5nsuk$twm
|$t{or|$t{kmPv2mumuonxz}mlvy~zortwm |;ortsuo2suko2tuxzkpq8s{vysuxzorq.kvrnpks^s{k n X= cosXX + sin X

ij

ji

II

II

II

II

~vnporq8sutwvyxzq8sukRqort{vr~k ksP~zvCno2q2s{t{vrxq8s{ks{vrq$rkq8suxzkp~z~k mukRs{tuo2$rkq8sPmu$td$q.npkptwn~zk

vy||k~}npkptwn~zkdkor$t5
n

max

II

 ` kptwn~zkPkort
jlknkq2s{tuknkt{np~k C km^s`m^xsu$}mu$t ~ vykk5m no2q2s{t{vrxq8s{kmgq$ort{vy~zkm ~ vrm{nxmumuk
Tr
I + II
c =
=
2
2

q xztu|kk~zvEssuntworvrq8nps{kpt{t&vrx~q8ksuk9nkq$t{ornp~t{kCm^vyx~zkorqksn~zorvqqnv
orsq8&s{t{vrq xq8su|;korxzs{q2vysqr8kp$q8kps{~nxko2~q~zk98$|;kor$t&$npq$kpktwnq$~zkrort{ny kvym^~zks

|vytusuxn$~zxzpt{kr
jvno2q2s{t{vrxq8s{kaswvyq$2kpq8suxzkp~z~kPvxzvy~zkdk5m0s
max =

I II
2

Rlj k$ mP~suvrxz|$q$~zrx~z}5kmmd||vyvrt t^swvyq8 sP$npkpq8sut{k.npkptwn~zkkor$tmuorq8s}p8vyvy$Evyq$2~k5mdtu}kp~m

2
 c=\^c,i
qorq$qk&



(x y)
vrk5n = 3M P a ks = 2M P a
twvrnpkpt~knpkptwn~zkP$kor$t
vy~n$~zkptP~zkmno2q8sutwvyxzq2s{kmd|$t{xqnxz|vy~zkmPkpsxq$xz8$kt~k5mPort{xkq2swvs{xo2qEk5mxztuk5nsuxzorqm
|$tuxzqnpx|vr~k5mk~zvnporq8sutwvyxzq8sukr
vy~n$~zkpt~vvy~zkp$tk9~zvnporq8sutwvyxzq8sukk9nxm{vyxz~~zkpkpq8svxzvr~kkps~7 ort{xzkpq8s{vysuxzorq
kP~zvXvrnpksusukno2tut{kmu|;orq$vrq8sukr
 t{or$2kptP~vnorq8s{t{vrxq8sukq$o2tuvr~kks~vno2q8sutwvyxzq2s{k&s{vyqrkpq8s{xk~~zk|o2$t$q$kvrnkps^s{k
ort{xkq2s{}pkd|vyt~zkPrk5nsuk$t n = x + y
}5m^o2~s{xo2qE
jlknkq2s{tuknpkptwn~zkdk5m0s $q|;orxzq2sal vrmunpxzm{muk
go2$t$q$kdv2nksusuko2tuxzkpq8su}kP|vyt~zkrknsuk$t y orqvC ==0 1,
kps 5M=Pa
q|;kpsa$orqnds{t{v2nkpt~zknkptwn~zk

3
2

1
2

c=

T r()
2
y

u
n
x

/3

II

y
y

` kptwn~zkPkort

jlkRtwvro2qEnpkptwn~zkRk5m0s R = p + = 2, 5M P a kps = + R = 1M P a

$tl=~zknkt{np~kRk=4M
or$t5P~ vraq$r~zkkpq8sut{k x kps X km^s = arctan = arctan =
53,
j vyq$132~kdkpq8sut{k x ks X km^sa$vrqm~zv&t{}vr~xsu} = = 26, 56
2
c

II

II

x
2

II

4
3

x
x
X II
X

 9 xt{knsuxzorqm
jv.norq8s{t{vrxq8sukCknxmuvrx~z~zkpkpq8svxvr~kCkm^s = R = 2, 5M P a gkp~z~kkm^s
ors{kpq$kd|o2$t$q$kvrnkps^s{kdo2tuxzkpq8s{}pka|vyt~kdrk5ns{kp$t u suk~l2k~ vrq$r~zkdkpq8sut{k u kps
m^o2xs mu$t~zknkptwn~zkko2$tvrk5n
m^o2xs

~7x vyq$2~kdkpq8s{tuk u kps x km^s$vyqm~vt{}vy~zxsu}&+ ==90 = 36, 87= 53, 13

ks n km^s$vyqm~zvt{}vr~xsu}& = /6 $mu$t~knpkptwn~zkkor$t5orq
 j vyq$2~kdkpq8sut{k
v = 2 =x /3

xo2q|;o2muk = /3 = 180 60 53, 13 = 66, 87 o2q v

ks
= + R cos = 0, 518M P a = R sin = 2.299M P a
max