A PROJECT REPORT
ON
Submitted to
Mr. M. Shaukat Malik
Submitted by
Zahid Hussain MBC-08-09
Nishan-e-Zahra MBC-08-12
M. Zuhair Altaf MBC-08-36
Usman Aslam MBC-08-46
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Occupational Health and Safety
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Occupational Health and Safety
Table of Contents
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Preface
Abstract
Aim of study
Literature Review
Introduction
Components of health and safety program
Health services
Occupational Safety
Review of research articles
Measures and Analysis
Defining scales
Measuring responses
Graphical Analysis
The Best Company
Conclusion
Special Thanks
Copy of Questionnaire
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Occupational Health and Safety
Loving Parents
And
Beloved Teachers
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Occupational Health and Safety
Acknowledgement
One is the first the
Almighty ALLAH whose
blessings are above each
and every thing which
make us able to present
our tiny effort. All prays to
HAZARAT MUHAMMAD
(PBUH) who is the reason
for creation of the universe
and whose kindness came
to my heart.
On the successful
completion of our report,
we wish to express our
gratitude and heart worthy
acknowledgement to the
gentlemen whose inspiration
helped us in the
completion of this report.
We feel utmost pride in
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Occupational Health and Safety
Preface
Practical studies are important part of MBA program. Students
are trained to cope up with the different problems faced in different
fields. Therefore, students are assigned reports on the different topics.
We made our best efforts to present facts about Occupational Health &
Safety in an organized manner and to make analysis with the help of
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Occupational Health and Safety
Abstract
There are great concerns about occupational health
and safety in Pakistan. According to Pakistan’s Factory Act, 1934,
all companies are required to have an occupational health and
safety management system. This academic study investigated
the effects of implementing or improving occupational health and
safety management on the work environment, health and safety
behavior and health of workers in small and medium sized
companies. A prospective cohort study, using self-administered
questionnaires, was performed among the managers and blue-
collar workers in three textile Mills, Allahwasaya textile Mills ltd,
Mahmood textile Mills ltd and Colony textile Mills ltd. workers
and managers were are asked to participate in this study. The
effects are measured by workers’ own evaluation of their work
environment and other activities. The workers in companies with
improved health and safety management from baseline to
follow-up reported increased satisfaction with the health and
safety activities at work; improved support from management
and colleagues; improved health-related support and control;
and increased participation in health and safety activities.
Aim of Study
The aim or objective of this prospective and academic study is to
investigate the effects of implementing or improving occupational health
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Occupational Health and Safety
Literature review
Introduction
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Occupational Health and Safety
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Occupational Health and Safety
3. Organization
The organizational arrangements that are created are
conditioned by the size of the firm and the nature of its safety problems. In
small firms, a full-time safety director is justified; the assignment may be
given to the personnel director, to the plant superintendent, or to the head
of industrial engineering. In medium sized firms, a company usually
employs a full time safety specialist. He is the part of the personnel
department. Large corporations, especially those in hazardous industries,
will employ a whole staff of safety engineers, safety inspectors, and
industrial hygienists.
5. Engineering
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Occupational Health and Safety
6. Job-Safety Analysis
Job-safety analysis is very useful for hazard elimination and
for designing safe work methods. By such study the safety engineer may
note that a change in workplace layout, in the operating controls of the
machine, or in work procedures may eliminate or reduce the possibility of
injury to the operator.
7. Analysis of Accidents
Every accident that results in a personal injury, or could have
resulted in a serious injury, whether it is simply a first-aid case or a more
serious disabling one, must be investigated by the injured employee’s
supervisor to ascertain the cause and to determine what specific remedies
are required to avoid a recurrence.
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Occupational Health and Safety
9. Enforcement
Primary responsibility for enforcement of standard operating
procedures and safety rules lies with the first-line supervisor. When he or
she observes employees who are not performing their jobs in the
approved manner he or she calls this to their attention and corrects them.
With adequate indoctrination and training there should seldom be need for
punitive measures for violation of safety regulations. However, when
individuals deliberately refuse to cooperate, then they need to be
disciplined as they would for other rule violations.
12. Rehabilitation
If an employee has suffered a serious temporary disabling
injury or a permanent disability, it behooves the employer and the workers’
compensation insurance company to exercise every effort to rehabilitate
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Occupational Health and Safety
that unfortunate individual. This includes helping him learn how to care for
daily needs of living, learn how to acquire useful job skills.
Health Services
A comprehensive company health program will include the following
features:
1. Ventilation
Workplaces need to be adequately
ventilated. Fresh, clean air should be drawn from
a source outside the workplace, uncontaminated
by discharges from flues, chimneys or other
process outlets, and be circulated thorough the
workrooms.
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Occupational Health and Safety
3. Lighting
Lighting should be sufficient to enable
people to work and move about safely. If necessary,
local lighting should be provided at individual work
stations and at places of particular risk such as crossing
points on traffic routes. Lighting and light fittings should
not create any hazard.
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Occupational Health and Safety
7. Medical Treatment
A professional staff of physicians and
nurses should be there for providing proper first-aid
treatment for occupational injuries and diseases.
Serious cases are referred to private practice
physicians and hospitals. Adequate facilities are also
provided for emergency care of work injuries and for
conducting pre employment and periodic medical
examinations.
Occupational safety
Accidents
An accident is an unexpected occurrence that interrupts the
regular progress of an activity. In effect it is any unplanned or uncalled for
break or deviation from the expected. It is a negative or unfortunate event.
Cost of accidents
Accidents are very expensive to the employer. Accidents
costs are classified into two categories. First are the insured costs. The
insured cost is the money paid for doctor and hospital bills, for weekly
benefits while the injured employees are absent from the work, and for
any scheduled payments due to death, accidental dismemberment, or
permanent disability. This cost is apparent and is net by the insurance
premium.
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Occupational Health and Safety
Causes of Accident
Accident causes can be classified into two major categories;
1. Unsafe Conditions
2. Unsafe acts
Prevention of accidents
In practice, accident can be prevented by two basic
activities.
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Occupational Health and Safety
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Occupational Health and Safety
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Occupational Health and Safety
Research article # 1
As discussed by the Kieran “The safety movement has been
driven in some countries by the instances of major health care failures.
These failures are defined as breakdown in health care services or
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Occupational Health and Safety
Research article # 2
The research study shows that there is a positive correlation
between implementing and improving occupational health and safety
(H&S) management and worker’s satisfaction. The garage level
management may affect both individual workers’ subjective work
environment and the workers of each garage’s shared work environment.
Internal control implies informing the workers about hazards and the
improvements to which they are entitled. A change in internal control is
positively correlated with a change in workers’ satisfaction with
psychosocial factors, H&S-related behaviour and musculoskeletal pain.
Internal control applies best in larger companies because smaller
companies do no have a comprehensive internal control as larger
companies. It may seem that the smallest companies are more reluctant
to implement internal control, perhaps because of reduced competence
and motivation. A company while implementing H&S management system
should consider the size and needs of the company. The positively
changing the occupational health and safety management i.e. internal
control in companies may positively change worker’s satisfaction with the
health and safety activities, psychological work environment and health-
related behaviour.
Research article # 3
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Occupational Health and Safety
Defining Scales
For measuring purposes, the Likert scale is used in which
the respondents indicate their attitudes by checking how strongly they
agree or disagree with the carefully constructed statements that range
from very positive to very negative toward the attitudinal object. Maximum
six degree is used for this and these weights to different options are given
below:
Yes No
(1) (0)
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Occupational Health and Safety
Strongly Strongly
Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied
satisfied dissatisfied
(4) (3) (2) (1) (0)
Measuring Responses
Understanding: (a)*b means that total b numbers of respondents of a
particular organization responded a.
For example: In question no. 10, its mentioned (4)*4+ (3)*2+ (2)*1=24. Its
means that four persons are strongly satisfied, two are satisfied and only
one remains the neutral. The number in the brackets shows response as
mentioned in measuring scales. So by adding all we get the total desired
result.
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Occupational Health and Safety
Question
Allahwasaya Textile Mills Mahmood Textile Mills Colony Textile Mills
No.
1 (0)*7=0 (0)*7=0 (0)*7=0
2 (3)*2+(2)*2+(1)*3=13 (3)*3+(2)*3+(1)*1=16 (3)*3+(2)*2+(1)*2=15
All of the employees
should be health insured Maintain healthy
Free treatment is given to
3 and they should be environment for all the
all workers.
properly examined by the employees.
competent doctors.
4 (0)*7=0 (0)*7=0 (0)*7=0
5 (3)*1+(2)*4+(1)*2=13 (3)*3+(2)*3+(1)*1=16 (3)*3+(2)*1+(1)*3=14
6 Skill training & protection Skill training Skill training
7 (1)*7=7 (0)*7=0 (0)*7=0
8 (3)*2+(2)*2+(1)*3=13 (3)*4+(2)*1+(1)*2=16 (3)*3+(2)*2+(1)*2=15
Different skilled workers
Workers undergo 3 to 6 In training, Workers are
(skilled, semi skilled, non
9 months training and H & S told about the methods of
skilled) are given different
is the part of that. Health and safety.
types of H& S trainings.
10 (4)*4+(3)*2+(2)*1=24 (4)*2+(3)*3+(2)*2=21 (4)*1+(3)*3+(2)*3=19
First aid, transport given, First aid for minor, shifted First aid is given, and
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shifted to hospital to hospital for major taken to hospital.
12 (3)*3+(2)*1+(1)*3=14 (3)*3+(2)*2+(1)*2=15 (3)*4+(2)*1+(1)*2=19
13 (2)*0+(1)*7=7 (2)*7+(1)*0=14 (2)*7+(1)*0=14
14 (3)*1+(2)*5+(1)*1=14 (3)*3+(2)*2+(1)*2=15 (3)*2+(2)*1+(1)*4=12
(6)*1+(5)*2+(4)*3+(3)*1=3 (6)*1+(5)*4+(4)*2+(3)*0=3
15 1 4 (6)*1+(5)*3+(4)*3+(3)*0=33
16 (1)*7=7 (1)*7=7 (1)*7=7
17 (1)*7=7 (1)*7=7 (1)*7=7
18 (3)*7=21 (3)*7=21 (3)*7=21
19 (1)*7=7 (1)*7=7 (1)*7=7
20 (4)*5+(3)*2+(2)*1=28 (4)*2+(3)*3+(2)*2=21 (4)*4+(3)*3+(2)*0=25
21 (1)*7=7 (1)*7=7 (1)*7=7
22 (3)*1+(2)*3+(1)*3=12 (3)*3+(2)*3+(1)*1=16 (3)*2+(2)*2+(1)*3=13
23 0.1Millsion 0.1Millsion 0.1Millsion
Special & mechanical Special & mechanical
24 Special exhaust
exhaust exhaust
25 (4)*3+(3)*3+(2)*1=21 (4)*3+(3)*4+(2)*0=24 (4)*3+(3)*2+(2)*2=22
Total 246 257 250
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Occupational Health and Safety
Graphical Analysis
Q No. 2,8
Allahwasaya
13, 30% Textile Mills
15, 34%
Mehmood Textile
Mills
Colony Textile
16, 36% Mills
Q No.5
Allahwasaya
14, 33% 13, 30% Textile Mills
Mehmood Textile
Mills
Colony Textile
16, 37% Mills
Allahwasaya
19, 30% Textile Mills
24, 37%
Mehmood Textile
Mills
Colony Textile Mills
21, 33%
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Occupational Health and Safety
Q No.12
Allahwasaya
14, 29% Textile Mills
19, 40% Mehmood Textile
Mills
Colony Textile
15, 31% Mills
Allahwasaya
7, 20%
Textile Mills
14, 40% Mehmood Textile
Mills
Colony Textile
14, 40%
Mills
Interpretation: Mahmood Textile Mills and Colony textile Mills are both
having same but greater score than Allahwasaya Textile Mills in question
relating to the frequency of monitoring of health and safety measures.
Q No.14
Allahwasaya
12, 29% 14, 34% Textile Mills
Mehmood Textile
Mills
Colony Textile
15, 37% Mills
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Occupational Health and Safety
Q No.15
Allahwasaya
33, 34% 31, 32% Textile Mills
Mehmood Textile
Mills
Colony Textile
34, 34% Mills
Interpretation: From the figure, it’s clear that accidents take place less in
the Mahmood Textile Mills.
Q No.20
Allahwasaya
25, 34% Textile Mills
28, 38%
Mehmood Textile
Mills
Colony Textile
21, 28% Mills
Q No.22
Allahwasaya
13, 32% 12, 29% Textile Mills
Mehmood Textile
Mills
Colony Textile
16, 39% Mills
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Occupational Health and Safety
Q No.25
Allahwasaya
22, 33% 21, 31% Textile Mills
Mehmood Textile
Mills
Colony Textile
24, 36% Mills
Q No.16,17,18,19,21
Allahwasaya
33.3% 33.3% Textile Mills
Mehmood Textile
Mills
Colony Textile
33.3% Mills
Total score
Allahwasaya
250, 33.2% 246, 32.7% Textile Mills
Mehmood Textile
Mills
Colony Textile
257, 34% Mills
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Occupational Health and Safety
Conclusion
“There is a positive correlation between implementing and
improving occupational health and safety management and worker’s
satisfaction” as narrated by S. Torp and B.E. Moen so we can conclude
from the given figures, data and results that the company which performed
well has been well in implementing health and safety management and as
a result the workers of that organization showed more satisfaction. The
good internal control also gives and edge to the company and increases
the efficiency and satisfaction level of workers. “A change in internal
control is positively correlated with a change in workers’ satisfaction” is
also narrated by the S. Torp and B.E.
Special Thanks
Sakhawatullah
O300-7302375
061-4233624-626
Allahwasaya Textile Mills
Muhammad Imran
0300-6355332
Colony textile mills
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Occupational Health and Safety
Asif Afridi
0301-7536239
Mahmood Textile Mills
Copy of Questionnaire
Contact: _______________________
Working As:
Manager or Officer Worker
Less than one year 1-5 years 5-10 years More than 15 years
Yes No
2. How much arrangements are made for Health and Safety at work?
Yes No
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Occupational Health and Safety
Yes No
Very much aware Enough aware Less aware Not aware at all
9. Briefly explain about types of Health and Safety training given to workers?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
______________
10. How much are you satisfied with safety training given to the employees at work?
12. How much effective arrangements are there for identification, investigation, notification
and reporting of accident and ill-health of employees?
13. How much frequently does your organization periodically monitor or review and audit
the Health and Safety measures?
14. How much consultation is made with employees on issues about Health and Safety?
15. How frequently do the accidents and incidents take place due to Health and Safety
lapses?
16. Do you have any medical and first-aid facility near by?
Yes No
Yes No
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Occupational Health and Safety
19. Are all flammable liquids that are kept in proper storage container?
Yes No
20. How much you are satisfied with arrangements made for grounding the metallic cables
and conduit systems?
21. Do you have a procedure for handling employee complaints regarding Health and safety?
Yes No
22. How much are all machines or operations that expose operators or other employees to
rotating parts, pinch parts, flying chips, particles, or sparks adequately guarded?
Others(specify)___________
25. How much are you satisfied with the overall Health and safety program?
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