26 2554
Soil Improvement, Dr. Suttisak Soralump, (GERD) ,
Residual Soil
Lateritic Soil
Weathered
Granite Soil
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Transported Soil
Glacial Soil
Marine Soil
Alluvial Soil
Aeolian Soil
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Geological map of
Thailand
Granite Mountain Area
Plateau
Sand stone with salt deposit
Chao Phraya River Basin
Floodplains area with
River deposits series
River deposit
Highly rate of
weathering process
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Silty sand
Stiff clayey fine sand
Stiff to very stiff clayey fine to course sand (some gravel)
Very stiff silty fine sand
~ -22 m.
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- 7 m.
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- 20 m.
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1. Site Investigation
2. Design
3. Construction
4. Operation
Civil engineering projects always compost of general 4
steps. Site investigation is the first and very important
one. It can lead the project to be successful or failure.
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Resistivity Survey
C1
V
P1
P2
C2
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Test Pit
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Undisturbed Sampling
Block
samples
generally
Block
samples
obtain from test pit. The
sample that obtained is
considered to be
undisturbed sample.
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AUGER
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Use of Bentonite
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CLAY
SAND
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Undisturbed Sampling
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Undisturbed Sampling
Piston Sampler
Thin-Walled
Sampler
76mm
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Undisturbed Sampling
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<=1.25 (t/m2)
Soft clay
1.25-2.5
2.5-5.0
Stiff clay
5.0-10.0
Hard Clay
>10
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Disturbed Sampling
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Disturbed Sampling
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Disturbed Sampling
Split-Spoon Sampler
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#3
#2
#1
N = N2+N3
= # of Blow/Foot
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Relative Density
0-4
5 - 10
11 - 24
25 - 50
> 50
Very loose
Loose
Medium Dense
Dense
Very Dense
Consistency
0-1
2-4
58
9 - 15
16 - 30
31 - 60
> 60
Very soft
Soft
Medium Stiff
Stiff
Very Stiff
Hard
Very Hard
= 100
blows/foot
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1. Sieve Analysis
2. Atterbergs Limits (LL, PL, w)
3. Unit Weight
4. Unconfined Compression Test
5. SPT
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Shelby tube
(ST)
Split spoon
(SS)
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Kunzelstab
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T-Rod
Rod
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Soil Sample
SOIL CLASSIFICATION
Clay
,C
Gravel , G
Silt , M
Sand , S
Organic , O
Unified
Well Graded
Gap Graded
Skip Graded
Uniform Graded
D60
D30
D10
Atterberg Limits
Atterberg Limits or Consistency Limits:
LIQUID
LIMIT:
* The moisture
content (wc) at which the transition from one state to another is defined as:
LL
It isa- the
water content
at 25from
blowsSolid
and tocanSemisolid.
be determined by using Casagrande Cup.
Shrinkage
Limit (SL)
Theb-slope
the line
as the flow
index
PlasticofLimit
(PL)is defined
from Semisolid
to Plastic.
c- Liquid Limit (LL) from Plastic to Liquid.
Index Properties
PLASTIC LIMIT
Is the moisture content at which the soil crumbles
when rolled into threads of 1/8 in. in diameter.
Soil Classification
Engineering Soil Classification
ASTM, U.S. Bureau, Atterberg, M.I.T, Unified, AASHTO, CAA, USDA
2
1. Unified Soil Classification System (USCS)
2. American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials (AASHTO)
Gravel , G
<50% of coarse
fraction
retained on #4
Sand , S
Silt(M), Organic(O),
or Clay(C)
Cu>4 , Cc=1-3
Cu>6(sand)
GW
SW
Cu>4 , Cc1-3
Cu<6(sand)
GP
SP
GW-GC
GW-GM
GP-GC
GP-GM
SW-SC
SW-SM
SP-SC
SP-SM
A-Line
GC
SC
A-Line
GM
SM
wL>50%
MH CH
wL<50 %
ML
CL
Organic(O)
wL>50%
OH
wL<50 %
OL
wL<50 %
IP=4-7%
CL-ML
Permeability Test
Laboratory Test
Normal head
Pressurized head
Field Test
Constant head
Falling head
Lugeon test
Pumping test
Degree of permeability
pH 4.3-9.3
Percent Sodium > 80 %
Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) > 2
Exchange Sodium Percentage (ESP) > 7
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. pH
6.
Pinhole Test
Pinhole Test
???????
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
Compaction
gd max , wopt.
Permeability
Consolidation
Dispersive
and
Shear Strength
Material Selection
No
Yes
Field Compaction
Field Density
Field permeability
DONE
Yes
gd F gd L
No
Compaction Equipments
Standard Compaction
Modified Compaction
W = 5.5 lb
W = 10 lb
H = 12
H = 18
Compaction Curve
Maximum dry density ,gd max
Dry side
Wet side
Optimum water content , wopt.
Dry density
100 %S
Line
KASETSART UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, Geotechnical Laboratory
STANDARD COMPACTION TEST
Project :
Station:
Compaction method
Standard
JIRCASS
Weight of Hammer
Height of Drop
5.5
12
25
Location:
Soil Description
Date
No. of Layers
27/01/2546
Tested by
Diameter
Chalermchai-Petai
Hight
Volume of Mould, V
3730.0
2060.0
1670.0
1.764
1.682
3845.0
2060.0
1785.0
1.885
1.740
3850.0
2060.0
1790.0
1.890
1.667
3732.0
2060.0
1672.0
1.766
1.526
WATER CONTENT
Container No.
Weight of Wet Soil+Container
Weight of Dry Soil+Container
Weight of Water
Weight of Container
Weight of Dry Soil
Water Content,w
108.2
104.2
4.1
20.3
83.9
4.84
138.1
129.6
8.6
26.6
103.0
8.30
171.3
154.0
17.2
25.9
128.2
13.43
199.9
176.3
23.6
26.2
150.0
15.74
185.8
183.4
2.4
24.3
159.1
1.53
10.16
cm
11.68
cm
cm3
946.935
COMPACTION
Test No.
1
Assumed Water Content
%
Weight of Air Dry Soil Used
g
Water Content of Air Dry Soil
%
Amount of Water Added
cc
Weight of Wet Soil+Mould
g 3640.0
Weight of Mould
g 2060.0
Weight of Wet Soil,W
g 1580.0
Wet Density , gt=W/V
g/cm3 1.669
Dry Density,gd=100gt/(100+w)
g/cm3 1.643
g
g
g
g
g
%
1.800
Mould Size
lb.
in.
1.750
1.700
For:
1.650
1.600
1.550
1.500
0
10 12 14
Water Content (%)
16
18
Remarks:
20
22
Soil Description
Date
Mould Size
Diameter
26/8/2546
Tested by
Hight
-
COMPACTION
Test No.
Assumed Water Content
%
Weight of Air Dry Soil Used
g
Water Content of Air Dry Soil
%
Amount of Water Added
cc
Weight of Wet Soil+Mould
g
Weight of Mould
g
Weight of Wet Soil,W
g
Wet Density , gt=W/V
g/cm3
Dry Density,gd=100gt/(100+w)
g/cm3
WATER CONTENT
Container No.
Weight of Wet Soil+Container
Weight of Dry Soil+Container
Weight of Water
Weight of Container
Weight of Dry Soil
Water Content,w
g
g
g
g
g
%
Volume of Mould, V
15.24
12.7
c
c
2316.67
8854
4010
4844
2.09
2.06
9221
4010
5211
2.25
2.18
9570
4010
5560
2.40
2.28
9405
4010
5395
2.33
2.17
9380
4010
5370
2.32
2.10
2
178.20
175.66
2.5
25.64
150.0
1.69
1
181.57
176.69
4.9
26.00
150.7
3.24
4
166.21
159.15
7.1
24.42
134.7
5.24
3
198.99
187.00
12.0
27.52
159.5
7.52
0
223.74
205.15
18.6
26.63
178.5
10.41
10
18
lb.
in.
56
2.300
5
15.24
cm
2.280
12.7
cm
cm3
2.260
2316.67
2.240
6
2.220
2.200
er
Modified
2.180
2.160
2.140
2.120
2.100
2.080
2.060
4
5
2.040
2.020
2.000
0
Remarks:
Braja
M.
Das
(Bank Volume and Compacted Factor)
1.15
1.40
85%
1.25
1.40
95%
1.25
1.50
98%
1.25
1.70
1.60
1.70
1.25
1.60
1.50
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Poorly graded
Well graded
97%
+-2%
Compaction
gd max , wopt.
CBR.
DONE
No
Yes
Field Compaction
Field Density
Test(gdF)
Yes
Material Selection
No
gd F gd L
Total density =
Wt
V
W
Total
Density
s
Dry density =
=
(1+w)
V
Weight (Wt),
Water Content (w)
Volume (V)
Water replacement
ASTM D5030
KASETSART UNIVERSITY
Project:
Location:
Date
19/9/2546
Material
1
Test No.
Weight of Wet Soil+Container
Weight of Dry Soil+Container
Weight of Water
Weight of Container
Weight of Dry Soil
Water Content, w
Average Water Content, w
g 153.52 132.44
g 146.97 126.66
g 6.55
5.78
g 24.26
25.13
g 122.71 101.53
% 5.34
5.69
5.52
%
Test No.
Weight of Wet Soil
Final Reading
Initial Reading
Volume of Hole
Corrected Volume of Hole
g
cc
cc
cc
cc
Test No.
Wet Density , gt=W/V
Dry Density,gd=100gt/(100+w)
Dry Density
Percent Proctor Density %
1
650.59
630
360
270
300
180.01 125.68
174.03 121.79
5.98
3.89
27.87
25.39
146.16 96.40
4.09
4.04
4.06
147.99 177.52
143.53 172.26
4.46
5.26
26.25
26.62
117.28 145.64
3.80
3.61
3.71
2
619.08
640
360
280
280
3
601.47
630
360
270
270
4
144.14
140.36
3.78
26.04
114.32
3.31
132.59
128.75
3.84
24.26
104.49
3.67
3.49
4
577.95
640
360
280
280
gm/cc
1
2.41
2
2.21
3
2.23
4
2.06
Compaction Data
Type
gm/cc
2.28
2.12
2.15
1.99
132.59
108.19
134.04
109.38
124.46
101.56
pcf 142.51
116.28
X 100
Max Dry Density (Lab)
Modified
4555
pcf
122.55
Approved by:
Dr. Suttisak Soralump
Remarks:
Percent Compaction or
2) Information under "For", "Project", are supplied by client. These are not certified.
3)This certificate is invalid without appropriate signature and seal.
Relative Compaction
Direct Transmission
Neutron
Moisture Content
Gamma Ray
Density
Field Compaction
3 2
Or Tamping foot
Soil Placing
Compaction
Scarify
0.3
6-8
*** ***
Permeable
Geotextiles
Geosynthetics
Impermeable
Geomembranes
GEOSYNTHETICS
Geotextiles
Filtration
Geogrids
Drainage
Geonets
Separation
Geomembranes
Reinforcement
Geopiers
Fluid barrier
Geocomposites
Protection
Geotextiles
Geotextiles
(woven) (Nonwoven)
Geotextiles
(Nonwoven)
(Woven)
Geogrids
Geogrids
Geonets
Geonets
FOTO***
Geocomposites
Geocells
Geocells
polyolefin geogrids 0.5
1 geocell
geomattresses.
soil confinement
Geomats
:
Geomembranes
Geomembranes
Geomembranes
Fibres
:
www.Gerd.eng.ku.ac.th
02-579-2265
Soil Improvement, Dr. Suttisak Soralump, (GERD) ,