1.

1.1

1.2 (Surveying)
(Observation)
( )

2.
2.1

2.2

3.
3.1

3.2


3.3

4. (Reconnaissance)
(Profile)
.

3
4.1

1) (Geodetic Surveying)
2) (Topographic Surveying)
(Contour Line)
3) (Cadastral Surveying)

4) (Engineering Surveying)
(Site surveying)
4.2 (Accuracy)


4.3
(Station)

5. (Measurement)
2
5.1 (Linear)

3
5.2 (Angular)
(Reference direction) (Horizontal) (Vertical)

(Chain surveying)
(Triangulation) (Traversing) (Leveling)

6.
2

6.1 ()
(Controls)

6.2

7. (Units of Measurement)

7.1 (SI Units International System of Units)
1 1,650,763.73
( spectrum ) 1
1 10,000,000 (Equator)
7.2 (Linear Measurement)

1 1 .. 1 km. 1,000 1,000 . 1,000 m.
1 1 . 1 m. 1,000 1,000 .. 1,000 mm.

4

1) 70.025 70 25 ( 3 )
2) 1,075.545 1 75 54 5
3) 100+075.025 100 075.025 km 100,075.025 100
75 2 5
7.3 (Area Measurement) km2
..2 (hectare ha = 10,000 m2) (m2)
1 km2 = 100 ha
1 ha = 100100 m2
(acre)
1 km2 = 247.105 acre
1 acre = 4,046.86 m2
7.4
1)
12
=
1
2
=
1
4
=
1
20
=
1
400
=
1
2)
1
=
16
25
=
1
1
=
40
1
=
2
1
=
0.5
1
=
0.25
1
=
2.083
3)
1
=
1
=

4
100

5
4)
1
=
4
1
=
20 20
1
=
400
1
=
40 40
1
=
1,600
6.25
=
1 (ha)
2.5
=
1 (acre)

8. (Presentation)
(
1 : 1,000 ) ( 1 : 1,000
1 : 500) (Diagram)
( Field books)

8.1 (Small Scale Surveys)

scale 1 : 2,000 1 : 1,000,000
8.2 (Large Scale work)

scale 1 : 1,000 1 : 10,000

9. (Maps and Plans)

9.1 (Maps)
1 : 1,000

9.2 (Plans)
1 : 1,000 1 : 500

10. (Relief Map)

(Contour Line) (Hackering)
(Hidden shading)

11. (Directions)

(Angles) (Bearing) (Azimuth) 4

11.1 (True North TN)
11.2 (Magnetic North MN)

11.3 (Grid North GN)
(latitude)
(longitude)
11.4 (Arbitrary North AN)

- 3
1

TN

True North

MN

Magnetic North

GN

Grid North

1
: .

7
-


2

2
: .

12.
12.1 8
12.2 32
3
NW

NW by W
WNW NW by W

N
NE

NW

E
SW

SE

NNW

N by E

N by W

NNE
NE by N

NE

NE by E

W by N

E by N

W by S

E by S

WSW SW by W
SW

SW by S

ENE

SE by E ESE
SE by E
S by W S by E

SSW

SE

SSE

8
12.3 (Quadrantal Bearing) N S

00 90 4

30

51

35
c

a N 30E
c S 45W

a.

45

E
b

b S 55E
d N 51W

b E 35
b
90-35= 55 S 55E

12.4 (Mil.) (Millieme) 360

360 = 64,000 5 Mil
g
12.5 360 400 g 5
Mil g
360 = 6,400 Mil = 400 g
270 = 4,800 Mil
= 300 g

90 = 1,600 Mil
= 100 g

1 = 17.78 Mil
1 = 1.11 g

180 = 3,200 Mil = 200 g

5 Mil g
12.6 (Azimuth = Az) 360
1 = 60' (1 = 60
) 1' = 60" (1 = 60 ) 6
(Azimuth Az)

51
b

a
30
35

45

E
b

a N 30

b 90+35 = N 125

c 90+90+45 = N 225

d 270+ (90-51) = N 309

6 ( Azimuth Az)

1) Forward Azimuth (F. Az)

2) Backward Azimuth (B. Az)
180
7 (F. Az)
(B. Az)

N 11035' 24" (F.Az)

A
B

N 8530' 15" (F.Az) C

N 29035' 24" (B.Az)

N 26530' 15" (B.Az)

7 (F. Az) (B. Az)

10

13.

SSE Azimuth 8

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)

0, 360

45

E 90

2230' 00"
SE
SSE

SSE
SSE
SSE
SSE
SSE
SSE

Az 90+45+2230' = N 15730' 00"

Bearing S 2230' 00" E
Mil 1,600+800+400 = 2,800 Mil
100+50+25 = 175 g
B.Az 15730' +180 = N33730' 00"
Bearing S 2230' 00" W

14.
14.1 (Horizontal Angle)
360
(Right turn RT)
(Left turn LT)
0 0
9
A
0000' 00"
13530' 00" LT
C O

14035' 24" RT
B

0000' 00" a

0000' 00"
00"
0000' 00" 0000'
a
d
b

c
b
0000' 00" 0000' 00"

11
14.2 (Vertical Angle) -
9000' 00" 27000' 00"
( ) (90
270) (Elevated angle)
(90 270) (Depressed angle)


10

00

270

90

180

Horizontal Line
90 270

10

14.3
60 1 60

1) ( )
(' )
(" )
157
30'
50"
+
43
30'
45"
200
60'
95"

61' + 1' = 60"

201
201 01' 35"

+ 1 = 60'
01'

35"

12
2)

( )
157
43
114

(' )
30'
30'
00'

(" )
50"
45"
05"

3)

. , ,,

15730' 50" + 4330' 45" = 20101' 35"

15730' 50" 4330' 45" = 1140' 5"
11 ( CASIO fx-350 TL)
157 . , ,, 30 . , ,, 50 . , ,,

+ 43 . , ,, 30 . , ,, 45 . , ,,

201 1 35

114 0 5
43 . , ,, 30 . , ,, 45 . , ,, =

11 CASIO fx 350 TL

157 . , ,, 30 . , ,, 50 . , ,,