2
2 x
I
t
y I
- Dong in cham t
in ap trn mt oan v cung be dx doc trn ng i cua dong in:
du = c dx = j dx =
2
2 x
I
d
t
dx
in
ap mt im A nao y cung tc la hiu s in ap gia i m A va i m v
cung xa (in ap cua im v cung xa co th coi nh bng khng) bng:
A
= u
A
=
}
1
x
du =
} 2
2
A
d
x
dx I
t
=
A
d
x
I
t
2
(3-4)
x
A
Vt ni t
2tx
A
2
A
2tx
2
Hnh 3-1: Dong in phn tan trong t
qua vt ni t hnh ban cu
Nu dch chuyn im A n gn mt cua vt ni t chung ta co in ap cao nht
i vi t:
u
=
d
d
x
I
t
2
(3-5)
y, x
= U
/I
Nu goi r
ph
in tr tan cua dong in tai ch cham t va r
o
in tr
tan cua vt ni t lam vic chung sta co in ap cua pha A i vi t:
U
A
= I
r
ph
(3-6)
in ap cua dy trung tnh i vi t:
U
o
= I
.r
o
(3-7)
Nu chung ta o c trc tip cac tr s U
A
, U
o
, va I
th in tr ta n cua
dong in tai ch cha m t r
ph
va in tr ni t lam vic r
o
co th tnh c
bng cac phng trnh (3-6) va (3-7) nh sau:
r
ph
= U
A
/I
va r
o
= U
o
/I
Tom lai in tr tan la t s gi a in ap xut hin trn vt ni t (hay dy
dn cham t) vi dong in i qua vt ni t (hay dy dn) vao trong t.
nh ngha nay vn ung vi trng hp dy dn khng ni t:
U
= I
.Z
y: I
= I
x
t
r
t
U
r
t
x
t
Z = r
t
jxt
I
U
=oI
=U
-U
ch
U
=I
=U
bx
U
b
=U
d
-U
a
U
b
=0
y : I
dong in qua vt ni t
Hnh 3-5. in ap tip xuc
Ngi cham vao bt c ng c nao cung u co th la U
. Mt khac th
chn ngi U
ch
phu thuc khoang cach t ch ng n vt ni t. Kt qua la
ngi b tac dung cua hiu s in ap U
va U
ch
.
U
tx
= U
U
ch
Nh vy in ap tip xuc phu thuc vao khoang cach t vo thit b c ni
t n vt ni t, va mc cn bng th
V th cua mt t cang giam khi cang xa vt ni t cho nn khoang cach
t 20m tr ln in ap tip xuc co th xem nh bng U
U
tx
= U
Trng hp chung co th biu din in ap tip xuc nh sau:
U
tx
= oU
y: o h s tip xuc (o<1).
Trong thc t in ap tip xuc lun lun be hn in ap giang trn vt ni
t (dy cham t).
in ap tip xuc cho phep khng tiu chun hoa.
3.1.3. Din ap buoc
Trn hnh 3-6 ve s phn b th cua cac im trn mt t luc co mt pha
cham t hoc mt thit b (ng b) nao o b choc thung cach in.
in ap i vi t ch trc tip cham t:
U
= I
: in tr tan ch cham t.
in ap cua cac im trn mt t i vi t cach xa ch cham t t
20m tr ln co th xem bng khng.
Nhng vong tron ng tm (hay mt phng) ma tm im la ch cham t
chnh la cac vong tron ng th (hay mt phng ng th).
Khi ngi ng trn mt t th hai chn th ng hai v tr khac nhau cho
nn ngi se b mt in ap nao y tac dung. in ap t gia hai chn ngi
ngi do dong in cham t tao nn goi la in ap bc.
CHNH PH
S: 169/2003/N-CP
CNG HO X HI CH NGHA
VIT NAM
c lp - T do - Hnh phc
----- o0o -----
H Ni , Ngy 24 thng 12 nm
2003
NGH NH CA CHNH PH
V an ton in
CHNH PH
Cn c Lut T chc Chnh ph ngy 25 thng 12 nm 2001;
Theo ngh ca B trng B Cng nghip,
NGH NH
Chng I
QUY NH CHUNG
iu 1. Ngh nh ny quy nh v an ton in trong sn xut, truyn ti, phdn
phi v s dng in nhm m bo an ton i vi con ngi, cc trang thit
b v cng trnh in.
iu 2. Ngh nh ny p dng i vi cc t chc, c nhdn hot ng in lc,
s dng in, ch to thit b in v cc t chc, c nhdn liin quan khc trin
lnh th Vit Nam. Trng hp cc iu c quc t m Cng ho x hi ch
ngha Vit Nam k kt hoc gia nhp c quy nh khc th p dng iu c .
iu 3. Trong Ngh nh ny, cc t ng di y c hiu nh sau:
1. Li in bao gm cc ng dy dn in, trm bin p v cc cng trnh, thit b
ph tr khc lin kt vi nhau thc hin qu trnh truyn ti, phn phi in.
2. in cao p l in p t 1.000 V tr ln.
3. in h p l in p di 1.000 V.
4. Thit b in l cc my mc dng sn xut, bin i, phn phi, o lng,
bo v v tiu th nng lng in.
5. Thit b bo v l thit b t ng ct mch in trong ch lm vic khng
bnh thng.
6. Dng c in l nhng cng c cm tay c s dng in.
7. Bin bo an ton v in l cc bin bo c ch v du hiu c in p t trn
cc kin trc xy dng ca cng trnh in hoc cc thit b, dng c in bo
cho ngi trnh khi nguy him do in gy ra khi vn hnh, lm vic v i qua
gn cc thit b .
8. Ni t l ni cc b phn bng kim loi ca thit b in, cc b phn bng
kim loi ca cc thit b khc hoc cc kt cu bng kim loi vi trang b ni t.
9. Ni khng bo v l ni cc b phn bng kim loi lc bnh thng khng c
chc nng dn in ca thit b in, cc b phn bng kim loi ca cc thit b
khc hoc cc kt cu bng kim loi vi dy trung tnh ni t trc tip ca
ngun in.
10. My thy in cc nh l my pht in chy bng sc nc c cng sut t
1.000 W/t my tr xung.
11. S dng in lm phng tin bo v trc tip l dng ngun in c mc in
p thch hp u ni trc tip vo hng ro, vt cn, vt che chn ca khu vc
hoc i tng c bo v (sau y gi chung l hng ro bo v). Khi i
tng c xm phm vo khu vc hoc i tng c bo v v tip xc trc
tip vi hng ro bo v s b in git, ng thi h thng bo v pht tn hiu
bo ng cho ngi bo v khu vc bit.
iu 4. Vic thit k, ch to thit b, xy dng cng trnh in phi thc hin
theo Quy phm, Tiu chun Vit Nam, cc quy nh trong Ngh nh ny hoc
cc tiu chun quc t ph hp c c quan c thm quyn ca Vit Nam cng
nhn v phi m bo ng b cc yu cu v an ton sau y: an ton v in;
an ton v kin trc xy dng; an ton v cng ngh s dng ngun nng lng
s cp (nc, than, du m, kh t thin nhin v cc dng nng lng khc); an
ton v phng chng chy n; an ton v mi trng sinh thi v v sinh lao
ng.
iu 5.
1. Cc thit b in, dng c in khi xut xng phi c chng ch cht lng
hoc c nhn mc ng k cht lng ph hp vi nhng tiu chun, quy nh
ca php lut v phi c bn hng dn s dng km theo v cc thng s k
thut, tnh nng, tc dng cng nh cc iu cn lu khc hng dn ngi
tiu dng phng trnh s c v tai nn in.
2. Cc cng trnh in ch c a vo s dng sau khi c th nghim,
hiu chnh, nghim thu t tiu chun cht lng an ton.
Chng II
AN TON TRONG SN XUT IN
iu 6. Cc nh my in, trm pht in phi c bo v nghim ngt, xung
quanh phi c tng ro bo v, bin bo an ton v in, v phng chy, cha
chy theo quy nh; nhng ngi khng c nhim v khng c php vo nh
my in, trm pht in.
iu 7. Phng t thit b in phi m bo an ton v phng, chng chy n; c
bin bo khu vc nguy him; c h thng chiu sng y ; c h thng thng
gi lm mt thit b, ca thng gi phi c li bo v chng s xdm nhp ca
cc loi ng vt, hn ch ti a nh hng xu ca mi trng (bi, m, ho
cht); c ng thot him khi xy ra s c chy, n.
iu 8. i vi cc thit b t chung trong mt phng, tu theo c tnh k thut
v yu cu bo v ca tng loi thit b, phi t li bo v, vch ngn v treo
bin bo an ton. Phi m bo khong cch an ton t li bo v hoc vch
ngn n phn mang in ca thit b khng c nh hn khong cch quy
nh trong Quy phm trang b in.
iu 9. i vi cc my in quay, hp u cp phi c np y c bt cht,
chn kn trnh bi, hi nc, ho cht xm nhp; vnh gp, chi than, qut lm
mt phi c np, li bo v.
iu 10. Ti cc khu vc c cht d chy, n, h thng in phi c thit k,
lp t theo quy nh v an ton phng, chng chy n; ch c s dng loi
thit b, dng c phng chng chy, n chuyn dng.
iu 11. H thng cp dn in trong nh my in, trm pht in phi m
bo cc quy nh v an ton sau y:
1. Cp in phi c sp xp trt t theo chng loi, tnh nng k thut, cp
in p v c t trn cc gi theo ng quy nh. Cp dn in i qua khu
vc c nh hng ca nhit cao phi c cch nhit v i trong ng bo v.
2. Hm cp, mng cp phi c np y kn, thot nc tt, bo qun sch s, kh
ro. Khng c nc, du, ho cht, tp vt tch t trong hm, mng cp.
Ring vi hm cp cn phi c tng ngn trnh ha hon lan rng; c h
thng bo chy v cha chy t ng, h thng n chiu sng s dng in p
an ton ph hp vi tiu chun, quy phm hin hnh.
iu 12. H thng chng st, ni t trong nh my in, trm pht in, trm
phn phi in phi c lp t ng thit k v c kim tra nghim thu,
kim tra nh k theo ng "Tiu chun Vit Nam - Quy phm ni t v ni
khng cc thit b in".
iu 13. i vi cc my thu in cc nh, cc my pht in di ng, phi tun
theo cc quy nh v an ton khi s dng my ca nh ch to v phi thng
xuyn kim tra cch in; cng sut thit b tiu th in, dy dn in phi c
tit din ph hp vi cng sut ca my nhng khng c nh hn 2,5mm
2
.
Nghim cm dng dy trn lm dy dn in.
Chng III
AN TON TRONG TRUYN TI, PHN PHI IN
iu 14.
1. Ch cng trnh li in phi chu trch nhim:
a) t bin bo an ton v in ti cc trm in, ct in;
b) Sn mu v t n tn hiu ti cc v tr ct c cao c bit theo quy nh
ca php lut v bo v an ton li in cao p.
2. cc v tr giao cho gia ng dy dn in cao p trn khng, ng cp
in ngm vi ng st, ng b, ng thu ni a, vic t v qun l bin
bo, bin cm vt qua i vi phng tin vn ti thc hin theo quy nh ca
B Giao thng vn ti. Ch u t cng trnh xy dng sau phi chu chi ph cho
vic t bin bo, bin cm ny.
iu 15. Khi bn giao cng trnh li in, ch u t cng trnh phi giao cho
n v qun l vn hnh li in y cc ti liu k thut, bin bn nghim
thu v cc ti liu lin quan n n b, gii phng mt bng theo quy nh ca
php lut.
iu 16. n v qun l vn hnh li in phi nh k t chc kim tra, bo
dng k thut v i tu li in, m bo cho h thng vn hnh an ton theo quy
nh; thng xuyn kim tra pht hin, ngn chn cc hnh vi vi phm quy nh ca
Ngh nh ny v ca php lut v bo v an ton li in cao p.
iu 17. Khi sa cha, bo dng cc cng trnh li in, n v qun l vn hnh
li in v n v cng tc phi chu trch nhim thc hin y v ng trnh t
cc bin php an ton theo quy nh ti Quy phm k thut an ton in.
iu 18. ng dy cao p vt qua nh , cng trnh c ngi thng xuyn
sinh sng, lm vic phi m bo cc tiu chun, khong cch an ton c quy
nh ca php lut v bo v an ton li in cao p; ct dy in phi dng
loi ct thp hoc ct b tng ct thp; dy dn in khng c php c mi ni,
tr dy dn in c tit din t 240 mm
2
tr ln th cho php khng qu 1 mi
ni cho 1 pha. n v qun l vn hnh li in khng c vn hnh qu ti
cc ng dy ny.
iu 19. Cc ng dy dn in i ngm trong t, nm trong kt cu cc cng
trnh khc hoc i chung vi cc ng dy thng tin, phi m bo khong cch an
ton theo quy nh ca php lut v bo v an ton li in cao p, cc quy nh ti
Quy phm trang b in v cc quy nh khc ca php lut.
Chng IV
AN TON TRONG S DNG IN
Mc 1. S dng in trong sn xut
iu 20. T chc, c nhn s dng in sn xut phi thc hin cc quy nh
trong cc Tiu chun Vit Nam v an ton in, Quy phm trang b in, Quy phm
k thut an ton in hin hnh v cc quy nh ti Ngh nh ny.
iu 21. H thng thit b chng st, h thng ni t v h thng ni "khng" bo v
phi c kim tra khi nghim thu, kim tra nh k v kim tra bt thng theo cc
ni dung quy nh ti "Tiu chun Vit Nam - Quy phm ni t v ni khng cc
thit b in". S ca cc h thng ny phi ng vi thc t v phi c lu gi
cng vi cc bin bn kim tra trong sut qu trnh hot ng.
iu 22. Cc trm in, thit b in cao p v ng dy cao p ni b phi c lp
t v qun l vn hnh theo cc quy nh ti Chng II v Chng III ca Ngh nh
ny. Trng hp ch s hu khng c iu kin m bo vic qun l, vn
hnh, th nghim, hiu chnh cc thit b trm v ng dy ny theo ng quy nh,
phi k hp ng vi cc t chc, c nhn c iu kin thc hin cc cng vic
ny. Trong hp ng phi c iu khon quy nh trch nhim, m bo vic ng ct
in an ton, hp l v thun tin i vi c hai bn cung ng in v s dng in.
iu 23.
1. Cc thit b in phi tun theo cc quy nh ti Tiu chun Vit Nam - Thit b
in h p - Yu cu chung v bo v chng in git v "Tiu chun Vit Nam -
Quy phm ni t v ni khng cc thit b in", m bo:
a) Chng tai nn in git do tip xc trc tip vi in p s dng: cc b phn
mang in nh thanh ci, tip im cc kh c in, cc u dy, im u ni,
li dy dn phi m bo c cc yu cu v v bo v, khong cch an ton,
c b tr, che chn bo v; m bo trnh c mi tip xc ngu nhin gia
ngi vn hnh, ngi qua li vi cc b phn mang in ny.
b) Chng tai nn in git do tip xc gin tip vi in p s dng: cc thit b
in h p phi m bo c cc yu cu v cch in, v ni t v ni
khng bo v m bo trnh c in p chm nguy him.
2. Cc ng dn in, dy dn in phi c thit k, lp t m bo mt
bng sn xut thng thong, trnh c cc tc ng c hc, ho hc c th gy
h hng. Khng dng cc kt cu kim loi ca nh xng, my mc, ng ng
kim loi lm dy trung tnh lm vic, tr nhng cng trnh c thit k ring
c duyt.
3. H thng in ti cc khu vc c cht d chy, n, phi c thit k, lp t
v s dng theo quy nh ti iu 10 ca Ngh nh ny.
iu 24. i vi cc thit b in dng trong khai thc khong sn, dng c in,
thit b in di ng, my hn, in phn, m in, phi thc hin theo quy nh
ti cc Tiu chun k thut, Quy phm an ton lin quan.
Mc 2. S dng in trong sinh hot, dch v
iu 25. Thit b in dng trong cc vn phng lm vic, sinh hot v dch v
phi m bo tng cng sut s dng ph hp vi cng sut thit k v m bo
bn cch in theo tiu chun k thut hin hnh. Dy dn cp in cho ng
lc, un nu, sy si, iu ho nhit ... phi c thit b bo v ph hp v
ring bit vi dy dn cp in cho chiu sng.
iu 26.
1. Khng thit b in pht nhit gn vt d chy.
2. i vi thang my:
a) Cp in dng cho thang my phi l loi cp c kh nng chng chy;
b) Thang my dng trong to nh cao trn 5 tng v thng xuyn c trn 200
ngi sinh hot, lm vic cn phi c ngun in d phng, t ng ng mch
khi mt ngun in chnh;
c) Cc thit b in ca thang my phi c kim tra, bo tr theo quy nh hin
hnh.
iu 27. Khi ri tr s, phng lm vic phi ct in n cc thit b s dng
in. i vi cc thit b cn gi trng thi ng in lin tc, phi c bin
php bo v an ton thch hp.
iu 28. C quan, n v, ch h s dng in phi c trch nhim t chc kim
tra an ton h thng in ca mnh, kp thi pht hin v ngn nga nguy c xy
ra tai nn, s c in.
iu 29.
1. Li in h p ch c xy dng sau khi thit k c c quan c thm
quyn ph duyt.
2. Cc nhnh ng dy dn in vo nh , cng trnh phi m bo cc iu
kin v an ton in v khng cn tr hot ng ca cc phng tin giao thng,
cu thng, cha chy.
iu 30.
1. Trong mch in ba pha bn dy, thit b ng ct (p-t-mt, cu dao, cu
ch) khng c t trn dy trung tnh.
2. Trong mch in mt pha hai dy, cu ch v cng tc phi t trn dy pha
(dy la). Cm t cu ch, cng tc trn dy trung tnh. Khuyn khch lp t
p-t-mt, cu dao 2 cc ng ct ng thi c 2 dy.
iu 31.
1. Tit din dy dn in phi ph hp vi ph ti in.
2. Vic lp t, s dng thit b in trong nh phi theo quy nh v an ton in
hin hnh.
iu 32. Nghim cm cc hnh vi vi phm cc quy nh v an ton in sau y:
1. S dng in lm phng tin bo v ti sn c nhn hoc phc v cho mc ch
khc gy nguy him cho ngi, ng vt, mi trng sng, gy s c lm thit hi ti
sn Nh nc, ti sn cng dn nh: chng trm, by chut, nh c, bo v hoa mu.
2. S dng thit b in khng m bo tiu chun, iu kin an ton.
3. Ko dy u in khng m bo iu kin an ton nh: dng dy trn lm dy dn in
trong nh; dng in theo cch ly in mt pha bng mt dy dn, cn dy ngui u
xung ging, xung ao hoc u ni vo ng ng nc.
4. Nhng ngi khng c nhim v tro ln ct in hoc vo trm in.
5. Cc hnh vi c th gy tai nn cho ngi v gia sc nh: phi qun o, dng ln
dy in; th diu, bng gn ng dy in.
6. Cc hnh vi c th gy h hng cng trnh li in nh: bn chim u trn dy
in, trm in; qung, nm bt k vt g ln ng dy in, trm in; tho g dy
chng no, dy tip a ca ct in; o t gy ln st mng ct in; li dng ct
in lm nh, lu qun bn hng, buc tru b hoc gia sc khc.
7. n gn ch dy in b t, ct in b khi cha c thng bo ct in.
8. Trng cy hoc cnh cy, dy leo vi phm khong cch an ton i vi ng dy
in, trm in; cy vo ng dy in khi pht quang tuyn.
Mc 3. S dng in lm phng tin bo v trc tip
iu 33. Cc khu vc, i tng c php s dng in lm phng tin bo v
trc tip l cc c s quan trng ca Nh nc v an ninh chnh tr, ngoi giao,
kinh t, x hi v an ninh quc phng.
iu 34. T chc s dng in lm phng tin bo v trc tip phi c php
ca c quan nh nc c thm quyn theo quy nh sau:
1. B trng B Cng an cho php s dng in lm phng tin bo v trc tip
cho khu vc hoc i tng thuc lnh vc an ninh quc gia.
2. B trng B Quc phng cho php s dng in lm phng tin bo v trc
tip cho khu vc hoc i tng thuc lnh vc quc phng.
3. B trng, Th trng c quan ngang B, c quan thuc Chnh ph, Ch tch
y ban nhn dn tnh, thnh ph trc thuc Trung ng cho php s dng in
lm phng tin bo v trc tip cho khu vc hoc i tng thuc quyn mnh
qun l theo hng dn ca B Cng nghip.
iu 35. Hng ro bo v phi c thit k lp t trnh c mi tip xc ngu
nhin i vi ngi v gia sc; phi c bin bo nguy him; khng gy nh
hng ti hot ng ca h thng in; khng gy nguy him cho khu vc ln
cn v mi trng sng. Ngi qun l, s dng h thng bo v ny phi c
o to, hun luyn v chuyn mn, nghip v.