SULIT 4551/2

SULIT NAMA : ................................................................

4551/2
Biology ANGKA GILIRAN : ..............................................
September 2009
2 ½ hours

PEPERIKSAAN PERCUBAAN SPM 2009

BIOLOGY

Kertas 2

Dua jam tiga puluh minit

JANGAN BUKA KERTAS SOALAN INI SEHINGGA DIBERITAHU

1. Kertas soalan ini adalah dalam Untuk Kegunaan Pemeriksa
dwibahasa . Bahagia Markah Markah
Soalan
2. Soalan dalam bahasa Inggeris n Penuh diperolehi
mendahului soalan yang
1 13
sepadan dalam bahasa.
3. Calon dibenarkan menjawab
keseluruhan atau sebahagian 2 12
soalan sama ada dalam
bahasa Inggeris atau bahasa A 3 12
Melayu.
4. Calon dikehendaki membaca 4 12
maklumat di halaman kertas
soalan ini. 5 11

6 20
B
7 20

8 20

9 20

Jumlah

Kertas soalan ini mengandungi 22 halaman bercetak

@PKPSM Pahang
 Section A
For examiner’s
Bahagian A use

[60 marks]
[60 markah]

Answer all questions in this section.

Jawab semua soalan dalam bahagian ini.

1 Diagram 1 shows the structure of a plasma membrane.

Rajah 1 menunjukkan struktur membran plasma.

Q R
Diagram 1
Rajah 1

(a) Name the parts labelled Q and R.

Namakan bahagian yang berlabel Q dan R.

Q : ________________________________________________________ 1(a)

R : ________________________________________________________
[2 marks]

(b)(i) State the component of structure P.

Nyatakan komponen struktur P.
1(b)(i)
___________________________________________________________
[1 mark ]

(ii) Explain the main function of P.

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 Terangkan fungsi utama P.
1(b)(ii)
___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________
[1 mark ]
(c) The plasma membrane is said to be semi-permeable.
What is the meaning of ‘semi-permeable’?
Membran plasma dikatakan bersifat separa-telap.
Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan ’ separa-telap?’

______________________________________________________________ 1 (c)

______________________________________________________________
[ 1 mark]

Diagram 1.2
Rajah 1.2

d) Graph in Diagram 1.2 shows the percentage of red blood cells that are
burst or shrink when placed in salt solution of different concentration.

Graf dalam Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan peratus sel darah merah yang pecah
atau mengecut apabila dimasukkan ke dalam larutan garam yang berbeza
kepekatan.

(i) Based on the graph given, state the concentration which is isotonic to
blood plasma.
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 Berdasarkan graf yang diberi, nyatakan kepekatan larutan yang 1(d)(i)
isotonik terhadap plasma darah.

_________________________________________________________
(1 mark)
1(d)(ii)
(ii) Explain your answer in (b)(ii).
Terangkan jawapan anda dalam (b)(ii).
________________________________________________________
_
(1 mark)

(iii) Comment on the osmotic pressure at Q.

Berikan ulasan tentang tekanan osmosis di Q.

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________ 1(d)(iii)

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________
[ 2 marks]

(e) The concentration of ions inside root cells is up to 100 times greater than in
the soil. Anyway, the ions are still transported into the cells by active
transport.

Kepekatan ion di dalam sel akar adalah 100 kali lebih tinggi berbanding di
dalam tanah. Walau bagaimanapun, ion-ion tersebut masih diangkut ke
dalam sel secara pengangkutan aktif.
(i) Define active transport.
Takrifkan pengangkutan aktif. 1 (e)(i)

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________
[ 1 mark]

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(ii) Explain what will happen to the uptake of the ions by root cells if the
roots are immersed in a solution containing metabolic poisons such
as cyanide.
Terangkan apa akan berlaku terhadap pengangkutan ion oleh oleh
sel akar jika akar tersebut direndam di dalam larutan yang
mengandungi racun metabolik seperti sianida.

___________________________________________________________ 1(e)(ii)

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________
[3 marks] TOTAL

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2 Diagram 2.1 shows the biochemical processes involve molecule K, For examiner’s
enzyme L and molecule M occur in organ X and organ Y. use
Rajah 2.1 menunjukkan proses biokimia yang melibatkan molekul K,
enzim L dan molekul M yang berlaku di dalam organ X dan organ Y.

M u s c le c e lls

O rg a n X O rg a n Y
h e p a tic p o r ta l
v e in

K
M
+ + + ......

E nzym e L
G ly c o g e n
Diagram 2.1
Rajah 2.1

(a)(i) Name organ X and organ Y.

Namakan organ X dan organ Y.
Organ X : ___________________________________________________ 2(a)(i)
Organ Y : ___________________________________________________
[ 2 marks ]

(ii) Name molecule K, molecule M and enzyme L.

Namakan molekul K, molekul M dan Enzim L.
Molecule K / molekul K : _______________________________________
Molecule M / molekul M : 2(a)(ii)

_______________________________________
Enzyme L / enzim L : _______________________________________
[ 3 marks ]

(b) State two characteristics of enzyme L based on Diagram 2.1.

Nyatakan dua ciri enzim L berdasarkan Rajah 2.1.
____________________________________________________________ 2 (b)

____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

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 [ 2 marks ]

(c) Molecules M are transported from organ Y to muscle cells. Explain why
molecule M is needed in muscle cells.

Molekul M diangkut dari Organ Y ke sel-sel otot. Terangkan kenapa

molekul M diperlukan di dalam sel-sel otot.

____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________ 2 (c)
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
[ 3 marks ]

(d) Explain the importance of forming glycogen.

Terangkan kepentingan pembentukan glikogen.
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________ 2 (d)
____________________________________________________________
[ 2 marks ]

TOTAL

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 R S

Soil
T
3 Diagram 3.1 shows three stages X, Y and Z in meiosis. For examiner’s
use
Rajah 3.1 menunjukkan tiga peringkat X, Y dan Z dalam meiosis.

X Y Z

Diagram 3.1
Rajah 3.1

(a)(i) Name stages X and Y.

Namakan peringkat X dan Y.
3(a)(i)
X : ______________________________________________________
(
Y : ______________________________________________________
[2 marks]
(ii) State two differences between chromosomal behaviour at X and Y.
Nyatakan dua perbezaan perlakuan kromosom di X dan Y.
____________________________________________________________
3(a)(ii)
____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________
[ 2 marks ]

(b) i) State the occurrence at Z.

Nyatakan kejadian yang berlaku di Z.
3(b)(i)
____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________
[ 2 marks ]
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 ii) The chromosome number in somatic cell of this organism is 12.
State the chromosome number in each of the daughter cell in Z.
Give a reason for your answer.

Bilangan kromosom dalam sel soma bagi organisma ini ialah 12.
Nyatakan bilangan kromosom dalam setiap sel anak Z.
Berikan alasan anda.
______________________________________________________ 3(b)(ii)
______
____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________
[ 2 marks ]

(c) Diagram 3.2 shows the process of sperm formation in the human testis.

Rajah 3.2 menunjukkan proses pembentukan sperma di dalam testis

manusia.

Diagram 3.2
Rajah 3.2

(i) Are cells A, cell B and cell C genetically identical? Explain.

Adakah sel A, sel B dan sel C seiras dari segi genetic? Terangkan.

____________________________________________________________ 3(c)(i)
____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

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 ____________________________________________________________
[2 marks]
(ii) If Cell B undergoes an improper cell division, cell D might receive an extra
chromosome. State the number of chromosomes in Cell D. 3(c)(ii)

Jika Sel B melalui pembahagian sel yang tidak sempurna, sel D

berkemungkinan menerima satu kromosom tambahan. Nyatakan bilangan
kromosom di dalam sel D.

__________________________________________________________
[ 1 mark ]

(iii) If cell D fertilises with an ovum, the zygote formed might develop into an 3(c)(iii)
abnormal male. State the syndrome of the individual.

Jika sel D bersenyawa denngan ovum, zigot yang terbentuk akan

berkembang menjadi lelaki yang abnormal. Nyatakan sindrom individu
tersebut.
TOTAL
__________________________________________________________
[ 1 mark ]

For examiner’s
use

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4 Diagram 4.1 shows the apparatus set up in an experiment to study the role
of the vascular tissue in the transport of water in plants.

Rajah 4.1 menunjukkan susunan radas eksperimen untuk mengkaji

peranan tisu vaskular dalam pengangkutan air di dalam tumbuhan.

4(a)
Diagram 4.1
Rajah 4.1

(a) State the function of the eosin solution.

Nyatakan fungsi larutan eosin.
___________________________________________________________
[ 1 mark ]
(b) The stem of the plant is cut across at XY and viewed under a microscope.
A cross section of the stem is shown in Diagram 4.2.

Akar tumbuhan tersebut dikerat secara merentas pada XY dan

diperhatikan di bawah mikroskop. Keratan rentas akar ditunjukkan dalam
Rajah 4.2.

Diagram 4.2
Rajah 4.2 4(b)

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 Name the parts labelled K and M.
Namakan bahagian yang berlabel K dan M.

K : ___________________________________________________

M : ___________________________________________________
[ 2 marks ] 4(c)

(c) Name the tissue which is responsible for transporting water and minerals
ions from the roots to the upper parts of the plant.
Namakan tisu yang terlibat dalam pengangkutan air dan ion mineral dari
akar ke bahagian atas tumbuhan.
____________________________________________________________
[ 1 mark ]

(d) If the root of the plant is cut across, draw and label the observation made.
Jika keratan rentas dibuat ke atas akar tumbuhan, lukis dan labelkan
pemerhatian anda.

4(d)

[ 3 marks ]

For examiner’s
use

(e) Diagram 4.3 shows the effect of removing tissue M from the stem.
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 4(e)(i)

Diagram 4.3
Rajah 4.3

(i) State the type of transport involved in Diagram 4.3.

Nyatakan jenis pengangkutan yang terlibat dalam Rajah 4.3.
___________________________________________________________
[ 1 mark ] 4(e)(ii)

(ii) Explain why does the part above the ring become swollen after two weeks.
Terangkan mengapa bahagian atas gelang membengkak selepas dua
minggu.
___________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________
4(e)(iii)
___________________________________________________________
[2 marks]

(iii) Explain why have the leaves not wilted after two weeks.
Terangkan mengapa daun-daun tidak layu selepas dua minggu.
___________________________________________________________ TOTAL

____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
[2 marks]

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5. Figure 5 shows the reflex arc that occurs when the finger is accidentally
pricked with a needle.

Rajah 5 menunjukkan suatu arka refleks yang berlaku apabila jari tangan
secara tidak sengaja dicucuki oleh sebatang jarum.

5(a)

Diagram 5
Rajah 5

(a) Complete the above figure by drawing the appropriate neurones involved in
the reflex action.

Lengkapkan rajah di atas, dengan melukis neuron yang terlibat di dalam

tindak balas refleks.
[2 marks]

(b) Explain the transmission of impulse from one neurone to another neurone.
5(b)
Terangkan pemindahan impuls dari satu neuron ke neuron yang
berikutnya.

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________ 5(c)
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
[ 4marks ]
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(c) Name the structures M and N.
Namakan struktur M dan N.
5(d)
M : ____________________________________________________

N : ____________________________________________________
[2 marks]

(d) Differentiate between the above reflex action with the voluntary action. 5(e)
Bezakan di antara tindakan refleks di atas dengan tindakan terkawal.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
_
[1 mark]
5(f)
(e) State the importance of reflex action to us.
Nyatakan kepentingan tindakan refleks kepada kita.

____________________________________________________________
[1
mark ]
(f) If efferent neurone is injured and damaged, predict what will happen to the TOTAL
person.
Jika neuron eferen cedera dan rosak, ramalkan apa yang akan berlaku
Kepada orang tersebut.
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
[1
mark ]

Section B
Bahagian B

[40 marks]
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 Answer any two questions from this section.
Jawab mana-mana dua soalan daripada bahagian ini

6(a) Figure 6.1 shows movement activities in a human.

Rajah 6.1 menunjukkan aktiviti pergerakan pada manusia.

(i) (ii)
Diagram 6.1
.
Based on Figure 6.1(i) and Figure 6.1(ii), explain how the above
movement takes place which involves muscles, tendons, bones, ligaments
and joints

Berdasarkan Rajah 6.1(i) dan Rajah 6.1(ii), terangkan bagaimana

pergerakan di atas berlaku yang melibatkan otot, tendon , tulang, ligamen
dan sendi.
[10 marks]

(b)(i) By giving one example of woody plant and and non-woody, explain how
the support system in woody plants differs from that of non-woody plants.
Dengan menyatakan contoh, terangkan bagaimana sistem sokongan
pada tumbuhan berkayu berbeza daripada tumbuhan tidak berkayu.
[10 marks]

7(a) Diagram 7.1 shows how the respiratory gases are transported in the
human body.
Rajah 7.1 menunjukkan bagaimana gas respirasi diangkut dalam badan
manusia.
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 Diagram 7.1

(i) Based on Diagram 7.1, explain how the transport of oxygen and
carbon dioxide takes place in the body cells
Berdasarkan Rajah 7.1, terangkan bagaimanakah pengangkutan
oksigen dan karbon dioksida berlaku di dalam sel-sel badan.
[6 marks]

(ii) Describe the adaptations of the alveolus for gaseous exchange.

Terangkan penyesuaian pada alveolus yang membolehkannya utuk
melakukan proses pertukaran gas.
[4 marks]

(b) The shaded area of the graph in Diagram 7.2 shows the intake of oxygen
by an athlete before, during and after running for five minutes.
Kawasan yang berlorek pada graf dalam Rajah 7.2 menunjukkan
pengambilan oksigen oleh seorang atlet sebelum, semasa dan selepas
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 berlari selama 5 minit.

Diagram 7.2

Based on the graph, explain how an oxygen debt is built up when an

athlete is running and how it is settled after he stops running.
Berdasarkan graf, terangkan bagaimana hutang oksigen terhasil semasa
atlet itu berlari dan bagaimana ia diselesaikan selepas beliau berlari.

[10 marks]

8(a) Mr Nick has group A blood while his wife has group B blood. The group of
their son is O.
Explain how this happen.

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 Mr Nick mempunyai kumpulan darah A manakala isterinya mempunyai
kumpulan darah B. Kumpulan darah anak lelaki mereka ialah O.
Terangkan bagaimana ini boleh berlaku.
[10 marks]

(b) Nowadays, the DNA fingerprinting technique has replaced the common
fingerprinting technique in criminal investigations.

Pada masa kini, teknik cap jari DNA telah menggantikan teknik cap jari
biasa dalam penyiasatan jenayah.

(i) Explain how DNA fingerprinting is carried out.

Terangkan bagaimana cap jari DNA dilakukan
[4 marks]

(ii) Based on the given statement, state your opinion an the

advantages and disadvantages of DNA fingerprinting.

Berdasarkan pernyataan yang diberikan, nyatakan pendapat kamu

tentang kebaikan dan keburukan cap jari DNA.
[6 marks]

9(a) Diagram 9 shows a mangrove swamp.

Rajah 9 menunjukkan kawasan paya bakau.

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 Diagram 9

(i) Explain why most plants cannot colonise and grow in the swamps.
Terangkan mengapa kebanyakan tumbuhan tidak boleh hidup dan
tumbuh di kawasan paya bakau.
[5 marks]

(ii) Explain how the mangrove trees adapt themselves to the harsh
living conditions.
Terangkan bagaimana pokok bakau ini menyesuaikan diri dengan
keadaan hidup yang sukar.
[5 marks]

(b) Development that is not planned and managed properly has brought
negative effects to the ecosystem such as land erosion, flash flood,
landslides, global warming, thinning of the ozone layer, climate change
and the extinction of certain species.
Pembangunan yang tidak terancang dan terurus dengan teliti boleh
membawa kesan negatif kepada ekosistem seperti hakisan tanah, banjir
kilat, tanah runtuh, pamanasan global, penipisan lapisan ozon, perubahan
iklim dan kepupusan spesis tertentu.

Based on the above statement, describe the effects of unplanned

development and improper management of the ecosystem.
Berdasarkan kenyataan di atas, terangkan kesan pembangunan yang
tidak terancang dan terurus dengan teliti kepada ekosisitem.
[10 marks]

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 END OF QUESTION PAPER
KERTAS SOALAN TAMAT

MAKLUMAT KEPADA CALON

1. This question paper consists of two sections: Section A and Section B.

Kertas soalan ini mengandungi dua bahagian: Bahagian A dan Bahagian B.

2. Answer all questions in Section A. Write your answers for Section A clearly in
spaces provided in the question paper.

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 Jawab semua soalan dalam Bahagian A. Jawapan anda bagi Bahagian A
hendaklah ditulis pada ruang yang disediakan dalam kertas soalan ini.

3. Answer any two question from Section B. Write your answers for Section B on the
‘helaian tambahan’ provided by the invigilators. You may use equations, diagrams,
tables, graphs and other suitable methods to explain your answer.
Jawab mana-mana dua soalan daripada Bahagian B. Jawapan anda bagi
Bahagian B hendaklah ditulis dalam helaian tambahan yang dibekalkan oleh
pengawas peperiksaan. Anda boleh menggunakan persamaan, rajah, jadual, graf,
dan cara lain yang sesuai untuk menjelaskan jawapan anda.

4. The diagrams in the questions are not drawn to scale unless stated.Rajah yang
mengiringi soalan tidak dilukis mengikut skala kecuali dinyatakan
.
5. The marks allocated for each question or sub-part of a question are shown in
brackets.
Markah yang diperuntukan bagi setiap soalan atau ceraian soalan ditunjukkan dalam
kurungan.

6. If you wish to change your answer, cross out the answer that you have done. Then
write down the new answer.Jika anda hendak menukar jawapan, batalkan jawapan
yang telah dibuat. Kemudian tulis jawapan yang baru.

7. You may use a non-programmable scientific calculator.

Anda dibenarkan menggunakan kalkulator saintifik yang tidak boleh diprogram.

8. You are advised to spend 90 minute to answer question in Section A and 60 minutes
for Section B.
Anda dinasihati supaya mengambil masa 90 minit untuk menjawab soalan dalam
Bahagian A dan 60 minit untuk Bahagian B.

9. Detach Section B from this question paper. Tie the ‘helaian tambahan’ together with
this question paper and hand in to the invigilator at the end of the examination.
Ceraikan Bahagian B daripada kertas soalan ini. Ikat helaian tambahan bersama-
sama kerts soalan ini dan serahkan kepada pengawas peperiksaan pada akhir
peperiksaan.

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 MARKING SCHEME
BIOLOGY 2 (4551/2)
SPM TRIAL EXAMINATION
2009

No. Marking Criteria Mark

1(a) Able to name the parts labelled Q and R.

Sample answer :

Q : Carrier protein 1
R : Channel protein / pore protein 1 2

1(b)(i) Able to state the component of structure P.

Sample answer :

It is composed of two layers of phospholipids 1

(ii) Able to explain the main function of P.

Sample answer :

Acts as a barrier between the internal and external

environment of the cell
// Allows only specific molecules to pass through it
// provide the structural basis for all cell membrane. 1 2

1(c) Able to give the meaning of ‘semi-permeable’.

Sample answer :

A semi-permeable plasma membrane is a membrane that

allows only certain substances to move freely across it. 1 1

1 (d)(i) Able to state the concentration which is isotonic to

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 blood plasma.

Sample answer :

0.45 g/100 cm3 1

1(d)(ii) Able to explain the answer in (d)(i).

SampleAnswer :

Both percentage of haemolysis of red blood cells and

percentage of crenation of red blood cells are zero (0%). 1

1(d)(iii) Able to comment on the osmotic pressure at Q.

SampleAnswer :

F : The osmotic pressure inside the red blood cells is 1

equivalent to its environment.
P2 : Amount of water moving in and out of the cells are
the same,
P3 : therefore the size and structure of the red blood cells 1 4
does not change.
( F + Any P2/P3 )

1(e)(i) Able to define active transport.

Sample answer :

Active transport is a movement of substances / molecules /

ions against the concentration gradient / from low to high
concentration across the plasma membrane with the help 1
of carrier protein and energy / ATP.
(ii)
Able to explain what will happen to the uptake of the
ions by root cells if the roots are immersed in a
solution containing metabolic poisons such as
cyanide.

Sample answer :

P1 – there is no uptake of ions by root cells

P2 – metabolic poisons kill/ damaged the (root) cells
P3 – no energy/ ATP is produced
P4 – active transport does not occur 3 4
(Any three)
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 TOTAL 13 marks

2(a)(i) Able to name organ X and organ Y.

Sample answer :

Organ X : Ileum // small intestine 1

Organ Y : Liver 1

(ii) Able to name molecule K, molecule M and enzyme L.

Sample answer :

Molecule K : Starch 1
Molecule M : Glucose 1
Enzyme L : (Pancreatic) Amylase 1 5

(b) Able to state two characteristics of enzyme L based on

Diagram 2.1

Sample answer :

1. Enzyme remains unchanged at the end of the

reaction (and can be used again). 1
2. Enzyme is substrate specific / reaction is very
specific 1 2

(c) Able to explain why molecule M is needed in muscle

cells.

Sample answer :

Pt. 1 Molecule M / glucose is the substrate for respiration 1

Pt. 2 As the muscle cells contract and relax, energy is
needed for activities 1
Pt. 3 therefore, molecule M is needed in muscle cells to
provide energy from respiration process. 1 3
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 (d) Able to explain the importance of forming glycogen.

Sample answer :

Pt.1 : Glycogen is the main reserve of carbohydrates in

animals 1
Pt. 2 It can be converted back to glucose when energy is
needed from respiration process 1 2

TOTAL 12 marks
3(a(i)) Able to name stage X and Y.

Sample answer :

X : Prophase I 1
Y : Metaphase I 1 2

(ii) Able to Able to state two differences between

chromosomal behaviour at X and Y.

Sample Answer:

Prophase I Metaphase I
(Paired homologous (Paired homologous
chromosomes) are chromosomes) are
arranged randomly. arranged on the
metaphase plate / 1
equatorial plane.
Spindle fibre does not hold Spindle fibre holds on the
on the centromere of the centromere of the 1
chromosomes . chromosomes.
(The homologous (The homologous
chromosomes paired and) chromosomes paired)
crossing over take place. crossing over does not 1
take place.
( Any 2 ) 2

(b)(i) Able to state the occurrence at Z.

Sample Answer:

P1 : Four daughter cells formed 1

P2 : Each daughter cell has two chromosomes / haploid / n 1 2

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 (ii) Able to state the chromosome number in each of the
daughter cell in Z and able to give reason.

Sample answer :

P1 : 6 (chromosomes). 1
P2 :(During meiosis) the daughter cell receives half
the number of chromosome from the parent cell / 2n
// Daughter cell haploid / n, parent cell diploid / 2n 1 2

(c)(i) Able to state either cell A, cell B and cell C are

genetically identical and explain.

Sample answer :

F : Cell A is similar to cell B but is different from cell C. 1

P : Cell A and cell B are products of mitosis whereas cell
C is a product of meiosis. 1 2

(ii) Able to state the number of chromosome in Cell if Cell

B undergoes an improper cell division.

Sample answer :

24 (chromosomes) 1

(iii) Able to state the syndrome of the individual. 1 2

Sample answer :

Down’s syndrome
// Klinefelter’s syndrome 1

TOTAL 12 marks

4(a) Able to state the function of the eosin solution.

Sample answer :

To stain the xylem (vessels) (with red dye) 1 1

4(b) Able to name the parts labelled K and M.

Sample answer :
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 K : Xylem 1
M : Phloem 1 2

4(c) Able to name the tissue which is responsible for

transporting water and mineral ions from the roots to
the upper parts of the plant.

Sample answer :

Xylem 1 1

4(d) Able to draw and label the observation of the root cut
across.

Sample answer :
Xylem

Phloem
Pericycle

Cortex
// ground tissue

Drawing – 1 m 1
Any 2 labels – 2 m 2 3
(e)(i) Able to state the type of transport involved in
Diagram 4.3.

Sample answer :

Translocation 1
(ii) Able to explain why does the part above the ring
become swollen after two weeks.

Sample answer :

F : The products of photosynthesis cannot be transported

to the parts below the ring 1
P : as tissue M / phloem is removed 1
(iii) Able to explain why have the leaves not wilted after
two weeks.
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 Sample answer :

F : Water can still be transported to the leaves 1

P : as tissue K / xylem is not removed from the stem 1 5

TOTAL 12 marks

5(a) Able to complete the drawing the appropriate neurons

involved in the reflex action.

Sample answer :

3 neurones – 2 m
2 neurones - 1 m 2 2

5(b) Able to explain the transmission of impulse from one

neurone to another neurone.

Sample answer :

Pt..1 When an impulses arrives in the axon terminal 1

Pt. 2 it stimulates (synaptic) vesicles to move towards and
bind with the presynaptic membrane 1
Pt. 3 The vesicles fuse / release the neurotransmitter into
the synapse 1
Pt. 4 The neurotransmitter molecules across the synapse
to the dendrite of another neurone 1
Pt. 5 Stimulated to trigger a new impulses which travels
along the neurone 1
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 ( Max 4 ) 4

5(c) Able to name the structure M and N.

Sample answer :

M : Sensory reseptor // finger tip 1

N : Effector // muscles tissues 1 2

5(d) Able to differentiate the reflex action with the

voluntary action.

Sample answer :

The reflex action is governed by the spinal chord whereas

the voluntary action is governed by the cerebrum. 1 1

5(e) Able to state the importance of reflex action to us.

Sample answer :

To protect the body against injuries 1 1

5 (f) Able to predict the effect on O if it is injured or

damaged.

Sample answer:

1. The nerve impuls will be sent from afferent neurone to

the effector 1
2. The effector / muscles will not contract 1
3. The hand will not be removed immediately from the
needle. 1 1
(Any one )

TOTAL 11 marks

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6(a) Able to relate the tissues involved in producing the
running movement

Sample Answer:

Pl- Tendons, ligaments, bones, muscles and joints are 1

important features in a movement,
P2- Tendons connect muscles to bones 1
P3- Tendons are strong and non elastic 1
P4- Force is transferred to bones through tendons. 1
P5- Movement at the joint is possible with the aid of 1
ligaments. 1
P6- Ligaments connect two bones together
P7-to give support and strength to the joint. 1
P8- Ligaments are strong and elastic. 1
P9- The quadriceps / extensor muscles contract while the
biceps femoris muscles relax and the leg is straightened. 1
P10- The biceps femoris muscles contract while the
quadriceps / extensor muscles relax and the leg is bent. 1
P11- Calf muscles contract to lift up the heels. 1
P12-Feet push downward and backward 1
P13-Repeated contraction and relaxation of muscles result in
the running movement. 10
MAXIMUM: 10 marks
(b)
Able to give example and explain how the support
system in woody plants differs from that of non-woody
plants.

Examples – 2 marks ,
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Facts – 8 marks

Sample answers:

Non-woody plants (herbaceous plants)

Example: Balsam plant/ any suitable answer 1

P1: (Support in herbaceous plants is) provided by the turgidity 1

of the parenchyma / collenchyma cells
P2: (When there is enough warm in the ground). the cells take 1
in water by osmosis and become turgid. 1
P3: The turgor pressure of the fluids in the vacuoles pushes
the cell contents / plasma membrane against the cell wall 1
P4: creating support for it stem/ roots /leaves 1
P5: The thin thickening die cell walls with cellulose /
collenchyma cells gives support to herbacous plants 1
Woody plants :
Example : Rambutan tree/ hibiscus/ any suitable example 1

P6: Woody plants have specialised tissues/ sclerenchyma 1

tissues/ xylem vessels / tracheids. to give them support;
P7: These tissues have cellulose walls which have deposits 1
of lignin for added strength.
P8: Sclerenchyma cells have very thick walls (which do not 1
allow water to pass through).
P9: (These cells are dead cells and) their function is to pro- 1
vide support for the plant.
P10: Xylem vessels have thick walls of lignin which are 1
deposited during the plant's secondary growth.
P11: The lignified xylem vessels form the woody tissues of the 1
stem.
P12: This makes the plant stronger and also provides support 1
for the plant.
P13: Tracheids are also dead cells with thick walls and very 1
small
diameters.
P14: They are found with the xylem vessels and together they
support the plants. 10

MAXIMUM: 10 marks

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 TOTAL 20 marks

7(a) (i) Able to explain how the transport of oxygen and

carbon dioxide takes place in the body cells

Sample answers:

P1: The blood circulatory system transport oxygen from the 1

alveoli to the body cells.
P2: Oxygen combines with the haemoglobin in the red blood 1
cells 1
P3: to form oxyhaemoglobin (which is unstable.) 1
P4: Oxygen is carried (in form of oxyhaemoglobin) to the
tissues (which have a low partial pressure of oxygen.) 1
P5: The (unstable) oxyhaemoglobin breaks down into oxygen
and haemoglobin again. 1
P6: Oxygen (molecules are) transferred to the body cells 1
P7: Carbon dioxide binds (itself) to the haemoglobin 1
P8: (and is) transported in the form of carbaminohaemoglobin. 1
P9: Carbon dioxide is (also) transported as dissolved carbon
dioxide (in the blood plasma.) 1
P10: Most of carbon dioxide is carried as bicarbonate ions
(dissolved in the blood plasma.) 1
P11: When the blood carrying carbon dioxide reaches the
body cells, the carbon dioxide diffuses into the blood plasma
and combines with the red blood cells. 1
P12:Carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid. 1
P13:Carbonic anhydrase in the red blood cells catalyse the
formation of carbonic acid. 1
P14: The carbonic acid then dissociates into a hydrogen ions
and bicarbonate ions. 6
MAXIMUM: 6 marks
(ii) Able to describe the adaptations of the alveolus for
gaseous exchange

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 Sample answer:

F1: The millions of alveoli

P1: provide a large surface area for gaseous exchange.
F2: The walls of the alveoli are moist
P2: and this allows respiratory gases to dissolve easily to
them.
F3: The walls of the alveoli are very thin (one-cell thick)
P3: forquick / easy diffusion of gases.
F4: The alveoli are richly supplied with blood capillaries
P4: to increase the rate of diffusion / the rate of the
transportation of gases 4
MAXIMUM: 4 marks
(b)
Able to explain how an oxygen debt is built up when an
athlete is running and how it is settled after he stops
running.

Sample answer:

P1: During a vigorous exercise /running, the breathing rate is

increased.
P2: This is to supply more oxygen (quickly to the muscles)
P3:for rapid muscular contraction).
P4: However, the supply of oxygen to muscles is still
insufficient P5: and the muscles have to carry out anaerobic
respiration (to release energy).
P6: The glucose is converted into lactic acid,
P7: with only a limited amount of energy being produced
P8: An oxygen debt builds up in the body as shown in the
graph
P9: High levels of lactic acid in the muscles
P10: cause them to ache.
P11: After running, the athlete breathes more rapidly / deeply
than normal for 20 minutes (shown in the graph)
P12: There is a recovery period (from the 10th minute until the
20th minute)
P13:when oxygen is paid back (during aerobic respiration) 10
P14: About 1/6 lactic acid is oxidised to carbon dioxide, water
and energy.

MAXIMUM: 10 marks

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 20 marks
TOTAL

8(a) Able to explain how the inheritance happen

Answer :

P1: The situation involved is monohybrid inheritance. 1

P2: The genotype of blood group A can be IAIA /1A10 1
P3: while the genotype of blood group B can be I BI B or IBIO. 1
P4: Blood group 0 has a genotype, I OI O (while the 1
genotype of blood group AB is I AI B.
P5: Alleles 1A and IB are codominant 1
P6: IO allele is recessive. 1
P7: Mr. Nick is heterozygous dominant/IAIO (for his blood 1
group A) 1
P8: while his wife is heterozygous dominant/ IBI0 (for blood
group B) 1
P9: Mr. Nick and his wife produce haploid
gametes/sperm/ovum (as a r e s u l t o f m e i o s i s ) 1
P10: Mr. Nick produces (gametes with) genotypes IA /IO 1
P11: (while) his wife (will) produce (gametes with) genotypes 1
1A/ lO 1
P12: The gamete (IO) of Mr. Nick fuses with his wife's gamete 1
(10)
P13: to produce a zygote with genotype I°Io.
P14: (Thus, they will) produce an offspring with blood group 0.

MAXIMUM: 10 marks 10
(b)

(i) Able to explain how DNA fingerprinting is carried out. 1

1
Answer:
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 1
P1: Tissue samples are taken from the scene of a crime and
1
DNA is extracted.
P2: An enzyme breaks down the DNA into fragments.
P3: The DNA fragments are classified according to size. 1
P4: An alkali is added to separate the double-stranded D N A
into single strands. 1
P 5 : Each single strand is laid on a nylon membrane and
radioactive matter is added to it. A banding pattern appears.
P6: An X-ray film is produced and the positions of black bands
are compared with the part of DNA treated with radioactive
matter. 4
MAXIMUM: 4 marks

(ii) Able to state the advantages and disadvantages of

DNA fingerprinting
Sample answer: 1

Advantages: 1
P1: DNA fingerprinting is more accurate than common
fingerprinting as no two people have the same DNA
fingerprints. 1
P2: DNA fingerprinting is more efficient than blood-type
identification because many people have the s a m e 1
blood type 1
P3: DNA fingerprinting requires only a small amount of DNA to 1
obtain a highly accurate result
P4: DNA samples last longer than fingerprints.
P5: Mixed DNA samples can still be used.
1
P6: DNA evidence is harder to clean up compared to
1
fingerprints.
6
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 Disadvantages:
P7: DNA samples may be degraded by adding
chemicals, and this will affect the accuracy of the technique.
P8: Human errors are possible when different procedures and
standards are used in DNA fingerprinting.
MAXIMUM: 6 marks

TOTAL 20 marks

9(a) (i) Able to explain why most plants cannot colonise and
grow in the swamps.

Sample answer:

P1: The ground is too soft and unable to support plants, 1

P2: The water-logged / muddy swamps provide very little 1
oxygen for root respiration.
P3: The swamp water has a high concentration of salt and is 1
hypertonic.
P4: The plants growing in swamp will have the problem of 1
dehydration.
P5: Seeds that fall into the muddy swamp will die of 1
dehydration / insufficiency of oxygen.
P6: The swamp is exposed to strong sunlight and intense 1
heat. 1
P7: As a result, the plants growing there will lose water very
fast by transpiration.
5
MAXIMUM: 5 marks

(ii) Able to explain how the mangrove trees adapt

themselves to the harsh living conditions 1
1
Sample answer:

P1: Root system which is highly branched and spreads over a

big area to give good support to the plants. 1
P2: Pneumatophores (breathing roots) which grow protruding 1
upwards above the ground.
P3: The plant cells have high concentration of cell sap.
P4: Hence, the cells are able to withstand the high salt
content of the
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 swamp.
P5: Excess salt is eliminated through hydatodes found at the
lower epidermis of leaves.
P6: Viviparous seeds which germinate while still
attached to the parent plant.
P7: The long radical produced will let the seedling stick into
the ground and not submerge or drift away.
P8:Thick cuticle and sunken stomata which help to reduce the
rate of transpiration. 5

MAXIMUM: 5 marks

(b)

Able to describe the effects of unplanned development

and improper management of the ecosystem. 1

P1: The leave canopy in the forest protects the soil from 1
excess rain water.
P2: When the forest is cleared, the soil is exposed to rain
1
(water) / wind. 1
P3: this will cause soil erosion
P4:The soil that is exposed to wind will be blown to
another area, 1
P5: while soil that is exposed to rain water will be eroded
1
and deposited at the bottom of the river / pond /lake.
P6:The soil at the hill slopes can (also) be washed away by 1
heavy rain water
P7: resulting in land slides. 1
P8: (The deposited soil will) cause the water level to increase 1
rapidly when it rains and
P9: this will in turn cause flash floods. 1
P10:Wild life species will also be threatened 1
1
P11: when their habitat is destroyed.
1
P12: Global warming will occur 1
P13:due to an increase in the Earth's temperature,
P14:which is caused by excess emissions of carbon
dioxide/ methane/ CFC /nitrogen dioxide (into the 1
1
atmosphere). 1
P15:These gases trap the heat that is reflected by the Earth.

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P16:The thinning of the ozone layer occurs
P17: when the ozone layer (that protects the Earth from
10
ultraviolet radiation) is destroyed by chlorofluorocarbons
(CFC).

MAXIMUM: 10 marks

TOTAL 20 marks

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20 marks